FFS-PU-6151 Geophysical Surveys For Offshore Facilities

FFS-PU-6151
Geophysical Surveys for Offshore Facilities
Operating Environment: Floating & Fixed Platform, Pipelines, Subsea, Topsides
This document is the confidential property of Chevron U.S.A. Inc. Neither the whole nor any part of this
document may be disclosed to any third party without the prior written consent of Chevron U.S.A. Inc.
Neither the whole nor any part of this document may be reproduced, stored in any retrieval system, or
transmitted in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, reprographic, recording, or otherwise)
without the prior written consent of Chevron U.S.A. Inc.
Rev. Date Description Author Technology Leader

— 12/14 Initial release. E. Gisler K. Ma
December 2014 © 2014 Chevron U.S.A. Inc. All rights reserved. Confidential – Restricted Access 1 of 20
Geophysical Surveys for Offshore Facilities FFS-PU-6151
Summary of Changes
1. Revised technical content is indicated by change bars in the right margin.
2. Added, deleted, moved, and combined items are listed below.
Rev. Rev. Description Type of Change

Initial release – n/a.
Contents
1.0 Scope............................................................................................................................................... 4
2.0 References ...................................................................................................................................... 4
2.1 Owner Documents .............................................................................................................. 4
2.2 Industry Codes and Standards ........................................................................................... 4
2.3 Other References ................................................................................................................ 4
2.4 Conflict Resolution .............................................................................................................. 4
3.0 Terminology .................................................................................................................................... 5
3.1 Acronyms ............................................................................................................................ 5
3.2 Definitions ........................................................................................................................... 6
4.0 General ............................................................................................................................................ 7
4.1 Reconnaissance Site Characterization ............................................................................... 7
4.2 Engineering Site Investigation ............................................................................................ 8
4.3 Development Geohazard Site Investigation ....................................................................... 9
4.4 Detailed Engineering Site Investigation .............................................................................. 9
5.0 Technical Requirements.............................................................................................................. 10
5.1 General Positioning ........................................................................................................... 10
5.2 Engineering and Development Geohazard Site Investigations ........................................ 13
5.3 Detailed Engineering Site Investigation ............................................................................ 18
5.4 Geophysical Data Deliverables ......................................................................................... 19
1.0 Scope
This functional specification contains technical requirements of geophysical surveys conducted
for offshore facilities. The types of surveys covered include the following:
1. Reconnaissance site characterization.
2. Engineering site investigation.
3. Development geohazard site investigation.
4. Detailed engineering site investigation.
Note: Requirements and details that are specific to a project should be addressed in the
project scope of work.
2.0 References
1. The following documents are referenced herein and are considered part of this
specification.
2. Unless otherwise specified in Section 2.1 or Section 2.2, use the latest edition of the
referenced documents.
2.1 Owner Documents

CIV-PU-125 Geotechnical Site Investigation
SSM-SU-5419 General Survey and Positioning
2.2 Industry Codes and Standards

International Association of Oil & Gas Producers (IOGP)
373-18-1 Guidelines for the conduct of offshore drilling hazard site surveys,
July 2013, Version 1.2
425 Geohazards from seafloor instability and mass flow
462-02 Guideline for the delivery of the Seabed Survey Data Model,
January 2013, Version 1
2.3 Other References

Fonseca, Luciano, and Calder, Brian. “Geocoder: An Efficient Backscatter Map Constructor.”
U.S. Hydrographic Conference, San Diego, CA, March 29–31, 2005.
2.4 Conflict Resolution

1. Supplier shall submit any conflicts among the inquiry documents in writing to Owner for
resolution.
2. Supplier shall submit any conflicts between specifications in this document and Purchaser-
provided specifications or procedures in writing to Owner for clarification.
3. Supplier may propose equipment, techniques, procedures, etc., that are different from those
stated within this document and Purchaser project-specific documents.
a. Supplier shall provide information sufficient to prove that the alternative meets
Purchaser requirements.
b. Acceptance of proposed alternative will be at the discretion of Purchaser.
3.0 Terminology
3.1 Acronyms
AGC Automatic Gain Control
AUV Autonomous Underwater Vehicle
CDP Common Depth Point
CRP Common Reference Point
DGPS Differential Global Positioning System
DTM Digital Terrain Model
DVL Doppler Velocity Log
FEED Front End Engineering Design
GIS Geographic Information System
GPS Global Positioning System
HR2D High-Resolution 2D
INS Inertial Navigation System
LBL Long Baseline
LOP Line of Position
MBES Multi-Beam Echo Sounder
MRU Motion Reference Unit
NMO Normal Move-out
QC Quality Control
RMS Root-Mean-Square
ROV Remotely Operated Vehicle
SAS Synthetic Aperture Sonar
SBP Sub-Bottom Profiler
SEG-D Society for Exploration Geophysicists file format for storing geophysical data
SEG-Y Society for Exploration Geophysicists file format for storing geophysical data
SSDM Subsea Data Model
SSS Side-Scan Sonar
SV Satellite Vehicle
TVG Time-Varying Gain
UHR Ultra-High-Resolution
UHR2D Ultra-High-Resolution 2D
UHR3D Ultra-High-Resolution 3D
UKOOA United Kingdom Offshore Operators Association
UPS Uninterruptible Power Supply
USBL Ultra-Short Baseline
UXO Unexploded Ordnance
XTF Extended Triton Format (for recording hydrographic survey data)
XYA X, Y, Amplitude
XYZ X, Y, Depth
3.2 Definitions
Accuracy Difference between a measured and true value, including
random and systematic errors.
Calibration Adjustment of an instrument to eliminate biases and systematic
errors to bring its performance into compliance with specified
tolerances.
Datum (geodesy) Set of reference points on the earth’s surface against which
position measurements are made, and (often) a model of the
shape of the earth (reference ellipsoid) to define a geographic
coordinate system.
Development Geohazard Local and/or regional site and soil conditions having a
potential of becoming active, or developing into a failure
event that could cause loss of life or damage to health,
environment, or assets. The event-triggering sources can be
ongoing geological processes or human-induced changes
caused by the field operator or by 3rd party activities.
Source: International Association of Oil & Gas Producers
(IOGP), December 2009, Geohazards from seafloor instability
and mass flow, Report No. 425.
Magnetometer An instrument towed above but near to the seabed that

measures the strength of the magnetic field proximal to the
tool. Used to identify ferrous objects on the seabed, shallowly
buried, or in general proximity to the tool.
MBES Backscatter The amplitude of acoustic multi-beam echo sounder (MBES)
energy reflected by the seabed. The intensity of the returns
(after data processing) is a function of the physical properties
of the seabed.
Precision Number of significant digits used to store numbers and, in
particular, coordinate values. Precision is important for
accurate feature representation, analysis, and mapping.
Resolution Smallest detectible interval or unit.
4.0 General
Note: Geophysical surveys are a component of overall integrated geoscience studies, the
learnings from which are necessary to safely design, construct, and operate offshore
facilities.
1. The objectives of geophysical surveys shall be as follows:
a. To provide understanding of the seabed, shallow geology, and geologic processes
affecting the site (development of geologic model).
b. To facilitate identification and assessment of development geohazards, which are key
inputs to risk quantification.
c. To allow the projection of geotechnical engineering properties throughout the site
(when geology permits).
d. To define seafloor and subsurface conditions that may influence field layout, pipeline
routes, and foundation design.
2. Information regarding desktop studies, survey planning, data interpretation and integration
shall be found referenced in IOGP Report No. 373-18-1.
4.1 Reconnaissance Site Characterization
Note: Reconnaissance site characterization geophysical surveys are typically lower

resolution and cover larger areas than engineering site investigation surveys.
1. The purpose of a reconnaissance survey shall be to provide a basic understanding of
regional seafloor features and morphology, and regional geology and geologic processes
that may affect the proposed development area. This understanding shall support
preliminary site and route selection and design of the subsequent engineering site
investigation.
2. The following common types of reconnaissance data shall be considered:

a. 3D/2D exploration seismic data (reprocessed to increase near-surface frequency
retention).
b. Seafloor (multi-beam echo sounder [MBES]/side-scan sonar [SSS]).
c. Subsurface (sub-bottom profiler [SBP]) data.
Note: Reconnaissance-level bathymetry data are datasets with a native bin size
(resolution) of greater than 3 meters (9.8 feet). Reconnaissance-level subsurface
data are any dataset with vertical resolution greater than 1 meter (3.3 feet).
3. Geotechnical and geological cores (typically 6 meters [19.7 feet] or less in length) shall be
acquired during a reconnaissance geophysical survey to ground truth geophysical data, to
provide soil properties for early front end engineering design (FEED) and to aid in defining
objectives for subsequent site investigations.
Note: The route/field layouts are still preliminary at this stage, so cores are sited across
the survey area in an effort to obtain samples representative of the development
area, and should target any features of concern identified in the desktop study.
4.2 Engineering Site Investigation
Note: The purpose of an engineering geophysical site investigation is to acquire data of

sufficient resolution, quality, and coverage to be used for final foundation design,
pipeline routing, and field layout.
1. Results of the reconnaissance survey in Section 4.1 shall be used to optimize the field
layout, pipeline route, etc., and as a result, the engineering site survey is typically smaller in
area, but higher in resolution.
2. Engineering-level bathymetry data shall be considered datasets with a native bin size
(resolution) of 3 meters (9.8 feet) or less; engineering-level subsurface data for offshore
facilities shall be considered datasets with vertical resolution less than 0.5 meter (1.6 feet).
Geophysical datasets that shall be acquired for an engineering site investigation include
the following:
a. MBES
b. MBES backscatter
c. SSS
d. SBP
e. Magnetometer (in shallow water or in an area where the location of buried pipelines is
unknown, or unexploded ordnance [UXO] or other hazardous debris are expected)
3. It is common that geotechnical surveys are carried out simultaneously or subsequent to the
geophysical survey; to allow projection of geotechnical properties away from the sample
location, geotechnical sample locations shall be sited on geophysical survey lines, unless a
clearly defined engineering case requires data from an offline location.
Note: See CIV-PU-125 for more information regarding geotechnical site investigations
and specifications.
4. The geophysical/geological interpretation shall be used to optimize the geotechnical survey.

Therefore, if the surveys are carried out simultaneously, a qualified geoscientist who is
capable of interpreting the geophysical data and selecting the geotechnical sample locations
shall be located onboard (or in real-time communication with the site investigation vessel).
4.3 Development Geohazard Site Investigation

1. The subsurface geology associated with development geohazards is often complex, and to
help understand their provenance and potential future activity, geophysical data penetrating
deeper than the SBP data standard for engineering site investigations shall be required.
2. Reprocessed exploration 3D data are often sufficient, but the need for higher resolution
shall necessitate the acquisition of high-resolution 2D (HR2D), ultra-high-resolution 2D
(UHR2D), and/or ultra-high-resolution 3D (UHR3D) seismic data.
3. Development geohazard site investigations shall be carried out when the results of the
desktop study or reconnaissance survey indicates the presence of significant development
geohazards in the development area, or their proximity may affect the development area.
4. Examples of development geohazards are faults, shallow gas, expulsion features, steep
terrain, turbidity currents, and mass-gravity flows, and a firm understanding of their activity
level, reoccurrence interval, origin, triggering mechanism, etc., shall be required to
determine design and survival criteria and to ensure proper geohazard mitigation.
5. Mitigation of geohazards has historically been avoidance; however, when this practice is
not possible, the mitigation shall be engineering the facilities to either withstand or survive
geohazard events in accordance with probabilities of occurrence that require consideration.
a. Integrated geoscience studies, typically including event modeling, shall be performed
when it is necessary to prove facility survivability and no loss of containment.
b. Offshore geotechnical engineering experts and development geohazard experts shall be
consulted in Phase 1 or Phase 2 of the project for support in designing and oversight of
these surveys and studies.
4.4 Detailed Engineering Site Investigation

1. Detailed engineering site studies shall require the same data types as those listed in
Section 5.2, but at greater data density and higher resolution. For example, if anchors/piles
must be sited among many faults, the exact surface and subsurface location of the faults
shall need to be mapped.
Note: Mapping can be achieved with SBP line spacing of 2 meters (6.6 feet) or less,
as opposed to the standard 150–200 meter (492–656 foot) line spacing for an
engineering site investigation. The 2D SBP lines can then be binned into a 3D
volume for accurate mapping of the fault planes; this type of survey is commonly
referred to as a micro 3D survey.
2. In addition to higher frequency and greater data density from the tools typical in
engineering site investigations, there are many non-standard tools and new technologies
that shall be considered for a detailed engineering site investigation, including the
following (among others):
a. High-resolution georeferenced seafloor photos (photo mosaics).
b. Synthetic aperture sonar (SAS).
c. Acoustic corer.
d. Laser bathymetry systems.
3. The outcome of a reconnaissance site characterization might highlight the need for a
detailed engineering site investigation, but often the results of the engineering site
investigation shall define the necessity and scope. Offshore geotechnical engineering
experts and development geohazard experts shall be consulted in Phase 2 and Phase 3 of
the project for support in designing and oversight of these surveys and associated studies.
5.0 Technical Requirements

5.1 General Positioning
Supplier shall follow the requirements in Section 4.0 of SSM-SU-5419.
5.1.1 Surface Positioning

1. Supplier shall provide differential global positioning system (DGPS) for primary surface
positioning with multiple reference stations (minimum of two within 1500 km (932 miles)
of work area).
a. DGPS shall provide pseudo range corrections.
b. The system shall provide updated corrections at better than 5-second interval.
c. The system shall be operated in accordance with IOGP guidelines.
2. An independent secondary system (i.e., independent in all respects except satellites) shall
be operated in parallel with the primary system, to provide full real-time redundancy.
a. A continuous comparison between the position solutions derived from the primary and
secondary systems shall be made throughout the survey.
b. No survey work shall be completed if the radial difference between the two position
solutions exceeds 5 meters (16.4 feet).
3. A full quality control (QC) system, of an acceptable industry standard and operated as a
stand-alone software package, shall be maintained onboard the vessel.
4. The mobile DGPS stations onboard the vessel shall provide continuous 24 hour operations,
using a suitable uninterruptible power supply (UPS) system.
5. Supplier shall provide an installation report, detailing notable items such as the following:
a. Tests for site multipath and satellite vehicle (SV) masking at all global positioning
system (GPS) antenna locations.
b. Adequate addressing of and, where necessary, rectification of local radio interference
“noise.”
6. DGPS accuracy shall be as follows:
a. Better than ±1 meter (3.3 feet) relative to grid coordinate system.
b. Demonstrated relative to a fixed reference during mobilization.
5.1.2 Attitude Reference

1. Gyro and motion reference units (MRUs) shall provide full vessel heading, heave, pitch,
and roll corrections as input to sensor offset positions.
2. The gyro and MRU shall be aligned to the vessel axes and calibrated to demonstrate proper
sensing, alignment, and application during mobilization.
3. Gyro and MRU accuracy shall be demonstrated against a known baseline, reciprocal
headings, and during mobilization, and shall meet the requirements of Table 1 and Table 2.
Table 1: Gyro Accuracy

Metrics of Accuracy Quantity
Static accuracy < ±0.5 Secant (Latitude)
Repeatability < ±0.25 degree
Resolution ≤ 0.1 degree
Table 2: MRU Accuracy

Metrics of Accuracy Quantity
Heave 5%
Roll and Pitch ±0.05 degree
5.1.3 Underwater Positioning

1. Supplier shall supply, maintain, and operate underwater positioning system(s) capable of
achieving the accuracy referenced in Table 3 for use with the adopted survey platforms,
in the full range of site water depths.
Table 3: Combined Accuracy of All Elements Used to Determine the Sensor Position
Relative to the Surface Vessel
Positioning System Overall Accuracy
USBL (plus DVL/INS) Better than 0.25% of slant range
LBL* Better than 0.5 m (1.6 feet), with residuals
< 0.2 m (0.7 feet) 1 sigma
* Supplier’s selection of use of LBL should enhance the accuracy requirement stated
for USBL use.
2. Field calibration of any underwater positioning system (or component thereof) shall be
performed by Supplier according to the requirements of SSM-SU-5419.
3. Supplier shall fully detail the basis for determining the selection of the appropriate system.
4. The underwater positioning system(s) shall be used to provide X, Y, and Z offset to all
survey sensor platforms relative to the vessel surface position. The offset to each sensor
shall be used in real time to provide an absolute position coordinate and shall be logged
together with all raw data relative to a common GPS time base.
5. Supplier shall calibrate the system(s) in the work area or at similar water depth, and shall
demonstrate the validity of the calibration procedures prior to work commencing.
6. Autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) positioning accuracy shall be better than
1.0 percent of water depth within the entire survey area. Calibration reports shall confirm
accuracy of the entire field.
7. A combined ultra-short baseline (USBL) and relative tracking (Doppler velocity log [DVL]
or inertial navigation system [INS]) acoustic system shall be used.
8. The transducer (and motion compensatory) shall be a hull-mounted installation, positioned
close to the center of rotation of the vessel, and well placed in respect to detrimental
interference sources (e.g., propellers, thrusters, and machinery noise).
9. The transponder fit to the sensor tow platform shall be carefully planned to minimize
ambient noise or signal masking, or both.
10. Supplier shall ensure use of current industry standard transponders, according to
manufacturers’ recommendations for source output and beam width, for the site depth
conditions and operating layback.
11. AUVs shall be equipped with an INS coupled with a velocity logger. The INS shall
interface with the USBL for position, updated via an acoustic modem.
12. Ray tracing algorithms, using the full speed of sound profile through the water column to
correct for acoustic ray bending, shall be used in real time for sensor platform positioning.
13. In the event that positioning tolerances cannot be met by use of a USBL system, Supplier
shall utilize a long baseline (LBL) system.
14. For LBL, an active acoustic interrogator shall be mounted on the sensor platform.
a. Arrays shall be established to ensure intervisibility and with adequate redundancy
within the network.
b. The array layout shall be planned so that redundancy in the network ensures that final
residuals and 95 percent error ellipse are within the required accuracy.
15. Low- or medium-frequency transponders shall be used.
a. A minimum of 4 lines of position (LOPs) for each position fix shall be available at all
times.
b. If the number of LOPs is reduced to three, the acceptability of the fix shall be at the
discretion of Purchaser representative.
5.1.4 Onboard Processing

As a minimum, onboard processing capability shall include the following:
1. Summary statistical reports of positioning stability and quality measures.
2. Analysis of sensor track in relation to planned line or target.
3. Updated hard copy plot of coverage and daily progress.
4. Verification of raw data computation and logging.
5. Plotting of sensor position (trackplots).
5.1.5 Seawater Properties

1. A seawater acoustic velocity model shall be developed for the work area and updated
during the survey. The model shall include measurements of salinity, temperature, and
conductivity, or direct sound probe observations that consider the full water column.
2. The derived model shall be used as input to acoustic positioning and bathymetric systems
online, and updated as required during final processing. Application of Purchaser-accepted
acoustic ray bending algorithms shall be used for depth and position determination.
3. Sound probe accuracy shall meet the following requirements:
a. Be better than 0.05 m/s (0.16 feet/s).
b. Have a measurement interval not exceeding 5 m (16.4 feet).
c. Include a sensor calibration certificate valid within the last six months.
5.2 Engineering and Development Geohazard Site Investigations
5.2.1 Bathymetry
When specified in the scope of work, bathymetry equipment and processes shall meet the
requirements in Sections 5.2.1.1 through 5.2.1.4.
5.2.1.1 Multi-Beam Echo Sounder

1. The swath bathymetric system shall be either a discrete beam formed multi-beam system or
a proven interferometric system fully compensated for roll, pitch, yaw, and heave.
2. The system shall be permanently mounted and interfaced on the survey platform
(vessel/AUV/remotely operated vehicle [ROV]).
3. Onboard the survey vessel, the system shall include full QC and data processing facilities
capable of providing the following:
a. Data binning statistics.
b. Final sounding density.
c. Geo-referenced X, Y, Depth (XYZ) data in digital format.
d. The ability to display bathymetric contours and profiles, if necessary.
4. Soundings shall be corrected and compensated for variations in sound velocity, ray
bending, and other environmental and atmospheric effects, and shall be referenced to the
survey vertical datum.
5. Supplier shall ensure a minimum 100 percent useable coverage between adjacent swathes.
a. Gaps, holidays, or holes shall be infilled if onboard post-processing indicates their
existence.
b. If a line spacing is specified by Purchaser, Supplier shall inform Purchaser at the time
of proposal submission whether or not the Supplier’s proposed equipment and
operation plan will provide 100 percent useable coverage. If Supplier feels the line
spacing is insufficient to maintain this useable coverage, in the proposal phase Supplier
shall recommend a change in line spacing.
6. The minimum levels of fidelity shown in Table 4 shall be required from the swath
bathymetry data:
Table 4: Basic Levels of Fidelity Required from Swath Bathymetry Data

Depth Precision Sounding Accuracy Final Gridded Density
0.2% of tool elevation above 1 node / 3 m x 3 m
0.25 m (0.8 feet)
sea floor (9.8 feet x 9.8 feet) bin
7. Vessel speed, acoustic beam width, beam spacing, swath angle update rate, and line
configuration shall be such that the final gridded density in Table 4 is normally achieved.
8. The expected sounding accuracy and data density shall be demonstrated to Purchaser.
9. Acoustic backscatter data from swath bathymetric system shall be logged and processed as
part of the geophysical data set. Acoustic backscatter data shall be presented at highest
possible resolution.
5.2.1.2 Single-Beam Echo Sounder

1. A vessel-mounted, narrow beam echo sounder shall be operated at all times in combination
with all survey activities, and shall meet the requirements of Table 5. The non-interfering
system shall be fully compensated for heave, pitch, yaw, and roll, and sound velocity.
2. Single beam data shall be recorded and capable of full integration with plotted swath
bathymetry data.
3. The equipment shall be set so that maximum along-track data density commensurate with
water column delay is normally achieved.
Table 5: Single-Beam Echo Sounder System Requirements

Parameter Value
Operating Frequency Nominal 30 kHz
Beam Width Low frequency < 12º
Sound Velocity Selectable 1 m/s (3.3 feet/s) step
Output Digital and analog
5.2.1.3 Onboard Processing

As a minimum, onboard processing capability shall include the following:
1. Application of tidal and full water column sound velocity corrections.
2. Application of sensor and vessel attitude corrections.
3. De-spiking and data editing.
4. Combining and QC of multiple bathymetry swathes and single beam data.
5. Gridding and digital terrain model (DTM) generation.
6. Verification of sounding accuracy and data density.
7. Contouring of preliminary bathymetric data.
8. Profile extraction.
5.2.1.4 Tidal Reduction

1. Suppliers’ survey procedures shall fully document the method for tidal observation and the
method of establishing the datum of reduction for review and acceptance by Purchaser.
2. On-board bathymetric analysis may use reduction of tidal component based on tidal
predictions for the local area; however, final presentation of bathymetric data and DTM
generation shall use the observed tidal data set.
5.2.2 Side-Scan Sonar

1. When specified in the scope of work, SSS equipment and processes shall meet the
requirements of this section.
2. Seabed imagery shall be acquired through use of dual-channel SSS. The SSS data shall be
acquired concurrently with swath bathymetry and SBP.
3. The SSS system shall be configured and operated to provide optimum acoustic beam
geometry at the seabed for target resolution and seabed characterization. The system shall
be capable of providing 200 percent coverage (100 percent overlap) of the seabed at the
specified line spacing provided in the Purchaser scope of work.
4. Gaps, holidays, or holes in the required coverage shall be infilled if post processing
indicates their existence.
a. If a line spacing is specified by Purchaser, Supplier shall inform Purchaser at the time
of proposal submission whether or not the Supplier’s proposed equipment and
operation plan will provide 200 percent coverage.
b. If Supplier feels the line spacing is insufficient to maintain this coverage, in the
proposal phase they shall recommend a change in line spacing.
5. The minimums shown in Table 6 shall be required from the SSS data.
Table 6: Side-Scan Sonar Data Minimum Requirements

Target Resolution Frequency Coverage
Selectable 100 kHz / 400 kHz
< 0.5 m (1.6 feet) 200%
(or higher)
6. As a minimum, onboard processing capability shall include the following:

a. Slant range, bottom track, sensor heading, common reference point (CRP) offset, and
speed correction.
b. Geo-referenced mosaic production.
5.2.3 Ultra-High-Resolution 2D Digital Seismic

When specified in the scope of work, UHR2D equipment and processes shall meet the
requirements in Sections 5.2.3.1 through 5.2.3.4.
5.2.3.1 Seismic Source

1. Supplier shall provide details of the seismic source proposed for the survey and shall
establish its ability to meet the survey needs.
2. Supplier shall use a single sleeve gun or synchronized gun array source to maintain a
consistent source signature.
a. The source shall be capable of achieving a usable frequency of 8–1000 Hz.
b. The source shall be capable of being towed at a depth of 1 to 2 meters (3.3 to 6.6 feet).
5.2.3.2 Recording Instrument

Supplier shall include in proposal to Purchaser the recommended ultra-high-resolution (UHR)
recording instrument specifications. Purchaser-suggested recommendations shall be as shown
in Table 7:
Table 7: Recording Instrument Specifications

Parameter Value
Sampling Rate 0.125 ms
Aux. Channels 4
Dynamic Range 88 dB
Equivalent Input Noise 0.7uV (root-mean-square [RMS] average)
DC Offset 0.25uV
Total Harmonic Distortion 0.02%
Crossfeed Isolation 80dB
Society for Exploration Geophysicists file
Recording Format
format SEG-D (8024, 8048, 8058)
5.2.3.3 Streamer
1. A multi-channel high-resolution streamer shall be provided by Suppler.
2. The sensitivity of each streamer group shall be at least 5 micro volts/micro bars.
3. All streamer channels shall meet the conductivity and leakage (> 1000 Kohms) criteria
before the start of each survey line.
5.2.3.4 Onboard Processing

1. Supplier shall provide an onboard QC processing system to produce brute stack sections of
all UHR data onboard.
2. Unless specified otherwise, Purchaser shall propose the following onboard processing
sequence as a minimum:
a. Transcribe from SEG-D to internal format.
b. Gain recovery.
c. Bad shot and trace edits.
d. Noise attenuation (if necessary).
e. Sort to common depth point (CDP) order.
f. Velocity @ 1km (0.6 mile) interval.
g. Normal move-out (NMO) and mute.
h. Brute stack.
5.2.4 Sub-Bottom Profiler

1. When specified in the scope of work, SBP equipment and processes shall meet the
requirements in this section.
2. A near-seabed deployed SBP system mounted in combination with SSS transducers shall
be required for an engineering or development geohazard site investigation, and shall meet
the requirements of Table 8.
Table 8: SBP Requirements

Operating Frequency Output Power
Chirp profiler: range 2–16 kHz 4 kW to 10 kW
3. The system used shall be capable of providing a resolution of at least 0.5 meters (1.6 feet)
within the upper 30 meters (98.4 feet) of sediment.
4. The system shall be fitted with a depth sensor to allow correction by reference to the sea
surface.
5. The depth sensor shall be interfaced with the SBP system to produce a topo-corrected
seafloor and sub-bottom image in the final processed data. The data shall be amplitude-
balanced and digitally stored in a format readily useable on a workstation (Society for
Exploration Geophysicists file format SEG-Y).
6. If Supplier cannot ensure that Purchaser’s proposed chirp mode frequency, equipment, and
operation plan (proposed herein or in project scope of work) will achieve the required
resolution and depth of penetration, Supplier shall inform Purchaser at time of proposal.
In such case, Supplier shall propose alternative or supplemental sub-bottom profiling
systems to ensure that requirements and objectives are met.
7. For any sub-bottom source used, Supplier shall prove the system source signature to be a
stable and sharp signature at maximum power output and firing rate, through use of a
suitably calibrated hydrophone of documented sensitivity, with the source signature
recorded on a storage oscilloscope. A printout of the source signature shall be included in
the mobilization report.
8. As a minimum, onboard processing capability shall include the following:
a. Presentation of depth and position referenced sections corrected for sensor motion and
recorder scale changes.
b. Presentation of selected preliminary depth-corrected SBP records.
5.2.5 Magnetometer
1. If the survey is in an area where local regulations require use of a magnetometer, or in an
area where buried pipes and debris (including UXO) may be an issue, a towed cesium
magnetometer or equivalent shall be provided, with the sensing load capable of being
towed in a stable position above the seabed.
2. In normal operation, the sensor shall be towed above the seabed at a height not exceeding
8 m (26.2 feet). The tow positions shall be far enough behind the vessel that the magnetic
hold at the sensing head is unaffected by vessel maneuvers.
5.3 Detailed Engineering Site Investigation

1. Job-specific specifications for detailed engineering studies shall be optimized based on the
results of either an engineering site investigation or a development geohazard site
investigation.
Note: Detailed engineering site investigations typically require the same data types listed
in Section 5.2, but at greater data density and higher resolution. In addition, they
may require high-resolution georeferenced seafloor photos (photo mosaics), SAS,
acoustic corer, and laser bathymetry systems.
2. Offshore geotechnical engineering experts and development geohazard experts shall be
consulted when writing specifications for these types of surveys.
5.4 Geophysical Data Deliverables

1. Geophysical data to be delivered by Supplier shall meet the requirements in Table 9.
Table 9: Requirements for Geophysical Data Deliverables

Data Type Required Deliverable
Sub-Bottom 1. Final corrected SEG-Y files (including time-varying gain [TVG] or automatic
Profiler gain control [AGC] so that amplitudes are balanced along vertical and
lateral extent of record) shall be delivered, showing true seafloor
topographic profile (i.e., with trace start times in the trace header).
2. A copy of the SBP data shall be delivered to Purchaser onboard
representative as soon as practical after acquisition, to allow workstation
interpretation onboard.
Side-Scan 1. Extended triton format (XTF) files, plus final corrected geotiffs (0.5 m
Sonar [1.6 feet] resolution or better) of both the individual lines and the final
mosaic(s) shall be delivered.
2. A copy of geotiffs of individual SSS lines shall be delivered to Purchaser
onboard representative as soon as practical after acquisition, to allow
workstation interpretation onboard.
3. If Supplier is using Chesapeake SonarWiz software, the SonarWiz project
files shall be required as a final deliverable.
Multibeam 1. Final corrected ASCII XYZ raw and gridded files shall be delivered (all files
Data shall be processed to depth [survey datum] and corrected and/or edited for
tides, sound velocity in water, edge effects, spike removal, vehicle/vessel
attitude and motion, etc., so that the data is ready for workstation-loading
and interpretation without need for additional correction or processing).
2. A copy of preliminary XYZ files of MBES data shall be delivered to
Purchaser onboard representative as soon as practical after acquisition, to
allow workstation interpretation onboard.
3. The final MBES data also shall be delivered at or shortly after completion of
survey work.
Backscatter 1. Final ASCII X, Y, Amplitude (XYA) raw and gridded files shall be delivered,
Data processed (e.g., “geocoder”) as described in Fonseca and Calder, 2005.
2. The final backscatter data shall be delivered at or shortly after completion of
survey work.
Navigation 1. Final corrected navigation files in ASCII format (IOGP P1/90, formerly
Data UKOOA) and geographic information system (GIS) shapefile shall be
delivered at or shortly after survey completion.
2. Deliverables shall include all maps generated onboard, including the final
corrected navigation post-plot map(s) in GIS format showing final ship
antenna positions and CRP positions for the geophysical tools/vehicles.
3. Fix marks shall be indicated at 150-m (492-foot) intervals, or at another
interval appropriate for final paper maps expected to be at a scale of
between 1:10,000 and 1:25,000.
UHR2D 1. Each line in brute-stack SEG-Y format, generated onboard for QC and
preliminary interpretation purposes, shall be delivered.
2. The brute-stack data shall be delivered to Purchaser onboard
representative as soon as practical after acquisition, to allow immediate
workstation loading and interpretation as the survey progresses.
3. All UHR2D data as original field tapes (or validated copies thereof) shall be
delivered in SEG-D format, with navigation data in the trace headers to
allow full onshore digital processing.
4. A paper copy of each monitor record generated for QC purposes during
acquisition shall be delivered.
2. Delivery of some deliverables shall be during ongoing survey operations (as specified in
Table 9); all other deliverables shall be delivered at or shortly after survey completion.
3. Supplier ultimately shall deliver the data in final format (i.e., corrections already made),
ready for workstation loading and interpretation on commercially available seismic
interpretation software.
4. Supplier shall provide IHS Kingdom Suite software project files (including all
interpretation products) as a final deliverable.
5. Data and interpretive products shall be supplied in a GIS database following the subsea
data model (SSDM) referenced in IOGP Report No. 462-02. Characteristics of the data
model shall be defined on a project-specific basis.

FFS-PU-6151 Geophysical Surveys For Offshore Facilities

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FFS-PU-6151

Geophysical Surveys for Offshore Facilities

Operating Environment: Floating & Fixed Platform, Pipelines, Subsea, Topsides

Rev. Date Description Author Technology Leader

Rev. Rev. Description Type of Change

2.1 Owner Documents

2.2 Industry Codes and Standards

2.3 Other References

2.4 Conflict Resolution

Magnetometer An instrument towed above but near to the seabed that

4.1 Reconnaissance Site Characterization

Note: Reconnaissance site characterization geophysical surveys are typically lower

2. The following common types of reconnaissance data shall be considered:

4.2 Engineering Site Investigation

Note: The purpose of an engineering geophysical site investigation is to acquire data of

4. The geophysical/geological interpretation shall be used to optimize the geotechnical survey.

4.3 Development Geohazard Site Investigation

4.4 Detailed Engineering Site Investigation

5.0 Technical Requirements

5.1.1 Surface Positioning

5.1.2 Attitude Reference

Table 1: Gyro Accuracy

Table 2: MRU Accuracy

5.1.3 Underwater Positioning

5.1.4 Onboard Processing

5.1.5 Seawater Properties

5.2 Engineering and Development Geohazard Site Investigations

5.2.1.1 Multi-Beam Echo Sounder

Table 4: Basic Levels of Fidelity Required from Swath Bathymetry Data

5.2.1.2 Single-Beam Echo Sounder

Table 5: Single-Beam Echo Sounder System Requirements

5.2.1.3 Onboard Processing

5.2.1.4 Tidal Reduction

5.2.2 Side-Scan Sonar

Table 6: Side-Scan Sonar Data Minimum Requirements

6. As a minimum, onboard processing capability shall include the following:

5.2.3 Ultra-High-Resolution 2D Digital Seismic

5.2.3.1 Seismic Source

5.2.3.2 Recording Instrument

Table 7: Recording Instrument Specifications

5.2.3.4 Onboard Processing

5.2.4 Sub-Bottom Profiler

Table 8: SBP Requirements

5.3 Detailed Engineering Site Investigation

5.4 Geophysical Data Deliverables

Table 9: Requirements for Geophysical Data Deliverables

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