PENGANTAR FISIKA STATISTIK

Tugas Akhir

ANALISIS STATISTIKA FERMI-DIRAC PADA CATHODE RAY TUBE (CRT)

Disusun oleh:
Ni Kadek Dwi Sinta Lestari
1613021011/VIA

JURUSAN PENDIDIKAN FISIKA

FAKULTAS MATEMATIKA DAN ILMU PENGETAHUAN ALAM
UNIVERSITAS PENDIDIKAN GANESHA
SINGARAJA
2019

i
 FOREWORD

Om Swastyastu,

Thank you, I pray to the presence of God Almighty, because thanks have been
given, a paper entitled "Analisys Statistics Fermi Dirac of Cathode Ray Tube (CRT)" can
be completed right on arrival.
The author agrees to thank the parties who support, both assistance, assistance and
material provided to support the help of this paper. Thank you to colleagues who have given
a lot of support to the author. Do not forget also, thanks to parents who have given prayers
and blessings and material assistance to the author. Thanks also to the authors who wrote
it were quoted as reference material in this paper.
The author realizes that this paper is far from perfect. Therefore, the author accepted
open suggestions and criticized constructively for making this paper better in the future.
Hopefully this paper is useful for readers.
Om Santih, Santih, Santih, Om

Singaraja, Juni 2019

Writers

ii
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

FOREWORD ............................................................................................................. ii

TABLE OF CONTENTS ......................................................................................... iii

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background ........................................................................................................1

1.2 Problem ..............................................................................................................2
1.3 Writing Purpose ..................................................................................................2
CHAPTER II DISCUSSION
2.1 Distribution Function Fermi-Dirac Statistics ......................................................3
2.2 Cathode ray tube (CRT) ......................................................................................4
2.3 Analisys Distribution Function Fermi-Dirac Statistics of
Cathode ray tube (CRT) .....................................................................................6
CHAPTER III CLOSED
3.1 Conclusion .........................................................................................................14
3.2 Suggestion .........................................................................................................14
REFERENCE

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 BAB I
INTRODUCTION
1.1Background
The development of existing technology is an implementation of physical theories that
have been obtained from the learning process. Physics theories that have been obtained during
the learning process can give birth to new technologies or can develop existing technologies.
One step is to create new technology or develop technology that has been by way of studying
the theory. Such as reviewing the theories used in electronic monitor devices, then more
sophisticated monitors can be developed that can cover the shortcomings of previous
generations of monitors.
Monitor is an electronic device that can connect users with a machine or electronic
device. The term monitor is no stranger to being heard in an era with rapid technological
development. If you hear the word the monitor must not be far from the computer, because
the monitor is closely related to the computer. Monitors are also referred to as computer
display screens. The function of the monitor is as the appearance of the image, of course, the
computer cannot be used without using a monitor. But in general monitors can be interpreted
as a tool to monitor, so the term monitor is not only limited to the scope of the computer, but
also for all electronic devices that allow to provide visual output such as television, and also
oscilloscopes.
Cathode ray tube (CRT) is one of the oldest types of monitors, because the early history
of the appearance of this monitor was marked by the discovery of the cathode ray tube. In
1897 the invention of CRT technology, but this technology was only adopted as a television
broadcast reception in 1926. Along with the development of the era, technology and
communication science also developed, so that various types of monitors emerged. The
discovery of the working principle of a CRT monitor can’t be separated from the existence of
a thermionic emission phenomenon, namely the event of transmitting electrons from a metal
surface due to the heating process. Thus a very important component of CRT is a metal or
filament which will later be heated and used as a source of electrons on the CRT.
Electrons emanating from metals due to the heating process are very large. The number
of electrons emitted is usually not expressed in the form of a number, but is expressed as the
density of electron currents. The meeting of electron currents is the amount of electron charge

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 released from metal per unit area per unit time. Judging from the condition of the object that
will be analsis namely electron (type of fermion) and in large quantities. The analysis used to
calculate the electron current density in the CRT is by using a special method, namely quantum
statistics, especially Fermi-Dirac statistics. Thus in this paper, we will specifically discuss the
Fermi-Dirac statistical analysis of cathode ray tube (CRT).
1.2 Problem
Based on the background exposure above, several problems can be formulated, namely:
1.2.1 What is the distribution Function Fermi-Dirac Statistics?
1.2.2 How is the meaning of cathode ray tube (CRT)?
1.2.3 How is Fermi-Dirac statistical analysis on a cathode ray tube (CRT)?
1.3 Purpose
Based on the formulation of the problem that has been compiled, the objectives of
writing this paper are:
1.3.1 Knowing the Fermi-Dirac statistical equation
1.3.2 Knowing the meaning of cathode ray tube (CRT)
1.3.3 Knowledge of Fermi-Dirac statistical analysis on cathode ray tube (CRT)

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 BAB II
DISCUSSION
2.1 The Fermi-Dirac Equation
Fermi-Dirac Statistics is one of the quantum statistics, in which the particles studied cannot
be distinguished or indistinguishable from one another (Krane, 1992). The nature of the
statistical distribution of Fermi-Dirac is that the phase space consists of cells and a maximum
compartment of 1 phase point. Thus, the pauli ban applies to Fermi-Dirac statistics. For each
type of statistic it is assumed that entropy is proportional to the logarithmic value of
thermodynamic changes, and at equilibrium, the entropy of the system is maximum. This
mean ln 𝑊 maksimum, so 𝑑(ln 𝑊) = 0. The equation is:
𝑛!
𝑊 = ∏ 𝑁 !(𝑛−𝑁 )! (1.1)
𝑖 𝑖

Equation (1.1) is a probability W of the overall particle distribution. By applying the original
logarithms to the two fields, it is obtained
𝑛!
𝑊=∏
𝑁𝑖 ! (𝑛 − 𝑁𝑖 )!
𝑛!
ln 𝑊 = ∑𝑙𝑛 ( )
𝑁𝑖! (𝑛 − 𝑁𝑖)!
ln 𝑊 = ∑(ln 𝑛! − ln(𝑁𝑖! [𝑛 − 𝑁𝑖]!))
ln 𝑊 = ∑(ln 𝑛! − ln 𝑁𝑖! − ln[𝑛 − 𝑁𝑖]!)
Using the Stirling equation, the equation becomes
ln 𝑊 = ∑(𝑛 ln 𝑛 − ln 𝑁𝑖! − 𝑙𝑛[𝑛 − 𝑁𝑖])
ln 𝑊 = ∑(𝑛 ln 𝑛 − 𝑁𝑖 ln 𝑁𝑖 − (𝑛 − 𝑁1) ln[𝑛 − 𝑁𝑖])
ln 𝑊 = ∑(𝑛 ln 𝑛 − 𝑁𝑖 ln 𝑁𝑖 − 𝑛𝑙𝑛[𝑛 − 𝑁𝑖] + 𝑁𝑖 ln[𝑛 − 𝑁𝑖] )
𝑑 ln 𝑊 = 𝑑[𝑛 ln 𝑛 + ∑ − 𝑁𝑖 ln 𝑁𝑖 − 𝑛 ln[𝑛 − 𝑁𝑖] + 𝑁𝑖 ln[𝑛 − 𝑁𝑖]] (1.2)
If the value of the particle and the total energy is constant, the equation can be written as
𝑑𝑁 = ∑𝑑𝑁𝑖 = 0
𝑑𝑈 = ∑𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑁𝑖 = 0
Multiply the first equation with –ln B and the second equation with –𝛽
𝑑𝑁 𝑥 (− ln 𝐵) = ∑𝑑𝑁𝑖 𝑥(− ln 𝐵) = − ln 𝐵∑𝑑𝑁𝑖 = 0 (1.3)
𝑑𝑈 𝑥 (−𝛽) = ∑𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑁𝑖 𝑥 (−𝛽) = − 𝛽∑𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑁𝑖 = 0 (1.4)

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 𝑛−𝑁𝑖
Substituting equations (1.3) and (1.4) into the equation 𝑑 ln 𝑊 = ∑ ( ) 𝑑𝑁𝑖 = 0, the
𝑁𝑖

following equations are obtained

𝑛−𝑁𝑖
− ln 𝐵 ∑𝑑𝑁𝑖 + (−𝛽∑𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑁𝑖) + ∑ (𝑙𝑛 ) 𝑑𝑁𝑖 = 0
𝑁𝑖
𝑛−𝑁𝑖
∑ − ln 𝐵𝑑 Ni +∑ − 𝛽𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑁𝑖 + ∑ (ln ) 𝑑𝑁𝑖 = 0
𝑁𝑖
𝑛−𝑁𝑖
∑ (ln − ln 𝐵 − 𝛽𝑤𝑖) 𝑑𝑁𝑖 = 0
𝑁𝑖
𝑛−𝑁𝑖
ln − ln 𝐵 − 𝛽𝑤𝑖 = 0
𝑁𝑖
𝑛−𝑁𝑖
𝑁𝑖
ln = 𝛽𝑤𝑖
𝐵
𝑛−𝑁𝑖
ln = 𝛽𝑤𝑖
𝐵𝑁𝑖
𝑛−𝑁𝑖
𝑒𝑥𝑝𝛽𝑤𝑖 = 𝐵𝑁𝑖
𝑛−𝑁𝑖
𝐵 𝑒𝑥𝑝 𝛽𝑤𝑖 = 𝐵𝑁𝑖
𝑛
𝐵 𝑒𝑥𝑝 𝛽𝑤𝑖 = 𝑁𝑖 − 1
𝑛
𝐵 exp(𝛽𝑤𝑖) + 1 = 𝑁𝑖
𝑁𝑖 1
= 𝐵𝑒𝑥𝑝(𝛽𝑤𝑖)+1 (1.5)
𝑛

Equation (1.5) is a Fermi-Dirac distribution function for maximum thermodynamic

equilibrium conditions.
2.2 Chatode Ray Tube CRT
Ray tube chatode or abbreviated as CRT is a device that converts electrical signals into
optical signals through the process of shooting electrons. CRTs are used as television
equipment, oscilloscopes, radar systems and so on. However, the use of CRT began to change
when developing computer technology CRT was widely used as a monitor and until now the
CRT is still widely used.
Thomas A. Edison (1847-1931) first discovered the workings of the CRT which relied
on the phenomenon of thermionic emissions found when conducting experiments on
developing electric light bulbs (Giancoli, 1998). Thermionic emission experiments occur, by
imagining two small plate plates (electrodes) in a ball or vacuum tube (vacuum), which are
given batteries as shown in Figure 1. Negative electrodes are called cathodes, and positive
electrodes are called anodes. If the cathode is heated to hot and glowing, a negative charge

4
will leave the cathode and flow to the anode. This cathode ray is called an electron by JJ.
Thomson is researching further about cathode ray tubes.

Gambar 1. Cathode ray tube

Electrons can be evaporated from hot metal plates if they assume electrons are like
molecules in a gas. The heated metal plate does not directly make the electrons loose from the
metal. To escape metal, electrons need a certain minimum kinetic energy (Ek). Every electron
has a different oak. At room temperature, very few electrons have enough energy to escape,
whereas at high temperatures kinetic energy on average will be larger and many electrons are
released, just as molecules evaporate from liquid, which occurs faster at high temperatures.
Thus significant thermionic emissions only occur at high temperatures (Giancoli, 1998).
Cathode beam (electrons) is directed to various screens to produce images. Figure 2. A
simple illustration of CTR. The electrons emitted by the heat cathode are accelerated by a high
voltage (5000-50000 V) given to the anode. The electrons come out of the electron shooter
through a small hole in the anode. The inside of the tube surface is coated with fluorescent
material which glows when crushed by electrons. A bright little spot will appear when the
electron beam hits the screen. Two horizontal plates and two vertical plates deflect the electron
beam when given voltage. The electrons are deflected towards the positive plate, by changing
the voltage on the bright spot deviation plate can be placed at any point on the screen. At
present the CRT usually uses magnetic deviation coils instead of electric plates.
In a picture tube or computer monitor, an electron beam is made to sweep the screen. The
beam of electron beam is swept horizontally by a horizontal deviation plate or coil. When the
beam reaches this side, the voltage or current changes rapidly to return the file to the opposite

5
 side of the screen. At the same time the file is deflected slightly downward by a vertical pervert
plate (or coil), and then the next horizontal sweep is performed. Images seen on television by
observers consist of various bright spots on the screen. Observers can see an image because
the image is held by a fluorescent screen and by the eye of the observer for about 1/20 seconds.
Brightness at each point is controlled by a lattice, (ie porous electrodes, such as a wire that
allows the passage of electrons) which can limit the flow of electrons with the help of the
voltage applied to them. Many electrons will be rejected if the voltage becomes more negative
so that the fewer electrons pass. The voltage on the grid is determined by the video signal sent
by the TV station and received by the TV set. Along with this signal signals that create lattice
stress for horizontal and vertical sweep are interlocked.

Gambar 2. A cathode ray tube

2.3 Analisys Distribution Function Fermi-Dirac Statistics of
Cathode ray tube (CRT)The workings of the first CRT depend on the thermionic
emission phenomenon discovered by Thomas A. Edison (1847-1931) while working on an
electric light bulb development experiment (Giancoli, 1998). Thermionic emissions are events
that transmit electrons from metal surfaces due to high temperatures or through a heating
process (Sutopo, 2003). The thermionic emission phenomenon is also often known as electron
thermal emissions. Free electrons in metals are called valence electrons which have a role as
conduction electric currents. If the vessel is heated so that the temperature rises, the free
electrons will start to move quickly and allow enough energy to get out of the metal (Grilj,
2008). Through this principle, technology was developed which was able to display the results

6
of processing electronic devices through a monitor, especially a tube monitor (CRT). In other
words, it is this thermionic emission that enables the work of an electronic device using a
CRT, such as a TV and a computer.
As long as the metal heating process takes place, the electrons will continue to emit from
the metal surface, which will then form a tightly flow of electrons in the tube. Because the
electrons emitted are caused by the heating process (thermionic emissions), so that the electron
currents that arise in the vacuum tube will depend on the temperature of the metal surface.
The dependence of electron currents on temperature is analyzed using mathematical
approaches and certain assumptions. The mathematical approach used is the Fermi-Dirac
statistic. Fermi-Dirac statistics are very suitable to be used in this problem, because what is
the object of study is the distribution of electrons which are types of fermion particles.
On the metal surface there is a limiting energy or a potential wall (U) that reaches a
number of electrons volts which prevents electron emission at low temperatures (Grilj, 2008).
To simplify the analysis, it is assumed that metals are potential wells with wall heights U
(Abdullah, 2007), as shown in Figure 3. Based on this assumption electrons are seen as
occupying the energy levels in the potential well, getting closer to the metal surface the higher
the level of energy dimili electron, but the weakest bound in the metal. The difference between
the limiting energy (U) and the highest energy that the electron has in the metal (Ef) is called
the metal working function (W). The minimum energy that must be possessed by the
outermost electrons to be released from the metal is as big as the metal function (W). So, if
the energy possessed by electrons is greater than the work function, then the magnitude of this
energy difference is made into motion energy (kinetic energy) by electrons leaving the metal.
If in the event of the photoelectric effect of the energy supplier for electrons coming from
photons, then in this thermionic emission event electron energy is obtained through heating
the metal.
At normal temperatures there will be several electrons that have enough energy to be
able to jump over the limiting energy, hereinafter referred to as electron current or electron
emission intensity. Electron currents will increase significantly when the temperature is high.
Thus, electron currents are dependent on temperature for thermionic emissions. This was
formulated by the Richardson formula which will be elaborated with the help of Fermi-Dirac.

7
 Gambar 3. Elektron dalam logam diasumsikan gas elektron di dalam
sumur potensial dengan ketinggian dinding U
Based on Figure 3. Assuming metal as free electron gas in a potential well. Suppose
electrons move toward x, if kinetic energy in that direction exceeds U, then electrons moving
towards the metal surface will leave metal (Abdullah, 2007). Electrons will be released from
the metal surface if they meet the requirements
1
𝑚𝑣𝑥2 > 𝑈
2

Through Richardson's law it is explained about current meeting 𝐽𝑥 (𝐴/𝑚2 ) from the
thermal emission of electrons in the direction perpendicular to the hot metal. This legal
equation will be derived from the electron base properties in a metal. Assuming there is a
thermal electron flow charged e in the direction x. This case is reviewed on a CRT, in front of
a metal is a vacuum. So that the current density equation is as follows.
𝐽𝑥 = ∫ 𝑒𝑛(𝐸𝑖 )𝑣𝑥 (𝐸𝑖 )𝑑𝐸𝑖 (2.1)
Where 𝑛(𝐸𝑖 ) is the electron density in units [𝐽−1 𝑚−3 ], dan 𝑣𝑥 (𝐸𝑖 ) is the speed of the
electron in the direction of x. based on statistical physics, it is known that the density of
particles is written with equations.
𝑛(𝐸𝑖 ) = 𝑔(𝐸𝑖 )𝑓(𝐸𝑖 ) (2.2)
Where 𝑔(𝐸𝑖 ) is the state of the meeting and 𝑓(𝐸𝑖 ) is the chance of the situation with
energy 𝐸𝑖 . Both of these functions follow the Fermi-Dirac statistic, because the object being
studied is an electron with a half spin. So the equation becomes.
8√2𝜋
𝑔(𝐸𝑖 ) = 𝑚3/2 √𝐸𝑖 (2.3)
ℎ3
1
𝑓(𝐸𝑖 ) = 𝐹𝐹𝐷 (𝐸𝑖 ) = (𝐸𝑖 −𝐸𝑓 )
(2.4)
𝑒 𝑘𝑇 +1

8
 Where h is the Planck constant, and h is the Boltsmann constant , 𝐸𝑓 is Fermi energy,
which is the highest energy an electron can have in the potential constant. Electrons can come
out of metal, if U > 𝐸𝑓 . thus 𝐹𝐹𝐷 (𝐸𝑖 ) can be approached with a quantity:

(𝐸𝑖 −𝐸𝑓 )
1 1 −
(𝐸𝑖 −𝐸𝑓 )
≈ (𝐸𝑖 −𝐸𝑓 )
=𝑒 𝑘𝑇 (2.5)
𝑒 𝑘𝑇 +1 𝑒 𝑘𝑇

Equation (2.5) is equation of distribusi Maxwell-Boltzmann.

Gambar 4. The free electrons in the metal are affected by a fixed potential
U.
Based on equation (2.3) and (2.4) equation 𝑛(𝐸𝑖 ) = 𝑔(𝐸𝑖 )𝑓(𝐸𝑖 ) can be written as follows
𝑛(𝐸𝑖 ) = 𝑔(𝐸𝑖 )𝑓(𝐸𝑖 )
(𝐸𝑖 −𝐸𝑓 )
8√2𝜋
𝑛(𝐸𝑖 )𝑑𝐸𝑖 = 𝑚3/2 √𝐸𝑖 𝑒 − 𝑘𝑇 𝑑𝐸𝑖 (2.6)
ℎ3

The equation of energy can be writte as follows

1
𝐸𝑖 = 𝑚𝑣 2
2
3
1
√𝐸𝑖 𝑑𝐸𝑖 = √2 𝑚2 𝑣 2 𝑑𝑣 (2.7)

Substate the above equation into equation (2.6), then obtained.

(𝐸𝑖 −𝐸𝑓 ) 3
8√2𝜋 1
𝑛(𝐸𝑖 )𝑑𝐸𝑖 = 𝑚3/2 √𝐸𝑖 𝑒 − 𝑘𝑇 𝑚2 𝑣 2 𝑑𝑣
ℎ3 √2
(𝐸𝑖 −𝐸𝑓 )
8𝜋 3 −
𝑛(𝐸𝑖 )𝑑𝐸𝑖 = 𝑚 𝑒 𝑘𝑇 𝑣 2 𝑑𝑣 (2.8)
ℎ3

9
This result is then substituted into equation (2.1), so that it produces
𝐽𝑥 = ∫ 𝑒𝑛(𝐸𝑖 )𝑣𝑥 (𝐸𝑖 )𝑑𝐸𝑖
(𝐸𝑖 −𝐸𝑓 )
8𝜋 3 −
𝐽𝑥 = ∫ 𝑒𝑣𝑥 (𝐸𝑖 ) ℎ3 𝑚 𝑒 𝑘𝑇 𝑣 2 𝑑𝑣
𝐸𝑓 𝐸𝑖
8𝜋
𝐽𝑥 = ∫ 𝑒𝑣𝑥 (𝐸𝑖 ) ℎ3 𝑚3 𝑒 𝑘𝑇 𝑒 −𝑘𝑇 𝑣 2 𝑑𝑣
𝐸𝑓 𝐸𝑖
2
𝑗𝑥 = 𝑒 ℎ3 𝑒 𝑘𝑇 ∫ 𝑣𝑥 (𝐸𝑖 )𝑒 −𝑘𝑇 4𝜋𝑣 2 𝑑𝑣 (2.9)

Electrons with speeds greater than 𝑣𝑥,𝑚𝑖𝑛 that will leave the metal
1
𝑈= 𝑚𝑣𝑥,𝑚𝑖𝑛
2

2𝑈
𝑣𝑥,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = √
𝑚

By making energy as a function of component speed in all directions, each component of

speed can be integrated. Equations (2.9) can be written to be
𝐸𝑓 𝑚𝑣𝑥 2 𝑦 𝑚𝑣2 2
𝑚𝑣𝑧
2𝑒𝑚3 ∞ ∞ ∞
𝐽𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑘𝑇 ∫𝑣 𝑣𝑥 𝑒 − 2𝑘𝑇 𝑑𝑣𝑥 ∫−∞ 𝑒 − 2𝑘𝑇 𝑑𝑣𝑦 ∫−∞ 𝑒 − 2𝑘𝑇 𝑑𝑣𝑧 (2.10)
ℎ3 𝑥,𝑚𝑖𝑛

The above equation is solved in stages, and by using special functions to solve it. Completion
𝑚𝑣2
𝑦 𝑚𝑣2
𝑧
∞ ∞
of the equation ∫−∞ 𝑒 − 2𝑘𝑇 𝑑𝑣𝑦 dan ∫−∞ 𝑒 − 2𝑘𝑇 𝑑𝑣𝑧 can be solved by applying an error function.
By completing one of them first, the equation can be changed to

𝑚𝑣2 𝑚𝑣2
∞ − 𝑦 ∞ 𝑦
∫−∞ 𝑒 2𝑘𝑇 𝑑𝑣𝑦 = 2 ∫0 𝑒 − 2𝑘𝑇 𝑑𝑣𝑦 (2.11)
𝑚
If 2𝑘𝑇 assumed with 𝜆2, maka diperoleh
𝑚𝑣2
∞ − 𝑦 ∞ 2𝑣2
∫−∞ 𝑒 2𝑘𝑇 𝑑𝑣𝑦 = 2 ∫0 𝑒 −𝜆 𝑦 𝑑𝑣𝑦 (2.12)
The second assumption is stated that 𝑥 = 𝜆𝑣𝑦 , thus can be reduced to

𝑑𝑥 = 𝜆𝑑𝑣𝑦
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣𝑦 = 𝜆

10
 √𝜋
By multiplying the right segment with and enter the second assumption in equation (2.12),
√𝜋

then it is obtained.
𝑚𝑣2
∞ − 𝑦 ∞ 2𝑣2
∫−∞ 𝑒 2𝑘𝑇 𝑑𝑣𝑦 = 2 ∫0 𝑒 −𝜆 𝑦 𝑑𝑣𝑦
𝑚𝑣2
∞ − 𝑦 2 ∞ 2
∫−∞ 𝑒 2𝑘𝑇 𝑑𝑣𝑦 = √𝜋 {𝜆 ∫ 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥}
√𝜋 0
𝑚𝑣2
∞ − 𝑦 √𝜋 2 ∞ −𝑥 2
∫−∞ 𝑒 2𝑘𝑇 𝑑𝑣𝑦 = { ∫ 𝑒 𝑑𝑥}
𝜆 √𝜋 0
(2.13)
2 ∞ −𝑥 2
∫ 𝑒 this equation is called an error or erf (∞) function. Thus, equation (2.13) becomes;
√𝜋 0
𝑚𝑣2
∞ − 𝑦 √𝜋 2 ∞ −𝑥 2
∫−∞ 𝑒 2𝑘𝑇 𝑑𝑣𝑦 = { ∫ 𝑒 𝑑𝑥}
𝜆 √𝜋 0
𝑚𝑣2
∞ − 𝑦 √𝜋
∫−∞ 𝑒 2𝑘𝑇 𝑑𝑣𝑦 = 𝜆
erf(∞) (2.14)

Where the value of erf⁡ (∞) is equal to 1, so the equation becomes

𝑚𝑣2
∞ − 𝑦 √𝜋 𝜋
∫−∞ 𝑒 2𝑘𝑇 𝑑𝑣𝑦 = 𝜆
= √𝜆2

𝑚𝑣2
∞ − 𝑦 2𝜋𝑘𝑇
∫−∞ 𝑒 2𝑘𝑇 𝑑𝑣𝑦 =√ (2.15)
𝑚
2
∞ −𝑚𝑣𝑧
To solve the equation ∫−∞ 𝑒 2𝑘𝑇 𝑑𝑣𝑧 apply the same method as the previous equation using
the error error function

2 2
∞ −𝑚𝑣𝑧 ∞ 𝑚𝑣𝑧
∫−∞ 𝑒 2𝑘𝑇 𝑑𝑣𝑧 = 2 ∫0 𝑒 − 2𝑘𝑇 𝑑𝑣𝑧 (2.16)
𝑚
If assumed with 𝜆2,so the equation is
2𝑘𝑇
𝑚𝑣2
𝑧
∞ − ∞ 2𝑣2
∫−∞ 𝑒 2𝑘𝑇 𝑑𝑣𝑧 = 2 ∫0 𝑒 −𝜆 𝑧 𝑑𝑣𝑧 (2.17)
The second assumption is stated that 𝑥 = 𝜆𝑣𝑧 , thus can be reduced to

𝑑𝑥 = 𝜆𝑑𝑣𝑧
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣𝑧 = 𝜆

√𝜋
By multiplying the right segment with and enter the second assumption in equation
√𝜋

(2.17), then it is obtained.

11
 2
∞ −𝑚𝑣𝑧 ∞ 2𝑣2
∫−∞ 𝑒 2𝑘𝑇 𝑑𝑣𝑧 = 2 ∫0 𝑒 −𝜆 𝑧 𝑑𝑣𝑧

∞ 𝑚𝑣2
𝑧 ∞
− 2 2
∫−∞ 𝑒 2𝑘𝑇 𝑑𝑣𝑧 = √𝜋 {𝜆 ∫ 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥}
√𝜋 0
2
∞ −𝑚𝑣𝑧 √𝜋 2 ∞ −𝑥 2
∫−∞ 𝑒 2𝑘𝑇 𝑑𝑣𝑧 = { ∫ 𝑒 𝑑𝑥}
𝜆 √𝜋 0
(2.18)
2 ∞ −𝑥 2
∫ 𝑒 this equation is called an error or erf (∞) function. So, equation (2.18) becomes;
√𝜋 0

∞ 𝑚𝑣2
𝑧
− √𝜋 2 ∞ −𝑥 2
∫−∞ 𝑒 2𝑘𝑇 𝑑𝑣𝑧 = { ∫ 𝑒 𝑑𝑥}
𝜆 √𝜋 0
2
∞ −𝑚𝑣𝑧 √𝜋
∫−∞ 𝑒 2𝑘𝑇 𝑑𝑣𝑧 = 𝜆
erf(∞)

Where the value of erf⁡ (∞) is equal to 1, so the equation becomes

2
∞ −𝑚𝑣𝑧 √𝜋 𝜋
∫−∞ 𝑒 2𝑘𝑇 𝑑𝑣𝑧 = 𝜆
= √𝜆2

𝑚𝑣2
𝑧
∞ − 2𝜋𝑘𝑇
∫−∞ 𝑒 2𝑘𝑇 𝑑𝑣𝑧 = √ (2.19)
𝑚

With the expression institution (2.15) and equation (2.19) in equation (2.10) obtained
𝐸𝑓 𝑚𝑣𝑥 2 𝑦 𝑚𝑣2
𝑚𝑣𝑧 2
2𝑒𝑚3 ∞ ∞ ∞
𝐽𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑘𝑇 ∫𝑣 𝑣𝑥 𝑒 − 2𝑘𝑇 𝑑𝑣𝑥 ∫−∞ 𝑒 − 2𝑘𝑇 𝑑𝑣𝑦 ∫−∞ 𝑒 − 2𝑘𝑇 𝑑𝑣𝑧
ℎ3 𝑥,𝑚𝑖𝑛

𝐸𝑓 𝑚𝑣2
2𝑒𝑚3 ∞ 𝑥 2𝜋𝑘𝑇 2𝜋𝑘𝑇
𝐽𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑘𝑇 ∫𝑣 𝑣𝑥 𝑒 − 2𝑘𝑇 𝑑𝑣𝑥 √ √
ℎ3 𝑥,𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑚 𝑚

𝐸𝑓 𝑚𝑣2
4𝜋𝑒𝑚2 𝑘𝑇 ∞ 𝑥
𝐽𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑘𝑇 ∫𝑣 𝑣𝑥 𝑒 − 2𝑘𝑇 𝑑𝑣𝑥 (2.20)
ℎ3 𝑥,𝑚𝑖𝑛

Where is 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑣𝑥2 /2𝑘𝑇, can be reduced to

𝑚𝑣𝑥
𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝑣𝑥
𝑘𝑇
𝑘𝑇
𝑣𝑥 𝑑𝑣𝑥 = 𝑑𝑦
𝑚
𝐸𝑓
4𝜋𝑒𝑚2 𝑘𝑇 ∞
𝐽𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑘𝑇 ∫𝑈/𝑘𝑇 𝑒 −𝑦 𝑑𝑦
ℎ3
𝐸𝑓
4𝜋𝑒𝑚2 𝑘𝑇
𝐽𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑘𝑇 (−𝑒 −𝑦 |∞
𝑈/𝑘𝑇 )
ℎ3
𝐸𝑓
4𝜋𝑒𝑚2 𝑘𝑇
𝐽𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑘𝑇 [(−𝑒 −∞ ) − (−𝑒 −𝑈/𝑘𝑇 )]
ℎ3
𝐸𝑓 𝑈
4𝜋𝑒𝑚2 𝑘𝑇
𝐽𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑘𝑇 (𝑒 −𝑘𝑇 )
ℎ3
𝑈−𝐸𝑓
4𝜋𝑒𝑚𝑘 2 𝑇 2
𝐽𝑥 = 𝑒− 𝑘𝑇 (2.21)
ℎ3

12
By re-assuming value
4𝜋𝑒𝑚𝑘 2
= 𝐴𝑅 dan 𝑈 − 𝐸𝑓 = 𝑊
ℎ3

So the equation (2.21) is

𝑊
𝐽 = 𝐴𝑅 𝑇 2 𝑒 −𝑘𝑇 (2.22)
With 𝐴𝑅 Richardson constant which is 𝐴𝑅 = 1,2 × 106 𝐴/𝑚2 𝑘 2 and 𝑊 2 and W is a work
function. Richardson published the results of his research in 1901. Then in 1923, Saul
Dushman demonstrated the modern form of the law.

13
 BAB III
CLOUSING
3.1 Conclusions
Based on the discussion above and referring to the formulation of the problem, then some
things can be concluded, namely:
1. Fermi-Dirac Statistics is one of the quantum statistics that has half integer spin, called
fermion. Fermi-Dirac statistics were developed by E. Fermi and P. A. M Dirac. The Fermi-
Dirac statistical distribution equation is
𝑁𝑖 1
=
𝑛 𝐵𝑒𝑥𝑝(𝛽𝑤𝑖) + 1
2. Cathode ray tube (CRT) is a device that converts electrical signals into optical signals
through the process of shooting electrons. The workings of the first CRT depend on the
thermionic emission phenomenon that was found by Thomas A. Edisom (1847-1931)
while working on an experiment developing electric light bulbs.
3. Thermionic emissions become a very important concept in the operation of CRT electronic
devices. Thermionic emissions are events that transmit electrons from metal surfaces
through the heating process. The dense analysis of electron currents uses Fermi-Dirac
statistics, which ultimately results in an equation𝐽 = 𝐴𝑅 𝑇 2 𝑒 −𝑊/𝑘𝑇
3.2 Suggestions
Every physics learning, the nature of science must always be prioritized as in this paper
to highlight the nature of science as an application. By holding on to this principle, the learning
goals will be achieved.

14
 REFERENCE

Abdullah, M. 2007. Pengantar Fisika statistika untuk Mahasiswa (Dilengkapi Contoh Soal).
Bandung: Institut Teknologi Bandung.
Giancoli, D.C. 1998. Fisika Edisi Kelima Jilid 2. Diterjemahkan oleh Yuhilza H. dan Irwan Arifin
Jakarta: Erlangga.
Grilj, M. 2008. Thermioni Emission. Ljubljana: University of Ljubljana.
Krane, K.S. 1992. Fisika Modern. Diterjemahkan oleh Hans J. Wospakrik. Jakarta: UI-Press.
Sujanem Rai. Tanpa Tahun. Materi Ajar Pengantar Fisika Statistik. Singaraja: Undiksha (Tidak
Diterbitkan)
Sutopo. 2003. Pengantar Fisika Kuantum. Malang: Jica.

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