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Question 4
The overall chemical reaction of aerobic respiration is:
C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Energy
Please analyze this reaction carefully, and choose the
description which describes it best.
Question 5
The following diagram depicts the tetrahedral active site
intermediate formation during serine protease catalyzed
peptide bond hydrolysis. Aspartate (Asp), histidine (His), and
serine (Ser) are amino acids of the serine protease, which are
close to each other and can interact to catalyze the
breakdown of certain peptide bonds in proteins. The protein
A. A is R'NHCOR in the diagram below. You can see hydrogen
B. B bonds between the enzyme's Asp and His, and also the His is
C. C taking away a hydrogen from the Ser hydroxyl group. Which
D. D of the following statements best describes the Ser attack on
the peptide bond?
Question 3
Below is the conversion of ubiquinone to ubiquinol. This
reaction takes place in the inner mitochondrial membrane,
and ubiquinone and ubiquinol are two forms of coenzyme Q
in the electron transport chain. Please analyze the following
reaction carefully, and choose the statement which describes
it best.
A. Ser is a strong acid; this is why Ser gives His a proton. Question 8
The result is a stable tetrahedral intermediate. Use the following structural formula to calculate the
B. The hydrogen is a strong electrophile, and it attacks oxidation state number of the carbon atom in urea.
the peptide bond forming a negatively charged
oxyanion.
C. The deprotonated Ser is a strong nucleophile, and it
attacks the peptide bond forming a negatively
charged oxyanion.
D. Ser is a strong base, and it attacks the peptide bond A. +2
forming a negatively charged oxyanion. B. -2
C. +4
Question 6 D. -4
The following diagram depicts lactase catalyzed cleavage of
lactose. Glu-1749 is the side chain of the active site glutamate Question 9
amino acid in the lactase enzyme. Lactose is a disaccharide; it Fill in the blanks. A simplified outline of the catabolism of
is composed of a galactose and a glucose. Downregulated proteins, polysaccharides, and fats can be seen below.
lactase expression results in lactose intolerance. Please Nutrients are ______ when they are converted to acetyl-CoA.
analyze the following diagram carefully, and choose the The citric acid cycle produces the ______ form of
statement which describes it best. nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, which is _________ by
the electron transport chain.
Question 7 Question 10
Fill in the blanks. Use the following structural formula to Fill in the blank.The rearrangements that result in the
identify carbon 1 and 6. The oxidation state number of common cyclic forms of D-glucose can be seen below. The
carbon atom 1 is ___, and the oxidation state number of cyclic form is a(n) ______.
carbon atom 6 is ____.
A. Ether
B. Ester
C. Acetal
A. +1, -1 D. Hemiacetal
B. +4, +2
C. +3, 0
D. -2, -1
Question 11 A. A
Fill in the blank. Sucrose, the common table sugar, is a B. B
disaccharide, which is formed from glucose and fructose C. C
monosaccharides. The structural formula of sucrose is shown D. D
below. The glycosidic linkage between glucose and fructose
makes sucrose a(n) ______. Question 14
Fill in the blank. The diagram of protein synthesis can be seen
below. The addition of new amino acids during protein
synthesis is a(n) _____ reaction.
A. Ether
B. Ester
C. Acetal
D. Hemiacetal
Question 12
Fill in the blank. Sucrose, the common table sugar, is a
disaccharide, which is formed from glucose and fructose
monosaccharides. The structural formula of sucrose is shown
below. The formation of sucrose from glucose and fructose is
a(n) _____ reaction.
A. Substitution
B. Elimination
C. Condensation
D. Redox
A. Substitution Question 15
B. Elimination At the initial step of β-oxidation, acyl-CoA (the general
C. Condensation structural formula is shown below) is converted in an
D. Redox elimination reaction. What is the product of this reaction?
Question 13
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P) is an intermediate of
glycolysis. The formula of G3P is shown below. G3P is
converted to the next intermediate in a redox reaction
catalyzed by a dehydrogenase enzyme. What is the product
of this reaction?
A. B.
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Question 16 C. An amino acid. Amino acids are the building blocks
Fill in the blank. Glycolysis produces ATP via _____ . of proteins.
D. Uracyl. Uracyl is a building block of RNA.
A. Substrate level phosphorylation
B. Redox reaction Question 20
C. Oxidation What does the structural formula below show, and what is its
D. Isomerization function?
Question 17
What does the structural formula below show, and what is its
function?
Question 19
What does the structural formula below show, and what is its
function?
A. 2
B. 3
C. 4
D. 5
A. N-acetylglucosamine. N-acetylglucosamine is a
building block of bacterial cell wall.
B. A nucleotide. Nucleotides are the building blocks of
nucleic acids.
Question 23 A. 1
How many chiral carbon atoms can be found in the following B. 3
organic molecule? C. 5
D. 6
Question 27
Fill in the blank. Triglycerides ______ chiral carbon atoms.
A. Always have 1
B. Always have 2
C. Always have 3
A. 1 D. Do not always have
B. 2
C. 3 Question 28
D. None The following diagram depicts energy level changes during
chemical reactions. One of the lines represents a reaction
Question 24 without a catalyst. What can be the relationship of the two
How many chiral carbon atoms can be found in the following energy profiles on the diagram?
organic molecule?
Question 34
Fill in the blank. Bile acid can emulsify fats, because it is
_____.
A. Hydrophilic
B. Amphipathic
C. Lipophilic
D. Hydrophobic
A. The green line represents an endergonic reaction;
the red line represents an exergonic reaction.
Question 35
B. The red line represents an endergonic reaction; the
Fill in the blank. Triglycerides combine with bile to form
green line represents an exergonic reaction.
_____________ and enter the central lacteal of the villi.
C. Both the green and the red lines represent
endergonic reactions.
A. Low density lipoproteins
D. Both the green and the red lines represent exergonic
B. High density lipoproteins
reactions.
C. Chylomicrons
D. Very low density lipoproteins
Question 31
You are a scientist and you want to set up a protein
Question 36
phosphorylation reaction using PKA. You purchased PKA from
β-oxidation breaks down fatty acids to acetyl-CoA, but odd-
a biotech company, and the datasheet tells you that PKA
numbered fatty acids cannot be fully converted into acetyl-
requires ATP, cAMP and Mg2+. What could be the role of
CoA. How are odd-numbered fatty acids metabolized?
these reaction mixture ingredients?
A. Odd-numbered fatty acids contribute to the
A. ATP and cAMP are coenzymes; Mg2+is a cofactor.
regulation of the Szent-Györgyi-Krebs cycle's
B. ATP is a substrate; cAMP and Mg2+ are cofactors.
intermediates through giving rise to succinyl-CoA.
C. ATP, cAMP, and Mg2+ are cofactors.
B. Odd-numbered fatty acids do not occur naturally,
D. ATP is a substrate; cAMP is a coenzyme, and Mg2+ is
and there is no metabolic pathway to break them
a cofactor.
down fully. If industrially produced odd-numbered
fatty acids are consumed, then the last three carbon
Question 32
atoms will be excreted as a waste in the form of
You are a scientist and you would like to set up a carbon
propionic acid.
fixation reaction in the test tube. You would like to make
C. Eukaryotic cells cannot break down the last three
glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate [G3P] from carbon dioxide; you
carbon atoms containing propionyl-CoA, but bacteria
would like to mirror the Calvin-Benson cycle. What should
in the gastrointestinal tract can. Bacteria will
you consider, when you design your experiment?
produce methane gas from propionyl-CoA, and this
will result in gastrointestinal discomfort.
D. β-oxidation breaks down fatty acids to acetyl-CoA A. High glucagon level during fasting activates fatty acid
and propionyl-CoA. Both acetyl-CoA and propionyl- oxidation, which cannot be completed due to MCAD
CoA can step into the Szent-Györgyi-Krebs cycle, and deficiency. Fatty acids will be increasingly retained in
they can be used to generate NADH and FADH2 for the adipose tissue, and this will result in obesity.
the electron transport chain. B. High glucagon levels during fasting activate fatty acid
oxidation, which in turn inhibits glucose oxidation. If
Question 37 glucose oxidation cannot be inhibited as the result of
What is the contribution of fatty acids metabolism to the MCAD deficiency, then the brain will not get
production of metabolites for biosynthesis and to energy sufficient glucose.
production? C. This is a common misconception. MCAD deficient
people are simple lucky, because they can eat fatty
A. Metabolites for biosynthesis are produced by fatty food. Most of the consumed fat is excreted in the
acid catabolism; only anabolism makes energy. form of medium chain fatty acids, and their adipose
B. Metabolites for biosynthesis are produced by fatty tissue cannot accumulate in excess.
acid anabolism; only catabolism makes energy. D. MCAD deficient people do not have efficient fatty
C. Metabolites for biosynthesis are produced by fatty acid catabolism in their brain, because most of the
acid catabolism and anabolism; only catabolism fat energy is lost during the excretion of medium
makes energy. chain fatty acids.
D. Metabolites for biosynthesis are produced by fatty
acid catabolism; both anabolism and catabolism Question 42
make energy. Fill in the blanks. The transcription factor, __________,
regulates both the synthesis and the cellular uptake of
Question 38 cholesterol. Thus, this transcription factor is directly involved
Fill in the blank. The synthesis of__________ is the first step in _________.
of fatty acid synthesis; this metabolite inhibits carnitine
palmitoyltransferase, which controls fatty acid oxidation. A. SCREBP, artherosclerotic plaque formation
B. SCREBP, development of high blood pressure
A. Malonyl-CoA C. Sterol, risk level of cardiac arrest
B. Acetyl-CoA D. Sterol, cardiovascular disease
C. Citric acid
D. Succinyl-CoA Question 43
The simplified diagram of the sterol biosynthesis is shown
Question 39 below. What is the name of the growing red-blue structure in
Fill in the blanks. ___________ the end product of β- this pathway?
oxidation, which contributes to ___________ in the first step
of the Szent-Györgyi-Krebs cycle. An increased level of the
latter activates fatty acid synthesis through the activation of
acetyl-CoA carboxylase.
Question 40
Fill in the blank. Both fatty acid synthesis and catabolism
takes place through a series of ___________ reactions.
A. Elimination
B. Dehydration synthesis
C. Substitution
D. Redox
Question 41
Medium chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (MCAD) deficiency
affects 1 in 17000 people in the United States. Why should
MCAD deficient people avoid prolonged fasting?
A. Mevalonate Question 48
B. Lanosterol You can see the space-filling models of two fatty acids below
C. HMG-CoA (1 and 2). Which fatty acid is essential, and which one is non-
D. Isoprene essential for humans?
Question 44
Which of the following is a five-carbon organic compound
and is a precursor of terpenoid biosynthesis?
A. Mevalonate
B. Lanosterol
C. HMG-CoA
D. Isoprene
Question 45
Which of the following reactions produces mevalonate?
A. 1
B. 2
C. Both
D. None
Question 49
Fill in the blank. Linoleic acid and linolenic acid cannot be
synthesized in human tissues, because ____________.
A. 18:4 ω-3
B. 18:3 ω-4
C. 18:3 ω-6
D. 18:4 ω-6
Question 47
The chemical structure of a free fatty acid is shown below.
How would you characterize this fatty acid?
A. 18:9 ω-2
B. 18:6 ω-9 A. Monosaccharide -> Acetyl-CoA
C. 18:2 ω-6 B. Citric acid cycle
D. 18:2 ω-6 C. Oxidative phosphorylation
D. Polysaccharide -> monosaccharide
Question 51 A. The cellular respiration is not going on efficiently,
Why can termites digest cellulose? but the ATP level is sufficient
B. The cellular respiration is efficiently going on, and it
A. Their digestive tract secretes β-glucosidase. is producing sufficient ATP
B. Bacteria in their digestive tract secrete β-glucosidase C. Phosphofructokinase expression is inhibited by ATP
C. Their digestive tract secretes α-glucosidase. and citric acid
D. Bacteria in their digestive tract secrete α-glucosidase. D. Phosphofructokinase is a subject of negative
feedback inhibition as the first enzyme of the
Question 52 glycolytic pathway
Which of the following structural formula show an α, and
which one shows a β anomer? Question 56
Fill in the blank. Fermentation recycles ______, thus glycolysis
can produce more ATP.
A. FADH2
B. NADP+
C. NAD+
D. AMP
Question 57
What is the final electron acceptor during fermentation?
A. A coenzyme
B. NADH
C. ATP
D. An organic molecule
Question 58
A. 1 is an α anomer, and 2 is a β anomer.
58. Fill in the blanks. Louis Pasteur, a French chemist, was the
B. 2 is an α anomer, and 1 is a β anomer.
first to determine that the presence of some microorganism
C. Both are α anomers.
results in ____fermentation, while other microorganisms
D. Both are β anomers.
produce _____.
Question 53
A. Alcoholic, acid
Which enzyme is a key regulator of glycolysis?
B. Acidic, carbon dioxide
C. Alcoholic, carbon dioxide
A. Hexokinase
D. Ethanol, lactic acid
B. Glucose 6-phosphate
C. Phosphofructokinase
Question 59
D. Pyruvate kinase
The following diagram shows an outline of cellular respiration.
Why is the Citric Acid Cycle called a "cycle," but the glycolysis
Question 54
and the electron transport chain is not?
Fill in the blank. ATP is required for the activity of
phosphofructokinase, but high ATP level inhibits its activity.
This is because ATP _____________.
Question 55
Fill in the blank. Both ATP and citric acid are allosteric
inhibitors of the phosphofructokinase enzyme. High levels of
these compounds indicate that ________________.
A. The two carbon atoms of the CoA linked acetyl group Question 62
are catabolized in two consecutive steps. Fill in the blank. A eukaryotic cell that has insufficient amount
B. The citric acid cycle requires the presence of a of oxaloacetate _____.
starter molecule (oxaloacetate) for the catabolism of
the CoA linked acetyl group, and this starter A. Will complete the cellular respiration of glucose to
molecule is recycled after the catabolism of the carbon dioxide, because the involved pathways do
acetyl group. not produce net oxaloacetate.
C. It is a historical nomenclature; there is no particular B. Will not be able to survive, because it cannot
reason to call a pathway "cycle." complete cellular respiration.
D. It takes two rounds for the citric acid cycle to release C. Will produce two ATP molecules per glucose, and it
the remaining carbon atoms of one glucose molecule will recycle NAD+ with fermentation.
in the form of carbon dioxide. D. Will have increased carbon dioxide binding, thus it
will be able to perform carbon fixation more
Question 60 efficiently.
Fill in the blanks. The cyclic and the linear light reactions
produce ATP, but only the ______ light reaction makes Question 63
_______. Fill in the blank. A eukaryotic cell that lacks ribulose 1,5-
bisphosphate is a(n) _________.
A. Cyclic, NADH
B. Cyclic, NADPH A. Chemoautotroph
C. Linear, NADPH B. Photoheterotroph
D. Linear, NADH C. Autotroph
D. Heterotroph
Question 61
The following diagram shows an outline of the Calvin-Benson Question 64
Cycle. Why is this pathway called a "cycle?" Fill in the blank. A eukaryotic cell which harvests light energy
with only the cyclic light reaction _____________.
Question 65
Glycolysis and the pentose phosphate pathway are
alternatives, but the pentose phosphate pathway is less
efficient in ATP production. Is there a special need for the
pentose phosphate pathway in the cell?
Question 68 Question 73
Why are BRCAs not synthesized in human tissues? What is a common way of regulating amino acid synthesis?
A. Human cells can synthesize only polar amino acids. A. Many amino acids are allosteric inhibitors of an early
B. Humans are diploid organisms; only polyploid step of their own anabolic pathway.
organisms have enough genes for the biosynthesis of B. Many amino acids are competitive inhibitors of their
BRCAs. own anabolic pathway.
C. The corresponding biosynthetic pathway was lost C. Many amino acids are allosteric activators of an early
during evolution. step of their own anabolic pathway.
D. Human cells cannot synthesize apolar amino acids. D. Most amino acids originate from the breakdown of
proteins; the amino acid anabolic pathways are
Question 69 hardly used and are not regulated anymore.
Fill in the blank. Essential amino acids are those that cannot
be produced by an organism, e.g. _____ has no essential
amino acid, but all amino acids are essential for _______.
Question 70
Fill in the blanks. Metabolic diseases may render an
otherwise nonessential amino acid to become essential. For
example, the inherited metabolic disease _______, moves
_______ to the essential amino acid category in affected
individuals.
Question 74 A. The biological role of this cycle is to fix nitrogen.
Which compound reacts with carbamoyl phosphate in the B. The biological role of this cycle is to synthesize
urea cycle? arginine.
C. The biological role of this cycle is to eliminate
nitrogen.
D. The biological role of this cycle is to synthesize
ornithine.
Question 76
What regulates the committed step of the urea cycle?
Question 77
Which statement best describes the metabolism of amino
acids?
A. A
B. B A. Glutamate is involved in both amino acid synthesis
C. C and amino acid breakdown.
D. D B. Glutamate is involved only in the deamination of
other amino acids.
Question 75 C. The amino acid catabolism and the amino acid
What is the biological function of the following pathway? synthesis pathways do not overlap.
D. Pyridoxal phosphate is a coenzyme for
transamination reactions.
Question 78
Which of the following best describes a transaminases
catalyzed reaction?
Question 79
Which enzymes are used during both the biosynthesis and
the catabolism of amino acid?
A. Transaminases
B. Transcarbamilases
C. Phosphoenolpyrivate kinase and phosphatase
D. Dighydroxiacid dehydratases
Question 80
What is the fate of the carbone skeleton during amino acid
catabolism?
A. Glycolysis A. AMP
B. Calvin-Benson cycle B. IMP
C. Szent-Györgyi-Krebs cycle C. GMP
D. Alanine cycle D. Uric acid
Question 82 Question 88
Fill in the blank. If the urea cycle does not work efficiently, Which nucleotides are used as energy source by the cell?
the blood ____ levels will increase.
A. ATP is the only nucleotide that is used as the source
A. Amino acid of energy in anabolic reactions.
B. Ammonia B. ATP is the most commonly used, but GTP, CTP, and
C. Glutamine UTP are used as well.
D. Glutamate C. GTP is used during protein synthesis, but every other
anabolic pathway utilizes ATP.
Question 83 D. ATP is the energy source in anabolic reactions, but
Fill in the blank. High ammonia levels _______. catabolic reactions use GTP, CTP, and UTP.
Question 96
The end product of purine base metabolism is uric acid, and
its accumulation may lead to gout formation. Which drug may
be used to lower uric acid levels?
Question 97
Fill in the blank. The biosynthesis of purine and pyrimidine
nucleosides utilize _____, which is an activated sugar.
a. Adenosine-5'-triphosphate
b. 5-Phosphoribosil-1-phosphate
ANSWER KEY 57. D
58. A
1. A 59. B
2. D 60. C
3. C 61. B
4. C 62. C
5. C 63. D
6. D 64. A
7. A 65. D
8. C 66. A
9. D 67. C
10. D 68. C
11. C 69. B
12. C 70. D
13. D 71. A
14. C 72. B
15. A 73. A
16. A 74. A
17. A 75. C
18. D 76. A
19. B 77. A
20. C 78. D
21. A 79. A
22. D 80. C
23. A 81. C
24. A 82. B
25. A 83. C
26. C 84. A
27. D 85. C
28. C 86. A
29. C 87. B
30. A 88. B
31. D 89. D
32. D 90. C
33. D 91. D
34. B 92. B
35. C 93. A
36. A 94. A
37. C 95. B
38. A 96. C
39. C 97. C
40. D 98. A
41. B 99. B
42. A 100. D
43. D
44. A
45. D
46. A
47. D
48. B
49. C
50. A
51. B
52. B
53. C
54. A
55. B
56. C