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SOCIAL STUDIES 8
1ST QUARTER REVIEWER
BY: SAYDE PAJARILLAGA
EXCLUSIVELY FOR 8-SAPPHIRE
PERSPECTIVES RELIGION
● Asu - rising/ light Polytheistic - multiple gods/ goddesses
● Ereh - place where sun sets Built ziggurats (massive stepped towers
● Greek - Anatolia (Asia) for worship)
● Roman - Asia Minor WRITING
EUROCENTRIC Cuneiform - wedge-shaped, used reed
Asia - extension of Europe stylus on clay tablets
ORIENTALISM Epic of Gilgamesh
Asia - inferior Earliest known written literature
ASIACENTRIC About Gilgamesh (legendary king) who
Own history, country, culture searched for the secret of immortality
DECLINE OF SUMERIAN CITY-STATES
GREAT CIVILIZATIONS City-states fought each other
Invaded by Akkadians
CHECKLIST
● Urban focus
INDUS
● Political & military structure Indus River - source of life for more than
● Social structure 70 sites of civilization
● Material complexity 2 MAJOR CITIES
● Religious structure ● Harappa
● Writing system ● Mohenjo-daro
● Artistic & intellectual activity Divided by walled neighborhoods
MESOPOTAMIA POLITICAL STRUCTURE
Cradle of civilization No centralized monarchy
“Land between rivers” - Tigris and SOCIAL STRUCTURE
Euphrates Farming villages - center of power
SUMERIANS RELIGION
Creators of mesopotamian civilization Beyond belief of fertility goddess
AGRICULTURE TO COMMERCE WRITING
Surpluses (excess) of agri. crops, others Not yet deciphered
“Harappan Script”
POLITICAL STRUCTURE
TRADE AND COMMERCE
Independent city-states
Based on agriculture
SOCIAL STRUCTURE
Extensive trading network
DECLINE
Climactic change
Invaded by Aryans (Indo-European
speaking, pastoral, excellent at war)
SHANG
One of the most advanced civilizations in
its time
Yangtze (Chang Jiang) & Yellow (Huang Ho) Rivers -
cradle of civilization
DIFFUSION HYPOTHESIS
Chinese culture influenced by Yangshao
and Longshan cultures
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NEOLITHIC CULTURES
Yangshao
North
Cultivated millet
Painted pottery
Longshan
South
Pottery wheel
Black polished pottery
XIA DYNASTY
Existence yet to be proven
Headed by Yu (Engineer)
“Able to control floods for irrigation”
SHANG DYNASTY
Replaced Xia
POLITICAL STRUCTURE Many gods (~33,000), 1 ultimate reality (Brahma)
King - link between heaven & earth PRIMARY GODS
Centralized bureaucracy Brahman
Chieftains - led smaller territories creator
SOCIAL STRUCTURE Vishnu
preserver
Shiva
Destroyer
REINCARNATION
Soul is reborn
DHARMA
Law regulating human behavior (standard)
KARMA
One’s actions
Determines next life
ATMAN
Individual soul
MOKSHA
Idea that soul will be free
3 FACES OF SHIVA
RELIGION
Center - wise
Believed in afterlife Left - anger
CRAFT Right - feminine
Pottery
Bronze tools & weapons
DECLINE OF SHANG
Last Shang king - incompetent
Replaced by Zhou (past principality of
Shang) (revolted against Shang)
RELIGIONS AND PHILOSOPHIES OF
ASIA
HINDUISM
From Brahmanism
Introduced social hierarchy
BUDDHISM
SIDDHARTHA GAUTAMA
Buddha, historical founder
Wanted to cure human suffering
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