Summer Retention [152 marks]

SUMMER RETENTION PROGRAM FOR IB CHEMISTRY

For a 2-year course, a multi-week summer vacation is very damaging to retention. In order to reach your goal and avoid losing progress, you do
need to force yourself to review during the summer. Otherwise... suffer the consequences.

WEEK 1

Use Quizlet throughout the week to play short games to review + re-read your notes or the IB Study Guide.
1.

Which sample contains the largest amount, in mol, of oxygen atoms? [1 mark]
2.
A. 0.20 mol P2O5

B. 0.30 mol O3

C. 0.40 mol CH3COOH

D. 0.80 mol H2O

What is the total number of valence electrons in CH3COO− ? [1 mark]

3.
A. 16

B. 22

C. 23

D. 24

Calcium nitrate contains both covalent and ionic bonds.

4a. State the formula of both ions present and the nature of the force between these ions. [2 marks]

Ions:

Nature of force:

[1 mark]
4b. State which atoms are covalently bonded.
 Nitrogen also forms oxides, which are atmospheric pollutants.

4c. State one product formed from their reaction with water. [1 mark]

4d. State one environmental problem caused by these atmospheric pollutants. [1 mark]

What is the value of ΔH for the exothermic reaction represented by the diagram below? [1 mark]
5.

A. y−z
B. z−y
C. x−z
D. z−x

6. Which feature of a molecule can be determined from its 1H NMR spectrum? [1 mark]

A. Number of hydrogen environments

B. Total mass of hydrogen atoms present
C. Vibration frequency of C–H bonds
D. Ionization energy of a hydrogen atom

The building blocks of human proteins are the 2-amino acids with the general formula H 2N–CHR–COOH, where R represents a side-
chain specific to each amino acid. A list of these amino acids and their isoelectric points is given in table 19 of the data booklet.

7a. State why they are called 2-amino acids. [1 mark]

7b. Identify the amino acid with the empirical formula C 3H7ON2 [1 mark]

Deduce the structure of valine in a solution with a pH of 4.0. [1 mark]

7c.

7d. Deduce the primary structures of the tripeptides formed by reacting together one molecule of each of the amino acids aspartic acid [2 marks]
(Asp), glutamine (Gln) and histidine (His), using three-letter abbreviations to represent the amino acids.

7e. Proteins carry out a number of important functions in the body. State the function of collagen. [1 mark]
 HL

The graph represents the first ten ionisation energies (IE) of an element. [1 mark]
8.

What is the element?

A. O

B. S

C. Ne

D. Cl

Which statement is correct? [1 mark]

9.
A. Sigma bonds are formed only by the combination of s atomic orbitals.

B. Pi bonds can be formed in the absence of sigma bonds.

C. Pi bonds are formed parallel to the axis between atoms.

D. Pi bonds are formed only by the combination of hybrid orbitals.

Which processes have a negative value for ΔS Θ ? [1 mark]

10.
I. H2O(l) → H2O(s)
II. 2H2O2(l) → 2H2O(l) + O2(g)
III. 2H2(g) + O2(g) → 2H2O(g)
A. I and II only

B. I and III only

C. II and III only

D. I, II and III

WEEK 2

11. Use Quizlet throughout the week to play short games to review + re-read your notes or the IB Study Guide.

Magnesium hydroxide is the active ingredient in a common antacid.

Formulate the equation for the neutralization of stomach acid with magnesium hydroxide. [1 mark]
12a.
 Magnesium hydroxide is the active ingredient in a common antacid.

Determine the mass of HCl, in g, that can be neutralized by the standard adult dose of 1.00g magnesium hydroxide. [2 marks]
12b.

Which statement correctly describes the atomic emission spectrum of hydrogen? [1 mark]
13.
A. It is a continuous spectrum converging at high frequency.

B. It is a line spectrum converging at high frequency.

C. It is a continuous spectrum converging at low frequency.

D. It is a line spectrum converging at low frequency.

−
The enthalpy change for the reaction between zinc metal and copper(II) sulfate solution is −217 kJ mol 1. Which statement about [1 mark]
14.
this reaction is correct?

A. The reaction is endothermic and the temperature of the reaction mixture initially rises.

B. The reaction is endothermic and the temperature of the reaction mixture initially drops.

C. The reaction is exothermic and the temperature of the reaction mixture initially rises.

D. The reaction is exothermic and the temperature of the reaction mixture initially drops.
15. Infrared (IR) spectra can be used to distinguish between various types of plastics. Some simplified IR spectra are given here. [2 marks]

Explain, with a reference to molecular structure, which two of the plastics can not be distinguished by IR spectroscopy.
 Lipids are a diverse group of compounds found in the body.

Compare the structures and polarities of fats and phospholipids, giving one similarity and one difference in structure and one [3 marks]
16a.
difference in polarity.

Similarity in structure:

Difference in structure:

Difference in polarity:

Cholesterol is one of the most important steroids. It plays an essential role in metabolism and is the starting point for the synthesis of
many important chemicals in the body.

16b. Vitamin D is produced from cholesterol. The structures of both molecules are given in table 21 of the data booklet. Outline one [1 mark]
structural difference between the molecules.
16c. Distinguish between HDL and LDL cholesterol in terms of their composition and their effect on health. [2 marks]

Composition:

One effect on health:

HL

17. Which statements are correct for the halogens F to I? [1 mark]

I. Melting point increases

II. First ionization energy increases

III. Ionic radius increases

A. I and II only

B. I and III only

C. II and III only

D. I, II and III

How many sigma (σ) and pi (π) bonds are present in this molecule? [1 mark]
18.
 The Born-Haber cycle for the formation of magnesium oxide is shown below. [1 mark]
19.

What is a correct description of the steps X, Y and Z in this cycle?

WEEK 3

Use Quizlet throughout the week to play short games to review + re-read your notes or the IB Study Guide.
20.

21. Combustion of ethanol takes place according to the following unbalanced equation. [1 mark]

___ C 2H5OH(l)+ ___ O2(g) → ___ CO2(g)+ ___ H2O(l)

What is the mole ratio of ethanol to oxygen in the balanced equation?

A. 1:1

B. 2:1

C. 1:3

D. 2:7
 Which electron configurations do not follow the Hund's rule? [1 mark]
22.

A. I and II only

B. I and III only

C. II and III only

D. I, II and III

23. Which series is arranged in order of increasing radius? [1 mark]

−
A. F < Cl < Cl
B. Rb < K < Na
C. Al3+ < Mg2+ < Na+
D. I− < Br− < Cl−

Consider the following list of organic compounds.

Compound 1: CH3CH2CH(OH)CH3

Compound 2: CH3CH2COCH3

Compound 3: CH3CH2CH2OH

Compound 4: CH3CH2CH2CHO

24a. Apply IUPAC rules to state the name of compound 1. [1 mark]

24b. (i) Define the term structural isomers. [2 marks]

(ii) Identify the two compounds in the list that are structural isomers of each other.
 Hydrochloric acid neutralizes sodium hydroxide, forming sodium chloride and water.

NaOH(aq) + HCl(aq) → NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) ΔH Θ = −57.9 kJ mol− 1

24c. (i) Define the term standard enthalpy change of reaction, ΔH Θ . [9 marks]

(ii) Determine the amount of energy released, in kJ, when 50.0 cm3 of 1.00 mol dm−3 sodium hydroxide solution reacts with 50.0 cm3 of
1.00 mol dm−3 hydrochloric acid solution.

(iii) In an experiment, 2.50 g of solid sodium hydroxide was dissolved in 50.0 cm3 of water. The temperature rose by 13.3 °C. Calculate
−
the standard enthalpy change, in kJ mol 1, for dissolving one mole of solid sodium hydroxide in water.

NaOH(s) → NaOH(aq)

(iv) Using relevant data from previous question parts, determine ΔH Θ , in kJ mol− 1, for the reaction of solid sodium hydroxide with
hydrochloric acid.

NaOH(s) + HCl(aq) → NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)

25. A measuring cylinder was used to obtain a known volume of a liquid. The volume was read from the top of the meniscus and the [1 mark]
liquid completely emptied into a flask. The exact same process was then repeated. Which statement is correct about the overall described
procedure and the volumes measured?

A. There is a systematic error and the volumes measured are accurate.

B. There is a random error and the volumes measured are accurate.
C. There is a random error and the volumes measured are inaccurate.
D. There is a systematic error and the volumes measured are inaccurate.

HL

+
26. What is the electron configuration of the copper(I) ion, Cu ? [1 mark]
9
A. 1s22s22p63s23p64s13d
B. 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d8
C. 1s22s22p63s23p64s13d10
D. 1s22s22p63s23p63d10

Lewis (electron dot) structures are useful models.

Draw the Lewis (electron dot) structures of PF 3 and PF5 and use the VSEPR theory to deduce the molecular geometry of each [6 marks]
27a.
species including bond angles.

Predict whether the molecules PF 3 and PF5 are polar or non-polar. [1 mark]
27b.

27c. State the type of hybridization shown by the phosphorus atom in PF3. [1 mark]
 Θ Θ
28. Consider the values of ΔH and ΔS À for the reaction of nitrogen with oxygen at 298 K. [1 mark]
−1
N2(g) + O2(g) → 2NO(g) ΔH Θ = +181 kJ mol
−1 −1
ΔS Θ = +25 J K mol
Which statement is correct for this reaction?

A. ΔG Θ is positive at all temperatures.

B. ΔG Θ is negative at all temperatures.
C. ΔG Θ is positive at high temperatures.
D. ΔG Θ is positive at low temperatures.

WEEK 4

Use Quizlet throughout the week to play short games to review + re-read your notes or the IB Study Guide.
29.

1 − 3 3 5
30. A gas with a molar mass ( M ) of 44 g mol occupies a volume of 2.00 × 10 cm at a pressure of 1.01 × 10 Pa and a− [1 mark]
temperature of 25 °C. Which expression is correct for the calculation of the mass of the gas, in g? (R = 8.31 J K− 1 mol 1)
44× 1.01 × 105× 2.00 × 10−3
A.
8.31× 298

44×1.01× 105× 2.00 × 103

B.
8.31× 25

1.01× 105× 2.00 × 10−3

C.
44× 8.31× 298

44×1.01× 105× 2.00 × 103

D.
8.31× 298

31. Which species have the same electron arrangements? [1 mark]

2−
I. O , F− , Ne
II. Li+ , Na+ , K+
III. S2− , Ar, K+
A. I and II only

B. I and III only

C. II and III only

D. I, II and III

32. Consider the following equations. [1 mark]

2Fe(s) + 1 1 O2(g) → Fe2O3(s) Θ

ΔH = x
2
1
CO(g) + O (g)
2 2
→ CO2(g) ΔHΘ = y

What is the enthalpy change of the reaction below?

Fe2O3(s) + 3CO(g) → 3CO2(g) + 2Fe(s)

A. 3y − x
B. 3y + x
C. −3y − x
D. −3y + x
 The table shows information about temperature increases when an acid and an alkali are mixed. [1 mark]
33.

What is the value of y?

1
A. x
2

B. x
C. 2x
D. 4x

The structure of an unknown compound A with empirical formula CH 2 can be determined using information from a variety of analytical
techniques.

The mass spectrum of A is shown below.

34a. Determine the relative molecular mass of the compound from the mass spectrum and deduce the formula of the molecular ion. [2 marks]

Deduce the formulas of the fragments which give rise to peaks at m/z = 27 and 29. [1 mark]
34b.

m/z = 27:

m/z = 29:
 The infrared (IR) spectrum of A is shown below.

Identify the bond responsible for the IR absorption at B. [1 mark]

34c.

Deduce a structural formula consistent with the data. [1 mark]

34d.

Proteins are made of long chains of amino acids.

35a. Explain how individual amino acids can be obtained from proteins for chromatographic separation. [2 marks]
35b. A mixture of amino acids was spotted onto chromatography paper and eluted with a solvent mixture. The following spots were seen [1 mark]
after the paper had been developed with ninhydrin.

Determine the Rf value of the amino acid marked as X.

One protein found in the human body is collagen. Identify its function. [1 mark]
35c.

HL

Buta-1,3-diene can be hydrogenated to produce butane, according to the reaction below.

C 4H6(g) + 2H2(g) → C 4H10(g)

State the conditions necessary for this reaction. [2 marks]

36.

+
 Which combination describes the PH4+ ion? [1 mark]
37.

−
Calculate the standard free energy change, ΔG Θ , in kJ mol 1, at 298 K for the hydrogenation reaction, using Table 11 of the Data [1 mark]
38a.
Booklet.

− −1
 −
(i) Determine the standard entropy change of the reaction, ΔS Θ , at 298 K, in kJ K− 1mol 1, using your answers from (b) and [8 marks]
38b.
(c).

(ii) Explain why the standard entropy change for the hydrogenation of buta-1,3-diene has a negative sign.

(iii) Predict whether the hydrogenation reaction becomes more or less spontaneous as the temperature increases.

(iv) Determine the temperature, in K, at which the spontaneity changes.

(v) Determine the standard entropy, S Θ , for hydrogen in J K− 1mol− 1, using Table 11 of the Data Booklet and your answer for (d)(i).
 WEEK 5

Use Quizlet throughout the week to play short games to review + re-read your notes or the IB Study Guide.
39.

40. Which statements about mixtures are correct? [1 mark]

I. The components may be elements or compounds.
II. All components must be in the same phase.
III. The components retain their individual properties.
A. I and II only

B. I and III only

C. II and III only

D. I, II and III

Electromagnetic waves can transfer energy and carry information.

State the relationship between the energy of a wave and its wavelength. [1 mark]
41.

42. Which statement is correct for the reaction with this enthalpy level diagram? [1 mark]

A. Heat energy is released during the reaction and the reactants are more stable than the products.

B. Heat energy is absorbed during the reaction and the reactants are more stable than the products.

C. Heat energy is released during the reaction and the products are more stable than the reactants.

D. Heat energy is absorbed during the reaction and the products are more stable than the reactants.
 The structure of an unknown compound A with empirical formula CH2 can be determined using information from a variety of analytical
techniques.

43a. The mass spectrum of A is shown below. [1 mark]

Deduce the formula of the molecular ion from the mass spectrum.
 The infrared (IR) spectrum of A is shown below.

Explain the presence of a doublet in the high-resolution proton nuclear magnetic resonance ( 1H NMR) spectrum of A. [3 marks]
43b.

43c. One isomer of A has only one signal in its H NMR spectrum. Deduce the structural formula of this isomer.
1 [1 mark]
 Linolenic acid (omega-3 fatty acid) is an essential fatty acid.

44a. List two benefits of linolenic acid to humans. [2 marks]

Calculate the iodine number for linolenic acid, C17H29COOH (M r = 278.48). [2 marks]
44b.
The condensed structural formula of linolenic acid is given in table 22 of the data booklet.

HL

Which statement explains one of the decreases in first ionization energy (I.E.) across period 3? [1 mark]
45.

A. The nuclear charge of element Al is greater than element Mg.

B. The electron-electron repulsion is greater, for the electron with the opposite spin, in element S than in element P.

C. A new sub-level is being filled at element S.

D. The p orbital being filled in element Al is at a lower energy than the s orbital in element Mg.
 Between which ionization energies of boron will there be the greatest difference? [1 mark]
46.
A. Between 1st and 2nd ionization energies

B. Between 2nd and 3rd ionization energies

C. Between 3rd and 4th ionization energies

D. Between 4th and 5th ionization energies

47. Which combination describes the bonding and structure in benzoic acid, C6H5COOH? [1 mark]

What is the correct definition of lattice enthalpy? [1 mark]

48.
A. Enthalpy change when one mole of a solid ionic compound is separated into gaseous ions.

B. Enthalpy change when one mole of a solid ionic compound is separated into its ions in their standard state.

C. Enthalpy change when one mole of a solid ionic compound is formed from gaseous elements.

D. Enthalpy change when one mole of a compound is formed from the elements in their standard states.

WEEK 6

Use Quizlet throughout the week to play short games to review + re-read your notes or the IB Study Guide.
49.

What is the expression for the volume of hydrogen gas, in dm3, produced at STP when 0.30 g of magnesium reacts with excess [1 mark]
50.
hydrochloric acid solution?

Mg(s) + 2HCl(aq) → MgCl 2(aq) + H2(g)

Molar volume of an ideal gas at STP = 22.7 dm 3 mol −1

0.30 ×2× 22.7
A.
24.31
0.30 × 22.7
B.
24.31
0.30 × 24.31
C.
22.7
0.30 × 22.7
D.
24.31×2

Element X is in group 5 and period 4 of the periodic table. Which statement is correct? [1 mark]
51.
A. X has 5 occupied energy levels.

B. X can form ions with 3– charge.

C. X is a transition element.

D. X has 4 valence electrons.

 The enthalpy changes of three reactions are given below. [1 mark]
52.
2HCOOH(l) + O2(g) → 2CO2(g) + 2H2O(l) ΔH = a
C 2H5OH(l) + 3O2(g) → 2CO2(g) + 3H2O(l) ΔH = b
2HCOOC 2H5(l) + 7O2(g) → 6CO2(g) + 6H2O(l) ΔH = c
What is the enthalpy change for the following reaction?

HCOOH(l) + C 2H5OH(l) → HCOOC 2H5(l) + H2O(l)

A. a+b+c
B. a + 2b − c
1
C.
2
a + b + 12 c
1
D.
2
a + b − 12 c

A class was determining the concentration of aqueous sodium hydroxide by titrating it with hydrochloric acid, whilst monitoring the pH of
the solution. The sodium hydroxide solution was added into a glass beaker from a measuring cylinder and the hydrochloric acid added
using a burette. One group of students accidentally used a temperature probe rather than a pH probe. Their results are given below.

Volume of aqueous NaOH = 25.0 ± 0.5 cm 3

Concentration of HCl = 1.00 ± 0.01 mol dm−3

53a. Calculate the percentage uncertainty of the volume of the aqueous sodium hydroxide. [1 mark]

Suggest how the precision of this measurement could be improved. [1 mark]

53b.
 Linolenic acid (omega-3 fatty acid) is an essential fatty acid.

Calculate the iodine number for linolenic acid, C 17H29COOH (M r = 278.48). The condensed structural formula of linolenic acid is [2 marks]
54.
given in table 22 of the data booklet.

HL

A sample of vaporized elemental magnesium is introduced into a mass spectrometer.

One of the ions that reaches the detector is 26Mg+ .

Calculate the number of protons, neutrons and electrons in the 26Mg+ ion. [2 marks]
55a.

The sample contained the three isotopes 24Mg, 25Mg and 26Mg. The relative percentage abundances of 25Mg and 26Mg are [2 marks]
55b.
10.00% and 11.01% respectively. Calculate the relative atomic mass (Ar) of magnesium, accurate to two decimal places.
56. Which species have resonance structures? [1 mark]

I. Ozone, O 3
II. Carbon dioxide, CO 2
III. Benzene, C 6H6

A. I and II only

B. I and III only

C. II and III only

D. I, II and III

Which change must be negative when a reaction occurs spontaneously? [1 mark]

57.
A. ΔH
B. ΔG
C. ΔS
D. ΔT

WEEK 7

Use Quizlet throughout the week to play short games to review + re-read your notes or the IB Study Guide.
58.

Menthol is an organic compound containing carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.

Complete combustion of 0.1595 g of menthol produces 0.4490 g of carbon dioxide and 0.1840 g of water. Determine the empirical [3 marks]
59a.
formula of the compound showing your working.

3
 0.150 g sample of menthol, when vaporized, had a volume of 0.0337 dm 3 at 150 °C and 100.2 kPa. Calculate its molar mass [2 marks]
59b.
showing your working.

Which statement is correct for the ion 94Be2+ ? [1 mark]

60.
A. The ion contains 15 subatomic particles in the nucleus.

B. The ion contains more protons than neutrons in the nucleus.

C. The ion has an electron arrangement of 2,2.

D. Most of the total volume of the ion is empty space.

Which statement concerning electronegativity is correct? [1 mark]

61.
A. Electronegativity increases from left to right across a period.

B. Metals generally have higher electronegativity values than non-metals.

C. Electronegativity increases on descending a group.

D. Noble gases have the highest electronegativity values.

The specific heat capacities of two substances are given in the table below. [1 mark]
62.

Which statement is correct?

A. More heat is needed to increase the temperature of 50 g of water by 50 °C than 50 g of ethanol by 50 °C.

B. If the same heat is supplied to equal masses of ethanol and water, the temperature of the water increases more.

C. If equal masses of water at 20 °C and ethanol at 50 °C are mixed, the final temperature is 35 °C .

D. If equal masses of water and ethanol at 50 °C cool down to room temperature, ethanol liberates more heat.

What is always correct about the molecular ion, M +, in a mass spectrum of a compound? [1 mark]
63.
A. The M+ ion peak has the smallest m/z ratio in the mass spectrum.

B. The m/z ratio of the M + ion peak gives the relative molecular mass of the molecule.

C. The M + ion is the most stable fragment formed during electron bombardment.

D. The M + ion peak has the greatest intensity in the mass spectrum.

HL
 Which does not show resonance? [1 mark]
64.
A. PO43–

B. C6H6

C. C 6H12

D. O3

Which reaction has the greatest increase in entropy? [1 mark]

65.
A. 2CH3OH(l) + 3O2(g) → 2CO2(g) + 4H2O(l)
B. N2(g) + 3H2(g) → 2NH3(g)
C. 2HCl(aq) + MgCO3(s) → MgCl2(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)
D. NH3(g) + HCl(g) → NH4Cl(s)

The oxides and chlorides of period 3 elements exhibit periodicity.

66a. (i) State the changes in the acid-base nature of the oxides across period 3 (from Na2O to Cl2O7), including equations for the [7 marks]
reactions of Na2O and SO3 with water.

(ii) State whether or not molten aluminium chloride, Al2Cl6, and molten aluminium oxide, Al2O3, conduct electricity. Explain this
behaviour in terms of the structure and bonding of the two compounds.
 The hydrogen halides do not show perfect periodicity. A bar chart of boiling points shows that the boiling point of hydrogen fluoride, HF,
is much higher than periodic trends would indicate.

(i) Explain why the boiling point of HF is much higher than the boiling points of the other hydrogen halides. [3 marks]
66b.

(ii) Explain the trend in the boiling points of HCl, HBr and HI.

Transition metals form complex ions which are usually coloured.

State the full electron configurations of Cr and Cr3+ . [2 marks]

66c.

Cr:

Cr3+ :

3+
 3+ 3+
[3 marks]
66d. Cr ions and water molecules bond together to form the complex ion [Cr(H2O)6] .
Describe how the water acts and how it forms the bond, identifying the acid-base character of the reaction.

3+
66e. Explain why the [Cr(H2O)6] ion is coloured. [3 marks]

Explain how the number of electrons in the outer main energy level of phosphorus, P, can be determined using the data of [2 marks]
66f.
successive ionization energies.
 Transition metals form complex ions which are usually coloured.

3+
[1 mark]
66g. Outline, including a relevant equation, whether the [Cr(H2O)6] ion is acidic, basic or neutral.

Draw the structure of a 2-amino acid. [1 mark]

67a.

Explain how a given protein can be broken down into its constituent amino acids and how these can be identified by [5 marks]
67b.
electrophoresis.

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