Ipil-Ipil (Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.

) de Wit)
As an Alternative Source of Floor Wax

A Research Paper
Presented to the Science Faculty
Leyte Normal University

In Partial Fulfillment of the

Requirements in Sci 158 (Research in Physical Science)

Presented by:
Carreon, Jhanver A.; Lazaro, John Patrick G.; Libutan, Joelour D.

March 2011
 APPROVAL SHEET

This undergraduate research paper entitled “IPIL-IPIL (Leucaena leucocephala

(Lam.) de Wit) AS AN ALTERNATIVE SOURCE OF FLOOR WAX” prepared and

submitted by JHANVER A. CARREON, JOHN PATRICK G. LAZARO, and

JOELOUR D. LIBUTAN in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of

BACHELOR OF SECONDARY EDUCATION (Physical Sciences) has been

recommended for acceptance and approval for ORAL EXAMINATION.

MA. VICTORIA D. NABOYA, MAT MEL BRIAN D. BERIDA, MBio

Instructor Adviser

PANEL OF EXAMINERS

Examined and approved by the Panel of Examiners on March 31, 2011 with a

grade of .

FACUNDO REY M. LADIAO, MS MILAGROS A. LUMPAS, MA, MA Ed.

Member Member

LESLIE D. RADAZA, MAT

Chair, Panel of Examiners

Accepted as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of

BACHELOR OF SECONDARY EDUCATION (Physical Sciences) on April 7, 2011.

LESLIE D. RADAZA, MAT

Chair, Science Unit
 ABSTRACT

The main objective of this study was to determine the possibility of producing an
acceptable Ipil-Ipil floor wax that can be an alternative to the present commercial floor
wax in terms of its use in a concrete smooth cemented pavement. Three floor waxes were
compared; two were Ipil-Ipil floor waxes from young and mature leaves and the third one
is the commercial floor wax. The floor waxes from young and mature leaves of Ipil-Ipil
were statistically compared in their acceptability as basis for determining the more
acceptable Ipil-Ipil floor wax in terms of five quality attributes – color, odor, texture,
luster, general acceptability.
The samples of this study consisted of two (2) Ipil-Ipil trees randomly and
purposively selected from the town of Marabut, Samar, Philippines. The respondents
involve in this study consisted of 15 janitors of the Leyte Normal University who
responded to Ipil-Ipil floor wax Acceptability Measure. The pertinent findings of this
study are (1) both the two Ipil-Ipil floor waxes from young and mature leaves were
acceptable floor wax in terms of color, odor, texture, luster, general acceptability when
applied in a concrete cemented smooth pavement and (2) there is no significant
difference between the acceptable Ipil-Ipil floor waxes from young and mature leaves and
the commercial floor wax in terms of effectiveness/acceptability in a concrete cemented
smooth pavement.
The results further verifies that the Ipil-Ipil floor wax is at par with the
commercial floor wax and can be a potential alternative in terms of acceptability and
effectiveness of its use in a concrete smooth cemented pavement.

iii
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The researchers are extremely grateful to the many individuals mentioned below

who extended help and support in making this study possible.

The researchers’ adviser, Mr. Mel Brian D. Berida for his moral support and

valuable ideas suggested throughout the period of this study.

To Mrs. Ma. Victoria D. Naboya for her unselfish and critical evaluation and

guidance in preparing the research paper and the agendum.

The Chairman and members of the Panel of Examiners, Prof. Leslie D. Radaza,

Prof. Milagros A. Lumpas, and Mr. Facundo Rey M. Ladiao for their constructive

comments and criticisms towards the research.

To Mr. Pablo U. Amascual III, Chief Administrative Officer, Leyte Normal

University for allowing the researchers to conduct data collection inside the University.

To Mrs. Josephine Go, Janitorial Services Supervisor and the 15 janitors of Leyte

Normal University, for their unfailing support and cooperation in the collection of data

needed for the study.

Special thanks to, Mr. Christian G. Abalos for his suggestions, assistance and for

analyzing the data needed for the completion of the research study.

Above all to the Almighty GOD for giving the researchers the knowledge and

determination and for the guidance and blessings HE bestowed upon the researchers.

iv
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

Title Page

APPROVAL SHEET

ABSTRACT-------------------------------------------------------------------------- iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT --------------------------------------------------------- iv

TABLE OF CONTENTS---------------------------------------------------------- v

LIST OF TABLES ---------------------------------------------------------------- vii

LIST OF FIGURES --------------------------------------------------------------- viii

LIST OF APPENDIX TABLES ------------------------------------------------- ix

Chapter

1 The Problem

Background of the Study ---------------------------------------- 1

Statement of the Problem --------------------------------------- 2

Conceptual Framework ------------------------------------------ 4

Significance of the Study ---------------------------------------- 5

Scope and Limitation -------------------------------------------- 6

Definition of Terms 7

2 Review of Related Literature -------------------------------------------- 8

3 Methodology

Research Design --------------------------------------------------- 17

Sampling Design and Technique -------------------------------- 18

v
 Research Locale ---------------------------------------------------- 18

Samples of the Study --------------------------------------------- 19

Instruments, Apparatus, and Equipment --------------------- 20

Procedure ----------------------------------------------------------- 20

Data Gathering Technique --------------------------------------- 22

Biostatistical Treatment ------------------------------------------ 25

4 Presentation, Analysis and Interpretation of Data

Ipil-Ipil floor wax Acceptability Measure Data ------------- 26

Hypothesis One----------------------------------------------------- 26

Hypothesis Two ---------------------------------------------------- 29

5 Summary, Conclusion and Recommendation

Summary ----------------------------------------------------------- 35

Conclusion --------------------------------------------------------- 37

Implication --------------------------------------------------------- 37

Recommendation -------------------------------------------------- 38

Bibliography

Appendices

vi
 LIST OF TABLES

TABLE

1 Distributions of Samples

2 The Ipil-Ipil Floor wax from young leaves Effectiveness/

Acceptability Measure Data in two (2) weeks

3 The Ipil-Ipil Floor wax from mature leaves Effectiveness/

Acceptability Measure Data in two (2) weeks

4 The Weighted Mean Scores on the Effectiveness/Acceptability

of the three floor waxes in two (2) weeks

5 The Difference between the Mean scores obtained by the three

floor waxes in terms of the five criteria of effectiveness/acceptability
in a concrete smooth cemented pavement

vii
 LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE

1 Ipil-Ipil floor wax diagram

2 Materials and Equipment

3 Double Boiler

4 Sample Ipil-Ipil leaves - (A) 200g young leaves, (B) 200g mature Leaves

5 Removing young Ipil-Ipil leaves from stem

6 Removing mature Ipil-Ipil leaves from stem

7 Preparing mixture for Ipil - Ipil floor wax

8 Commercial Floor wax (A)

9 Ipil-Ipil Floor wax from young leaves (B)

10 Ipil-Ipil Floor wax from mature leaves (C)

11 A and B

12 B and C

13 A, B and C

viii
 LIST OF APPENDIX TABLES

APPENDIX TABLE

1 Mean Score obtained from 15 Janitors’ responses on

Ipil-Ipil floor wax and commercial floor wax
effectiveness/acceptability (1st week)

2 Mean Score obtained from 15 Janitors’ responses on

Ipil-Ipil floor wax and commercial floor wax
effectiveness/acceptability (2nd week)

3 Overall Mean Score obtained from 15 Janitors’ responses on

Ipil-Ipil floor wax and commercial floor wax
effectiveness/acceptability for two (2) weeks

4 Multiple Comparisons of the Ipil-Ipil floor waxes and

Commercial floor wax based on Color Rating

5 Multiple Comparisons of the Ipil-Ipil floor waxes and

Commercial floor wax based on Odor Rating

6 Multiple Comparisons of the Ipil-Ipil floor waxes and

Commercial floor wax based on Texture Rating

7 Multiple Comparisons of the Ipil-Ipil floor waxes and

Commercial floor wax based on Luster Rating

8 Multiple Comparisons of the Ipil-Ipil floor waxes and

Commercial floor wax based on General Acceptability Rating

ix
 Chapter 1

The Problem

Background of the Study

Floor waxes’ and polishes’ evident use and benefits to man are undeniable.

Processed products from petroleum, particularly floor waxes and polishers are popularly

used in the society, especially in households.

Paulsen (1999) as cited by Larsson, et.al (2009) stated that, “Two of the more

common floor care methods currently in use are wax treatment and polishing. Both

methods entail the floor being given a basic treatment on installation, during which a

protective layer of wax or polish is applied. This is followed by frequent care up until the

floor needs to be restored to its original condition through what is referred to as periodic

maintenance.”

In connection to floor care methods, the researchers have known one unusual but

common practice inside classrooms of one town in Eastern Samar, Philippines. This

practice involves the use of Ipil-Ipil (Leucaena leucocephala) leaves in waxing and

polishing a concrete cemented smooth pavement. The continued application and rubbing

of Ipil-Ipil leaves against the concrete smooth pavement results into a shiny colored-

green floor. Being a natural, safe and eco-friendly method, this practice has been

continuously used and observed in most schools of the town.

The use of commercial floor wax on the other hand shows some disadvantages.

Due to some of the wax’s synthetic constituents, it is difficult to ignore certain illness

related to chemical sensitivity that might be brought to people using this product.
Similarly, the commercial floor wax’s market value might be the reason for some people

belonging to the lower class of the society to be deprived of its usage.

As evidence of this, Paulsen (2008) as cited by Larsson, et.al (2009) agrees that,

“The use of chemicals contributes to numerous complications depending on when and

how they are used.”

It is further stated that, “When the floor undergoes wear, the chemicals that have

been bound to the floor through the periodic maintenance can be released into the air.

This can give rise to a different environmental impact.”

Popovitch as cited in ehow.com adds that, “Besides being expensive, store-bought

cleaners contain a number of chemicals. These chemicals can be hazardous to your health

and are not necessary to have a clean home. Making your own household cleaners saves

money and ensures the ingredients are natural. Homemade floor wax smells good, is

great for wood floor finishes and is good for the environment.”

For these reasons, the researchers would like to produce floor wax from leaves of

L. leucocephala tree.

Statement of the Problem

This study sought to produce floor wax from leaves of Leucaena leucocephala

tree.

Specifically, this study tried to answer the following questions:

2
1. Which type of Ipil-Ipil leaves (young or mature) can produce a more acceptable floor

wax in terms of the quality attributes – color, odor, texture, luster, general

acceptability?

2. Is there a significant difference between the more acceptable Ipil-Ipil floor wax from

commercial floor wax when applied in a concrete smooth cemented pavement?

Hypotheses

The following null hypotheses have been set for this study:

Hο1: None of the two Ipil-Ipil leaves (i.e. young and mature) can yield a more

acceptable Ipil-Ipil floor wax.

Hο2: There is no significant difference between the more acceptable Ipil-Ipil floor wax

and commercial floor wax when applied in a concrete smooth cemented

pavement.

3
Conceptual Framework

This study attempted to investigate the possibility of producing floor wax

from leaves of Ipil-Ipil (Leucaena leucocephala) tree.

Ipil-Ipil leaves Quality of floor wax

(Independent) (Dependent)

Kind of leaves used,

and ingredients (e.g.
carnauba wax) used
(Intervening)

Fig. 1 Ipil-Ipil floor wax diagram.

Ipil-Ipil leaves show a potential source for floor wax production. It has been

assumed in this study that Ipil-Ipil leaves be the independent variable and the quality of

the floor wax produced be the dependent variable. Furthermore, this undertaking

considered the possibility that the quality of floor wax produced from leaves of Ipil-Ipil

be affected or altered by some intervening variables such as the kind of Ipil–Ipil leaves

used (either mature or young) and the ingredients (e.g. carnauba wax) that will constitute

the aforementioned floor wax.

4
Significance of the Study

Petroleum is one of the valuable assets of human beings. Petroleum or crude oil

showed its potential in producing various products which is very much useful in the

society. By undergoing fractional distillation, it can produce natural gas, gasoline,

kerosene, diesel, lubricating oil-stocks and tar. Far be it, waxes are also produced from

processed petroleum.

As evidence of this, The New Encyclopedia Britannica (1993) adds that, “About

90 percent of the wax used for commercial purposes is recovered from petroleum by

dewaxing lubricating oil stocks.” These waxes include the commercial floor waxes in

most markets.

Petroleum is one form of nonrenewable source of energy. It is axiomatic then, that

all by-products of petroleum including floor waxes may come into unavailability due to

lack of petroleum reserves.

The main burden of this investigation was to find out an alternative source of

floor wax, particularly producing one from leaves of Ipil-Ipil tree.

The researchers believe that this study is deemed significant to the following

persons:

Teachers and Students. Particularly those practicing the use of Ipil-Ipil leaves as floor

wax. Findings of the study could be use as basis for either continuing or ending the

aforementioned practice.

Parents and community. This study will also increase the awareness of parents and the

community towards the possible use of Ipil-Ipil leaves as a source of floor wax.

5
Commercial industries. It has been with optimism that this investigation was undertaken

to help the product-processing sectors, particularly those involve in floor wax

manufacturing to resort to an alternative source of floor wax production.

Agricultural sectors. It is hoped that from the findings of this study, farmers and those

concerned with agriculture will value the worth of Ipil-Ipil tree and continue

culturing and planting such trees.

Other researchers. If it is realized, this study may also be used as springboard by other

investigators in conducting or improving similar or related studies.

Scope and Limitation

The main focus of this study was to determine the possibility of producing floor

wax out of leaves of Ipil-Ipil (Leucaena leucocephala) tree. This inquiry is limited to

purely producing floor wax from Ipil-Ipil (L. leucocephala) leaves and its use on a

concrete cemented smooth pavement.

Geographically, this study was confined to the Ipil-Ipil trees situated in Marabut,

Samar, Philippines and the sample leaves of Ipil-Ipil were taken from and were limited to

two (2) Ipil-Ipil trees, purposively selected in order to make the study more manageable.

Area and Leyte Normal University (LNU) Science Laboratory accessibility were also

considered limitations on this study.

The researchers conducted and concluded the investigation during the 2nd

semester of the school year 2010-2011 of the Leyte Normal University.

6
Definition of Terms

To provide a common frame of reference to those who may read this research, the

following terms are hereby defined.

Alternative source. As used in this study refers to other options, choices or

replacements of the existing source of commercial floor wax.

Floor wax. A preparation containing wax and used to polish and preserve the finish of

floors.

Ipil-Ipil. This is the common or local name of Leucaena leucocephala in the

Philippines.

Mature leaves. As used in this study refers to the green, tender leaves found at the

middle portion of most Ipil-Ipil stems.

Young leaves. As used in this study refers to the yellow-green, soft leaves found at the

tip portion of most Ipil-Ipil stems.

7
 Chapter 2

Review of Related Literature

The researchers are not aware of any study concerned or conducted on producing

floor wax from leaves of Ipil-Ipil (Leucaena leucocephala) tree, nor on the possibility of

producing such product from Ipil-Ipil leaves. Hence, readings presented in this Chapter

consist entirely of conceptual literature.

This part of the chapter presents a review of what Ipil-Ipil (L. leucocephala) is, its

composition and its worldwide use.

I. Ipil-Ipil (Leucaena leucocephala).

The species of Leucaena leucocephala has been world widely known for its many

uses and benefits to man.

In the Philippines, this species of trees is locally known as Ipil-Ipil. The tree

grows gregariously and in abundance mostly found in the settled areas at low and

medium altitudes. It is now pan tropic in distribution since its introduction from tropical

America many years ago (Bureau of Plant Industry (BPI) of the Department of

Agriculture).

Today, Ipil-Ipil tree in the Philippines is generally and popularly valued for

firewood and in reforestation work. The plant is also much used as a cover crop and is a

good exterminator of “kogon”. The bark is valued for its significant potential in

producing brown dye while the seeds of Ipil–Ipil in some provinces are used as coffee

substitute.
A. Botanic Description.

According to Orwa et.al.(2009), Leucaena leucocephala is a small, variably

shrubby and highly branched (ssp. Leucocephala) to medium-sized tree with a short, clear

bole to 5 m, upright angular branching and a narrow open crown (ssp. Glabrata), 3-

15(max. 20) m tall, bole diameter 10-50 cm. Bark on young branches smooth, grey-

brown, slash salmon pink, darker grey-brown and rougher with shallow, rusty orange-

brown vertical fissures and deep red inner bark on older branches and bole. This

evergreen plant is deep rooted. It often has a combination of flowers, immature and

mature pods all present on the tree at the same time.

The Bureau of Plant Industry of DA on the other hand describes Ipil-Ipil as a

small tree, 2 to 6 meters high. The leaves are compound, 15 to 25 centimeters long, with

hairy rachises. The pinnae are 8 to 16, and 5 to 8 centimeters long. The leaflets are 20 to

30, linear-oblong, and 7 to 12 millimeters in length. The heads are solitary, at the axils of

the leaves, long-peduncled, globose, and 2 to 5 centimeters in diameter, with many white

flowers. The pods are thin, flat, strap-shaped, 12 to 18 centimeters long, and 1.4 to 2

centimeters wide, each containing from 15 to 25 elliptic, compressed, shining, brown

seeds.

B. Morphological Constituents/Composition

To define and identify the different constituents of Ipil-Ipil tree, specifically the

major composition of its leaves (either young or mature), which was the main focus of

the study; certain studies conducted all over the world were taken into account.

9
 Numerous researches had already been conducted to determine the composition of

the leaves of L. leucocephala. Findings of such researches do confirm the potential use of

the tree’s leaves as edible forage for animals and as safe food for human consumption

based on the leaves nutritive portions and components. Results also show a wide variety

of chemical compounds in the leaves which might be the reason for its many uses and

application.

Duke (1983) of Purdue University of West Lafayette, Indiana, U.S. noted that,

most leaves of L. leucocephala contain traces of glucoside quercetrin about 0.08 percent

and in every g of N, there are 294 mg of arginine, 88 cystine, 125 histidine, 563

isoleucine, 469 leucine, 313 lycine, 100 methionine, 188 methionine + cystine, 294

phenylalanine, 231 threonine, 263 tryosine and 338 mg valine.

It is further reported that, raw young leaves show a potential source as forage for

ruminant animals, containing per 100 g edible portion: 68 calories, 79.5 percent moisture,

2.9 g protein, 0.8 g fat, 15.3 g total carbohydrate, 1.8 g fiber, 1.5 g ash, 553 mg Ca, and

51 mg P. Raw, tender tops and pods contain per 100 g edible portion: 59 calories, 80.7

percent moisture, 8.4 g protein, 0.9 g fat, 8.8 g total carbohydrate, 3.8 g fiber, 1.2 g ash,

137 mg Ca, 11 mg P. 9.2 mg Fe, 4,730 mg b-carotene equivalent, 0.09 mg riboflavin, 5.4

mg niacin, and 8 mg ascorbic acid. The genus Leucaena is also reported to contain

hydrocyanic acid, leucaenine, quercitrin and tannic acid.

Accordingly, the crude protein (CP) of edible material (leaves and small stems) of

L. leucocephala ranged from 14-30%. The high crude protein in leucaena relative to

grass highlights the importance of maintaining adequate quantities of high protein legume

10
in the pasture and in the diet (Khamseekhiew et al. (2001) as cited by Aganga and

Tshwenyane, 2003).

Adeneye (1979) further adds that, “Analysis of Leucaena leucocephala from

various localities in Western Nigeria shows that young leaves, pods and seeds contain

more crude protein but lower crude fibre and ether extract than mature ones. The crude

fat component was higher in the seeds (4.6% and 5.5% for green and ripe seeds,

respectively) than in any other edible part of the plant, while the green and brown seed

coats contain the least amount of ether extract and total ash. The mineral composition of

the dry matter of mature leaves is 2.8% calcium, 0.26% phosphorus, 0.37% magnesium,

1.78% potassium, 0.21% sodium and 0.12% iron.”

In botany, the plant’s cuticle is covered by epicuticular wax mainly consisting of

straight- chain aliphatic hydrocarbons with a variety of substituted groups (wikipedia.org,

2010).

The primary wax that coats leaves of most plants found in family Fabaeae in

which L. leucocephala belongs is paraffin.

C. Uses and Applications

Leucaena leucocephala has a wide variety of uses and it was this multiplicity of

roles that led to the worldwide reputation of the species as a ‘miracle tree’ Brewbaker and

Shelton (1994).

It is further stated that, “the leaves of leucaena are highly nutritious for ruminants

and many excellent animal production data have been published confirming the fodder

value of leucaena. L. leucocephala is capable of producing a large volume of a medium-

11
light hardwood for fuel (specific gravity of 0.5-0.75) with low moisture and a high

heating value, and makes excellent charcoal, producing little ash and smoke. It also can

be used for parquet flooring and small furniture as well as for paper pulp.”

The plant is also valued in the production of necklaces from seeds and the use of

young leaves and seeds as vegetables for human consumption. Young green pods can be

split open and the fresh immature seeds eaten raw or cooked. Only small amounts can be

eaten in this way because of the presence in seed and young growth of the toxic amino

acid mimosine. L. leucocephala will occasionally produce a gum similar to gum Arabic

when stressed by disease or insect pests.

Furthermore, red, brown and black dyes are extracted from the pods, leaves and

bark of L. leucocephala Orwa et.al. (2009).

II. Wax and Polishes

The New Encyclopedia Britannica (1993) states that, “wax is any class of pliable

substance of animals, plants, minerals, or synthetic origin that differs from fats in being

less greasy, harder and more brittle and in containing principally compounds of high

molecular weight. Waxes melt at moderate temperature and form hard films that can be

polished to a high gloss, making them ideal for use in a wide array of polishes.”

Dewaxing lubricating oil stocks recovered from petroleum results to the

production of waxes. Paraffin is one type of Petroleum wax that is commercially used in

manufacturing candles, crayons and industrial polishes. It assists and supplies a water

proof coating for wood.

12
 On the other hand, SpecialChem S.A (2010) describes floor polishes as

applications to resilient flooring such as vinyl tile or wood to maintain a clean and

sanitary appearance in high traffic public areas. The polish is cleaned and buffed, often

daily, to restore the shine, and then periodically stripped and re-applied. Longer

maintenance intervals are often preferred, to minimize labor costs, but only if the polish

has sufficient durability.

A. Uses and Applications

Waxes and polishes satisfy man of his demands for a clean and shiny floor. These

home cleaning materials are often used not only in improving the floor’s attribute

qualities but also in restoring the floor’s durability especially for wood floorings.

As evidence of this, Radaza and Amante et.al (2008) noted that, floor wax is

important for housekeeping. It is used in coating to protect floors. Because waxes are

insoluble in the water, they are particularly useful for water proofing. Some plastics have

characteristics, and maybe blended with waxes, add glass, durability and increase

toughness. To make floor wax is very easy. In order to save money from buying

commercial and costly floor wax, we should learn how to make a cheap and easy to use

floor wax.

SpecialChem S.A. (2010) adds that, “wax surface modifiers satisfy many of the

performance demands of a floor polish. Proper selection and usage will control how the

polish responds to buffing; minimize black heel marks; and provide slip control, i.e. the

proper coefficient of friction to provide traction for foot traffic in wet or dry conditions.
13
By enhancing mar, scratch, and abrasion resistance, the surface modifier may also extend

the durability of the polish, resulting in reduced maintenance demands.”

B. Harmful Chemical Components

Most commercial products especially synthetic ones (which might also be true for

waxes and polishes) are composed of some harmful compounds that might cause illness

among consumers.

In fact, the use of floor waxes and polishes is quite dangerous as claimed by the

Environmental Health Association of Nova Scotia (2004) because conventional products

such as floor waxes and polishes often contain mineral spirits and petroleum solvents,

both of which are neurotoxin and can cause severe eye and skin irritation as well as

Stoddard solvent which is also neurotoxin. Petroleum solvents may contain traces of

carcinogenic benzene. Some wax removers with ammonia contain tripropylene glycol

monomethyl ether which can cause narcosis and kidney injury with repeated and

prolonged skin exposure.

C. Future Expectations

The call for a more natural, safer and acceptable way of maintaining the

cleanliness and durability of most floors must be world widely addressed to the

manufacturing industries.

Moreover, the use and addition of some harmful chemicals to floor wax and

polish making shall be banned and stopped, if not, at least strictly monitored by the

authorities responsible in securing the health and safety of consumers of the product.
14
 Addressing the need of limiting the use and incorporation of harmful and toxic

compounds to floor waxes and polishes, SpecialChem S.A. (2010) testifies the notion

which can be summarized as follows:

1. The nature of the sanitary maintenance market, of which floor wax and polish is a

part, demands frequent exposure to cleaning chemicals in interior spaces.

Increasingly, the industry is adopting safer methods and materials to mitigate the

risks.

2. Today's floor polishes which include floor waxes are expected to be free of

harmful chemicals such as formaldehyde and phenol.

The Ipil-Ipil (Leucaena leucocephala) tree has been considered as the ‘miracle

tree’ because of its variety of uses. Its value either locally or in global perspective cannot

be denied. It is used in livestock industry, as timber, as fuel, as gum, as a source of dye

and even used as treatment to some disease or illness.

Fat, crude fiber, nitrogen free material other than fiber, nitrogen, sucrose, water

and ash constitutes the primary composition of Leucaena leucocephala.

Leaves also contain a variety of compounds such as glucoside queretrin, arginine,

histidine, isoleucene, phenylalanine, etc. It also contains high protein and nutritive value

which makes it a potential food in pasture and in diet.

Waxes on the other hand are pliable and insoluble in water. They are less greasy,

harder and more brittle than fats. Nonetheless, waxes and fats share common

characteristics.

15
 Since Ipil-Ipil leaves contain epicuticular waxes such as paraffin and fats, which

might be in large quantity. Then it might be the reason why the concrete cemented

smooth floor shines whenever it is applied on it.

To this extent, the researchers assumed that the epicuticular wax and other wax-

like components and constituents of Ipil-Ipil leaves can be a source of and utilized to

produce floor wax.

16
 Chapter 3

Methodology

As previously stated, this study sought to determine the possibility of producing

floor wax from leaves of Ipil-Ipil (Leucaena leucocephala) tree.

Research Design

As for this study, the researchers used experimental research method.

Experimental Research is done by isolating the research in a physical situation

apart from the routine of ordinary living and by manipulating one or more independent

variables under rigorously specified, operational and controlled conditions.

It is considered the most conclusive research method because it establishes

different treatments and then studies their effects. Results of this type are likely to lead to

the most clear-out interpretations.

Specifically, the research design that the researchers applied in this undertaking is

Factorial design. Factorial Design is an experimental design which allows a number of

groups to be considered and include in the experiment. The researcher or researchers are

allowed to measure not only the main effect of each independent variable (e.g. the effects

of kind, quantity of leaves used, production process, ingredients used in the quality of

Ipil-Ipil floor wax) but also the interaction effects of these independent variables.
 The term factorial denotes that two or more independent variables are being

investigated, each variable or whether or not the effects are specific levels of the control

variable.

In this research undertaking, more than two variables are considered and

manipulated, interactions between them might also be present and their effects to one

another cannot be ignored.

Sampling Design and Technique

The sampling technique employed in this study involved purposive random

sampling. Samples of this inquiry were randomly and purposively selected in order to

make the study more manageable. Due to some factors that cause variations among the

different samples of the study, the researchers randomly selected Ipil-Ipil trees by

categorizing and classifying them based on their age and condition-young or mature.

From this randomly classified Ipil-Ipil trees, two (2) were purposively selected as

subjects of the study based on the quality of leaves produced specifically, one (1) young

Ipil-Ipil, and one (1) mature Ipil-Ipil tree.

Research Locale

This study was confined to the Ipil-Ipil trees situated in Marabut, Samar,

Philippines. The researchers collected samples in the aforementioned town because of

area accessibility and direct availability of Ipil-Ipil trees studied.

18
More so, the Ipil-Ipil trees in the town grow in abundance and was easily categorized and

manipulated as intended and designed in the study.

The freshness and the virginity of the environment to which the Ipil-Ipil trees

grow were also considered in the selection of the locale of the study.

Samples of the Study

The samples that were used, manipulated and studied in this undertaking

comprised Ipil-Ipil leaves. Thus, data needed for the pursuit of this study was gathered

and collected from the two (2) Ipil-Ipil trees randomly and purposively selected from the

town of Marabut, Samar, Philippines. Two (2) Ipil-Ipil trees were young and mature. Of

the two Ipil-Ipil trees, leaves were gathered in a quantity of about 200 g each.

Particularly, 200 g of young leaves, and 200 g of mature leaves of Ipil-Ipil tree. This data

and distribution of subjects is given below in Table 1.

Table 1. Distribution of Samples

Ipil-Ipil tree Quantity of leaves to be collected in

Grams (g)

Young 200 g

Mature 200 g

19
Instruments, Apparatus, and Equipment

The materials used in this study are presented and enumerated in the following

illustration. These materials were arranged in such a way to give the prospective readers

an idea of what were utilized and manipulated in producing floor wax from leaves of Ipil-

Ipil tree. These materials include fresh leaves of Ipil-Ipil (i.e. young and mature), water,

and carnauba wax. Below is the Illustration of the materials used:

Illustration: Water

Carnauba wax - 170 g

Ipil - Ipil leaves - 200 g (for each type i.e. young, and mature)

The instruments, apparatus, and equipment used in this inquiry are hereby

mentioned. Things used in producing floor wax from leaves of Ipil-Ipil includes a pot,

bowl, freezer bag, towel, rolling pin, wooden spoon, glass jar, funnel, stove, and gloves.

Procedure

The entire experimentation which includes the set-up and reactions was

performed at room temperature and at atmospheric pressure. It has been designed by the

researchers to divide the entire experimental procedure into two parts. Particularly,

starting from Part I which is the preparation of the Ipil-Ipil leaves (i.e. young and mature

leaves) followed by Part II which is the production of floor wax using the Ipil-Ipil leaves

in Part I.

20
 Furthermore, no alterations or further purifications were employed to the

materials used in this study except the Ipil-Ipil leaves which undergone the process of

cleansing with water as prescribed and designed by the researchers. The general

procedure followed in this research is presented below:

Part I. Preparation of Ipil-Ipil leaves

1. Each of the two (2) – 200 g Ipil-Ipil leaves (i.e. young, mature leaves) was

classified, separated and placed in three bowls labeled A and B respectively.

2. Leaves of each young and mature Ipil-Ipil were removed and separated from the

stems. Cleaning of these Ipil-Ipil leaves with water followed.

3. Washed Ipil-Ipil leaves were placed accordingly in two bowls, each of which is

classified just like in step no. 1.

Part II. Production of Floor wax

1. A double boiler using a cooking pot and an oven-safe bowl was used. Tap water

was poured into the pot, the bowl on the other hand was placed on top of the pot.

2. The double boiler was then placed on the top of the stove over low flame.

3. Two (170) g of Carnauba wax were broken up and placed into the bowl. There

should be small pieces of Carnauba wax. Hence, it was first placed into a freezer

bag, zipped-in-closed, covered with a kitchen towel and pounded with a rolling

pin.

4. The 200 g of young leaves of Ipil-Ipil was added into the bowl of the double

boiler.

21
 5. The ingredients were mixed and stirred together slowly using a wooden spoon

until everything was fully mixed together.

6. The bowl was then removed from the pot of water using gloves and the stove

switched off.

7. Mixture was allowed to cool but not solidify. The floor wax was fluid enough to

pour into a container but not too hot it cannot be handled.

8. Mixture was poured into a clean, dry, glass jar using a plastic funnel.

9. The finished Ipil-Ipil floor wax was placed in a cool and dry place.

The same sequence and procedure was employed for the mature Ipil-Ipil leaves.

(Adopted from: Popovitch (2008) How to make floor wax @ www.eHow.com)

Data Gathering Techniques

Data for this study was derived from the responses of fifteen (15) panelists based

on their assessment of the quality attributes of the floor wax produced from leaves of Ipil-

Ipil tree such as color, odor, texture, luster, and general acceptability when applied in a

concrete cemented smooth pavement.

The fifteen panelists consisted of fifteen janitors. The 15 janitors were chosen

based on their experience and employment as part of the janitorial services of the Leyte

Normal University. It has been the researchers’ interest to select janitors as the panelists

of this undertaking due to their cleaning expertise. Far be it, their perception and view

upon the use of Ipil-Ipil floor wax can be justified by their experiences as cleaners.

22
 Application and use of Ipil-Ipil floor wax was done in one area of SR AV Hall,

inside the Leyte Normal University. The area was free from people for 2 consecutive

weeks and was visited by the 15 trained janitors every other day, that is, one day interval

for the next visit (e.g. Mon., Wed., Fri., Sun). Each day was coded Day 1, 3, 5, 7 for the

1st week and Day 9, 11, 13, and 15 for the 2nd week.

The Ipil-Ipil floor wax Acceptability Measure in the form of a rating scale,

specifically designed by the researchers were used by the 15 panelists in assessing the

attribute qualities of the two Ipil-Ipil floor waxes and commercial floor wax (i.e. color,

odor, texture, luster and general acceptability)as applied in concrete-cemented-smooth-

pavement. Each criterion is rated by scales ranging from 1 to 5, were 1 (dislike very

much), 2 (dislike slightly), 3 (neither like nor dislike), 4 (like moderately), and 5 (like

very much).

Three floor waxes were compared, one is produced commercially (A) the other

one from young leaves of Ipil-Ipil (B) and the last one is from mature leaves (C). Codes

(e.g. A, B, C) were assigned to each of these products; hence the panelists could hardly

identify the three floor waxes.

Biostatistical Treatment

Arithmetic mean and Analysis of variance (ANOVA) were the Biostatistical tools

that were used in analyzing and interpreting the data.

The researchers used the mean in determining the acceptability of the Ipil-Ipil

floor wax. The Formula that will be use is:

23
 x = ∑x / N

Where x represents for the arithmetic mean; ∑x denotes the sum of the

scores/ratings; and N is the total number of cases.

ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) of F-test was used to determine the significant

difference on the color, odor, texture, effectiveness and general acceptability of the more

acceptable and the commercial floor wax. The test was made with the aid of SPSS

version 17.0.

In connection to this, the researchers choose the 5 percent level of probability to

determine the degree of significance of findings.

24
 Chapter 4

Presentation, Analysis, and Interpretation of Data

This chapter treats statistically the hypotheses stated in Chapter 1 of the study.

Data collected are analyzed and findings are based on these analyses.

Ipil-Ipil Floor Wax Acceptability Measure Data

The main purpose of giving the Ipil-Ipil floor wax acceptability measure was to

determine the effectiveness of Ipil-Ipil floor wax when applied in a concrete cemented

smooth pavement. It sought to find out also the mean difference between the Ipil-Ipil

floor wax from young and mature leaves and the commercially available floor wax.

There were two hypotheses drawn from the Ipil-Ipil floor wax acceptability

measure data.

Hypothesis one stated that none of the two Ipil-Ipil leaves (i.e. young and mature)

can yield a more acceptable Ipil-Ipil floor wax.

Hypothesis two stated that there is no significant difference between the more

acceptable Ipil-Ipil floor wax and commercial floor wax when applied in a concrete

smooth cemented pavement.

A mean rating of 3.0 was set as the level of acceptability of the Ipil-Ipil floor wax

effectiveness for the measure used as tool in the study. The ratings ranges from as high as

5 (like very much) and as low as 1 (dislike very much).

 Below is the rating scale used by the 15 respondents of this study in rating the

three different waxes’ effectiveness or acceptability in a concrete cemented smooth

pavement.

5 – like very much

4 – like moderately

3 – neither like nor dislike

2 – dislike slightly

1 – dislike very much

As shown in table 3, the mean ratings of the fifteen (15) respondents to the

following criteria for effectiveness of Ipil-Ipil floor wax from young leaves; for color

3.392, for odor 3.298, for texture 3.560, for luster 3.427 and for general acceptability

3.443.

Table 2. The Ipil-Ipil Floor wax from young leaves Effectiveness/Acceptability

Measure Data in two (2) weeks

Criteria for Effectiveness Mean

Color 3.392

Odor 3.298

Texture 3.560

Luster 3.427

General Acceptability 3.443

(overall mean) = 3.424

3.00 = standard level of floor wax acceptability

26
 As shown in table 4, the mean ratings of the fifteen (15) respondents to the

following criteria for effectiveness of Ipil-Ipil floor wax from mature leaves; for color

3.098, for odor 3.135, for texture 3.335, for luster 3.388, and for general acceptability

3.440.

Table 3. The Ipil-Ipil Floor wax from mature leaves Effectiveness/Acceptability

Measure Data in two (2) weeks

Criteria for Effectiveness Mean

Color 3.098

Odor 3.135

Texture 3.335

Luster 3.388

General Acceptability 3.440

(overall mean) = 3.279

3.00 = standard level of Ipil-Ipil floor wax acceptability

27
 These results show that a weighted mean obtained by the Ipil-Ipil floor wax from

both young and mature leaves for each of the five criteria for effectiveness or

acceptability reaches the standard mean of 3.00 set as level of Ipil-Ipil floor wax

effectiveness/acceptability, resulting to an overall mean of which reaches and exceeded

the standard level. The Ipil-Ipil floor wax from young leaves obtained an over all mean of

3.424 and the Ipil-Ipil floor wax from mature leaves obtained an over all mean score of

3.279.

Evidence by this outcome, one is justified to conclude that both Ipil-Ipil floor wax

from young and mature leaves produce an acceptable Ipil-Ipil floor wax. Since a

negligible mean difference is derived between the two Ipil-Ipil floor waxes, both are then

considered to be acceptable.

Therefore, hypothesis one is rejected; that is, none of the two Ipil-Ipil leaves (i.e.

young and mature) can yield a more acceptable Ipil-Ipil floor wax.

This finding leads one to believe that both young and mature leaves of Ipil-Ipil

produced acceptable Ipil-Ipil floor waxes suited to be applied on a concrete cemented

smooth pavement.

Hypothesis two compared the mean scores obtained by the Ipil-Ipil floor waxes’

and the commercial floor wax’s effectiveness/acceptability on a concrete smooth

cemented pavement.

It was hypothesized that there is no significant difference between the more

acceptable Ipil-Ipil floor wax, in this case both the acceptable Ipil-Ipil floor waxes (i.e.

28
young and mature leaves) and commercial floor wax when applied in a concrete smooth

cemented pavement.

As in hypothesis one, the samples of this study were the Ipil-Ipil floor waxes

from both young and mature leaves and the commercial floor wax.

ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) or F-test was used to determine the significant

difference on the color, odor, texture, luster and general acceptability of the more

acceptable, in this case both the acceptable Ipil-Ipil floor waxes (young and mature

leaves) and the commercial floor wax.

Despite the findings in hypothesis one of the effectiveness/acceptability of the

Ipil-Ipil floor waxes from young and mature leaves in general, it is not yet known

whether Ipil-Ipil floor wax is comparable with the commercially available floor wax.

As to whether the mean difference between the acceptable Ipil-Ipil floor waxes

from young and mature leaves and the commercial floor wax is significant, table 5

presents the mean scores obtained by the Ipil-Ipil floor waxes and commercial floor wax

for each of five criteria for effectiveness or acceptability.

As shown in the table, the Ipil-Ipil floor wax (young leaves) and Ipil-Ipil floor

wax (mature leaves) obtained weighted mean scores to the following criteria of

acceptability/effectiveness: 3.392, 3.098 for color; 3.298, 3.135 for odor; 3.560, 3.335 for

texture; 3.427, 3.388 for luster; and 3.443, 3.440 for general acceptability respectively.

29
Table 4. The Weighted Mean Scores on the Effectiveness/Acceptability of the three
floor waxes in two (2) weeks

Criteria for Effectiveness/Acceptability Mean

Color
3.223
Commercial floor wax
3.392
Ipil-Ipil floor wax (young leaves)
3.098
Ipil-Ipil floor wax (mature leaves)
Odor
Commercial floor wax 3.057
Ipil-Ipil floor wax (young leaves) 3.298
Ipil-Ipil floor wax (mature leaves) 3.135

Texture
Commercial floor wax 3.418
Ipil-Ipil floor wax (young leaves) 3.560
Ipil-Ipil floor wax (mature leaves) 3.335
Luster
Commercial floor wax 3.165
Ipil-Ipil floor wax (young leaves) 3.427
Ipil-Ipil floor wax (mature leaves) 3.388
General Acceptability
Commercial floor wax 3.783
Ipil-Ipil floor wax (young leaves) 3.443
Ipil-Ipil floor wax (mature leaves) 3.440

x (overall mean) of the commercial floor wax = 3.329

x (overall mean) of the Ipil-Ipil floor wax (young leaves) = 3.424
x (overall mean) of the Ipil-Ipil floor wax (mature leaves)= 3.279
30
 The data presented in table 5 suggests that the Ipil-Ipil floor wax from young and

mature leaves is indeed generally acceptable to be used in a concrete cemented smooth

pavement.

Further analysis of the data also shows that, Ipil-Ipil floor wax from young leaves

having an overall mean score of 3.424 is at par with the Ipil-Ipil floor wax from mature

leaves having an overall mean score of 3.279.

The commercial floor wax, on the other hand, obtained the following mean scores

to the following criteria of acceptability/effectiveness: 3.223 for color, 3.057 for odor,

3.418 for texture, 3.165 for luster, and 3.783 for general acceptability.

Based from the standard level of floor wax acceptability/effectiveness (3.0), the

result shows that the commercial floor wax is also generally acceptable to be used in a

concrete cemented smooth pavement after attaining an overall mean score of 3.329.

Using the f-test or ANOVA to determine the significant difference of the

acceptable Ipil-Ipil floor waxes, that is the Ipil-Ipil floor wax from young leaves and

mature leaves and the commercially available floor wax, it is shown that there is no

significant difference between the mean scores obtained by the three floor waxes.

Hence, it can be concluded that the Ipil-Ipil floor wax either from young or

mature leaves is at par with the commercially prepared floor wax in terms of acceptability

and effectiveness in a concrete cemented smooth pavement.

31
 Comparing the mean scores of acceptability/effectiveness obtained by the Ipil-Ipil

floor waxes from young and mature leaves and the commercial floor wax, Table 6 shows

the following F-values obtained for the different criteria of effectiveness or acceptability;

color 0.593, odor 0.682, texture 0.008, luster 0.702, and general acceptability 0.902.

Table 5. The Difference between the Mean scores obtained by the three floor waxes
in terms of the five criteria of effectiveness/acceptability in a concrete
smooth cemented pavement

Criteria F Sig.

Color .593 .557

Odor .682 .511

Texture .008 .992

Luster .702 .501

General Acceptability .902 .414

These data indicate the test statistic to be the F value of 0.593 for color, 0.682 for

odor, 0.008 for texture, 0.702 for luster, and 0.902 for general acceptability. Using an α

of .05, we have p > 0.05. Since the significance (p) for each criterion is greater than the

significant value (α), the difference between the mean scores obtained by the Ipil-Ipil

floor waxes (young and mature leaves) and commercial floor wax for the criteria of

32
color, odor, texture, luster and general acceptability is statistically insignificant.

Summarizing the results presented in Tables 6, it is revealed that an insignificant

difference exists between the mean scores of the Ipil-Ipil floor waxes from young and

mature leaves and the commercial floor wax on the effectiveness/acceptability criteria of

color, odor, texture, luster and general acceptability.

This result supports one to accept the second hypothesis; that is, there is no

significant difference between the more acceptable Ipil-Ipil floor wax, in this case the two

acceptable Ipil-Ipil floor waxes from young and mature leaves and the commercial floor

wax when applied in a concrete smooth cemented pavement.

This result further verifies that the Ipil-Ipil floor wax is at par comparable with the

commercial floor wax and can be a potential alternative in terms of acceptability and

effectiveness of its use in a concrete smooth cemented pavement.

33
 Chapter 5

Summary, Conclusion, and Recommendation

A brief review of the study treating the problems and hypothesis is presented in

this chapter. The bases for the conclusions of this study were data presented in Chapter 4.

Implications for household cleaners especially those involve in household keeping are

also included in this chapter. Recommendations for implementations based on the

findings of the study together with the problems for further investigations close Chapter

5.

Summary

The main objective of this study was to determine the effectiveness/acceptability

of Ipil-Ipil floor wax on a concrete cemented smooth pavement. Specifically, it was the

purpose of the study to investigate (1) whether it is the young or the mature Ipil-Ipil

leaves that can produce a more acceptable floor wax in terms of the quality attributes –

color, odor, texture, luster, general acceptability; (2) if there a significant difference

between the most acceptable Ipil-Ipil floor wax from commercial floor wax when applied

in a concrete smooth cemented pavement.

Analyses of the acceptability/effectiveness measure data in the form of rating

scale produced results related to the testing of each hypothesis as follows:

Hο1: None of the two Ipil-Ipil leaves (i.e. young and mature) can yield a more

acceptable Ipil-Ipil floor wax.

Hο2: There is no significant difference between the more acceptable Ipil-Ipil floor wax

and commercial floor wax when applied in a concrete smooth cemented

pavement.

The panelists of this investigation were the 15 janitors of the Leyte Normal

University.

One data gathering tool, Ipil-Ipil floor wax Acceptability Measure in the form of

a rating scale was administered to collect the data needed to test the hypotheses of this

study. The rating scale consists of five criteria of effectiveness/acceptability (i.e. color,

odor, texture, luster, general acceptability), each criterion is rated by scales ranging from

1 to 5, were 1 (dislike very much), 2 (dislike slightly), 3 (neither like nor dislike), 4 (like

moderately), and 5 (like very much). From the rating scale were taken the data needed to

test the two hypotheses.

The effectiveness/acceptability measure was administered to all 15 janitors for the

purpose of measuring their perception/perspective on the effectiveness/acceptability of

Ipil-Ipil floor wax in a concrete cemented smooth pavement.

The statistical technique used to analyze the data were the Arithmetic mean and

ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) or F-test, and a standard level of effectiveness/

acceptability at 3.00 to determine the Ipil-Ipil floor wax effectiveness/acceptability in a

concrete cemented smooth pavement. The Arithmetic mean was used to test hypothesis

one and F-test was treated to test hypothesis two of the study.

35
Conclusion

Based from the findings of this study, the following conclusions are drawn:

1. Since hypothesis one is rejected, it can be said that both the two Ipil-Ipil floor waxes

from young and mature leaves can produce an acceptable floor wax when applied in a

concrete cemented smooth pavement.

2. Based from the acceptance of hypothesis two, it can be concluded that there is no

significant difference between the acceptable Ipil-Ipil floor waxes from young and

mature leaves and the commercial floor wax in terms of effectiveness/acceptability in a

concrete cemented smooth pavement.

The results further verifies that the Ipil-Ipil floor wax is at par comparable with

the commercial floor wax and can be a potential alternative in terms of acceptability and

effectiveness of its use in a concrete smooth cemented pavement.

Implications

As a result of the findings of this investigation, the following implications are

drawn:

1. In general, the Ipil-Ipil floor wax is acceptable and can be an effective

alternative to commercial floor wax for concrete cemented smooth pavement.

2. Ipil-Ipil floor wax from young and mature leaves and commercial floor wax are

almost the same in characteristics in terms of the different criteria of effectiveness (color,

odor, texture, luster, general acceptability). Hence, household cleaners can use it as an

alternative in a concrete cemented smooth pavement.

36
Recommendation

As an offshoot of this investigation, the foregoing recommendations to use and

help improve the Ipil-Ipil floor wax attribute qualities for improved effectiveness and

acceptability are presented to the following people in the field:

Teachers and Students

Particularly those practicing the use of Ipil-Ipil leaves for polishing their

cemented floors inside the classroom should continue and observe such practice.

Parents and Community

Parents and Household cleaners can use Ipil-Ipil floor wax as alternative to

commercial floor wax for waxing and polishing cemented smooth floors.

Commercial Industries

Upon proving the effectiveness, acceptability, and comparability of Ipil-Ipil floor

waxes with the commercial floor wax, it is hereby recommended for the product-

processing sectors involve in floor wax production to try to venture on using Ipil-Ipil as

an alternative ingredient for floor wax production.

Agricultural Sectors

It is hoped that farmers and those people involve in agriculture will continue

planting and culturing the Ipil-Ipil tree.

37
Future Researchers

For further investigation, the following problems are suggested:

1. the effectiveness or acceptability of Ipil-Ipil floor wax in other types of floors

(e.g. wood)

2. a cheaper means or way of producing Ipil-Ipil floor wax

It is further recommended for other researchers to improve the existing procedure

in making Ipil-Ipil floor wax for improved effectiveness/acceptability in concrete smooth

cemented pavement.

38
 Bibliography

A. Book

Shelton, H. M. and J. L. Brewbaker, 1994. Leucaena leucocephala – the most widely

used forage tree legume. In. Forage Tree. Legumes in Tropical Agriculture. Eds.
Gutteridge, R.C. and H. M. Shelton. CAB. International. Wallingford, Oxon, UK.

B. Encyclopedias / Journals

Adeneye J.A. (1979). A note on the nutrient and mineral composition of Leucaena
leucocephala in western Nigeria. Anim. Feed Sci. Tech. 4 (3):221-225.

Aganga, A.A. and Tshwenyane, S.O., 2003. Lucerne, Lablab and Leucaena leucocephala
forages: Production and utilization for livestock production, Pakistan Journal of
Nutrition 2, 46–53

Wax. (1993). In The new encyclopaedia Britannica (Vol. 12). Chicago: Encyclopaedia
Britannica.

C. Online Sources

Duke, J. A., 1983. Handbook of Energy crops. Retrieved 2 Dec. 2010 from
<http:www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/duke-energy/ Medicago-sativa.
Html#cultivation>

Epicuticular wax. Wikipedia.org, 8 September 2010.Retrievd 4 Dec. 2010 from

<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epicuticular_wax>

Floor Polish Coatings. SpecialChem S.A., 2010. Retrieved 3 Dec. 2010 from
<http://www.specialchem4coatings.com/tc/wax/index.aspx?id=floor>

Guide to less Toxic Products. Environmental Health Association of Nova Scotia, 2004.
Retrieved 4 Dec. 2010 from<http://lesstoxicguide.ca/index.asp?fetch=household>

Larsson, Henrik, Lindahl,Mattias, Svensson, Niclas, 2009. A Comparative Study of the

Twistter method and Floor care method using polish and wax. Retrieved 3 Dec.
2010from<http://www.cleanlink.com/pdf/casestudieswhitepapers/LCATwisterby
HenrikLarsson2009.pdf>

LEUCAENA GLAUCA (Linn) Benth. IPIL - IPIL. Retrieved 3 Dec. 2010

from<http://www.bpi.da.gov.ph/Publications/mp/html/i/ipil-ipil.html>
Orwa C, Mutua A, Kindt R, Jamnadass R, Simons A. 2009. Agroforestree Database: a
tree reference and selection guide version 4.0.Retrievd 2 Dec. 2010 from
<http://www.worldagroforestry.org/af/treedb/>

Popovitch, Trish, 2008. How to make Homemade floor wax. Retrieved 3 Dec. 2010 from
<http://www.ehow.com/how_5200154_make-homemade-floor-wax.html>

Radaza, M.A. and A. Arante. Homemade Floor wax out of Waste Plastic Rappers. 16 Jul.
2008.Retrieved 3 Dec. 2010 from
<http://region10.dost.gov.ph/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=263
&Itemid=77>
APPENDICES
 APPENDIX A
Letter for Permission

Leyte Normal University

Tacloban City

January 27, 2011

Mr. Pablo Amascual
The Chief Administrative Officer

Sir:
Greetings!

We are one group of BSEd 3rd year students who is presently taking the course
Sci 158 (Research in Physical Science). One of the major requirements of the said course
is a research paper.
Presently, we are writing a research paper about “Ipil-Ipil (Leucaena
leucocephala (Lam.) de wit) As an Alternative Source of Floor wax”.
In connection to this, we would like to ask the permission from your good office
to allow us to do the following:

- conduct our data gathering inside the Leyte Normal University, preferably
securing one area of the SR AV Hall for two (2) weeks.
- ask the assistance of fifteen (15) janitors under your supervision as panellists
for two (2) weeks, specifically those assigned in or near SR building.
The data that will be gathered from the responses of the fifteen (15) trained
janitors on the effectiveness of Ipil-Ipil floor wax in a concrete cemented smooth
pavement will be a great help for this research undertaking.
We are looking forward to your favourable consideration.

Truly yours,

(Sgd.) JOHN PATRICK G. LAZARO

Group Leader
Noted by:

(Sgd.) MEL BRIAN D. BERIDA

Adviser
Action Taken:

___∕__Approved
_____Disapproved

(Sgd.) PABLO U. AMASCUAL III

Chief Administrative Officer
 APPENDIX B

Ipil-Ipil Floor wax Acceptability Rating Form

Day (1st week)

Quality 1 3 5 7 Total

attributes A B C A B C A B C A B C

Color

Odor

Texture

Luster

General

Acceptability

Total

Scale:

5 – like very much

4 – like moderately

3 – neither like nor dislike

2 – dislike slightly

1 – dislike very much

Ipil-Ipil Floor wax Acceptability Rating Form. (continued)

Day (2nd week)

Quality 9 11 13 15 Total

attributes A B C A B C A B C A B C

Color

Odor

Texture

Luster

General

Acceptability

Total

Scale:

5 – like very much

4 – like moderately

3 – neither like nor dislike

2 – dislike slightly

1 – dislike very much

 APPENDIX C
Table 1. Mean Score obtained from 15 Janitors’ responses on Ipil-Ipil floor wax and commercial floor wax
effectiveness/acceptability (1st week)
First Week
Janitor
Color Odor Texture Luster General Acceptability
A B C A B C A B C A B C A B C
1 2.5 3.8 4 1.8 3.8 3.5 3 4 5 1.3 3.3 3.5 2 3.3 4.3
2 1.8 1.5 1.8 1.5 1.8 1.8 2 2 2 2.3 2.3 2.3 2 2.3 2.3
3 3.3 2 1.8 3.5 3.3 3.3 3.8 3.8 3.8 2.8 4 4 4.3 3.3 3.3
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
5 4.8 4.5 4.5 5 4.3 4 4.8 5 4.8 5 4.5 4.5 5 4.5 4.3
6 2.8 3.3 2.5 2 3.8 2.5 4 5 3.5 3 2.3 3.5 3 4.3 2.8
7 1 4.5 3.3 1 4.3 3.8 1.8 3.8 4 1.3 3.5 4.5 2.5 4.3 3.8
8 2.3 2 2 1.8 2.3 2.3 1.5 2.3 1.8 2.8 2.3 2 2.5 2.8 2.5
9 2.8 2.2 2.2 2.8 2.2 2.2 2.8 2.2 2.2 2.8 2.2 2.2 2.8 2.2 2.2
10 3.8 3.3 4.5 3.3 3.5 3.5 3.8 3.5 3.3 3.3 2.8 3 4 2.5 3.3
11 3 3.3 2 2.3 2 2 3.3 3.3 2.8 2.8 2.5 2.5 2 3 3.3
12 4.3 4 4.3 4.8 4 4 4 3.8 4 4.3 4.3 3.3 4.3 4 4.5
13 3.5 4.8 3.5 2.8 3.8 3.8 5 3.5 4 3.3 3.8 4.3 3.3 4.5 3.3
14 3.8 2.5 2.5 3.8 3.3 3.3 3 3.3 2.8 3.3 3 2.5 2.3 2.5 3.3
15 4 3.3 2.3 3.3 1.3 1.3 3.5 4.3 2.8 3.3 2.5 2.3 5 2.3 2.5
Total 47.7 49 45.2 43.7 47.7 45.3 50.3 53.8 50.8 45.6 47.3 48.4 49 49.8 49.7
Mean 3.18 3.26667 3.01333 2.91333 3.18 3.02 3.35333 3.58667 3.38667 3.04 3.15333 3.22667 3.26667 3.32 3.31333
A – Commercial floor wax C – Ipil –Ipil floor wax (mature leaves)
B – Ipil-Ipil floor wax (young leaves)
Table 2. Mean Score obtained from 15 Janitors’ responses on Ipil-Ipil floor wax and commercial floor wax
effectiveness/acceptability (2nd week)

First Week
Janitor
Color Odor Texture Luster General Acceptability
A B C A B C A B C A B C A B C
1 2.5 3.8 4 1.8 3.8 3.5 3 4 5 1.3 3.3 3.5 2 3.3 4.3
2 1.8 1.5 1.8 1.5 1.8 1.8 2 2 2 2.3 2.3 2.3 2 2.3 2.3
3 3.3 2 1.8 3.5 3.3 3.3 3.8 3.8 3.8 2.8 4 4 4.3 3.3 3.3
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
5 4.8 4.5 4.5 5 4.3 4 4.8 5 4.8 5 4.5 4.5 5 4.5 4.3
6 2.8 3.3 2.5 2 3.8 2.5 4 5 3.5 3 2.3 3.5 3 4.3 2.8
7 1 4.5 3.3 1 4.3 3.8 1.8 3.8 4 1.3 3.5 4.5 2.5 4.3 3.8
8 2.3 2 2 1.8 2.3 2.3 1.5 2.3 1.8 2.8 2.3 2 2.5 2.8 2.5
9 2.8 2.2 2.2 2.8 2.2 2.2 2.8 2.2 2.2 2.8 2.2 2.2 2.8 2.2 2.2
10 3.8 3.3 4.5 3.3 3.5 3.5 3.8 3.5 3.3 3.3 2.8 3 4 2.5 3.3
11 3 3.3 2 2.3 2 2 3.3 3.3 2.8 2.8 2.5 2.5 2 3 3.3
12 4.3 4 4.3 4.8 4 4 4 3.8 4 4.3 4.3 3.3 4.3 4 4.5
13 3.5 4.8 3.5 2.8 3.8 3.8 5 3.5 4 3.3 3.8 4.3 3.3 4.5 3.3
14 3.8 2.5 2.5 3.8 3.3 3.3 3 3.3 2.8 3.3 3 2.5 2.3 2.5 3.3
15 4 3.3 2.3 3.3 1.3 1.3 3.5 4.3 2.8 3.3 2.5 2.3 5 2.3 2.5
Total 47.7 49 45.2 43.7 47.7 45.3 50.3 53.8 50.8 45.6 47.3 48.4 49 49.8 49.7
Mean 3.18 3.26667 3.01333 2.91333 3.18 3.02 3.35333 3.58667 3.38667 3.04 3.15333 3.22667 3.26667 3.32 3.31333
A – Commercial floor wax C – Ipil –Ipil floor wax (mature leaves)
B – Ipil-Ipil floor wax (young leaves)
Table 3. Overall Mean Score obtained from 15 Janitors’ responses on Ipil-Ipil floor wax and commercial floor wax
effectiveness/acceptability for two (2) weeks

Criteria of Acceptability/Effectiveness
Color Odor Texture Luster General Acceptability
A B C A B C A B C A B C A B C
Mean (1st week) 3.18 3.266667 3.013333 2.913333 3.18 3.02 3.353333 3.586667 3.386667 3.04 3.153333 3.226667 3.266667 3.32 3.313333
Mean (2nd week) 3.2666667 3.5166667 3.1833333 3.2 3.4166667 3.25 3.4833333 3.5333333 3.28333333 3.29 3.7 3.55 4.3 3.56666667 3.56666667
Over all mean 3.2233333 3.3916668 3.0983332 3.0566665 3.2983333 3.135 3.4183332 3.5600002 3.33500017 3.165 3.4266665 3.3883335 3.7833335 3.44333333 3.43999983

A – Commercial floor wax C – Ipil –Ipil floor wax (mature leaves)

B – Ipil-Ipil floor wax (young leaves)
Table 4. Multiple Comparisons of the Ipil-Ipil floor waxes and Commercial floor
wax based on Color Rating.

95% Confidence Interval

Mean
(I) (J) Difference
Colors Colors (I-J) Std. Error Sig. Lower Bound Upper Bound
Color A Color B -.17467 .26990 .521 -.7193 .3700
Color C .11733 .26990 .666 -.4273 .6620
Color B Color A .17467 .26990 .521 -.3700 .7193
Color C .29200 .26990 .285 -.2527 .8367
Color C Color A -.11733 .26990 .666 -.6620 .4273
Color B -.29200 .26990 .285 -.8367 .2527

A – Commercial floor wax * Significant at 0.05 level

B – Ipil-Ipil floor wax (young leaves)

C – Ipil-Ipil floor wax (mature leaves)

ANOVA (Color Rating)

Sum of
Squares df Mean Square F Sig.
Between Groups .648 2 .324 .593 .557
Within Groups 22.946 42 .546
Total 23.593 44
 Table 5. Multiple Comparisons of the Ipil-Ipil floor waxes and Commercial floor
wax based on Odor Rating.

95% Confidence Interval

(I) (J) Mean Std.
Odors Odors Difference (I-J) Error Sig. Lower Bound Upper Bound
Odor A Odor B -.27467 .27621 .326 -.8321 .2827
Odor C -.28400 .27621 .310 -.8414 .2734
Odor B Odor A .27467 .27621 .326 -.2827 .8321
Odor C -.00933 .27621 .973 -.5667 .5481
Odor C Odor A .28400 .27621 .310 -.2734 .8414
Odor B .00933 .27621 .973 -.5481 .5667

A – Commercial floor wax * Significant at 0.05 level

B – Ipil-Ipil floor wax (young leaves)
C – Ipil-Ipil floor wax (mature leaves)

ANOVA (Odors Rating)

Sum of
Squares df Mean Square F Sig.
Between Groups .781 2 .390 .682 .511
Within Groups 24.031 42 .572
Total 24.812 44
Table 6. Multiple Comparisons of the Ipil-Ipil floor waxes and Commercial floor
wax based on Texture Rating.

95% Confidence Interval

(I) (J) Mean Std.
Texture Texture Difference (I-J) Error Sig. Lower Bound Upper Bound
Texture A Texture B .02667 .27653 .924 -.5314 .5847
Texture C .03400 .27653 .903 -.5241 .5921
Texture B Texture A -.02667 .27653 .924 -.5847 .5314
Texture C .00733 .27653 .979 -.5507 .5654
Texture C Texture A -.03400 .27653 .903 -.5921 .5241
Texture B -.00733 .27653 .979 -.5654 .5507

A – Commercial floor wax * Significant at 0.05 level

B – Ipil-Ipil floor wax (young leaves)
C – Ipil-Ipil floor wax (mature leaves)

ANOVA ( Texture Rating)

Sum of
Squares df Mean Square F Sig.
Between Groups .010 2 .005 .008 .992
Within Groups 24.088 42 .574
Total 24.098 44
Table 7. Multiple Comparisons of the Ipil-Ipil floor waxes and Commercial floor
wax based on Luster Rating.

95% Confidence Interval

Mean Std.
(I) Luster (J) Luster Difference (I-J) Error Sig. Lower Bound Upper Bound
Luster A Luster B -.27533 .25407 .285 -.7881 .2374
Luster C -.24333 .25407 .344 -.7561 .2694
Luster B Luster A .27533 .25407 .285 -.2374 .7881
Luster C .03200 .25407 .900 -.4807 .5447
Luster C Luster A .24333 .25407 .344 -.2694 .7561
Luster B -.03200 .25407 .900 -.5447 .4807

A – Commercial floor wax * Significant at 0.05 level

B – Ipil-Ipil floor wax (young leaves)
C – Ipil-Ipil floor wax (mature leaves)

ANOVA (Luster Rating)

Sum of
Squares df Mean Square F Sig.
Between Groups .680 2 .340 .702 .501
Within Groups 20.334 42 .484
Total 21.014 44
Table 8. Multiple Comparisons of the Ipil-Ipil floor waxes and Commercial floor
wax based on General Acceptability Rating.

95% Confidence Interval

Mean
Difference Std. Lower
(I) Accept (J) Accept (I-J) Error Sig. Bound Upper Bound
Acceptability Acceptability .29267 .25789 .263 -.2278 .8131
A B
Acceptability .30667 .25789 .241 -.2138 .8271
C
Acceptability Acceptability -.29267 .25789 .263 -.8131 .2278
B A
Acceptability .01400 .25789 .957 -.5064 .5344
C
Acceptability Acceptability -.30667 .25789 .241 -.8271 .2138
C A
Acceptability -.01400 .25789 .957 -.5344 .5064
B

A – Commercial floor wax * Significant at 0.05 level

B – Ipil-Ipil floor wax (young leaves)
C – Ipil-Ipil floor wax (mature leaves)

ANOVA(General Acceptability Rating)

Sum of
Squares df Mean Square F Sig.
Between Groups .899 2 .450 .902 .414
Within Groups 20.950 42 .499
Total 21.849 44
 APPENDIX D

Materials, Equipment and Samples

Figure 2. Materials and Equipment Figure 3. Double Boiler

Figure 4. Sample Ipil-Ipil leaves - (A) 200g young leaves, (B) 200g mature Leaves
 APPENDIX E

Ipil-Ipil Floor wax Production Process

Figure 5. Removing young Ipil-Ipil Figure 6. Removing mature Ipil-Ipil

leaves from stems leaves from stems

Figure 7. Preparing mixture for Ipil - Ipil floor wax

 APPENDIX F

Results after Applying the Commercial Floor wax (A), Ipil-Ipil Floor wax from
young leaves (B) and Ipil-Ipil floor wax from mature leaves (C) in a concrete
cemented smooth pavement

Figure 8. Commercial Floor wax (A) Figure 9. Ipil-Ipil Floor wax from
young leaves (B)

Figure 10. Ipil-Ipil Floor wax from mature leaves (C)

Figure 11. A and B Figure 12. B and C

Figure 13. A, B and C