Calculus Review

Dr. Ir. M. Sabri, MT. IPM. A.Er

 Slope
• Slope = rise/run
• = Dy/Dx
• = (y2 – y1)/(x2 – x1)

• Order of points 1 and 2 not

critical, but keeping them
together is
• Points may lie in any quadrant:
slope will work out
• Leibniz notation for derivative
based on Dy/Dx; the derivative
is written dy/dx
 Exponents
• x0 = 1
 Derivative of a line
• y = mx + b
• slope m and y axis intercept b
• derivative of y = axn + b with respect to x:
• dy/dx = a n x(n-1)
• Because b is a constant -- think of it as bx0 -- its
derivative is 0bx-1 = 0
• For a straight line, a = m and n = 1 so
• dy/dx = m 1 x(0), or because x0 = 1,
• dy/dx = m
 Derivative of a polynomial
• In differential Calculus, we consider the
slopes of curves rather than straight lines
• For polynomial y = axn + bxp + cxq + …
• derivative with respect to x is
• dy/dx = a n x(n-1) + b p x(p-1) + c q x(q-1) + …
 Example 14

12

10

y = axn + bxp + cxq + … 8

y
6

4
a 3
n 3 2

b 5 0
-1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
p 2 x
c 5
q 0
25

20

15

dy/dx = a n x(n-1) + 10
y

b p x(p-1) +
c q x(q-1) + …
5

-5
-1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
x
 Numerical Derivatives
• slope between points
 Derivative of Sine and Cosine
1.5

1
p p
0.5

Sin(x)
0
Cos(x)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

-0.5

-1

-1.5

• sin(0) = 0
• period of both sine and cosine is 2p
• d(sin(x))/dx = cos(x)
• d(cos(x))/dx = -sin(x)
 Partial Derivatives
3

2.5

2 2.5-3
1.5 2-2.5
1.5-2
1
1-1.5
0.5 0.5-1
0-0.5
0
-0.5-0
-0.5 -1--0.5
S19
-1 -1.5--1
S13
-1.5 Y
S7
1

10

13

S1
16

19

• Functions of more than one variable

• Example: C(x,y) = x4 + y3 + xy
 Partial Derivatives
• Partial derivative of h with respect to x at a
y location y0
• Notation h/x|y=y0

• Treat ys as constants
• If these constants stand alone, they drop
out of the result
• If they are in multiplicative terms involving
x, they are retained as constants
 Partial Derivatives
3

2.5

2 2.5-3
1.5 2-2.5
1.5-2
1
1-1.5
0.5 0.5-1
0-0.5
0
-0.5-0
-0.5 -1--0.5
S19
-1 -1.5--1
S13
-1.5 Y
S7
1

10

13

S1
16

19

• Example:
• C(x,y) = x4 + y3 + xy
• C/ x|y=y0 = 4x3 + y0
WHY?
 Gradients
• del h (or grad h)

h h
h  i  j
x y
• Flow (Darcy’s Law):

q   Kh
 Gradients
• del C (or grad C)

C C
C  i j
x y
• Diffusion (Fick’s 1st Law):

J   DC
Basic MATLAB/Python
 Matlab/Python
• Programming environment
• Post-processer
• Graphics
• Analytical solution comparisons

• Use File/Preferences/Font to adjust

interface font size
 Vectors/Lists and tuples
>> a=[1 2 3 4]

a=

1 2 3 4

>> a'

ans =

1
2
3
4
 Autofilling and addressing Vectors
> a=[1:0.2:3]'

a=

1.0000
1.2000
1.4000
1.6000
1.8000
2.0000
2.2000
2.4000
2.6000
2.8000
3.0000

>> a(2:3)
ans =

1.2000
1.4000
 xy Plots
>> x=[1 3 6 8 10];
>> y=[0 2 1 3 1];
>> plot(x,y)
 Matrices
>> b=[1 2 3 4;5 6 7 8]

b=

1 2 3 4
5 6 7 8

>> b'

ans =

1 5
2 6
3 7
4 8
 Matrices
>> b=2.2*ones(4,4)

b=

2.2000 2.2000 2.2000 2.2000

2.2000 2.2000 2.2000 2.2000
2.2000 2.2000 2.2000 2.2000
2.2000 2.2000 2.2000 2.2000
 Reshape
>> a=[1:9]

a=

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

>> bsquare=reshape(a,3,3)

bsquare =

1 4 7
2 5 8
3 6 9

>>
 Load
• a = load(‘filename’);
(semicolon suppresses
echo)

a=np.loadtxt('book3.csv',delimiter=',')
 If
• if(1)
…
else
…
end
 For
• for i = 1:10
• …
• end
 BMP Output
bsq=rand(100,100);

%bmp1 output

e(:,:,1)=1-bsq; %r
e(:,:,2)=1-bsq; %g
e(:,:,3)=ones(100,100); %b

imwrite(e, 'junk.bmp','bmp');
image(imread('junk.bmp'))
axis('equal')
 Quiver (vector plots)
>> scale=10;
>> d=rand(100,4);
>> quiver(d(:,1),d(:,2),d(:,3),d(:,4),scale)
 Contours
• h=[…];
• Contour(h)
• Or
Contour(x,y,h)
 Contours w/labels
• C=[…];
• [c,d]=contour(C);
• clabel(c,d), colorbar
 Numerical Partial Derivatives
• slope between points
• MATLAB
– h=[]; (order assumed to be low y on top to
high y on bottom!)
– [dhdx,dhdy]=gradient(h,spacing)

– contour(x,y,h)
– hold
– quiver(x,y,-dhdx,-dhdy)
Gradient Function and Streamlines
• [dhdx,dhdy]=gradient(h);
• [Stream]=
stream2(X,Y,U,V,STARTX,STARTY);
• [Stream]= stream2(-dhdx,-
dhdy,[51:100],50*ones(50,1));
• streamline(Stream)
• (This is for streamlines starting at y = 50
from x = 51 to 100 along the x axis.
Different geometries will require different
starting points.)
 Stagnation Points

0
-0.5-0
-1--0.5
-0.5
-1.5--1
-2--1.5
-1
S1 -2.5--2
-1.5 S5 -3--2.5

S9
-2
S13
-2.5
S17
-3
7

1
37

34

31

28

25

22

19

16

13

10
 Integral Calculus
( n 1)
x
   
n
ax x a C
n 1
2
x
 ax x  a
2
 C
3
x
   
2
ax x a C
3
Integral Calculus: Special Case
( n 1)
x
   
n
ax x a C
n 1


1
ax x  ?????
Integral Calculus: Special Case
( n 1)
x
   
n
ax x a C
n 1


1
ax x  a ln x  C