Automatic Air Conditioner

Automatic air conditioning control system PLC based 2007e.
DECLARATION
We hereby declare that the project work entitled PLC BASED AUTOMATIC AIR
CONDITIONING CONTROL SYSTEM submitted to the Ethiopian Institute
Technology-Mekelle, is a record of an modify work done under the guidance of,
Instructor, Dawit Faculty Member, from Ethiopian Institute Technology-Mekelle (school of
electrical and computer engineering Stream of Industrial Control Engineering).
DATE 23/10/2007e.c
List of group member signature

1. Temesgen Teweldebrhan --------------
2. Zamed Kassa --------------
3. Nebyat Berhe --------------
4. Mebrihit Hagos --------------
5. Mihret Amare --------------
Advisor: Instructor, Dawit signature---------------
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Automatic air conditioning control system PLC based 2007e.c
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First of all, we would like to give all the glory and honor to the Almighty God. We
wrote this project with the guidance and support of so many people around us. We
would like to say grateful thank you to instructor ayalew, instructor Maher and our
friend’s contribution to this project and editing. We would like to express our thanks to
Mekelle University school of electrical and computer engineering Stream of Industrial
Control Engineering to give this chance. We heartily thankful to our adviser instructor
dawit for his valuable advice.
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ABSTRACT
This project is a PLC based automatic air condition system. We are goingto design a favorab
condition for working, teaching and livingenvironment by using different sensors as inp
ut andmotors,fans heaters,alarms etc. as output for the system. This project will use a Si
emens PLClogo for processing the overall system. We will use the logo Siemenssoftwar
e to design the ladder diagram for the system and other software’sthat will help us simul
ate the system.
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Table of Contents
DECLARATION ............................................................................................................... i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .............................................................................................. ii
ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................................... iii
LIST OF TABLE ............................................................................................................. vi
LIST OF FIGURE........................................................................................................... vii
ABBRIVETION ............................................................................................................ viii
CHAPTER- ONE .............................................................................................................. 1
INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................ 1
1.1 Background ............................................................................................................. 1
1.2 Objective ................................................................................................................. 2
1.2.1 Main objective .................................................................................................. 2
1.2.2 Specific objects ................................................................................................. 2
1.3 Significance of the project....................................................................................... 2
1.4 Scope of the project ................................................................................................. 2
1.5 Problem Statement .................................................................................................. 3
CHAPTER TWO .............................................................................................................. 4
LITRATURE REVIEW .................................................................................................... 4
2.1 Control system......................................................................................................... 4
2.2 Introduction to Programmable Logic Controller ―PLC‖ ......................................... 6
2.2.1 Definition .......................................................................................................... 6
2.2.2 Historical back ground...................................................................................... 7
2.2.3 The first programmable controller .................................................................... 8
2.2.4 The conceptual design of the PLC .................................................................... 8
2.2.5 Today’s programmable controller .................................................................... 8
2.3 Principles of operation ............................................................................................ 9
2.4 Components of the PLC ........................................................................................ 11
2.5 Advantages of PLC ............................................................................................... 13
2.6 Introduction to logo................................................................................................... 14
2.7 Programming languages ........................................................................................ 14
CHAPTER- THREE ....................................................................................................... 17
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METHDOLOGY ............................................................................................................ 17
3.1 Input functions....................................................................................................... 18
3.1.1 Temperature sensor......................................................................................... 18
3.1.2 Humidity sensors ............................................................................................ 20
3.1.3 Photo sensors ................................................................................................ 23
3.2 Design of air conditioning system ......................................................................... 26
3.2.1 Operation principle ......................................................................................... 26
CHAPTER FOUR ........................................................................................................... 30
RESULT AND DISCUSSION ....................................................................................... 30
4.1 Temperature control ladder diagram design.......................................................... 30
4.2 Humidity control system ladder diagram .............................................................. 30
4.3 Heating control system ladder diagram ................................................................. 30
4.4 Programming into Memory ................................................................................... 31
4.4.1 LOGO USB_CABLE ..................................................................................... 31
CHAPTER FIVE ............................................................................................................ 36
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION .............................................................. 36
5.1 Conclusion............................................................................................................. 36
5.2 Recommendation ................................................................................................... 36
REFERENCES ............................................................................................................... 37
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LIST OF TABLE
Table 1Typical programmable controller features and benefits. .................................... 13
Table 2Input out put of the process................................................................................. 32
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LIST OF FIGURE
Figure 2.1 control of temperature ..................................................................................... 5
Figure2.4 PLC conceptual application diagram. ............................................................... 6
Figure2.5. Programmable controller block diagram. ........................................................ 9
Figure2.6 Block diagram of major CPU components. .................................................... 10
Figure 2.7 Illustration of a scan. ..................................................................................... 10
Figure 2.9 typical plc ..................................................................................................... 12
Figure2.10 LOGO! Expansion module ........................................................................... 14
Figure2.11 Ladder logic programing .............................................................................. 15
Figure 2.12 ladder logic input output symbols ............................................................... 15
Figure3.1 block diagram of the project development ..................................................... 17
Figure3.2 some input measures....................................................................................... 18
Figure 3.3 LM35 sensors ................................................................................................ 19
Figure 3.4 Sensors in board ............................................................................................ 20
Figure 3.5 Humidity sensor hc201 .................................................................................. 21
Figure 3.6 output functions ............................................................................................. 22
Figure 3.8 Photo sensor................................................................................................... 24
Figure 3.9 fan .................................................................................................................. 25
Figure3.10 alarm buzzers ................................................................................................ 25
Figure 3.11 LED ............................................................................................................. 26
Figure 3.12 operational chart .......................................................................................... 27
Figure3.13 Software flow chart ...................................................................................... 28
Figure 3.14 Over all flow chart ....................................................................................... 29
Figure 4.1 Logo USB_CABLE ....................................................................................... 31
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ABBRIVETION
PLC…………………………………………………. Programmable logic controller
CPU …………………………………………………. Central Processing Unit
PC…………………………………………………… Personal computers
LED ………………………………………………… Light emitting diode
PID ………………………………………………….. Proportional Integral Derivative
LAD…………………………………………………. Ladder diagram
CRT………………………………………………….. Cathode ray tube
FBD …………………………………………………. Functional block diagram
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CHAPTER- ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
Air conditioning is the process whereby the condition of air, as defined by its
temperature and moisture content is changed. It provides and maintain internal air
conditions at a set temperature, regardless of the time of air, the season or the country of
residents. Homes and offices are typically designed to include an internal air
temperature of 18-22° and relative humidity between 40% and 60%.
Air conditionings have been applied in ancient Egypt, where reeds were hung in
windows and were moistened with trickling water. The evaporation of water cooled the
air blowing through the window, this process made the air more humid (also beneficial
in a dry desert climate).Other techniques in medieval Persia involved the use of cisterns
and windows to cool the buildings during the hot seasons.
In 1902, the first large scale electrical air conditioning was invented and used by Willis
Havilland carried. The first modern air conditioning unit was invented by Willis carried
and the first ―air conditioner―, designed and built in Buffalo by carried , began worked
on 17,Jult 1902.
Air conditioning system has the main objective of fulfilling of the requirements in terms
of air quality (temperature, humidity and air purity degree) to create the comfort and
suitable conditions for living and working in an air conditioned environment. This is
achieved by a combination of basic air processing, different options for managing air
and using the related elements of automation and control laws in the 1960's
Programmable Logic Controllers were first developed to replace relays and relay control
systems. Relays, while very useful in some applications, also have some problems. The
main problem is the fact that they are mechanical. This means that they wear down and
have to be replaced every so often. Also, relays take up quite a bit of space. These, along
with other considerations, led to the development of PLCs.
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1.2 Objective
1.2.1 Main objective
 To create good living and working environment.
 To control the temperature automatically.
 To achieve both the steadiness in temperature and saving the consumption
of energy
 To make the room temperature at a comfortable level regardless of
whether condition outside.
 To minimize time wastage in every activity
1.2.2 Specific objects

 A healthy home creation (without contaminated materials).
 Home live span increase
 To control every condition of the building automatically.
 To be familiar with the latest technologies like plc, sensors and simulators.
1.3 Significance of the project

 control air conditioning and other systems, in order to improve comfort,
energy efficiency and security
 is particularly useful for the disabled or elderly, improving the life quality
and avoiding special aid expenses
 A healthy home creation (without contaminant materials)
 Home life span increases
1.4 Scope of the project

 Focuses on the logo PLC which is a control technique to control the air
condition.
 The test apparatus will be equipped with a logo PLC linked to a personal
computer via an USB-RS 232 serial communication port to provide the
supervisor control mode.
 The temperature set point will be fixed by conducting the experiment.
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 The accumulated energy consumed by experiment compared to the

accumulated energy Consumption.
 Apartment house
 School
 Industry
But our focus of this project is controlling of air (temperature), humidity and being
secure our system that it can show and give us a warning alarm. In the industry
automatically using software called logo plc.
1.5 Problem Statement

Since our environmental temperature increase due to so many factors wetry to solvethisi
ncrement of temperature by design an automatic airConditioner system to settle the incr
emen of temperature to its standard.Value in order to bring human life in a comfortable
way of life by usingsoftware called LOGO (semien) PLC.
The Automatic Air conditioning controller is really important not only tocontrol the tem
perature but also to monitor and adjust temperature,Humidity, pressure etc., without mu
ch operator involved in the process. As result of this we decrease the increment of tempe
rature.
First requires the measuring of the temperature /house who we areattempting to control
and also to maintain the target temperature.
Since our environmental temperature increase due to so many factors we try to
solve this increment of temperature by design an automatic air Conditioner
system to settle the increment of temperature to its standardValue in order tobring huma
n life in a comfortable way of life by usingSoftware called LOGO (semen) PLC.
The Automatic Air conditioning controller is really important not only tocontrol the tem
perature but also to monitor and adjust temperature,
humidity, pessure etc., without much operator involved in the process. Asa result of this
we decrease the increment of temperature.First requires the measuring of the temperatur
e /house who we areAttempting to control and also to maintain he target temperate.
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CHAPTER TWO
LITRATURE REVIEW
2.1 Control system
Is a device or a collection of device it can manage the behavior of other devices.it is the
interconnection of components connected to command, direct or regulate other system
or itself.
Is interconnection of components forming a system configuration that will provide a

desired system response generally control system has 3-main parts. These are
 Input(sensors)
 Controller
 Output(actuators)
Input: - signal representing desired system output.
Output:-measured value of the system and the output devices manipulate the
process to achieve the desired result.
Controller:-is the intelligence of the system and is usually electronic. Given a control
system,
 Identify the system components and their function, including the
comparator, controller, plant and sensor. Given a variable to be controlled,
 Determine the structure of a system that will control that variable. Given a
control system design problem,
To appreciate and understand that the complexity of most systems makes it difficult to
predict their behavior.
In most systems there will be an input and an output. . This block diagram represents
that. Signals flow from the input, through the system and produce an output.
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Plant
Input Output
Figure 2.1 control of temperature
The input is really what we want the output to be. It's the desired output. The output of
the system has to be measured. In the figure below, we show the system we are trying
to control - the "plant" - and a sensor that measures what the controlled system is doing.
The input to the plant is usually called the control effort, and the output of the sensor is
usually called the measured output, as shown below in the figure.
Output
Input Error System
Temperatur
measured output Sensor
The comparator is a device which performs the subtraction to compute the error, E.
Finally, the last part of this system is the controller.
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The controller acts on the error signal and uses that information to produce the signal
that actually affects the system we are trying to control. The controller has to provide
enough power to drive the system
To compute what the control error should be.
To apply the computed control effort. If the gain in the forward path, from the error to
the output, is large, then a small error can produce a much larger output. There is certain
logic to that strategy. You want a small error, but you need a control effort large
enough to control the system. That seems to imply that the gain of the controller should
be large.
2.2 Introduction to Programmable Logic Controller “PLC”

2.2.1 Definition
Programmable logic controllers also called programmable controllers or PLCs are solid-
state members of the computer family, using integrated circuits instead of
electromechanical devices to implement control functions. They are capable of storing
instructions, such as sequencing, timing, counting, arithmetic, data manipulation, and
communication, to control industrial machines and processes. Figure 5 illustrates a
conceptual diagram of a PLC application.
Process
or
Machine
Measure Control
Programmable
Field Controller Field
Inputs Outputs
Figure2.4 PLC conceptual application diagram.
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Programmable controllers have many definitions. However, PLCs can be thought of in

simple terms as industrial computers with specially designed architecture in both their
central units (the PLC itself) and their interfacing circuitry to field devices (input/output
connections to the real world).
As you will see throughout this book, programmable logic controllers are mature
industrial controllers with their design roots based on the principles of simplicity and
practical application.
2.2.2 Historical back ground

The Hydromantic Division of the General Motors Corporation specified the design
criteria for the first programmable controller in 1968. Their primary goal was to
eliminate the high costs associated with inflexible, relay-controlled systems. The
specifications required a solid-state system with computer flexibility able to:
1) Survive in an industrial environment,
2) Be easily programmed and maintained by plant engineers and technicians, and
3) Be reusable. Such a control system would reduce machine downtime and
provide expandability for the future. Some of the initial specifications included
the following:
 The new control system had to be price competitive with the use of relay
systems.
 The system had to be capable of sustaining an industrial environment.
 The input and output interfaces had to be easily replaceable.
 The controller had to be designed in modular form, so that subassemblies
could be removed easily for replacement or repair.
 The control system needed the capability to pass data collection to a central
system.
 The system had to be reusable.
 The method used to program the controller had to be simple, so that it could be
easily understood by plant personnel.
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2.2.3 The first programmable controller

The first PLCs offered relay functionality, thus replacing the original hardwired relay
logic, which used electrically operated devices to mechanically switch electrical
circuits. They met the requirements of modularity, expandability, programmability, and
ease of use in an industrial environment. These controllers were easily installed, used
less space, and were reusable. The controller programming, although a little tedious,
had a recognizable plant standard: the ladder diagram format.
In a short period, programmable controller use started to spread to other industries. By
1971, PLCs were being used to provide relay replacement as the first steps toward
control automation in other industries, such as food and beverage, metals,
manufacturing, and pulp and paper.
2.2.4 The conceptual design of the PLC

The first programmable controllers were more or less just relay replacers. Their primary
function was to perform the sequential operations that were previously implemented
with relays. These operations included ON/OFF control of machines and processes that
required repetitive operations, such as transfer lines and grinding and boring machines.
However, these programmable controllers were a vast improvement over relays. They
were easily installed, used considerably less space and energy, had diagnostic indicators
that aided troubleshooting, and unlike relays, were reusable if a project was scrapped.
Programmable controllers can be considered newcomers when they are compared to
their elder predecessors in traditional control equipment technology, such as old
hardwired relay systems, analog instrumentation, and other types of early solid-state
logic. Although PLC functions, such as speed of operation, types of interfaces, and
data-processing capabilities, have improved throughout the years, their specifications
still hold to the designers’ original intentions—they are simple to use and maintain.
2.2.5 Today’s programmable controller

Many technological advances in the programmable controller industry continue today.
These advances not only affect programmable controller design, but also the
philosophical approach to control system architecture. Changes include both hardware
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(physical components) and software (control program) upgrades. The following list
describes some recent PLC hardware enhancements:
 Faster scan times are being achieved using new, advanced micro-processor
and electronic technology.
 Small, low-cost which can replace four to ten relays, now have more power
than their predecessor, the simple relay replacer.
 High-density input/output (I/O) systems provide space-efficient interfaces
at low cost.
 Mechanical design improvements have included rugged input/output

enclosures and input/output systems that have made the terminal an
integral unit.
2.3 Principles of operation

A programmable controller, as illustrated in Figure 1-5, consists of two basic sections:
 the central processing unit
 the input/output interface system
Figure2.5. Programmable controller block diagram.
The central processing unit (CPU) governs all PLC activities. The following three
components, shown in Figure 2.6, form the CPU:
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 the processor
 the memory system
 the system power supply
Processor Memory
Power
Supply
Figure2.6 Block diagram of major CPU components.
The operation of a programmable controller is relatively simple. The input/ output

(I/O) system is physically connected to the field devices that are encountered in the
machine or that are used in the control of a process. These field devices may be discrete
or analog input/output devices, such as limit switches, pressure transducers, push
buttons, motor starters, solenoids, etc. The I/O interfaces provide the connection
between the CPU and the information providers (inputs) and controllable devices
(outputs). During its operation, the CPU completes three processes: (1) it reads, or
accepts, the input data from the field devices via the input interfaces, (2) it executes, or
performs, the control program stored in the memory system, and
(3) It writes, or updates, the output devices via the output interfaces. This process of
sequentially reading the inputs, executing the program in memory, and updating the
outputs is known as scanning. Figure 2.7 illustrates a graphic representation of a scan.
READ
WRITE
Figure 2.7 Illustration of a scan. EXECUTE
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The input/output system forms the interface by which field devices are connected to the
controller. The main purpose of the interface is to condition the various signals received
from or sent to external field devices. Incoming signals from sensors (e.g., push buttons,
limit switches, analog sensors, selector switches, and thumbwheel switches) are wired to
terminals on the input interfaces. Devices that will be controlled, like motor starters,
solenoid valves, pilot lights, and position valves, are connected to the terminals of the
output interfaces. The system power supply provides all the voltages required for the
proper operation of the various central processing unit sections.
2.4 Components of the PLC

A schematic diagram of a programmable logic controller is presented. The basic
components of the OPLC are the following
 Input module  Memory
 Output module  Power supply
 Processor  Programming device
Figure 2.8: Diagram of the programmable logic controller

The components are housed in a suitable cabinet designed for the industrial
environment. A commercially available PLC is shown in figure.
The input module and output module are the connections to the industrial process that in
to be controlled. The inputs to the controller are signals from limit switches,
pushbuttons, sensors, and other on off devices. In addition, as we will describe later,
larger PLCs are capable of accepting signals from analog devices of the type modeled.
The outputs from the controller are on off signals to operate motors, valves, and other
devices required to actuate the process.
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The processor is the central processing unit (CPU) of the programmable controller. It
executes the various logic and sequencing functions described in previous Sections by
operating on the PLC INPUTS TO DETERMINE THE APPROPRIATE OUTPUT
SIGNALS. The processor is microprocessor very similar in its construction to those
used in personal computers and other data-processing equipment. Tied to the CPU is the
PLC memory, which contains the program of logic, sequencing, and other input/output
operations. The memory for a
Programmable logic controller is specified in the same way as for a computer, and may
range from 1k to over 48 k of storage capacity. A power supply of 115 V ac is specially
used to drive the PLC even though the components of the industrial process that are
regulated may have a higher voltage and power rating than the controller itself.
The PLC is programmed by means of a programming device. The programming device
(sometimes referred to as a programmer) is usually detachable from the PLC cabinet so
that it can be shared between different controllers. Different PLC manufactures provide
different devices, ranging from simple teach pendant-type devices, similar to those used
in robotics, to special PLC programming keyboards and CRT displays.
Figure 2.9 typical plc
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2.5 Advantages of PLC

In general, PLC architecture is modular and flexible, allowing hardware and software elements
to expand as the application requirements change. In the event that an application outgrows the
limitations of the programmable controller, the unit can be easily replaced with a unit having
greater memory and I/O capacity, and the old hardware can be reused for a smaller application.
A PLC system provides many benefits to control solutions, from reliability and repeatability to
programmability. The benefits achieved with programmable controllers will grow with the
individual using them the more you learn about PLCs, the more you will be able to solve other
control problems.
Table 1Typical programmable controller features and benefits.
Inherent Features Benefits

Solid-state components High reliability
Programmable memory Simplifies changes
Flexible control
Small size Minimal space requirements
Microprocessor-based Communication capability, Higher level of
performance, Higher quality products,
Multifunctional capability
Software timers/counters Eliminate hardware, Easily changed presets
Software control relays Reduce hardware/wiring cost, Reduce space
requirements
Installation flexibility, Easily installed, Reduces
hardware cost, Expandability
System variables
Controls a variety of devices, Eliminates
Variety of I/O interfaces
customized control
Remote I/O stations Eliminate long wire/conduit runs
Diagnostic indicators Reduce troubleshooting time, Signal proper

operation
Modular I/O interface Useful management/maintenance, Easily
maintained, Easily wired
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2.6 Introduction to logo

Logo is the name for a philosophy of education and a continually evolving family of
programming languages that aid in its realization. ‖, Harold Abelson, Apple Logo, 1982.
Figure2.10 LOGO! Expansion module
2.7 Programming languages

A program consists of one or more instructions that accomplish a task. Programing PLC is
simply a set of instructions. There are several programs such as ladder logic, statement lists, or
functional block diagrams.
But our project is focused on ladder logic programing. It is one of the programing languages
used with plc. Ladder logic diagrams read from left-to-right, top-to bottom. Rungs are sometimes
referred as network. A network may have several control elements but only one output coil.
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Figure2.11 Ladder logic programing
Ladder Logic is often used to program PLCs. Symbols like the ones below are used.
Figure 2.12 ladder logic input output symbols
LOGO Soft Comfort provides you with two options of creating circuit programs:
●Ladder diagram (LAD)
●Function block diagram (FBD)
The difference between the ladder diagram and functional block diagram are functional block
diagram indicated the functions by a rectangle. Inputs are on the left -hand side of the
Rectangle and outputs are shown on the right hand side of the rectangle. The ladder logic has the
ladder form. But both of them have.
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CHAPTER- THREE
METHDOLOGY
The project is beginning by discussing about an introduction of air conditioning system,
Programmable logic controller and the finding is done doing literature reviews. After all of this
the project development is beginning.
The project is categorized in to two parts. These are Hard –ware and soft –ware development.
The hared –ware part includes the different types of input sensors and output parts. The input
Sensors includes the push buttons, swishes and the output part includes motors, bells lamps etc.
The soft –ware part use is programmable logic controller using ladder logic programing.
The flow chart for this project development is:-
Input sensors,
temperature
Dc sensors, heat Output Outputs:-FAN
Input
power detectors, PLC Module alarm, Display
module
source humidity
24 v sensors, push
buttons,
Figure3.1 block diagram of the project development
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3.1 Input functions

Input functions are mostly performed by sensor components. Sensors are devices that convert a
physical condition to electrical signal for use by the controllers, such as PLC, PID, cascade
controller, etc. Sensors are connected to the inputs of plc.
Figure3.2 some input measures
There are so many input sensors but our project is

Focused on:-
1. Temperature sensors
2. Humidity sensors
3. photo sensors
3.1.1 Temperature sensor

There are many types of temperature sensors like Thermocouple, Resistance Thermometer,
Thermostat, Temperature sensor LM35, etc. In this Project we use temperature sensor LM35.
Temperature sensor LM35

The LM35 is a precision integrated circuit temperature sensor. Its output voltage is linearly
proportional to the Celsius temperature. LM35 has the advantage over linear temperature.
Sensor calibrated in kelvin, as the user is not required to subtract a large constant. This is
Suitable to remote application. It has very low output impedance. . If the temperature of the
processing zone is above/below the set point, the heater is switched OFF/ON accordingly. Thus
the appropriate control action takes place with the help of LM 35 sensor.
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Figure 3.3 LM35 sensors
The IC has just 3 points 2 for the power supply and the other for the analog output and provide
the Output voltage of 10 v °c. The output voltage varies linearly with temperature.
Features of LM35
 Calibrated directly in celiac.  Operates from 4 to 30 volts.
 Linear  Less than 60 µA current drain
 Suitable for remote  Low self-heating
application.  Low impedance output.
 Low cost due to water –level
trimming.
We select LM35 sensor for our project due to the above features and some of the Following
criteria’s. LM35:-
 Are inexpensive
 Easy to obtain.
 Easy to use and adaptable
 Can have reasonable output voltage.
 Are temperature sensitive resistors
Here is a photo of the LM35 wired on a circuit board.
 The white wire in the photo goes to the power supply.

 Both the resistor and the black wire go to ground.
 The output voltage is measured from the middle pin to grounds.
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Figure 3.4 Sensors in board
3.1.2 Humidity sensors

Humidity sensors have gained increasing applications in industrial Processing and environmental
control. There are many domestic Applications such as intelligent control of the living
environment, Cooking control for microwave ovens and intelligent control of laundry etc. In
general industry, humidity sensors are used for humidity control in chemical gas purification
and dryer ,ovens, film desiccation, paper, textile production and Food processing. Humidity
sensor can be classified in to two based on types of sensing materials and Detecting ranges.
These are
1. Relative humidity sensors.
2. Absolut humidity sensors.
Humidity measurement determines the amount of water vapor presented in gas that can be a
mixture, such as air or a pure gas such as nitrogen and argon. And it is also the amount of water
vapor in soil. Based on the measurement techniques the most Commonly used units for humidity
measurements are relative humidity .Absolut Humidity sensors are found wide spread
application in many industrial fields.
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Figure 3.5 Humidity sensor hc201
Humidity sensor hc201 is cost effective humidity sensor in thin layer technology mass.
Application in indoor climate controls is only one of many possible applications of the HC201
series.
The system sensed by humidity sensor change its electrical characteristics according to the
Amount of humidity. The most common type of humidity sensor uses what is called ―capacitive
Measurement‖. This system relies on electrical capacitance, or the ability of two nearby
Electrical conductors to create an electrical field. . The sensor itself is composed of two metal
Plates with a non-conductive polymer film between them. The film collects moisture from the
Humidity, and the moisture causes minute changes in the voltage between the two plates. The
Changes in voltage are converted into digital readings showing the amount of moisture in the
humidity.
Output functions
Output functions are mostly performed by components called actuators. Actuators use a signal
from the controller system to change the state of an object in the controlled environment (e.g.
switching AC power to the circuit feeding the light bulbs, moving an object).
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Figure3.6 output functions
Heater: - GIR400 3 Bar Radiant Heater

For the comforting feeling of direct heat plus cozy visual appeal, the traditional favorite - the
radiant heater - can't be beaten. This impressive 2400W infra-red radiant heater provides that
warm glow via long-life radiant elements. With 3 heat settings and a turbo fan boost, it warms
your room quickly. Its safety cut-out switch and tip-over switch give you peace of mind and its
integrated carry handle and enclosed cord tidy make it convenient and smart.
Features:
 heat settings
 Safety cut-out
 Turbo fan boost
 Integrated carry handles
 Long-life radiant elements
 Tip-over switch
 Instant radiant heat
 year warranty
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Figure 3.7 heater
3.1.3 Photo sensors

its ability to perform many industrial sensing tasks
Features
 500 microsecond Speed of Response

 10 to 30 VDC Operating Voltage
 (5 VDC Operating Voltage available Consult Factory)
 Pulse Modulated
 Reverse Polarity Protected
 Both NPN and PNP Outputs
 Red or Infrared Light Sources
 Step-Function Remote Sensitivity Adjustment
 Rugged and Waterproof
Benefits
 Lower inventory costs

 Reduce maintenance costs
 Improve machine throughput
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 Flexible and affordable
Applications
 Product detect
 Object absence/presence
 Inspection trigger
 Printing/Marking/Coding
Figure 3.8 Photo sensor
Fan
A fan is a machine to create flow within a fluid. Typically a gas such as air.The fan consists of a
rotating arranngmement of ovens or blads which act on the fluid.The rotating assembly of blads
is known as a rotor or as a runner. Fan is contained within some form of housing. Most fans are
powered by electrical motors but other sourses of power may be used. The typical application
of fan incluide climate control and thermal comfort and they are often used to cool peopl. So fan
becomes a very important part of our project to adjust the increasing of temperatur and
humidityof the enviroment above the dessired point.the fans are connected to the timer that can
function for the time which is needed by the person how is operating our system that work
outomaticaly.
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Figure 3.9 fan
Alarm buzzers
We use alarm buzzers to give us warning signals when our system is operating and when our
system is above or below the desire set point they are responsible of showing a signal to the
observer.
Figure3.10 alarm buzzers
Light emitting diode (LED)

One of the advantages of light emitting diode is using as indicator and sign. Due to this
advantage we use LED to indicate our output system. For instance if our fan or heater are not
functioning LED is used to indicate the problem according the indication we have solve the
problem.
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Figure 3.11 LED
3.2 Design of air conditioning system

As we explain our system is based on LOGO PLC, the logo is based on ladder diagram which
we explain before. We use temperature sensors and humidity sensors as an input to the system
and different fans, LED, alarm, warning alarm and heaters as an output to control the air of
different kind of places for different kind of people to satisfy the needs of disabled persons, kids
and others automatically.
3.2.1 Operation principle

Air conditioners take in warm room air, then blow it over cooling coils and back in to the room.
The heat removed is discharged outdoors. The key elements of the air conditioner are a
refrigerant that flows constantly through its mechanisms. The temperature set up happened
according to the controlled program with combination with the sensor response action as well as
the signal conditioning element which all be listed below latter briefly.
Therefore the automatic control activity of controlling the temperature will continue through
these combinations of all elements.
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Temperature sensor
Ambaint T®
Required Heating Normal air
temperature Controller Room
conditioni
Cooling
ng
Temperature sensor
Figure 3.12 operational chart
Using the Logo software, we can create a program in this project. The logo programmable
controller consists of a power supply unit, a CPU, and input and output modules (I/O modules).
The programmable logic controller (PLC) monitors and controls home with the logo program.
The I/O modules are addressed in the logo program via the addresses.
Start
Software
PLC
Understand the
program
Building the ladder

diagram
Simulation
NO
Yes
Output
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Figure3.13 Software flow chart
A. Determining the system sequence of operation.

Firstly we have decided what system we want to control the ultimate purpose of the
programmable controller is to control an external system. This system to be controlled can be
process and is often generically called the control system .The movement of the controller
system is constantly monitored by the input devices that give a specified condition and send a
signal to the programmable controller outputs a signal to the external output devices which
actually control. The movement of the controlled specified and thus achieves the external control
action. So here in our design of air conditioning system we use temperature sensors, humidity
sensors and switches to sense the difference in our system. And we have different kind of fans,
heaters, LED pilot lights and buzzers as out of our system also we have timers that play a great
role in our design system.
B. Assignment of Inputs and outputs:
Firstly we have decided what system we want to control the ultimate purpose of the
programmable controller is to control an external system. This system to be controlled can be
process and is often generically called the control system. The movement of the controller
system is constantly monitored by the input devices that give a specified condition and send a
signal to the programmable controller out puts a signal to the external output devices which
actually control. The movement of the controlled specified and thus achieves the external control
action. So here in our design of air conditioning system we use temperature sensors, humidity
sensors and switches to sense the difference in our system. And we have different kind of fans,
heaters, LED pilot light and buzzers as output of our system also we have timers that play a great
role in our design system.
C. Writing of the program:

Next we write the ladder diagram program by following the control system sequence operation
as determined by step one, all the sensors, switches and outputs of our system are included in our
ladder diagram. The ladder diagram we program is as we explained using of the LOGO PLC
software so that we can simulate and see our result within the software using the simulation tool.
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Flow chart
Figure 3.14 Over all flow chart
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CHAPTER FOUR
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Temperature control ladder diagram design
In our temperature design we have used one temperature sensors so that they can sense the
temperature of different locations. We design those temperature sensors in the software using the
analog comparator and the analog contact. The temperature sensors function is to sense the
temperature and if the temperature of our environment is above the set point we give they give a
signal to the output mechanism. Another important function we use here is the timer. We use
timer so the output our system can stay functioning for time the user is needed. LED is installed
for every fan so that we can understand which fan is functioning and which is not. The outputs
of our system are cooling fans, we use four fans, and used one sensor these cooling fans are the
output our temperature measuring system.
4.2 Humidity control system ladder diagram

The design a system that can manipulate and control the humidity of our system is when the
humidity of the living or any environment is high we can ignite other fans and open our
windows so that we can reduce the humidity of the environment. We also use timers to control
the time of turning off the humidity fan.
4.3 Heating control system ladder diagram

The system of heating here in our design is that, we have heat sensors that are installed in
different part of the environment and there sensors have specific set points. based on the given
set point given when the temperature of our system is below the set point the sensors send signal
to ignite the heaters that are placed in desirable conditions, a timer is used to control the running
time of the heater that the heater won’t go above the desired temperature, we also can adjust the
shouting off the heater automatically but here in our system we use timers so it will be based on
the need of the user. LED lighting system is used to see the heater is working, the LED turn off
when the heater stops functioning.
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Alarm control system ladder diagram

We also use an alarm buzzer in our system so the when the temperature of the room or the
environment goes above or for high temperature limit for the sake of safety we have an alarm
buzzer so that some experienced technician can hear the buzz and save and error that happened.
4.4 Programming into Memory

4.4.1 LOGO USB_CABLE
We use the USB CABLE to connect the LOGO with PC to download the ladder diagram that we
program in our personal computer to the PLC LOGO device. After downloading the ladder
diagram to the LOGO it will perform its intended job by controlling all the output that we use.
Figure 4.1 Logo USB_CABLE
Now, you can apply the programmable controller. Depending on the type of programmable
controller, you may have to do an I/O generation to prepare the system configuration. After that,
you program in the memory by computer aided ladder software tool. After completion of the
programming, you should check for any coding errors by means of diagnostic function, and if
possible simulate the whole operation to see that it is alright .Before the start push –button is
pressed, thorough ensure that the input and output wiring are correctly connected according to
the I/O Assignment. Once confirmed, the actual operation of the PLC can now be started. You
may need to debug alone the way test run thoroughly until it is safe to operate by anyone.
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Table 2 Input output of the process
Number Symbol Comment
1 11 Photo sensor
2 13 Alarm button
3 Q1 Fan1
4 Q2 Fan 2
5 Q3 Fan 3
6 Q4 Fan 4
7 Q5 Fan 5
8 Q6 Fan 6
9 Q7 Alarm
10 Q9 Motor up
11 Q10 Motor down
12 Q11 Hater LED
13 Q12 Heater
14 SF001 Temperature sensor
15 T001 Timer 1
16 T002 Timer 2
17 T003 Timer 3
18 SF008 Heater sensor
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CHAPTER FIVE
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1 Conclusion
Our conclusion is that when the temperatures above the set point our system can adjust it
automatically to the desire condition by the time which is needed by the customer. With the
temperature getting low our heater will turn on to increase the room temperature to the condition
we need.
We have also use humidity sensors to give us a good environmental condition when the humidity
is above by switching on our fans to decrease the humidity to the desired value. Another feature
we just apply in our system is that when the temperature of our environment is above the need or
control of human beings we have automatic alarm buzzers to give us a warning signal so that we
can take an action to our system before any damage is occurred. Generalizing the whole system
this project is very important in our day to day activities mostly for the disabled, old and kids
that it can adjust the desired condition automatically there is no need of suffering.
5.2 Recommendation
Although PLC is the most preferable than any micro controlling system, its circumstantially not
easy to get on the product on the current local marketing basis. Therefore, at such circumstances
we recommend the use of mediocre micro controlling system.
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REFERENCES
[1] Masjuki HH, Mahlia TMI, Choudhury IA. Potential Electricity Savings by Implementing
Minimum Energy Efficiency Standards for Room Air Conditioners in Malaysia. Energy
Conversion &Management. 2001; 42: pp.439-450
[2] Henry Nasution, Hishamuddin Jamaluddin, Jamaluddin Mohd. Energy Analysis for Air
Conditioning System Using Fuzzy Logic Controller. 2011; TELKOMNIKA, Vol.9, No.1,
pp. 139-150
[3] Po-Jen Cheng, Chin-Hsing Cheng, Tzai-Shiang Chang, Variant-Frequency Fuzzy Controller
for Air Conditioning Driver by Programmable Logic Controller. 2011; pp. 1159 – 1163
[4] Shafizal Maarof, Philip Jones Prof, Thermal Comfort Factor in Hot & Humid Region:
Malaysia. 2009
[5] Hussein, I.; Rahman, M.H.A.; Maria, T. Field Studies on Thermal Comfort of Air
Conditioned and Non Air-Conditioned Buildings in Malaysia.2009; pp. 360 – 368
[6] Yuji Yamakawa, Takanori Yamazaki, Kazuyuki Kamimura, Shigeru Kurosu, Compensation
of manual reset to offset thermal loads change for air-conditioning system. 2008; pp.1374 – 1379
[7] Wang Jin; Wang Gang ; Tang Changliang ; Liu Sichang. Design of Ice-Storage Air
Conditioning Control System Based on PLC and Touching Screen. 2009; Vol 3, pp 261 – 264
37 | P a g e

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Automatic air conditioning control system PLC based 2007e.

List of group member signature

Advisor: Instructor, Dawit signature---------------

1.2.2 Specific objects

1.3 Significance of the project

1.4 Scope of the project

 The accumulated energy consumed by experiment compared to the

1.5 Problem Statement

Is interconnection of components forming a system configuration that will provide a

Input: - signal representing desired system output.

Figure 2.1 control of temperature

Input Error System

measured output Sensor

Figure 2.2 control of temperature

Finally, the last part of this system is the controller.

Figure 2.3 control of temperature

To compute what the control error should be.

2.2 Introduction to Programmable Logic Controller “PLC”

Figure2.4 PLC conceptual application diagram.

Programmable controllers have many definitions. However, PLCs can be thought of in

2.2.2 Historical back ground

2.2.3 The first programmable controller

2.2.4 The conceptual design of the PLC

2.2.5 Today’s programmable controller

 Mechanical design improvements have included rugged input/output

2.3 Principles of operation

Figure2.5. Programmable controller block diagram.

Figure2.6 Block diagram of major CPU components.

The operation of a programmable controller is relatively simple. The input/ output

Figure 2.7 Illustration of a scan. EXECUTE

2.4 Components of the PLC

Figure 2.8: Diagram of the programmable logic controller

Figure 2.9 typical plc

2.5 Advantages of PLC

Inherent Features Benefits

Diagnostic indicators Reduce troubleshooting time, Signal proper

2.6 Introduction to logo

Figure2.10 LOGO! Expansion module

2.7 Programming languages

Figure2.11 Ladder logic programing

Figure 2.12 ladder logic input output symbols

●Function block diagram (FBD)

The flow chart for this project development is:-

Figure3.1 block diagram of the project development

3.1 Input functions

Figure3.2 some input measures

There are so many input sensors but our project is

3.1.1 Temperature sensor

Temperature sensor LM35

Figure 3.3 LM35 sensors

 The white wire in the photo goes to the power supply.

Figure 3.4 Sensors in board

3.1.2 Humidity sensors

1. Relative humidity sensors.

2. Absolut humidity sensors.

Figure 3.5 Humidity sensor hc201

Figure3.6 output functions

Heater: - GIR400 3 Bar Radiant Heater

Figure 3.7 heater

3.1.3 Photo sensors

 500 microsecond Speed of Response

 Lower inventory costs

 Flexible and affordable

Figure 3.8 Photo sensor