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CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING
Tuesday 5:00 P.M. – 7:30 P.M.
Saturday 9:00 A.M. – 12:00 A.M.
Topics :
i. ASPHALT TECHNOLOGY
ii. MATERIALS QUALITY CONTROL
Submitted by :
Mary Ann R. Montecalvo
Bryan Moscoso
Fritze Ann T. Nuique
Britney Patajo
Aramina Saraňa
Submitted to :
Engineer Tina Favor
Instructor
ASPHALT TECHNOLOGY
Asphalt
- A heavy, dark brown to black mineral substance, one of several mixtures of
hydrocarbons called bitumens
- The material that binds the crushed stone and gravel, referred to as aggregate,
together to create a strong hard surface.
Natural asphalt
-is obtained directly from the nature especially from the two
resources lakes and rocks.
Residual asphalt
-is obtained artificially by the distillation of crude petroleum oil with
asphaltic base.
Cutback asphalt
-is in liquid state. Asphalt is dissolved in a volatile solvent to get this cutback
asphalt. It is used for manufacturing bituminous paint, repairing roofs etc.
Asphalt emulsion
Asphalt cement
-is subjected to high pressure air under high temperature to get asphalt
cement. Asphalt cement is plastic in nature and it is used for flooring, roofing,
water proofing material etc.
Mastic asphalt
-is obtained by heating natural asphalt with sand and mineral fillers. It is
impermeable matter does not contain any voids.
Composition of Asphalt
Uses of Asphalt
Electrical Uses
- High-grade asphalts are used in electrical industry on mixing with wood tar, pitch,
rubber, and resin. The battery containers are its best examples.
Roadway Construction
- Asphaltic bitumens are characterized by a set of useful properties such as:
resistance to weather, water proofness, binding capacity and ability to provide a
flexible surface.
Asphaltic Paints
- Bituminous asphalts are used as essential ingredients in certain paints. Such paints
are especially useful for damp walls and over concrete structures.
Asphalt Concrete
- Some asphalt is refined to specifications that give it excellent binding properties. It
is called asphalt cement, and when mixed with fine and coarse aggregates, it gives
asphalt concrete.
Applications of Asphalt
- Used for roll roofing
- For expansion joints
- For patches on concrete roads
- Helps in preserving and waterproofing
- Helps in rust proofing and soundproofing
- Maintenance of many structures, systems, and components
- Type of paint, ink and graffiti
- A mortar for building
- For all types of roadways
Types of Asphalt
Native Asphalt
- Pure asphalts occur in nature in the form of solid or semi-solid deposits in certain
parts of the world.
Asphalt Rock
- It is a type of limestone converted to asphalt rock. This has happened at places
where natural bitumens have entered the crevices of limestone rock and changed it
to an asphaltic composition.
Asphaltites
- These are actually asphalt like in composition and have low softening points (200° F
or so).
- Some asphaltites are used considerably in electrical storage batteries, thermo-
plastic molded goods, mastic flooring and pipeline coatings.
Advantages of Asphalt
1. Economical
- Asphalt is low-cost building material. It is less expensive not just in actual cost, but
also in terms of the time it takes to complete construction.
2. Durable
- Asphalt is a reliable weather resistant material and can be designed for low and
high traffic conditions which can withstand the harshest of weathers and heaviest of
semi-trailers.
3. Safe
- Asphalt’s safety feature is related to its smooth-like finish which offers drivers skid
resistance, reduced splash back and better visual distinction between road
markings.
4.Recyclable
- Asphalt is recyclable material, it can be used over and over, and its life-cycle never
ends and helps preserving our natural resources by reusing the same material over
again.
Disadvantages of Asphalt
1. Care and Maintenance
- Asphalt Pavement requires more maintenance than concrete to ensure long lasting
solutions. Resealing the asphalt surface area in every three to five years will cost
both money, and time.
2. Cracks
- Asphalt cracks look ugly and can get expensive if it is left unrepaired. Issues such
as uneven pavement surfaces, inadequate mixing and laying pavement are reasons
responsible for cracks.
3. Environmental Issues
- Some asphalt is petroleum crude oil based product. In the process of asphalt
creation, hydrocarbons are released which is responsible for leading pollution.
4. Equipment
- Large-scale projects require heavier equipment, which can be cost-prohibitive.
Asphalt Pavement
- Is made up of stone (aggregates), sand, additives and liquid asphalt.
- Consist of 95% aggregate and sand, and 5 to 10% asphalt or bitumen.
1. Alligator Cracking
-Is a load associated structural failure. The failure can be due to weakness in
the surface, base or sub grade ; a surface or base that is too thin; poor
drainage or the combination of all three.
2. Block Cracking
-Block cracks look like large interconnected rectangles.
-Not load-associated, but generally caused by shrinkage of the asphalt
pavement due to an inability of asphalt binder to expand and contract with
temperature cycles.
4. Transverse Cracking
-Are single cracks perpendicular to the pavement’s centerline or lay down
direction.
-Can be caused by reflective cracks from an underlying layer, daily
temperature cycles, and poor construction due to improper operations of the
power.
5. Edge Cracks
-Travel along the inside edge of a pavement surface within one or two feet.
-This is caused by poor drainage conditions and lack of support at the
pavement edge.
6. Joint Reflection Cracks
-These are cracks in a flexible pavement overlay of a rigid pavement.
-These occur directly over the underlying rigid pavement joints.
7. Slippage Cracks
-Are crescent-shaped cracks or tears in the surface layer of asphalt where the
new material has slipped over the underlying course.
-This problem is caused by a lack of bonding between layers.
8. Pot Holes
-Small, bowl shaped depression in the pavement surface that penetrate all
the way through the asphalt layer down to the base course.
10. Rutting
-Ruts in asphalt pavements are channelized depressions in the wheel-tracks.
-It is caused by insufficient pavement thickness; lack of compaction of the
asphalt, stone base or soil; weak asphalt mixes; or moisture infiltration.
11. Shoving
-Is the formation of ripples across a pavement.
-Occurs at location having severe horizontal stresses, such as intersections.
-Typically caused by excess asphalt; too much fine aggregate; rounded
aggregate; too soft an asphalt; or a weak granular base
12. Upheaval
-Is a localized upward movement in a pavement due to swelling of the sub
grade.
-This can be due to expansive soils that due to moisture if frost heave.
2. Perpetual Pavement
-Is a combination of asphalt and the multi-layer paving design process
-They are durable and long-lasting
3. Quiet Pavement
-Paving roads with asphalt significantly reduces the noise inside and outside
of homes and businesses.
4. Warm-Mix Asphalt
-Is produced the same way that hot-mix asphalt, except it is 50-100 degrees
Fahrenheit lower.
5. Thin Overlays
-Thin overlays improve ride quality and reduce pavement distress, noise
levels, and life-cycle costs. This is produced by using warm-mix asphalt and
recycled materials.
Asphalt Paving Equipment
1. Stabilizers/Reclaimers
- used to cut and pulverize damaged or old pavement
2. Milling Machines
- used to remove a distressed surface layer from an existing pavement
3. Graders
- used in place of milling machines if the base course is dirt or gravel
4. Sweepers
- clean the surface of the road after it has been milled or graded
5. Dump Trucks
- move the hot asphalt from the plant to the jobsite
7. Asphalt Paver
- a self-propelled formless laydown machine with a floating screed
8. Compactor/Roller
- compacts the asphalt
9. Paver Screed
- flatten the asphalt
Asphalt Emulsions
- are mixtures of asphalt cement and water
Stability
Safety
- is very important for the surface course. This involves skid resistance and
drainage of water from the surface. Skid resistance is the ability of an
asphalt to minimize skidding or slipping of vehicles tires, particularly
when wet.
Durability
- are hard, inert materials such as sand, gravel, crushed stone, slag, or rock dust.
Aggregate Sources
Sedimentary rock
Metamorphic rock
Classifications of Aggregates:
Processed Aggregates
- When natural pit or bank-run aggregate has been crushed and screened
to make it suitable for Asphalt Concrete pavements, it is considered a
processed aggregate.
Synthetic Aggregates
- Aggregates produced by altering both physical and chemical properties
of a parent material are called synthetic or artificial aggregates.
- The design of an asphalt concrete mixture includes the selection of the best
blend of aggregates and the optimum asphalt content to provide a material that
meets the required specifications as economically as possible.
Variables :
Aggregates
granular material such as sand, gravel, crushed stone and many
more
Asphalt binder
it is a material added to modify the original asphalt cement
properties.
Deformation Resistance
the design should be stable and should not rut or deform under
traffic loading.
Fatigue Resistance
the design should not crack when subjected to repeated loads over
time.
Skid Resistance
the design placed as a surface course should provide sufficient
friction when in contact with a vehicle’s tires.
1. Aggregate selection
• Consensus Aggregate Properties
coarse aggregate angularity
fine aggregate angularity
flat, elongated particles
clay content
• Source properties
Soundness
Toughness
deleterious materials
Materials used
1. Coarse and fine aggregates
the aggregates are crushed by using jaw pressure to get different
size of aggregates varying from 16 mm to 75 micron.
2. Bitumen
Bitumen act as a binder in SMA mix.
3. Fiber
Fibers are used as stabilizer in SMA mix.
4. Filler
Filler is used in SMA mix for better binding of materials.
Advantages
- Good aggregate interlock
- Low permeability
- Provides a textured, durable and rut resistant wearing course
- Strength and stiffness derived from binder and aggregate structure
- Relatively high binder content provide good durability
Disadvantages
- Increased material cost associated with high bitumen and filler content
- Moisture seeping from the SMA surface for long period periods after rain
- SMA mix requires higher mixing temperature
- White fines on the surface of the pavements
- Needs more carefully monitoring the composition at the mixing plant
Production of asphalt
1. Distilling the crude
the refining process starts by piping the crude petroleum from a
storage tank into a heat exchanger where its temperature is
rapidly raised from initial distillation.
2. Cutting back
asphalt may next be blended or cut back with a volatile substance,
resulting in a product that is soft and workable at a lower
temperature than pure asphalt cement.
3. Emulsifying
Asphalt cement can also be emulsified to produce liquid that can
be easily pumped through pipes, mixed with aggregate or sprayed
through nozzles.
4. Pulverizing
Asphalt may also be pulverized to produce powdered asphalt.
5. Air blowing
if the asphalt is to be used for a purpose other than paving, such as
roofing, pipe coating or as under sealant or water-proofing
material, the asphalt may be oxidized, or air blown.
Quality Control
- part of quality management that ensures products and services to comply with
requirements
- involve testing every single output such as the products of an assembly line
1. Project Manager
2. Supervisors
3. Quality Engineers
4. Workers
1. Checklists
- a basic quality tool that is used to collect data. A check sheet might be
used to track the number of times a certain incident happens.
2. Fishbone Diagram
- helpful for determining what causes a specific problem, be it materials,
machines, methods of manpower
3. Control chart
- helps you see how processes historically change using controls. It also
helps find and correct problems as they happen, predict a range of
outcomes and analyze variations
4. Stratification
- separates data to identify patterns and specific problem areas
5. Pareto Chart
- provides visual analysis of problems and causes so it can focus on the
most significant issues
6. Histogram
- uses bars to identify frequency distributions that indicate how often
defects occur
7. Scatter Diagram
- help visually identify relationships between variables
1. Bricks
- Regular and uniform in shape, sound and thoroughly burnt
- Homogenous in texture and emit clear ringing sound like metal being
struck
2. Stones
- strong and regular shaped
- 6 inches long and inches thick
3. Cement
- Manufacturing date and validity should be checked
- Powdery cement with no extra particles is good to use
- stored in a dry warehouse with sufficient air circulation
4. Sand
- fine, crystalline, clean and free from organic matters
5. Aggregates
- clean, hard, strong, and have irregular shaped durable particles
6. Iron rebar
- Free of rust
7. Timber
- Not decayed and worm eaten
8. Water
- Clean and free of organic particles
QUALITY CONTROL
QUALITY ASSURANCE