Lucie Gray-Miller

October 9,2019
Chemistry

Periodic trends
Electronegativity:
- The ability of an atom to attract electrons that are shared with another atom in a bond.
- Vertically down the periodic table the electronegativity decreases because the shared
electrons are further from the nucleus
- Across the periodic table (LtoR) the electronegativity increases
- Top right is the most electronegative, bottom left is least, (except for noble gases they are
excluded from electronegativity)

Properties of groups/families (columns):

 First column: Alkali metals
o They all have the same number of valence electrons; one.
o They have a +1 ion
o Hydrogen is the exception because even though it has one valence electron that is
the only similarity (as hydrogen is not a metal)
o Soft and react explosively with water.
o Most reactive
o When mixed with water they for alkaline (basic) solutions
o Because they are so reactive, they are stored in oil.
o Combine with oxygen in a 2:1 and Chlorine in 1:1
 Second column: Alkaline Earth metals
o A lot in common with Alkali metals
o Form a +2 ions
o 2 valence electrons
o All are metals
o Are reactive but not as much as Alkali metals
o React with water and form a basic solution
o Combine with oxygen in a 1:1 and Chlorine in 2:1
 In the middle: Transition metals
o Almost all the d block (2 exceptions, silver and zinc) and some p block (Tin, lead,
gallium)
o They can form multiple ions but always cations (+)
o Silver is +1, and zinc is +2
o They have 2 valence electrons
 2 to the right: Halogens
nd

o All have 7 valence electrons

o Many are gases at room temp
o Toxic
 o Diatomic
 Diatomic elements are ones that are not found as single ions in their pure
form- if not bonded too another element, they will always occur in
molecules composed of two atoms
 Noble gases
o All have 8 valence electrons
o Don’t react because of these 8 valence electrons (they are inert)
o They don’t bond either

On NCS periodic table ONLY:

 Yellow is metal
 Purple is non-metal
 White is semi-metals (metalloids)

Metal vs. Non-Metals:

Metals:
 Metals are shiny
 Good conductors
 Most metals are solid (except for mercury which is a liquid)
 Malleable (they can bent/shaped)
 Forms cations (positive ions)
 Generally hard

Non-Metals:
 Almost every non-metals forms and anion (negative ion) except for hydrogen
 Majority are gases
 In general their characteristics are opposites to metals