SMART CITY

Prepared by

Lulwa Al Ameeri
(2161114o64)

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Out Line

Introduction

 In this section we are going introduce the topic as definition and meaning

 What actually a Smart city means

Body
 In this section we have Identify the features and characteristics of the smart

cities And technology needs to build the infrastructure and also tabularized

the factors In different subsection of the topic

 Also identify some smart cities around the world as listed their smart

functionalities

Conclusion
The emergency of the idea of the smart city ought to be seen in the backdrop of the

need to contain corruption and meet the requirements of the adequate & efficient

service delivery in urban areas using information and digital technologies. The

success of the programmes will be judged by its power to transform the life of the

people, and their ability to reduce growing inequality in our society

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Index

Topic Page

1 Introduction 2

2 Smart city concept 4

3 Smart city Features 4

4 Challenges 5

5 Management and Organization 8

6 Technology 9

7 Built Infrastructure 10

8 Integrative frame works 16

9 Conclusions 18

10 Reference 18

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Introduction

A smart city is an urban area that uses different types of electronic Internet of things

(IoT) Sensors to collect data and then use these data to manage assets and

resources efficiently. This includes data collected from citizens, devices, and assets

that is processed and analyzed to monitor and manage traffic and transportation

systems, power plants, water supply networks, waste management, crime detection,

information systems, schools, libraries, hospitals, and other community service

A smart city is the city where we can get a lot of technological things for our

livelihood and even our life style would change a lot from than that what we are

seeing now. The smart cities are now all across the world and even we are trying to

create smart cities in our country India. The smart cities are the best place to be and

even to change our life style a lot. The smartest city has a lot of advantages to be

and even a great way of things to see and visit. But because of the

smart cities the urbanization is being increasing a lot day bye day and this is leading

to the over population in the cities and we are trying to occupy the forest for our

livelihood and place to be and for many other reasons even we try to do these

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things. the smarter the cities are that better it is for those who stay there and work

there but the increasing population creates a mess in these cities.

Smart city concept

The concept of the smart city has been introduced to highlight the importance of

Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) in the last 20 years .In

literature the term smart city is used to specify a city’s ability to respond as promptly

as possible to the needs of citizens. Quality of life and city development are

profoundly influenced by the core systems transport, government services and

education, public safety and health .So, we must to start analyze and development of

city for these four areas.

Research has focused to study these four areas – education, health, transport,

public administration – which are identified having high priority. For these areas was

highlight the use of new technologies of employers.

Literature review highlights that various aspects referring to improve life in a city are

mentioned in connection to the terms of smart city like: transportation, education,

public administration, health care, security/safe, green, efficient and sustainable,

energy etc.

SMART CITY FEATURES

The fundamental concept of smart city is seamless integration of physical

infrastructure to digital infrastructure. A city with a ubiquitous overlay of ICT

connected things, organizations and people. For example, having sensors in cars

connected to traffic management system which analyze traffic flow data and provide

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drivers a better route to their destination. It may also provide safety instructions and

send data to administrator for quicker response time in case of any incident .

Smart city represents innovation in city management, its services and infrastructures.

ICT based solutions are the key element that makes a city smart. However, simply

deploying expensive technology in a city is a complete misunderstanding this

concept.

A smart city can be defined by six characteristics [6]: smart economy, smart people,

smart governance, smart mobility, smart environment and smart living.

1. Smart Economy

Innovative spirit

Entrepreneurship

Economic image and trademarks

Productivity

Flexibility of labour market

International embeddedness

Ability to transform

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 2. Smart People

Level of qualification

Affinity to lifelong learning

Social and ethnic plurality

Flexibility

Creativity

Cosmopolitanism/Open mindedness

Participation in public life

3. Smart Governance

Participation in decision-making

Public and social services

Transparent governance

Political strategies and perspectives

4. Smart Mobility

Local accessibility

International accessibility

Availability of ICT infrastructure

Sustainable, innovative and safe transport system

5. Smart Environment

Attractively of natural conditions

Pollution

Environmental protection

Sustainable resource management

6. Smart Living

 Cultural facilities

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  Health conditions

 Individual safety

 Housing quality

 Education facility

 Touristic attractively

 Social cohesion

CHALLENGES

Any city is based on six core systems: economy, people, governance,

transportation, environment and living. The working of city is determined by the

effectiveness and efficiency of these systems. These systems are considered

holistically as well as individually. The major challenges are described in five

categories:

1. Privacy, security and trust

2. E-governance

3. Transportation system

4. Energy and environment

5. Health and living

Privacy, Security and Trust

Users implicitly expect systems to be secure and privacy preserving. When personal

data is collected by smart devices like phones, sensors, vehicles privacy is the main

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concern. The challenge is to separate users’ real identity from the collected data. It

requires advanced technologies like encryption, access control and intelligent data

aggregation. User identity management and user preference consideration should

also be integrated with the privacy preservation which is a big challenge. Data

privacy and personal identity is not only a technical aspect but also concerning with

legal and communication aspects

E-Governance

The lack of horizontal and vertical integration across various e-government and

urban initiatives and low level of interest shown by many national authorities limit the

efforts for the systematic development and implementation of e-governance.

Standardization and interoperability are key requirements for the adoption of

technologies to provide better e-governance.

Transportation System

New technologies should be developed for reducing the mobility needs for people

and goods. Vehicle manufacturing process should also be improved to increase the

vehicles passenger and goods capacity. Availability of accurate location information

is also a big challenge. Therefore hybrid satellite/positioning techniques need to be

developed where signals are not available directly from GPS

Distributed Urban Traffic Control Systems are capable of tracking cars location in

real time. Technologies like setup fast lane for emergency services, dynamic carpool

system WiSafeCar can be used to optimize the utilization of transport system .

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Energy and Environment

Smart energy grids are the backbone of smart city. A successful combination of

smart processes and smart technologies will enable energy efficiency and savings.

The increasing energy demand in cities is a very big challenge in near future. New

surveillance and control strategy should be developed for both buildings and energy

networks for intelligent and adaptable management of the energy system. Sensor

networks can also be used among consumer, producer and the grid in terms of

reliability, real-time behavior and utilization. This can be used for power quality

control, feedback and will increase the energy efficiency of the entire city.

Other challenges are: new technologies increase electromagnetic noise to

environment, interference and network performance, addressing authentication,

security, profiles and certification, new light sources (LED), intelligent street lighting

system.

Health and Living

As the world’s population is aging it is getting sicker at the same time. By 2050, half

of the developed world become chronically ill [11]. Local hospitals and healthcare

facilities were cited among the most important features [12], while ICT plays an

important role in bringing unique responses to these needs. Current trends in

personal healthcare system are enabled by the advances in ICT, biomedical

engineering, healthcare technologies, micro and nano-technologies, contribute to the

need for better healthcare solutions.

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The big challenge is social communication, access to public and private services,

policy and ethics, safety of people living independently, product distribution, product

life cycle, early field trial, pricing strategy, geographical localization and positioning,

interoperability and maintenance, configurable, adaptable, secure framework and

decision support systems.

Management and organization

Only a few studies in the academic literature on smart city initiatives address issues

related to managerial and organizational factors. In contrast, a wide array of previous

research on IT initiatives and projects has highlighted these issues as important

success factors or major challenges . Thus managerial and organizational concerns

in smart city initiatives need to be discussed in the context of the extensive literature

on e-government and IT projects success. For instance, Gil-Garcia and Pardo

suggested a list of success factors and challenges for egovernment initiatives (see

Table 1). Smart city initiatives might differ from more general egovernment initiatives

in the context and in some of the characteristics of specific projects, but there is

much in common between those two types of initiatives because most smart city

initiatives are also driven by governments and leveraged by the intensive use of ICTs

to better serve citizens.

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Table 1. Managerial and organizational challenges and strategies

Technology

A smart city relies, among others, on a collection of smart computing technologies

applied to critical infrastructure components and services. Smart computing refers to

a “new generation of integrated hardware, software, and network technologies that

provide IT systems with real-time awareness of the real world and advanced

analytics to help people make more intelligent decisions about alternatives and

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actions that will optimize business processes and business balance sheet results”.

ICTs are key drivers of smart city initiatives. The integration of ICT with development

projects can change the urban landscape of a city and offer a number of potential

opportunities , they can enhance the management and functioning of a city . Despite

proclaimed advantages and benefits of ICTs use in cities, their impact is still unclear.

Indeed, they can improve the quality of life for citizens, but they can also increase

inequalities and promote a digital divide . Thus, city managers should consider

certain factors when implementing ICT with regard to resource availability, capacity,

institutional willingness and also with regards to inequality, digital divide and

changing culture and habits . Ebrahim and Irani have outlined some of the

challenges of using technologies in smart cities

Built infrastructure

The availability and quality of the ICT infrastructure are important for smart cities .

Indeed, smart object networks play a crucial role in making smart cities a reality . ICT

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infrastructure includes wireless infrastructure (fiber optic channels, Wi-Fi networks,

wireless hotspots, kiosks) , service-oriented information systems . The

implementation of an ICT infrastructure is fundamental to a smart city’s development

and depends on some factors related to its availability and performance. There is a

little literature that focuses on ICT infrastructure barriers of smart cities initiatives. As

done in the managerial and organizational section, we will refer to e-government

technological barriers since smart cities’ initiatives are similar to egovernment

initiatives in their use of ICT. Ebrahim and

Irani presented a set of factors related to the implementation of ICT. Table 4

presents a set of IT challenges grouped in three dimensions; IT infrastructure,

security and privacy, and operational cost.

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Table 4 Factors of built infrastructure

Integrative framework

Drawing on the conceptual literature on smart cities and the factors outlined above,

we have developed an integrative framework to explain the relationships and

influences between these factors and smart city initiatives. Each of these factors is

important to be considered in assessing the extent of smart city and when examining

smart city initiatives. The factors provide a basis for comparing how cities are

envisioning their smart initiatives, implementing shared services, and the related

challenges. This set of factors is also presented as a tool to support understanding of

the relative success of different smart city initiatives implemented in different

contexts and for different purposes. Similarly, this framework could help to

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disentangle the actual impact on types of variables (organizational, technical,

contextual) on the success of smart city initiatives. It is expected that while all factors

have a two-way impact in smart city initiatives (each likely to be influenced by and is

influencing other factors), at different times and in different contexts, some are more

influential than others. In order to reflect the differentiated levels of impact, the

factors in our proposed framework are represented in two different levels of

influence. Outer factors (governance, people and communities, natural environment,

infrastructure, and economy) are in some way filtered or influenced more than

influential inner factors (technology, management, and policy) before affecting the

success of smart city initiatives. This counts for both direct and indirect effects of the

outer factors. Technology may be considered as a meta-factor in smart city

initiatives, since it could heavily influence each of the other seven factors. Due to the

fact that many smart city initiatives are intensively using technology, it could be seen

as a factor that in some way influences all other success factors in this framework.

Use case Smart city around the word

Dubai

In 2013, the Smart Dubai project was initiated by Shaikh Mohammad bin Rashid Al

Maktoum, vice president of UAE, which contained more than 100 initiatives to make

Dubai a smart city by 2030. The project aimed to integrate private and public sectors,

enabling citizens to access these sectors through their smartphones. Some

initiatives include the Dubai Autonomous Transportation Strategy to create

driverless transits, fully digitizing government, business and customer information

and transactions, and providing citizens 5000 hotspots to access government

applications by 2021. Two mobile applications, mPay and DubaiNow, facilitate

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various payment services for citizens ranging from utilities or traffic fines to

educational, health, transport, and business services. In addition, the Smart Nol Card

is a unified rechargeable card enabling citizens to pay for all transportation services

such as metro, buses, water bus, and taxis. There is also the Dubai Municipality's

Digital City initiative which assigns each building a unique QR code that citizens can

scan containing information about the building, plot, and location

Oasis Eco Resort will be embedded with sensors to provide real-time data

Amsterdam

The Amsterdam Smart City initiative which began in 2009 currently includes 170+

projects collaboratively developed by local residents, government and businesses.

These projects run on an interconnected platform through wireless devices to

enhance the city's real time decision making abilities. The City of Amsterdam (City)

claims the purpose of the projects is to reduce traffic, save energy and improve

public safety.To promote efforts from local residents, the City runs the Amsterdam

Smart City Challenge annually, accepting proposals for applications and

developments that fit within the City's framework.An example of a resident developed

app is Mobypark, which allows owners of parking spaces to rent them out to people

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for a fee.[ The data generated from this app can then be used by the City to

determine parking demand and traffic flows in Amsterdam. A number of homes have

also been provided with smart energy meters, with incentives provided to those that

actively reduce energy consumption. Other initiatives include flexible street lighting

(smart lighting) which allows municipalities to control the brightness of street lights,

and smart traffic management where traffic is monitored in real time by the City and

information about current travel time on certain roads is broadcast to allow motorists

to determine the best routes to take.

Street lamps in Amsterdam have been upgraded to allow municipal councils to dim

the lights based on pedestrian usage.

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CONCLUSION

The concept of smart city gained importance in the last years. Making ICT enabled

services and applications available to the citizens, businesses and authorities makes

the day to day life simple and smart. This requires an integrated version of a city and

its infrastructures in its components. A smart city can be referred as six

characteristics: smart economy, smart people, smart governance, smart mobility,

smart environment and smart living.

This paper also identifies major challenges for developing smart city like privacy,

security and trust, e-governance, transportation system, energy and environment

and health and living. In order to achieve the goal of a smart city there is a need of

increase efficiency and efficacy of government, developing environment friendly

applications, increasing mobility, providing better health facility and good policy

making.

Reference

www.wikipedia

International journal on Advanced Engineering Technology and sciences

Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences

https://www.baharash.com/dubai-smart-city

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