PHINMA University of Iloilo

Teacher/Facilitator Lesson Plan

Readings in Philippine History
Name: ____________________________ First Year
Day #18

Lesson Title: Establishing a Democratic and

Republican Society
Materials
Learning Objectives: Worksheets

References
1. I can identify the characteristics of a democratic https://www.tagaloglang.com/filipino-
and republican form of government. presidents-biography-and-
accomplishments/
2. I can comparatively discuss the respective
achievements and problems of the past and present https://www.diffen.com/difference/
Philippine presidents’ administration. Democracy_vs_Republic

Reminders to the Teacher/Facilitator: Distribute the worksheets for the day. Read the directions before
them. While in class you may use POST IT,CIRCULATE,NO OPT OUT, and RIGHT IS RIGHT.)

Review: (5 Minutes)

Good day! How is everyone? Our topic for today is about “establishing a democratic and republican
society.” Before anything, I want you to answer this review question.

1. Identify the two events in our history, which we have discussed last meeting, that are considered
important markers for Filipinos’ struggle for independence. Describe each in only two sentences.

a._______________________________________________________________________________
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b.________________________________________________________________________________
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________________________________________________________________________________

Activity # 2. Before and After Reading (5 minutes)

Instructions: In the chart below, you are going to answer the Before Reading column first. Then proceed
to the succeeding activity. Go back to the chart later and answer the After Reading column as you are told

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 PHINMA University of Iloilo
Teacher/Facilitator Lesson Plan
Readings in Philippine History
Name: ____________________________ First Year
Day #18

by the teacher.

Before After
Reading Instruction: Answer T if the statement is correct and F if it is incorrect. Reading
1. The rule of majority is observed in a democratic-republican state
2. All laws are irrepealable in a democratic-republican state.
3. Another characteristic of a democratic-republican state is the observance
of elections by popular will.
4. A state is republican and democratic when all government authorities
come from the the people.
5. Separation of powers exists in a democratic and republican state.

Activity # 3. Comprehension Activity (10 minutes)

Instruction: Read the selection below.

A republic (Latin: res publica) is a form of

government in which the country is considered
a “public matter”, not the private concern or
property of the rulers. The primary positions of
power within a republic are not inherited, but
are attained through democracy, oligarchy or
autocracy. It is a form of government under
which the head of state is not a
hereditary monarch

Democracy (Greek: δημοκρατία dēmokratía, literally "rule by people") is a system of government where
the citizens exercise power by voting. In a direct democracy, the citizens as a whole form a governing body
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 PHINMA University of Iloilo
Teacher/Facilitator Lesson Plan
Readings in Philippine History
Name: ____________________________ First Year
Day #18

and vote directly on each issue. In a representative democracy the citizens elect representatives from
among themselves.

Answer the following question:

1. Write down your own understanding of Abraham Lincoln’s definition of democracy: “A

government of the people, by the people, and for the people.”

Answer:
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___________________________________________________________________________________
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 PHINMA University of Iloilo
Teacher/Facilitator Lesson Plan
Readings in Philippine History
Name: ____________________________ First Year
Day #18

Concept Notes: (5 Minutes)

First Principle of the 1987 Philippine Constitution

Section 1. The Philippines is a democratic and republican State. Sovereignty resides in

the people and all government authority emanates from them.

The Philippines is a Democratic and Republican State (Sec. 1, Art. II) because of:
1. The existence of a bill of rights;
2. The observance of the rule of majority;
3. The observance of the principle that ours is a government of laws, and not of men;
4. The presence of elections through popular will;
5. The observance of the principle of separation of powers and the system of checks
and balances;
6. The observance of the principle that the legislature cannot pass irrepealable laws;
7. The observance of the law on public officers; and
8. The observance of the principle that the State cannot be sued without its consent..

Enrichment Activity: (15 Minutes)

For the teacher/ facilitator: Ask the students to read and answer the activities. Circulate.

Alright! It’s now time to take a look at the Filipino presidents, their biography, accomplishments, and
problems encountered.

PRESIDENTS OF THE PHILIPPINES

Emilio Aguinaldo (1869 – 1964)
The president of the first Philippine republic (1899). He started as a
member of the Magdalo Chapter of the Katipunan in Cavite, then was elected president of the revolutionary
government at the Tejeros Convention on March 22,1897, and, later, Biak-na-Bato Republic. He proclaimed
Philippine independence at Kawit on June 12, 1898. His capture foreshadowed the end of large-scale
armed resistance to American rule.
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Teacher/Facilitator Lesson Plan
Readings in Philippine History
Name: ____________________________ First Year
Day #18

Manuel L. Quezon (1878-1944)

The first Filipino president of the Commonwealth of the Philippines under American rule. He was president
of the Philippines from 1935 to 1944. For advocating Filipino-language amendments to the 1935
Constitution, he is known as the “Father of the National Language.”

Jose P. Laurel (1891 – 1939)

President of the Second Republic from 1943 to 1945. He had been secretary of the interior (1923), senator
(1925 – 1931), delegate to the Constitutional Convention (1934), and chief justice during the
commonwealth. When World War II broke out, he was instructed by Quezon to stay in Manila and deal with
the Japanese to soften the blow of enemy occupation. As president, he defended Filipino interests and
resisted Japanese efforts to draft Filipinos into the Japanese military service. Upon return of the American
forces, Laurel was imprisoned in Japan when Douglas Macarthur occupied that country. He was returned to
the Philippines to face charges of treason, but these were dropped when President Roxas issued an
amnesty proclamation. In the Third Republic, he was elected senator and negotiated the Laurel-Langley
Agreement.

Sergio Osmeña, Sr. (1878 – 1961)

The first Filipino national leader under the American regime as speaker of the Philippine assembly and the
second president of the Philippines (1944-1946).

Manuel Roxas (1892 – 1948)

The last president of the Philippine Commonwealth and the first president of the republic (1946 – 1948).

Elpidio Quirino (1890—1956)

President of the Philippines from 1948 to 1953. As vice president during Manuel Roxas’s term, he was also
secretary of foreign affairs. He became president when Roxas died in 1948. He was elected president in his
own right in 1949.

Ramon Magsaysay (1907 – 1957)

President of the Philippines from 1953 to 1957. He had been President Quirino’s secretary of defense who
was instrumental is suppressing the HUK rebellion. As president, he persuaded Congress to pass the
Agricultural Tenancy Act (1954). It was during his term that the Retail Trade Nationalization Act was passed.
He secured revisions in the Bell Trade Act and was the first president to revise the US Military Bases
agreement to bring it more in line with Philippine interests.

Carlos P. Garcia (1896 – 1971)

President of the Philippines from 1957 to 1961. Remembered for his Filipino First Policy. He was among the

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 PHINMA University of Iloilo
Teacher/Facilitator Lesson Plan
Readings in Philippine History
Name: ____________________________ First Year
Day #18

founders of the Association for Southeast Asia (1963), the precursor of the Association for Southeast Asian
Nations (ASEAN).
Diosdado Macapagal (1910 – 1997)
President of the Republic of the Philippines from 1961 to 1965. He asked Congress to pass the Agricultural
Land Reform Code, which abolished share tenancy and installed a leasehold system in its place; it finally
passed on August 8, 1963. This was a significant step toward resolving the agrarian problem. It was during
his presidency that Independence Day was moved from July 4 to June 12, the date when General
Aguinaldo proclaimed Philippine independence in Cavite.

Ferdinand Marcos (1917 – 1989)

President of the Philippines from 1965 to 1986. Declared martial law on September 21, 1972. After the
People Power revolution in February 1986, he was ousted from power and lived in exile in Honolulu, Hawaii.

Corazon Cojuangco Aquino (1933 – 2009)

President of the Philippines from 1986 to 1992. With Salvador Laurel as running mate, she led the
opposition that overthrew the authoritarian government of Marcos, who went into exile after the successful
People’s Power revolution of 1986. She first established a revolutionary government under the Freedom
Constitution, later replaced by the Constitution of 1987, which served as the basis for reestablishing
democracy

Fidel V. Ramos (1928 – )

President of the Philippines from 1992 to 1997. As head of the Constabulary under President Marcos, he
was instrumental in helping to design and implement martial law. Together with General Ponce Enrile and
the RAM, he defected from the government in 1986 and joined the People’s Power revolution that ousted
Marcos from power. His presidency is remembered for better integrating the national economy in the global
scheme.

Joseph Estrada (1937 – )

President of the Philippines from 1998 to 2001. During his term in office, he was arrested and stood trial at
a congressional impeachment hearing on charges of accepting bribes and corruption. While this trial was
aborted when the senators voted 11 to 10 not to open incriminating evidence against him, he was ousted
from power anyway as a peaceful People’s Power II revolution arose and called for his resignation

Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo (1947 – )

President of the Philippines from 2001 to 2004. She served as vice president under President Estrada and
became president when he was forced to step down for malfeasance, through the People’s Power II
revolution. PGMA has confronted some of the same obstacles as did her father, President Diosdado
Macapagal, when he tried to clean up corruption in government. Her government continues enjoy political

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 PHINMA University of Iloilo
Teacher/Facilitator Lesson Plan
Readings in Philippine History
Name: ____________________________ First Year
Day #18

legitimacy in the face of opposition.

Benigno Aquino III (1960 – )

Benigno Aquino III, in full Benigno Simeon Cojuangco Aquino III, also called Noynoy, (born February 8,
1960, Manila, Philippines), Filipino politician who served as president of the Philippines (2010–16) and was
the scion of a famed political family. Despite the trappings of power, President Aquino remains simple and
humble, and this has helped endear him to many people, especially the less privileged who can identify with
his simplicity and humility.

Rodrigo Duterte (1945 – )

Current president of the Philippines. Was elected to a six-year term in May 2016. Took office on June 30.
Known by the nickname Digong. A lawyer and politician of Visayan descent from the southern island of
Mindanao. In the first four months of his term, President Duterte has made impressive progress in asserting
Philippine sovereignty and dignity in the international arena, in aligning the country with Asian values
instead of Hollywood-manufactured cultural norms, in the fight against drugs, in uplifting the status of
indigenous peoples and of our Muslim brothers in the south, in putting an end to endo (End of Contract
Policy), in putting on notice corrupt government officials, and in securing fishing privileges for Filipinos in
waters that China has been claiming as its own. He has also secured financial support from Japan and
promises from Russia.

 If you have questions feel free to ask your teacher!

Teacher Discussion. (20 minutes)

Points for discussion:
 Teacher will elaborate the the achievements and problems of each president.
 Teacher cite specific examples where the democratic-republican principles are observed.

Guided Practice: (5 Minutes)

For the teacher/ facilitator: Ask the students to answer the following questions. Remind them to work
independently. Circulate.

1. Based on the above readings, who do you think among the Philippine presidents is the
most noteworthy and why?
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____________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________

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 PHINMA University of Iloilo
Teacher/Facilitator Lesson Plan
Readings in Philippine History
Name: ____________________________ First Year
Day #18

____________________________________________________________________________________________

2. As provided in our present constitution, presidents are only eligible to serve for one
term. Do you favor this provision in our constitution? Support your answer in only two
sentences.
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Independent Practice: (10 Minutes)

For the teacher/ facilitator: Ask the students to read and answer the activities. CIRCULATE.

Instruction: To enhance your understanding of today’s lesson, read the following article concerning the
challenges that beset the Filipino presidents’ administration and answer questions that follow.

Aguinaldo Administration
National issues within Aguinaldo’s presidency revolved in the Filipino-American war. Filipino army is not
considered a real militia because they lack qualities and proper training. On the first phase of the war, the
Filipino outnumbered the Americans but our arms don’t have enough ammunition, funds, and military
supplies which resulted in defeat. Famine and illness due to war also spreadin the country.

Quezon Administration
Regaining independence is tough battle Filipino face and with Quezon it became possible. He fought for
Philippines to be self-governed, prepared us to be independent from America and later on lead our country
to its full independent government. He tried to solve problems inherited from Spanish and Americans
Administrations, fought graft and corruption in the country, build up the national defense and strengthen
economy that is dependent on the U.S.
Filipino pays attention on choosing the mother tongue and because of this the Institute of Nat’l Language
was created, he was known as “Ama ng WikangPambansa”.

Laurel Administration
Filipino people were torn in half whether he’s a hero or a traitor; others think that he was ready to obey the
orders of the Japanese Army for the “maintenance of peace and order and the promotion of well-being of
our people” on the contrast the idea that he did not make any negative actions against the Japanese
Government when they occupied the Philippines.
During his presidency, the Philippines faced a crippling food shortage which demanded much of Laurel's
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 PHINMA University of Iloilo
Teacher/Facilitator Lesson Plan
Readings in Philippine History
Name: ____________________________ First Year
Day #18

attention.

Osmena Administration
The Bell Trade Act is very controversial that it took two terms before the issue settled down. This is where
the public hears the Act, spreads it, until eventually the issue is in every corner of the country.

Roxas Administration
Although Roxas was successful in obtaining rehabilitation funds from America to repair what has been
destroyed in the Philippines, he was still criticized becausegraft and corruption did not stop in the
government. Problems such as the surplus war property scandal, school supplies scandal and Chinese
immigration scandals appeared during his time. People were infuriated at Roxas to the point that there were
plans of assassinating him. Fortunately for the former president, he escaped an attempted murder by a
Tondo barber, Julio Guillen, who threw a grenade on the platform at Plaza Miranda after the President
addressed the rally of citizens.

Quirino Administration
Quirino’s administration was bombarded with controversies. The major controversy surrounding his
governance was his bid for a second term in office in 1949. The elections wherein Quirino won was believed
to be the most corrupt. He was also the first president to undergo an impeachment trial because he
allegedly purchased a very expensive Golden Orinola using government money. Issues within the
government make people despise Quirino.

Magsaysay Administration
Corruption among cabinet members and the endless attempts to bribe the president were the most common
issues of that time where corruptions was very rampant among government officials and President
Magsaysay was among the very few who resisted and had zero tolerance against corruption.

Garcia Administration
Corruption was also widespread in the country since he had just inherited the Magsaysay administration.
Several cases of corruption were found within the government offices during his administration.

Macapagal Administration
The Stonehill Scandal involving numerous congressmen and businessmen accused for graft and corruption
within the government though several programs passed.

Marcos Administration
Marcos Ill-gotten wealth; a sizable amount of government money went to Marcos family and friends in the
form of loans. Widespread corruption in the government and abuse of authority and power primarily seen on

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 PHINMA University of Iloilo
Teacher/Facilitator Lesson Plan
Readings in Philippine History
Name: ____________________________ First Year
Day #18

the declaration of Martial Law cause a decrease in freedom and democracy during the second term of
Ferdinand Marcos administration. Peace and order had become the primary problem with the founding of
NPA and the MNLF, Plus the outrage of people because of the assassination of Benigno Aquino Jr.
Unemployment is also a great problem due to the country’s weakened economy.

Corazon Aquino Administration

Aquino was not safe from the controversies that eventually centered on Hacienda Luisita, a 6,453-hectare
estate located in the Province of Tarlac, which she inherited from her family. She was recorded for allowing
Hacienda Luisita, which was now owned by the Tarlac Development Corporation, to opt for stock
distribution, instead of land redistribution. She also has an issue concerning the farmers of Mendiola being
massacred.A series of natural disasters hit the country such as the 1990 earthquake, the eruption of Mt.
Pinatubo, and a series of Typhoons. Power Shortage is very evident in her term; brownouts were very
frequent and would last for about 12 hours.

Ramos Administration
Similar to the past government, the Philippines was experiencing widespread and frequent brownouts
because of the huge demand for electricity and the old and depreciated power plants. Power crisis
remained unsolved before a new administration enters.

Estrada Administration
Estrada was impeached due to his plunder and perjury case; Graft and corruption a national issue his
administration faced, The Asian Financial Crisis where peso fell from 26 per dollar to 28 pesos to 40 pesos
by the end of the crisis, serious drought of lands in the rural areas affecting employment of the farmers and
the rise of the prices of rice is due to phenomenal El Nino, graft and corruption and the Asian Financial
Crisis eventually led to Poverty hitting almost 60 percent of Filipinos nationwide.

Macapagal-Arroyo Administration
Hello “Garci” Controversy (June 2005) about Arroyo’s conversations with COMELEC Commissioner Virgilio
Garcilliano. The conversation was about cheating the 2004 national elections. In the conversation she
asked if she would win by a million votes and Garci replied that she will coincidentally or suspiciously she
did win by over a million votes in the 2004 presidential elections. NBN-ZTE Controversy (April 2007) is
about a deal between the Philippines and ZTE Corporation, a company in China. The deal was worth
$329.59 Million and was aimed at improving the communication capabilities of the Philippines. There were
two other corporations willing to do the job for the Philippines at lower prices but was turned down.
Gloria Arroyo’s Expensive Dinners; the public began noticing the expensive dinners that President
Macapagal Arroyo was having when an article from the New York Post reported that GMA and her
entourage to the US dined in the famous Le Cirque in New York and spent $20,000 or almost 1 Million
Pesos.

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 PHINMA University of Iloilo
Teacher/Facilitator Lesson Plan
Readings in Philippine History
Name: ____________________________ First Year
Day #18

Benigno Aquino III Administration

US bases: Aquino’s gift to Obama. During the much-awaited visit of US President Barack Obama, Philippine
President BS Aquino will be serving nothing less than our national sovereignty and dignity on a silver platter
via the new “access agreement” negotiated in secret by the two governments. Mistaking demand-pull
inflation for cost- push inflation cause sudden inflation for prices of certain products of which the most
popular is the garlic.The Spratly Islands dispute is a territorial dispute over the ownership of the Spratly
Islands, a group of islands located in the South China Sea. The Spratly Islands are important for a number
of reasons: the Spratly area holds potentially significant, but largely unexplored, reserves of oil and natural
gas; it is a productive area for world fishing; it is one of the busiest areas of commercial shipping traffic; and
surrounding countries would get an extended continental shelf if their claims were recognized.
If you have something to clarify, ask your teacher!

Reminder: CIRCULATE or move around the room so you’ll ensure that students are doing the
activity.

Very good! Another module is almost done! Here’s another set of questions for you to answer:

1. Among all intrigues and issues from the past administrations, which do you think is the most scandalous?
Support your answer briefly.
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2. Do you think having expensive dinners such as Macapagal-Arroyo’s administration had during an
international visit is justifiable? Why or why not?
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3. If you were given a chance to become the president of our country, what would be your priority program
for the Filipinos? Why?
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 PHINMA University of Iloilo
Teacher/Facilitator Lesson Plan
Readings in Philippine History
Name: ____________________________ First Year
Day #18

_____________________________________________________________________________________

Closure Activity: (5 Minutes)

Before the session ends, complete the “before and after reading chart” in page 2 by answering the
After Reading column.

Answer Key:

Items # 1,3,4 & 5 - T

Item # 2 – F (in a democtratic and republican state, the legislature cannot pass irrepealable laws)

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