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SOCIAL STUDIES 8 
1ST QUARTER REVIEWER 
BY: SAYDE PAJARILLAGA 
EXCLUSIVELY FOR 8-SAPPHIRE 
 
 
PERSPECTIVES  RELIGION 
● Asu - rising/ light  Polytheistic - multiple gods/ goddesses 
● Ereh - place where sun sets  Built ziggurats (massive stepped towers 
● Greek - Anatolia (Asia)  for worship) 
● Roman - Asia Minor   WRITING 
EUROCENTRIC  Cuneiform - wedge-shaped, used reed 
Asia - extension of Europe  stylus on clay tablets 
ORIENTALISM  Epic of Gilgamesh 
Asia - inferior  Earliest known written literature 
ASIACENTRIC  About Gilgamesh (legendary king) who 
Own history, country, culture  searched for the secret of immortality 
  DECLINE OF SUMERIAN CITY-STATES 
GREAT CIVILIZATIONS  City-states fought each other 
Invaded by Akkadians 
CHECKLIST 
● Urban focus 
INDUS 
● Political & military structure  Indus River - source of life for more than 
● Social structure  70 sites of civilization 
● Material complexity  2 MAJOR CITIES 
● Religious structure  ● Harappa 
● Writing system  ● Mohenjo-daro 
● Artistic & intellectual activity  Divided by walled neighborhoods 
MESOPOTAMIA  POLITICAL STRUCTURE 
Cradle of civilization  No centralized monarchy 
“Land between rivers” - Tigris and  SOCIAL STRUCTURE 
Euphrates  Farming villages - center of power 
SUMERIANS  RELIGION 
Creators of mesopotamian civilization  Beyond belief of fertility goddess 
AGRICULTURE TO COMMERCE  WRITING 
Surpluses (excess) of agri. crops, others  Not yet deciphered 
“Harappan Script” 
POLITICAL STRUCTURE 
TRADE AND COMMERCE 
Independent city-states 
Based on agriculture 
SOCIAL STRUCTURE 
Extensive trading network 
DECLINE 
Climactic change 
Invaded by Aryans (Indo-European 
speaking, pastoral, excellent at war) 
SHANG 
One of the most advanced civilizations in 
its time 
Yangtze (Chang Jiang) & Yellow (Huang Ho) Rivers - 
cradle of civilization 
DIFFUSION HYPOTHESIS 
Chinese culture influenced by Yangshao 
  and Longshan cultures 

 

 

 
 

NEOLITHIC CULTURES 
Yangshao 
North 
Cultivated millet 
Painted pottery 
Longshan 
South 
Pottery wheel 
Black polished pottery 
XIA DYNASTY 
Existence yet to be proven 
Headed by Yu (Engineer) 
“Able to control floods for irrigation” 
SHANG DYNASTY 
Replaced Xia   
POLITICAL STRUCTURE  Many gods (~33,000), 1 ultimate reality (Brahma) 
King - link between heaven & earth  PRIMARY GODS 
Centralized bureaucracy  Brahman 
Chieftains - led smaller territories  creator 
SOCIAL STRUCTURE  Vishnu 
preserver 
Shiva 
Destroyer 
REINCARNATION 
Soul is reborn 
DHARMA 
Law regulating human behavior (standard) 
KARMA 
One’s actions 
Determines next life 
ATMAN 
Individual soul 
MOKSHA 
Idea that soul will be free 
 
3 FACES OF SHIVA 
RELIGION 
Center - wise 
Believed in afterlife   Left - anger 
CRAFT  Right - feminine 
Pottery 
Bronze tools & weapons 
DECLINE OF SHANG  
Last Shang king - incompetent 
Replaced by Zhou (past principality of 
Shang) (revolted against Shang) 
 
RELIGIONS AND PHILOSOPHIES OF 
ASIA 
HINDUISM 
From Brahmanism 
Introduced social hierarchy  

 
BUDDHISM 
SIDDHARTHA GAUTAMA 
Buddha, historical founder 
Wanted to cure human suffering 

 

 

 
 

4 NOBLE TRUTHS  COVENANT 


Life is suffering  Yahweh spoke to them through Moses 
Suffering caused by desire  (prophet) 
End desire, end suffering  Obey Yahweh = protection 
End materialism, end desire  LAW 
EIGHTFOLD PATH  10 commandments 
Right knowledge  PROPHET 
Occupation   Religious teachers 
Speech  mediator/ messenger 
Conduct  ISLAM 
Meditation  “Submission” to Allah 
Purpose  Monotheistic 
Effort  Founded my Muhammad 
Awareness  
NIRVANA  MUHAMMAD 
Reunion of self w/ “Great World Soul”  Experienced visions, made him inspired by 
BOHDI TREE  Allah 
Wisdom tree  QUR’AN 
Holy book 
JAINISM 
SHARI’A 
Extreme simplicity 
Law code by ulamas/ Muslim scholars 
Founded by Mahavira 
To regulate daily lives 
DIFFERENCE W BUDDHISM  HEGIRA 
Extreme in practice  Flight of Muhammad 
Rejects reality of material world  Marks 1st date of Muslim calendar 
CORE BELIEFS  KA’BA 
No possessions  Sacred site of Islamic faith in mecca 
Reliance on begging  5 PILLARS 
Rejected clothing  Belief in Allah & Muhammad 
Non-violence  Pray 5x a day, public prayer on Fri 
ZOROASTRIANISM  Observation of Ramadan 
ZOROASTER  Pilgrimage to Mecca (Hajj) 
Prophet of a “true religion”  Giving alms/ zakat to the poor 
ZEND AVESTA  CONFUCIANISM 
Sacred book  CONFUCIUS 
DEITIES  Political adviser (Chinese principality) 
Ahura Mazda  DAO 
Creator of all things  “Way” 
Ahriman  Responsibility  
Evil spirit  ANALECTS 
AHURA MAZDA’S QUALITIES  Where confucian teachings were written 
To be possessed by all humans  IDEA OF HUMAN NATURE 
● Good thought  Born/essentially good 
● Right action  HARMONY W/ WORLD 
● Piety (religious)  = prosperity 
FREE WILL  LEGALISM 
Last judgement, choose good/ evil  Opposed confucian ideas 
PARADISE & ABYSS OF TORMENT   Gov’t ruled by “superior men” could solve 
Paradise - good people  problems 
Abyss - evil people  Universe has moral core 
JUDAISM  CORRUPTION 
Oldest monotheistic religion  Human nature - essentially evil 
Jews  FEAR OF PUNISHMENT 
Survived invasions by Assyrians,  They’ll follow if there’s punishment 
Chaldeans, Persians  DAOISM 
YAHWEH 
LAO TZU 
God 
Contemporary of confucius 
God of mercy & love 
“Old Master” 
 

 

 
 

INACTION  ● Bahay kubo (Philippines) 


Way to interpret will of heaven  ● Bahnar Kong (Vietnam) 
To be in harmony  ● Tongkonan (Indonesia) 
GO WITH THE FLOW  ● Omo Sebua (Indonesia) 
● Stilt Houses (Myanmar) 
Not taking control 
SOCIETY 
YIN-YANG 
good/ evil 
sun/moon 
 
SOUTHEAST ASIA TODAY 
TOPOGRAPHY, NATURAL 
RESOURCES 
Mekong River - longest river in SE Asia 
Indonesia - largest archipelago in the 
world 
Isthmus of Kra - strip of land connecting 
Malaysia to Mainland Asia 
Mt. Agung - a volcano in Indonesia 
Rice - staple food 
Oil, Natural Gas - Brunei has largest oil   
resources in Asia  RELIGION 
DEMOGRAPHY  Temple  
Brunei, Population: 439K (least)  ● Ask gods for good harvest & 
Indonesia, Population: 269M (largest  enough rain 
population in Asia)  Believed that spirits dwell in the 
ETHNOLINGUISTIC GROUPS  environment 
- Shared language and culture  8-12th century: Hinduism, Buddhism 
MON-KHMER  ● Angkor Wat 
● Borobudur 
Spoken in mainland countries 
13th-14th century: Islam 
Intermarried with Thais 
Primary religion: Buddhism  TRADE 
AUSTRONESIAN  Traded w/ Indian, Arab, Chinese traders, 
attained their culture 
Spoken in maritime countries 
Strait of Malacca: center of trade 
Culture - influenced by China, India, West 
Austronesian MIgration Theory:   STATES OF SOUTHEAST ASIA 
● Came from China/ Asia → Pacific  Agricultural - river valleys 
● Peter Bellwood  Trading - coastal trade routes 
Struggles: militarization & relocation  KINGDOMS 
SINO-TIBETAN  ● Funan  
Chinese/ Sinitic, Tibeto Burman language  ○ Hinduized state 
Influenced by Chinese  ○ 1st major state in SE Asia 
Upland tribes - nomadic  ● Angkor 
Struggles: discrimination, racism  ○ Most powerful state in SE 
ROHINGYA  Asia 
Muslims  ● Pagan 
Myanmar since 1940s  ○ 1st great Burmese state 
The Rohingya Crisis:  ● Srivijaya 
● Muslim - minority  ○ Dominated strait of 
● Buddhist state  Malacca 
● Being persecuted  ● Majapahit 
● villages were burned down  ○ Shifting of trade patters 
  FEATURES 
● Wayang Kulit - shadow puppet 
SOUTHEAST ASIAN HISTORY 
● Varna - social classes 
GOLDEN REGION: EARLY SE ASIA 
● Kampong - wooden villages 
HOMES/ SETTLEMENTS 
Stilt houses 

 

 

 
 

● Theravada Buddhism - own  CAPTURE OF MALACCA 


actions   Portugal (Alfonso de Albuquerque) 
captured Malacca 
SE ASIA IN THE AGE OF  Portugese - weakened 
EXPLORATION, ERA OF SPICE TRADE  English, Dutch, French - joined spice trade 
POLITICAL SYSTEMS  TREATY OF TORDESILLAS 
● Buddhist Model   Avoid conflict - Spanish & Portugese 
○ God-like  Portugese (“had” the spice islands) 
● Javanese Kings  ENGLISH & EAST INDIA COMPANY 
○ Balance - sacred &  East india Company - provides money for 
material world  voyages 
● Islamic Model  DUTCH 
○ Mortal w/ magical  Dutch East India Company (VOC)  
powers  Captured Malacca 
MOTIVATIONS FOR EXPLORATION  KINSHIP 
God (Christianity), Gold (spices), Glory  Islam, Buddhism - shaped political 
TECHNOLOGICAL FACTORS  buildings 
Portolani (detailed map), Caravel (boat),  SOUTHEAST ASIAN ECONOMY 
Compass  Crops (to eat) replaced by cash crops (for 
  money) 
  Example of Imperialism (- uses others’ 
  resources for personal gain) 
   
   
 
“Don’t be too dependent on Pajarillaga” 
- Mr. Anin 

 

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