Tralala

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7–1. As the top plate is pulled to the right with a constant U

velocity U, the fluid between the plates has a linear velocity
distribution as shown. Determine the rate of rotation of a fluid
element and the shear-strain rate of the element located at y. u h
y
Solution U
We consider steady flow of an ideal fluid.

Referring to the velocity profile shown in Fig. a, u
h
u U U
= ; u = y y
y h h
And
(a)
v = 0
. We or
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
The rate of rotation or average angular velocity of the fluid element is
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
1 0v 0u 1 u U U
an on in rs h
vz = a - b = a0 - b = - = b Ans.
k g rn to rig
2 0x 0y 2 h 2h 2h
or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
The rate of shear strain is

th inc de f i es
# 0v 0u U
of rk ( stu e o tat
gxy = + = Ans.
ity o g us d S
0x 0y h
te is ss th ite
in f th se for Un
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
an his
e
T
Ans:
U
vz =
2h
#
gxy =
U
h
722
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently
7–2. A flow is defined by its velocity components y

u = 1 4x2 + 4y2 2 m>s and v = ( -8xy) m>s, where x and y
are in meters. Determine if the flow is irrotational. What is
C B
the circulation around the rectangular region?
0.4 m
x
O A
0.3 m
Solution
We consider ideal fluid flow.
0v 0
. We or
= ( -8xy) = -8y
0x 0x
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
0u 0
t p or em ch
( 4x2 + 4y2 ) = 8y
d th g. in t la
=
0y 0y
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
1 0v 0u 1
vz = a - b = ( - 8y - 8y) = -8y
or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
2 0x 0y 2
e lu nt ns co
th inc de f i es
Since vz ≠ 0, the flow is rotational. Along edge OA, y = 0. Then

of rk ( stu e o tat
ity o g us d S
u OA = 4x2 + 4 ( 02 ) = ( 4x2 ) m>s

te is ss th ite
in f th se for Un
Along edge AB, x = 0.3 m. Then

gr w in e
th t o a ly by
vAB = - 8(0.3)y = ( - 2.4y) m>s

y ar d le d
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
Along edge BC, y = 0.4 m. Then

de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
u BC = 4x2 + 4 ( 0.42 ) = ( 4x2 + 0.64 ) m>s

w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
Along edge CO, x = 0. Then

an his
e
T
vCO = - 8(0)y = 0
Here, uOA and vAB are directed in the positive sense of dx and dy, respectively.
uOA # dx and vAB # dy, are positive. However, uBC # dx and vCO # dy
C C C C
Thus,
are negative since uBC and vCO are directed in the negative sense of dx and dy,
respectively.
V # ds = uOA # dx + vAB # dy - uBC # dx - vCO # dy

C C C C C
Γ =
0.3 m 0.4 m 0.3 m
L0 L0 L0
= 4x2dx + ( -2.4y)dy - ( 4x2 + 0.64 ) dx - 0
4 3 0.3 m 0.4 m
4 0.3 m
= x ` - 1.2y2 ` - a x3 + 0.64xb `
3 0 0 3 0
= -0.384 m2 >s Ans.
Ans:
- 0.384 m2 >s
723
7–3. A uniform flow V is directed at an angle u to the

horizontal as shown. Determine the circulation around the 0.3 m
C B
rectangular region.
0.5 m
V
A
O
Solution
We consider ideal fluid flow. 30˚
The component of V along edges OA and BC is
u = V cos u
. We or
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
30˚
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
and the component of U along edges AB and CO is
d th g. in t la
30˚
an on in rs h
v = V sin u
k g rn to rig
or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
30˚
e lu nt ns co
Here, u and v are directed in the same sense as dsOA and d AB , respectively. Thus,
th inc de f i es
u # ds BC and v # ds CO are negative since u and v are directed in the opposite

C C
of rk ( stu e o tat
ity o g us d S
sense to that of ds BC and ds CO, respectively. Thus, the circulation can be determined as
te is ss th ite
in f th se for Un
V # ds = u # ds OA + v # ds AB - u # ds BC - v # ds CO
C C C C C
gr w in e
Γ =
th t o a ly by
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
0.3 m 0.5 m 0.3 m 0.5 m
L0 L0 L0 L0
st ny s d s ec
= V cos udsOA + V sin udsAB - V cos udsBC - V sin udsCO

de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
= 0 Ans.
w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
Note: The irrotational flow always produces Γ = 0. In this case, this result is to be
an his
expected since the flow is irrotational.

T
Ans:
Γ = 0
724
*7–4. The velocity within the eye of a tornado is defined

by vr = 0, vu = (0.2r) m>s, where r is in meters. Determine
the circulation at r = 60 m and at r = 80 m.
60 m
80 m
Solution
Since vu is always tangent to the circle, v # ds = vu ds. For r = 60 m,
vu = 0.2(60) m>s = 12 m>s and ds = rdu = 60du.
. We or
2p 2p
m W ina g
V # ds =
C L0 L0
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
Γr = 60 m = 12(60du) = 720u 2p 2
0 = 1440p m >s Ans.
itt id tio
vuds =
is e D t w
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
an on in rs h
For r = 80 m, vu = 0.2(80) m>s = 16 m>s, and ds = rdu = 80du.
k g rn to rig
or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
2p 2p
e lu nt ns co
V # ds =
C L0 L0
Γr = 80 m = vuds = 16(80du) = 1280u 2p 2
0 = 2560p m >s Ans.
th inc de f i es
of rk ( stu e o tat
ity o g us d S
te is ss th ite
in f th se for Un
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
an his
e
T
725
7–5. Consider the fluid element that has dimensions in polar D C

coordinates as shown and whose boundaries are defined by v dv
the streamlines with velocities v and v + dv. Show that the dr
vorticity for the flow is given by z = - 1 v>r + dv>dr 2 .
v
A B
r
u
Solution
The circulation of the flow around element ABCD can be determined from
V # ds
C
. We or
Γ =
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
= vSAB + (v + dv)( - SCD)
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
= v(r∆u) + (v + dv) 3 - (r + dr)∆u 4
or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
= - vdr∆u - rdv∆u - dvdr∆u

th inc de f i es
Neglect the second order terms

of rk ( stu e o tat
ity o g us d S
Γ = - vdr∆u - rdv∆u = - ∆u(vdr + rdv)

te is ss th ite
The area of the element, again, neglecting higher-order terms, is

in f th se for Un
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
A = (r∆u)dr
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
Thus, the vorticity is

st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
Γ - ∆u(vdr + rdv)
s
ill o u vi pr
z = =
A (r∆u)dr
w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
v dv
= -a + b (Q.E.D)
an his
r dr
e
T
726
7–6. Determine the stream and potential functions for the y

two-dimensional flow field if V0 and u are known.
V0
x
Solution
The velocity components are
u = V0 cos u0 v = V0 sin u0
0u 0v
Since the continuity equation + = 0 + 0 = 0 is satisfied, the establishment
0x 0y
of a stream function is possible using the velocity components,
0c 0c
= u; = V0 cos u0
. We or
0y 0y
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
Integrating this equation with respect to y,
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
c = (V0 cos u0)y + f(x) (1)
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
Also, or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
0c 0
e lu nt ns co
- = v; - 3 ( V0 cos u0 ) y + f(x) 4 = V0 sin u0

0x 0x
th inc de f i es
of rk ( stu e o tat
0
3f(x) 4 = -V0 sin u0
ity o g us d S
0x
te is ss th ite
Integrating this equation with respect to x,

in f th se for Un
gr w in e
f(x) = ( - V0 sin u0)x + C

th t o a ly by
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
Setting C = 0 and substituting this result into Eq. (1),

st ny s d s ec
c = ( V0 cos u0 ) y - ( V0 sin u0 ) x
de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
c = V0 3 ( cos u0 ) y - ( sin u0 ) x 4
w le co ro is
Ans.
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
1 0v 0u 1
Since, vz = a - b = (0 - 0) = 0, the flow is indeed irrotational. Thus, the
an his
2 0x 0y 2
T
potential function exists.

Using the velocity components,
0f 0f
= u; = V0 cos u0
0x 0x
f = ( V0 cos u0 ) x + f(y) (1)
Also,
0f 0
= v; 3 V0 cos u0x + f(y) 4 = V0 sin u0
0y 0y
0
3f(y) 4 = V0 sin u0
0y
f(y) = ( V0 sin u0 ) y + C
Setting C = 0 and substituting this result into Eq. 1,
Ans:
f = ( V0 cos u0 ) x + ( V0 sin u0 ) y c = V0 3(cos u0)y - (sin u0)x4
f = V0 3 ( cos u0 ) x + ( sin u0 ) y 4 Ans. f = V0 3(cos u0)x + (sin u0)y4
727
7–7. A two-dimensional flow is described by the stream

function c = 1 xy3 - x3y 2 m2 >s, where x and y are in
meters. Show that the continuity condition is satisfied and
determine if the flow is rotational or irrotational.
Solution
0c 0
u = = ( xy3 - x3y ) = ( 3xy2 - x3 ) m>s
0y 0y
0c 0
v = - = ( xy3 - x3y ) = - ( y3 - 3x2y ) m>s = ( 3x2y - y3 ) m>s
0x 0x
Then,
0u 0
. We or
= ( 3xy2 - x3 ) = ( 3y2 - 3x2 ) s-1
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
0x 0x
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
0v 0
= ( 3x2y - y3 ) = ( 3x2 - 3y2 ) s-1
an on in rs h
0y 0y
k g rn to rig
or in a uc y
w d le tr p
0u 0
er ld
e lu nt ns co
= ( 3xy2 - x3 ) = 6xy s-1

0y 0y
th inc de f i es
of rk ( stu e o tat
0v 0
( 3x2y - y3 ) = 6xy s-1
ity o g us d S
=
0x 0x
te is ss th ite
in f th se for Un
This gives,
gr w in e
0u 0v
th t o a ly by
+ = 3y2 - 3x2 + 3x2 - 3y2 = 0

0x 0y
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
Thus, the flow field satisfies the continuity condition,

de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
1 0v 0u
w le co ro is
vz = a - b
sa eir is p rk
2 0x 0y
th d wo
1
an his
( 6xy - 6xy ) = 0
e
=
2
T
The flow field is irrotational since vz = 0. Ans.
Ans:
irrotational
728
*7–8. If the stream function for a flow is c = (3x + 2y),

where x and y are in meters, determine the potential
function and the magnitude of the velocity of a fluid particle
at point (1 m, 2 m).
Solution
0c 0
u = = (3x + 2y) = 2 m>s
0y 0y
. We or
0c 0
m W ina g
v = - = - (3x + 2y) = - 3 m>s
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
0x 0x
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
Since u and v are constant, the magnitude of the flow velocity at any point in the
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
flow field is the same and is given by or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
V = 2u2 + v2 = 2(2 m>s)2 + ( - 3 m>s)2

th inc de f i es
= 3.606 m>s = 3.61 m>s Ans.

of rk ( stu e o tat
ity o g us d S
Applying,
te is ss th ite
0f 0f
in f th se for Un
u = ; 2 =
gr w in e
0x 0x
th t o a ly by
y ar d le d
Integrating with respect to x,

ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
f = 2x + f(y)
de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
Substituting this result into,

w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
0f 0
th d wo
v = ; - 3 = [2x + f(y)]

0y 0y
an his
0
T
-3 = 0 + [f(y)]
0y
Integrating with respect to y,

f(y) = - 3y + C
Setting C = 0, thus
f = 2x - 3y Ans.
729
7–9. The velocity profile of a very thick liquid flowing y

along the channel of constant width is approximated as u (3y2) mm/s
u = 13y2 2 mm>s, where y is in millimeters. Determine the
stream function for the flow and plot the streamlines for
c0 = 0, c1 = 1 mm2 >s, and c2 = 2 mm2 >s. 10 mm
Solution
The x and y components of the constant flow velocity are
u = ( 3y2 ) mm>s v = 0
. We or
0c 0c
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
; 3y2 =
no W iss ea s
u =
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
0y 0y
d th g. in t la
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
or in a uc y
w d le tr p
c = y3 + f(x)
er ld
e lu nt ns co
th inc de f i es
0c 0
v = - ; 0 = - 3 y3 + f(x) 4
of rk ( stu e o tat
0x 0x
ity o g us d S
0
te is ss th ite
0 = [f(x)]
in f th se for Un
0x
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
Integrating with respect to x

y ar d le d
f(x) = C
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
Thus,
de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
c = y3 + C
w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
Setting C = 0,
an his
c = y3 Ans.
T
c0 = 0, y = 0
c1 = 1, y = 1
c2 = 2, y = 1.26
1.26 c2 = 2
1 c1 = 1
x
0 c0 = 0
Ans:
c = y3
730
7–10. The velocity profile of a very thick liquid flowing y

along the channel of constant width is approximated as u (3y2) mm/s
u = 13y2 2 mm>s, where y is in millimeters. Is it possible to
determine the potential function for the flow? If so, what is it?
10 mm
Solution
. We or
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
The x and y components of flow velocity are
d th g. in t la
an on in rs h
u = ( 3y2 ) mm>s v = 0
k g rn to rig
or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
Here,
e lu nt ns co
0v
th inc de f i es
= 0
0x
of rk ( stu e o tat
ity o g us d S
0u 0
= ( 3y2 ) = (6y) rad>s
te is ss th ite
0y 0y
in f th se for Un
gr w in e
1 0v 0u 1
th t o a ly by
vz = a - b = (0 - 6y) = -3y
2 0x 0y 2
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
Since vz ≠ 0, the flow is rotational. Thus, the potential function cannot be established
de f a rse de ot
since it requires the flow to be irrotational.

s
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
an his
e
T
Ans:
f cannot be established.
731
7–11. The liquid confined between two plates is assumed A 1.2 m/s
to have a linear velocity distribution as shown. Determine
the stream function. Does the potential function exist?
10 mm
B
0.2 m/s
Solution 1.2 m s
. We or
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
u
t p or em ch
From the geometry of Fig. a, the x component of velocity is
d th g. in t la
an on in rs h
u - 0.2 1.2 - 0.2
k g rn to rig
= ; u = (100y + 0.2) m>s
or in a uc y 0.01 m
y 0.01
w d le tr p
er ld
y
e lu nt ns co
Also, since the velocity distribution is directed along the x axis, v = 0.

th inc de f i es
of rk ( stu e o tat
0c 0c
ity o g us d S
u = ; 100y + 0.2 =
0y 0y 0.2 m s
te is ss th ite
(a)
in f th se for Un

gr w in e
th t o a ly by
c = 50y2 + 0.2y + f(x)

y ar d le d
ro p an o te

st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
0c 0
s
ill o u vi pr
v = - ; 0 = - 3 50y2 + 0.2y + f(x) 4

0x 0x
w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
0
th d wo
[f(x)] = 0
0x
an his
e
T

f(x) = C
Setting this constant equal to zero,
c = 50y2 + 0.2y Ans.
Here
0v 0u 0
= 0; = (100y + 0.2) = 100 rad>s
0x 0y 0y
Thus,
1 0v 0u 1
vz = a - b = (0 - 100) = -50 rad>s
2 0x 0y 2
Since vz ≠ 0, the flow is rotational. Therefore, it is not possible to establish the
potential function.
Ans:
c = 50y2 + 0.2y, f cannot be established.
732
*7–12. The liquid confined between two plates is assumed A 1.2 m/s
to have a linear velocity distribution as shown. If the
pressure at the top surface of the bottom plate is 600 N>m2,
detemine the pressure at the bottom surface of the top 10 mm
plate. Take r = 1.2 Mg>m3.
B
0.2 m/s
Solution 1.2 m s

u
From the geometry of Fig. a, the x component of velocity is
u - 0.2 1.2 - 0.2
= ; u = (100y + 0.2) m>s 0.01 m
y 0.01
y
Also, since the velocity distribution is directed along the x axis, v = 0. Here,
0v 0u 0
= 0; = (100y + 0.2) = 100 rad>s
0x 0y 0y 0.2 m s
. We or
(a)
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
1 0v 0u 1
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
vz = a - b = (0 - 100) = - 50 rad>s
is e D t w
t p or em ch
2 0x 0y 2
d th g. in t la
an on in rs h
Since vz ≠ 0, the flow is rotational. Thus, the Bernoulli equation can not be applied
k g rn to rig
or in a uc y
at points A and B. Instead, we will first apply the Euler equation along the x axis,
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
0u 0 0u 0
with = 100y + 0.2 = 0 and = (100y + 0.2) = 100 rad>s,
th inc de f i es
0x 0x 0y 0y
of rk ( stu e o tat
ity o g us d S
1 0p 0u 0u
- = u + v
te is ss th ite
r 0x 0x 0y
in f th se for Un
1 0
gr w in e
- 3 - rgy + f(x) 4 = 0 + 0 = 0
th t o a ly by
r 0x
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
0
st ny s d s ec
[f(x)] = 0
de f a rse de ot
0x
s
ill o u vi pr

w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
f(x) = C
th d wo
an his
Thus,
T
p = - rgy + C
At point B, y = 0 and p = 600 N>m2. Then,

N
600 = - 1.2 ( 103 )( 9.81 m>s2 ) (0) + C
m2
N
C = 600
m2
Thus,
N
p = ( - rgy + 600)
m2
At point A, y = 0.01 m. Then,
N
pA = 3 - 1.2 ( 103 )( 9.81 m>s2 ) (0.01 m) + 600 4
m2
N
= 482.28 = 482 Pa Ans.
m2
733
7–13. A two-dimensional flow has a y component of

velocity of v = (4y) ft>s, where y is in feet. If the flow is
ideal, determine the x component of velocity and find the
magnitude of the velocity at the point x = 4 ft, y = 3 ft.
The velocity of the flow at the origin is zero.
Solution
In order to satisfy the continuity condition,
0u 0v
+ = 0
0x 0y
Here,
0v 0
= (4y) = 4 s-1
0y 0y
. We or
Then,
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
0u
d th g. in t la
+ 4 = 0
0x
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
0u or in a uc y
w d le tr p
= -4
er ld
e lu nt ns co
0x
th inc de f i es

of rk ( stu e o tat
ity o g us d S
u = - 4x + f(y)
te is ss th ite
Since ideal flow is irrotational,

in f th se for Un
gr w in e
0v 0u
th t o a ly by
- = 0
0x 0y
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
0v 0(4y)
st ny s d s ec
and since = = 0,
de f a rse de ot
0x 0x
s
ill o u vi pr
0u
= 0
w le co ro is
0y
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
u = g(x)
an his
Thus,
T
u = ( - 4x) ft>s Ans.
At x = 4 ft and y = 3 ft,
u = - 4(4) = - 16 ft>s v = 4(3) = 12 ft>s
V = 2u2 + v2 = 2 ( - 16 ft>s ) 2 + ( 12 ft>s ) 2 = 20 ft>s Ans.
Ans:
u = ( - 4x) ft>s
V = 20 ft>s
734
7–14. A two-dimensional flow field is defined by its

components u = (3y) m>s and v = (9x) m>s, where x and
y are in meters. Determine if the flow is rotational or
irrotational, and show that the continuity condition for the
flow is satisfied. Also, find the stream function and the
equation of the streamline that passes through point
(4 m, 3 m). Plot this streamline.
Solution y
We consider ideal fluid flow. 3

0v 0
= (9x) = 9 rad>s
0x 0x
0u 0
= (3y) = 3 rad>s x
0y 0y
3.61 4
0u 0
= (3y) = 0
0x 0x
0v 0
= (9x) = 0
. We or
0y 0y
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
Thus,
is e D t w
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
1 0v 0u 1
an on in rs h
vz = a - b = (9 - 3) = 3 rad>s
k g rn to rig
2 0x 0y 2
or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
Since vz ≠ 0, the flow is rotational. Also, Ans.

th inc de f i es
0u 0v
of rk ( stu e o tat
+ = 0 + 0 = 0
0x 0y
ity o g us d S
te is ss th ite
The flow satisfies the continuity condition. Thus,

in f th se for Un
0c 0c
gr w in e
u = ; 3y =
th t o a ly by
0y 0y
y ar d le d
ro p an o te

st ny s d s ec
3 2
de f a rse de ot
y + f(x)
s
c =
ill o u vi pr
2
w le co ro is
Substituting this result into

sa eir is p rk
th d wo
0c 0 3
v = - ; 9x = - c y2 + f(x) d
an his
0x 0x 2
T
0
- 9x = 0 + 3f(x) 4
0x
9
f(x) = - x2 + C
2
Thus, setting C = 0,
3 9 1
c = y2 + a - x2 + C b = ( 3y2 - 9x2 ) Ans.
2 2 2
From the slope of the stream function,
dy v 9x 3x
= = =
dx u 3y y
y x
L3 m L4 m
ydy = 3xdx
y2 y 3 x Ans:
` = x2 ` rotational
2 3m 2 4m
1
c = 1 3y2 - 9x2 2
y2 = 3x2 - 39 2
y = 23x2 - 39 Ans. y = 23x2 - 39
735
7–15. Water flow through the horizontal channel is y

defined by the stream function c = 2 1 x2 - y2 2 m2 >s. If the B
pressure at B is atmospheric, determine the pressure at
point (0.5 m, 0) and the flow per unit depth in m2 >s.
c0
1.5 m
c 0.5 m2/s
Solution
We consider ideal fluid flow. x
The velocity components are A
0c 0c 1.5 m
u = = ( -4y) m>s v = - = ( - 4x) m>s
0y 0x
0u 0v
The continuity equation + = 0 + 0 = 0 is indeed satisfied.
0x 0y
At point A (0.5 m, 0),
. We or
uA = 0 vA = - 4(0.5) = - 2 m>s
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
Thus,
d th g. in t la
VA = vA = - 2 m>s
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
At point B (1.5 m, 1.5 m),
or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
u B = - 4(1.5) = -6 m>s vB = - 4(1.5) = - 6 m>s

th inc de f i es
of rk ( stu e o tat
Thus,
ity o g us d S
VB = 2uB2 + vB2 = 2 ( - 6 m>s ) 2 + ( - 6 m>s ) 2 = 272 m>s = 8.485 m>s

te is ss th ite
in f th se for Un
gr w in e
1 0v 0u 1
th t o a ly by
Since vz = a - b = 3 - 4 - ( -4) 4 = 0, the flow is irrotational. Thus,

2 0x 0y 2
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
Bernoulli’s equation can be applied between two points on the different streamlines
st ny s d s ec
such as points A and B.

de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
pA VA2 pB VB2
w le co ro is
= + gzA = = + gzB
sa eir is p rk
rw 2 rw 2
th d wo
Since the flow occurs in the horizontal plane, zA = zB. Also, pB = patm = 0.
an his
e
T
pA ( 2 m>s ) 2 ( 8.485 m>s ) 2

+ = 0 +
1000 kg>m3 2 2
pA = 34 ( 103 ) Pa = 34 kPa Ans.
The flow per unit depth is
c2 - c1 = 0.5 m2 >s - 0 = 0.5 m2 >s Ans.
Ans:
pA = 34 kPa
c2 - c1 = 0.5 m2 >s
736
*7–16. A flow field is defined by the stream function y

c = 2 1 x2 - y2 2 m2 >s, where x and y are in meters.
Determine the flow per unit depth in m2 >s that occurs
through AB, CB, and AC as shown.
C B
3m
A x
4m
Solution
At point A, x = 0, y = 0. Thus,
cA = 2 ( 02 - 02 ) = 0
. We or
At point B, x = 4 m, y = 3 m. Thus
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
cB = 2 ( 42 - 32 ) = 14 m2 >s
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
At point C, x = 0, y = 3 m
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
cC = 2 ( 02 - 32 ) = - 18 m2 >s
or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
The flow rates per unit depth through AB, BC, and AC are
th inc de f i es
qAB = cB - cA = 14 m2 >s - 0 = 14 m2 >s Ans.

of rk ( stu e o tat
ity o g us d S
qBC = cB - cC = 14 m >s - 2
( - 18 m >s ) = 32 m >s
2 2
Ans.
te is ss th ite
qAC = cA - cC = 0 - ( - 18 m2 >s ) = 18 m2 >s Ans.

in f th se for Un
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
Note that the flow satisfies the continuity condition through ABC since
y ar d le d
ΣV # A = 0 - qBC + qAB + qAC = - 32 m2 >s + 14 m2 >s + 18 m2 >s = 0

ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
an his
e
T
737
7–17. A fluid has the velocity components shown. y

Determine the stream and potential functions. Plot the
streamline for c0 = 0, c1 = 1 m2 >s, and c2 = 2 m2 >s.
4 m/s
3 m/s
Solution x

Here, the flow velocity has constant x and y components. ψ2 = 2 m2 s
y ψ1 = 1 m2 s
u = 4 m>s v = 3 m>s ψ0 = 0
Applying
0c 0c
u = ; 4 = 0.5
. We or
0y 0y
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
0.25
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
x
c = 4y + f(x)
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
Substituting this result into or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
0c 0
v = - ; 3 = 34y + f(x) 4
th inc de f i es
0x 0x
of rk ( stu e o tat
0
ity o g us d S
3 = -0 - 3f(x) 4
0x
te is ss th ite
in f th se for Un
0
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
3f(x) 4 = -3
0x
y ar d le d
ro p an o te

st ny s d s ec
f(x) = - 3x + C
de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
Setting C = 0, we get
w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
c = 4y + ( - 3x)
th d wo
c = 4y - 3x Ans.
an his
e
T
Applying
0f 0f
u = ; 4 =
0x 0x
f = 4x + f(y)
0f 0
v = ; 3 = 34x + f(y) 4
0y 0y
0
3 = 0 + 3f(y) 4
0y
f(y) = 3y + C
Setting C = 0, we get
f = 4x + 3y Ans.
Ans:
c = 4y - 3x
f = 4x + 3y
738
7–18. A two-dimensional flow field is defined by its

components u = 1 2x2 2 ft>s and v = 1 - 4xy + x2 2 ft>s,
where x and y are in feet. Determine the stream function,
and plot the streamline that passes through point (3 ft, 1 ft).
Solution
0u 0v
Since the continuity equation + = 4x + ( - 4x) = 0 is satisfied, then the
0x 0y
establishment of stream function is possible.
Using the definition of velocity components with respect to the stream function,
0c 0c
= u; = 2x2
0y 0y
. We or
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
c = 2x2y + f(x)
is e D t w
(1)
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
Also,
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
0c 0 or in a uc y
- = v; - 3 2x2y + f(x) 4 = -4xy + x2
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
0x 0x
th inc de f i es
0
- 4xy - 3f(x) 4 = -4xy + x2
of rk ( stu e o tat
0x
ity o g us d S
0
te is ss th ite
3f(x) 4 = -x2
0x
in f th se for Un
gr w in e

th t o a ly by
y ar d le d
1
ro p an o te
f(x) = - x3 + C
st ny s d s ec
3
de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
Substituting this result into Eq. (1),

w le co ro is
1 3
sa eir is p rk
c = 2x2y - x + C
th d wo
3
an his
Here, C is an arbitary constant that we will set equal to zero. The stream function
T
can be expressed as
1 3
c = 2x2y - x Ans.
3
For the streamline passing through point (3 ft, 1 ft),

1 3
c = 2(3)2(1) - (3)
3
Thus,
1 3
2x2y - x = 9
3
x3 + 27
y =
6x2
739
7–18. Continued
The plot of stream function is shown in Fig. a.

x(m) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
y(m) ∞ 4.67 1.46 1 0.948 1.01 1.125 1.26 1.40
dy 6x2 ( 3x2 ) - ( x3 + 27 ) (12x)

= = 0
dx ( 6x2 ) 2
6x4 - 324x = 0
6x ( x3 - 54 ) = 0
. We or
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
x = 3.780 ft
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
The corresponding
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
3.7803 + 27 or in a uc y
y = = 0.945
w d le tr p
er ld
6 ( 3.7802 )
e lu nt ns co
th inc de f i es
of rk ( stu e o tat
ity o g us d S
y (m)
te is ss th ite
in f th se for Un
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
8
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
7
de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
6
w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
5
an his
e
T
2
(3.78, 0.945)
x (m)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
(a)
Ans:
1
c = 2x2y - x3
3
740
7–19. The stream function for a flow field is defined by

c = 1 4>r 2 2 sin 2u. Show that continuity of the flow is
satisfied, and determine the r and u velocity components of
fluid particles at point r = 2 m, u = (p>4) rad. Plot the
streamline that passes through this point.
Solution
Using the r and u velocity components with respect to stream function
1 0c 1 4 8
vr = = a 2 b(2 cos 2u) = 3 cos 2u
r 0u r r r
0c 8 8
vu = - = - a - 3 sin 2u b = 3 sin 2u
0r r r
vr 0vr 1 0vu 8 24
The continuity equation + + = 4 cos 2u + a - 4 cos 2u b
. We or
r 0r r 0u r r
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
16
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
+ cos 2u = 0 is indeed satisfied.
d th g. in t la
r4
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
p
At point r = 2 m and u = , or in a uc y
4
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
8 p
vr = 3 cos c 2 a b d = 0 Ans.
th inc de f i es
2 4
of rk ( stu e o tat
ity o g us d S
8 p
vu = sin c 2 a b d = 1 m>s Ans.
te is ss th ite
3 4
2
in f th se for Un
4
gr w in e
p
th t o a ly by
c = sin c 2 a b d = 1
22 4
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
Therefore, the stream function that passes through this point is

de f a rse de ot
4
ill o u vi pr
1 = sin 2u
w le co ro is
r2
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
r 2 = 4 sin 2u
an his
The plot of this streamline is shown in Fig. a.

T
y
π
θ =
4
r=2m
x
π
θ =
4
Ans:
vr = 0
(a) vu = 1 m>s
741
*7–20. A flow field has velocity components

u = (x - y) ft>s and v = -(x + y) ft>s, where x and y are
in feet. Determine the stream function, and plot the
streamline that passes through the origin.
Solution
0c 0c
u = ; x - y =
0y 0y
y2
c = xy - + f(x)
2
. We or
m W ina g
y2
b)
0c
ed e n
0
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
v = - ; - (x + y) = - c xy - + f(x) d
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
0x 0x 2
an on in rs h
0
k g rn to rig
x + y = y - 0 + 3f(x) 4or in a uc y
0x
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
0
th inc de f i es
3f(x) 4 = x
0x
of rk ( stu e o tat
ity o g us d S

te is ss th ite
x2
in f th se for Un
f(x) = + C
2
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
Thus, setting C = 0,
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
y2 x2
st ny s d s ec
c = xy - + Ans.
de f a rse de ot
2 2
s
ill o u vi pr
Evaluate c(x, y) at the origin, x = y = 0. This equation gives c = 0 - 0 + 0 = 0

w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
Then, for c = 0,
th d wo
x2 y2
an his
- + xy = 0
2 2
T
x2 - y2 + 2xy = 0
The plot of this equation is shown in Fig. a.
y c= 0
c= 0
(a)
742
7–21. A flow is described by the stream function

c = (8x - 4y) m2 >s, where x and y are in meters. Determine
the potential function, and show that the continuity
condition is satisfied and that the flow is irrotational.
Solution
0c 0
u = = (8x - 4y) = -4 m>s
0y 0y
0c 0
v = = - (8x - 4y) = - 8 m>s
0x 0x
Applying
0f 0f
u = ; -4 =
. We or
0x 0x
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
f = - 4x + f(y)
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
0f 0
th inc de f i es
v = ; - 8 = [ - 4x + f(y)]
of rk ( stu e o tat
0y 0y
ity o g us d S
0
-8 = 0 + f(y)
te is ss th ite
0y
in f th se for Un
gr w in e
0
th t o a ly by
3f(y) 4 = - 8
0y
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec

de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
f(y) = - 8y + C
w le co ro is
Thus,
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
f = - 4x + ( -8y + C)
an his
Omitting the integration constant,

T
f = - 4x - 8y Ans.
Here,
0u 0
= ( -4) = 0
0x 0x
0v 0
= ( -8) = 0
0y 0y
0u 0
= ( -4) = 0
0y 0y
0v 0
= ( - 8) = 0
0x 0x
Then,
0u 0v
+ = 0 + 0 = 0
0x 0y
The flow field satisfies the continuity condition. Also,
1 0v 0u 1
vz = a - b = (0 - 0) = 0
2 0x 0y 2
Ans:
The flow field is irrotational since vz = 0. f = - 4x - 8y
743
7–22. The stream function for a flow field is defined by

c = 2r 3 sin 2u. Determine the magnitude of the velocity of
fluid particles at point r = 1 m, u = (p>3) rad, and plot the
streamlines for c1 = 1 m2 >s and c2 = 2 m2 >s.
Solution y (m)

1 0c 1 c = 2 m2 s
vr = ; vr = 3 2r 3(2 cos 2u) 4 = ( 4r 2 cos 2u ) m>s
r 0u r
0c
vu = - ; vu = ( - 6r 2 sin 2u ) m>s
0r
vr 0vr 1 0vu
The continuity equation + + = 4r cos 2u + 8r cos 2u
r 0r r 0u
. We or
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
c = 1 m2 s
in
no W iss ea s
+ ( - 12r cos 2u) = 0 is indeed satisfied.
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
an on in rs h
At point r = 1 m, u = p>3 rad, x (m)
k g rn to rig
or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
p (a)
vr = 4 ( 12 ) cos c 2 a b d = - 2 m>s
th inc de f i es
3
of rk ( stu e o tat
ity o g us d S
p
vu = - 6 ( 12 ) sin c 2 a b d = - 5.196 m>s
3
te is ss th ite
in f th se for Un
Thus, the magnitude of the velocity is

gr w in e
th t o a ly by
V = 2vr2 + vu2 = 2 ( - 2 m>s ) 2 + ( - 5.196 m>s ) 2 = 5.57 m>s Ans.

y ar d le d
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
For c = 1 m2 >s,
de f a rse de ot
1
ill o u vi pr
1 = 2r 3 sin 2u r3 =
w le co ro is
2 sin 2u
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
p p p p 5p p
u(rad) 0
an his
12 6 4 3 12 2
T
r(m) ∞ 1.00 0.833 0.794 0.833 1.00 ∞
For c = 2 m2 >s
1
2 = 2r 3 sin 2u r3 =
2 sin 2u
p p p p 5p p
u(rad) 0 12 6 4 3 2
12
r(m) ∞ 1.260 1.049 1.00 1.049 1.260 ∞
Ans:
5.57 m>s
744
7–23. An ideal fluid flows into the corner formed by the y

two walls. If the stream function for this flow is defined by
c = 1 5 r 4 sin 4u 2 m2 >s, show that continuity for the flow is
satisfied. Also, plot the streamline that passes through point
r = 2 m, u = (p>6) rad, and find the magnitude of the
velocity at this point.
45
x
Solution
p
For the stream f unction passing through point r = 2 m, u = rad,
6
p
c = 5 ( 24 ) sin c 4 a b d = 4023 m2 >s
6
y (m)
Thus, the stream function passing through this point is
. We or
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
4023 = 5r 4 sin 4u
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
r 4 sin 4u = 823
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
The plot of this streamline is shown in Fig. a or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
p p p p 5p p
th inc de f i es
u(rad) 0 24 12 8 6 4
24
of rk ( stu e o tat
r(m) ∞ {2.29 {2.0 {1.93 {2.0 {2.29 ∞

ity o g us d S
45°
x (m)
te is ss th ite
The radial and transverse components of velocity are

in f th se for Un
1 0c 1
gr w in e
= 3 5r 4(4 cos 4u) 4 = 20r 3 cos 4u

th t o a ly by
vr = (a)
r 0u r
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
0c
st ny s d s ec
vu = - = - 20r 3 sin 4u
de f a rse de ot
0r
s
ill o u vi pr
The continuity equation

w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
vr 0vr 1 0vu
th d wo
+ +
r 0r r 0u
an his
= 20r 2 cos 4u + 60r 2 cos 4u + ( -80r 2 cos 4u)

T

= 0 is indeed satisfied
At the point r = 2 m, u = p>6 rad,
p
vr = 20 ( 23 ) cos c 4 a b d = -80 m>s
6
p
vu = - 20 ( 23 ) sin c 4 a b d = - 138.56 m>s
6
V = 2vr2 + vu2 = 2 ( - 80 m>s ) 2 + ( - 138.56 m>s ) 2 = 160 m>s Ans.
Ans:
160 m>s
745
*7–24. The horizontal flow confined by the walls is defined

4
by the stream function c = c 4r 4>3 sin a u b d m2 >s, where r
3 B
A
is in meters. Determine the magnitude of the velocity at
r
point r = 2 m, u = 45°. Is the flow rotational or irrotational?
45 u
Can the Bernoulli equation be used to determine the
difference in pressure between the two points A and B? O
Solution
1 0c 1 0 4 4 1 4 4 4 16 1 4
vr = = a4r 3 sin u b = c 4r 3 a cos u b d = r 3 cos u
r 0u r 0u 3 r 3 3 3 3
0c 0 4 4 16 1 4
vu = - = - a4r 3 sin u b = - r 3 sin u
0r 0r 3 3 3
. We or
At the point r = 2 m, u = 45°.
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
16 1 4
t p or em ch
( 23 ) cos c (45°) d = 3.360 m>s
d th g. in t la
vr =
3 3
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
16 1 4 or in a uc y
vu = - ( 23 ) sin c (45°) d = - 5.819 m>s
w d le tr p
er ld
3 3
e lu nt ns co
th inc de f i es

of rk ( stu e o tat
ity o g us d S
V = 2vr2 + vu2 = 2 ( 3.360 m>s ) 2 + ( - 5.819 m>s ) 2

te is ss th ite
= 6.72 m>s Ans.

in f th se for Un
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
0f 16 1 4 0f
vr = ; r 3 cos u =
y ar d le d
0r 3 3 0r
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
Integrating with respect to r,

de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
4 4
f = 4r 3 cos u + f(u)
w le co ro is
3
sa eir is p rk
th d wo

an his
1 0f 16 1 4 1 0 4
T
4
vu = ; - r 3 sin u = c 4r 3 cos u + f(u) d
r 0u 3 3 r 0u 3
16 1 4 1 4 4 1 0
- r 3 sin u = ( 4r 3 ) c - sin u d + 3f(0) 4
3 3 3 3 r 0u
0
3f(u) 4 = 0
0u
Integrating with respect to u,
f(u) = C
Setting the constant equal to zero,

4 4
f = 4r 3 cos u
3
Since the potential function can be established, the flow is irrotational. Therefore,
the Bernoulli equation is applicable between any two points in the flow, including
points A and B.
746
7–25. The horizontal flow between the walls is defined by

4
the stream function c = c 4r 4>3 sin a u b d m2 >s, where r is
3 B
A
in meters. If the pressure at the origin O is 20 kPa, determine
r
the pressure at r = 2 m, u = 45°. Take r = 950 kg>m3.
45 u
O
Solution
1 0c 1 0 4 4 1 4 4 4 16 1 4
vr = = a4r 3 sin u b = c 4r 3 a cos u b d = r 3 cos u
r 0u r 0u 3 r 3 3 3 3
0c 0 4 4 16 1 4
vu = - = - a4r 3 sin u b = - r 3 sin u
0r 0r 3 3 3
At point A, where r = 2 m u = 45°,
16 1 4
( 23 ) cos c (45°) d = 3.360 m>s
. We or
vr =
3 3
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
16 1 4
d th g. in t la
vu = - ( 23 ) sin c (45°) d = -5.819 m>s
an on in rs h
3 3
At the origin O, where r = 0,
k g rn to rig
or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
vr = v u = 0
th inc de f i es
Thus, the magnitude of the velocity at these two points is

of rk ( stu e o tat
ity o g us d S
Vo = VA = 2vr2 + vu2 = 2 ( 3.360 m>s ) 2 + ( - 5.819 m>s ) 2

te is ss th ite
= 6.720 m>s
in f th se for Un
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
0f 16 1 4 0f
vr = ; r 3 cos u =
y ar d le d
0r 3 3 0r
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec

de f a rse de ot
4
ill o u vi pr
4
f = 4r 3 cos u + f(u),
w le co ro is
3
sa eir is p rk

th d wo
1 0f 16 1 4 1 0 4
an his
4
vu = ; - r 3 sin u = c 4r 3 cos u + f(u) d
T
r 0u 3 3 r 0u 3
16 1 4 1 4 4 1 0
- r 3 sin u = ( 4r 3 ) c - sin u d + 3f(u) 4
3 3 3 3 r 0u
0
3f(u) 4 = 0
0u
f(u) = C
Setting this constant equal to zero,
4 4
f = 4r 3 cos u
3
Since the potential function can be established, the flow is irrotational. Therefore,
the Bernoulli equation is applicable between any two points in the flow, including
points A and O.
p V2 pO VO2
+ = +
r 2 r 2
N
20 ( 103 )
p (6.720 m>s)2 m2
+ = + 0
950 kg>m3 2 950 kg>m3 Ans:
p = - 1.448 ( 103 ) Pa = - 1.45 kPa Ans. - 1.45 kPa
747
7–26. The flat plate is subjected to the flow defined by the

stream function c = 3 8r 1>2 sin (u>2) 4 m2 >s. Sketch the
streamline that passes through point r = 4 m, u = p rad,
and determine the magnitude of the velocity at this point.
u
r
Solution
For the stream function passing point r = 4 m and u = p rad,
1 p
c = 8 ( 42 ) sin = 16
2
1 u
. We or
16 = 8r 2 sin
2
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
u
t p or em ch
1
r sin = 2
d th g. in t la
2
2
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
The plot of this function is shown in Fig. a or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
0 p p 2pp 5p 7p 4p 3p 5p 11p
th inc de f i es
u(rad) p
6 3 32 6 6 3 2 3 6
of rk ( stu e o tat
ity o g us d S
r(m) ∞ 59.71 16.0 8.00 5.33 4.29 4.00 4.29 5.33 8.00 16.0 59.71
te is ss th ite
2p
in f th se for Un
gr w in e
∞
th t o a ly by
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
x (m)
ψ = 16
w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
an his
e
T
y (m)
(a)
748
7–26. Continued

u
4 cos
1 0c 1 1 1 u 2
vr = = c 8r 2 a cos b d =
r 0u r 2 2 1
. We or
r2
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
u
4 sin
0c 1 2
an on in rs h
1 u
= - a8r - 2 sin b = -
k g rn to rig
vu = -
0r 2 2 or in a uc y r2
1
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
th inc de f i es
u u u
4 cos -2 cos 2 cos
of rk ( stu e o tat
vr 0vr 1 0vu 2 2 2
The continuity equation + + = + ± ≤ + ±- ≤ = 0
ity o g us d S
r 0r r 0u r2
3 3
r2 r2
3
te is ss th ite
in f th se for Un
is indeed satisfied.
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
y ar d le d
At point r = 4 m, u = p rad,
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
p
de f a rse de ot
4 cos
s
ill o u vi pr
2
vr = = 0
w le co ro is
1
42
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
p
4 sin
2
an his
vu = - = - 2 m>s
T
1
42
V = vu = 2 m>s Ans.
Ans:
2 m>s
749
7–27. An A-frame house has a window A on its right side.

If the stream function that models the flow as this side is
defined as c = (2r 1.5sin 1.5 u) ft 2 >s, show that continuity of
the flow is satisfied, and then determine the wind speed past
the window located at r = 10 ft, u = (p>3) rad. Sketch the
streamline that passes through this point. A
r 10 ft
u 120
Solution
For the stream function passing through point r = 10 ft, u = p>3 rad,
. We or
c = 2 ( 101.5 ) sin 31.5 ( p>3 ) 4 = 2 ( 101.5 )
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
an on in rs h
2(101.5) = 2r 1.5 sin 1.5u
k g rn to rig
r 1.5 sin 1.5u = 101.5 or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
The plot of this stream function is shown in Fig. a

th inc de f i es
of rk ( stu e o tat
ity o g us d S
u(rad) 0 p p p p 5p p 7p 2p
12 6 4 3 2
te is ss th ite
12 12 3
in f th se for Un
r(ft) ∞ 18.97 12.60 10.54 10 10.54 12.60 18.97 ∞

gr w in e
th t o a ly by
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
y (ft)
st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
an his
e
T
ψ = 2 (101.5)
x (ft)
2π
120° = rad
3
(a)
750
7–27. Continued

1 0c 1
= 3 2r 1.5(1.5 cos 1.5u) 4 = 3r 2 cos 1.5u
1
vr =
r 0u r
. We or
0c 1
m W ina g
vu = - = - 3r 2 sin 1.5u
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
0r
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
vr 0vr 1 0vu 3 cos 1.5u 1.5 cos 1.5u
an on in rs h
The continuity equation + + = +
k g rn to rig
r 0r r 0u r
1
2
1
r2
or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
4.5 cos 1.5u

+ a- b = 0 is indeed satisfied.
th inc de f i es
1
r2
of rk ( stu e o tat
ity o g us d S
2
At the window, where r = 10 ft, u = 120° = p rad,
te is ss th ite
3
in f th se for Un
2p
gr w in e
1
vr = 3 ( 10 2 ) cos c1.5 a
th t o a ly by
b d = -9.4868 ft>s
3
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
2p
st ny s d s ec
1
v u = - 3 ( 10 2 ) sin c 1.5a bd = 0
de f a rse de ot
3
s
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is
Thus, the magnitude of the wind velocity is

sa eir is p rk
th d wo
V = vr = 9.49 ft>s Ans.

an his
e
T
Ans:
9.49 ft>s
751
*7–28. The stream function for a horizontal flow near y

the corner is c = (8xy) m2 >s, where x and y are in meters.
Determine the x and y components of the velocity and the
acceleration of fluid particles passing through point (1 m,
2 m). Show that it is possible to establish the potential
function. Plot the streamlines and equipotential lines that
pass through point (1 m, 2 m).
B
A
Solution
For the stream function passing through point (1 m, 2 m),
. We or
m W ina g
c = 8(1)(2) = 16
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
Thus,
an on in rs h
2
k g rn to rig
16 = 8xy y =
x or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
th inc de f i es
0c 0c
u = = (8x) m>s v = - = ( -8y) m>s
of rk ( stu e o tat
0y 0x
ity o g us d S
te is ss th ite
0u 0v
The continuity equation + = 8 + ( -8) = 0 is indeed satisfied.
in f th se for Un
0x 0y
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
The acceleration components are

y ar d le d
ro p an o te
0u 0u 0u
st ny s d s ec
ax = + u + v
0t 0x 0y
de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
= 0 + 8x(8) + ( - 8y)(0) = (64x) m>s2

w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
0v 0v 0v
th d wo
ay = + u + v
0t 0x 0y
an his
e
T
= 0 + 8x(0) + ( - 8y)( - 8) = (64y) m>s2

At point (1 m, 2 m),
u = 8(1) = 8 m>s S v = - 8(2) = - 16 m>s = 16 m>s T Ans.
ax = 64(1) = 64 m>s2 S ay = 64(2) = 128 m>s2 c Ans.
1 0v 0u 1
Since vz = a - b = (0 - 0) = 0, the flow is irrotational. Therefore, it is
2 0x 0y 2
possible to establish potential function. Using the velocity components,
0f 0f
= u; = 8x
0x 0x
Integrating this equation with respect to x
f = 4x2 + f(y) (1)
752
7–28. Continued
Also
0f 0
= v; 3 4x2 + f(y) 4 = -8y
0y 0y
0
. We or
3 f(y) 4 = - 8y
m W ina g
b)
0y
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
Integrating this equation with respect to y
d th g. in t la
f(y) = - 4y2 + c
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
Setting C = 0 and substituting this result into Eq. 1 or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
f = 4x2 - 4y2
th inc de f i es
of rk ( stu e o tat
f = 4(x2 - y2) Ans.

ity o g us d S
The potential function passing through point (1 m, 2 m),

te is ss th ite
in f th se for Un
Then
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
f = 4 ( 12 - 22 ) = - 12
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
Thus
st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
- 12 = 4 ( x2 - y2 ) y2 = x2 + 3
s
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is
The plots of the stream and potential functions are shown in Fig. a.
sa eir is p rk
y (m)
th d wo
For the stream function

an his
x(m) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
T
y(m) ∞ 2 1 0.667 0.5 0.4 0.333

6
For the potential function
y2 = x2 + 3
x(m) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 5 (Potential function)
y(m) 1.73 2 2.65 3.46 4.36 5.29 6.24
4
2
y = 2x (Stream function)
1
x (m)
0
1 2 3 4 5 6
(a)
753
7–29. The stream function for horizontal flow near the y

corner is defined by c = (8xy) m2 >s, where x and y are in
meters. Show that the flow is irrotational. If the pressure at
point A (1 m, 2 m) is 150 kPa, determine the pressure at
point B (2 m, 3 m). Take r = 980 kg>m3.
B
A
Solution
. We or
0c 0c
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
u = = (8x) m>s v = - = -( -8y) m>s
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
0y 0x
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
an on in rs h
0u 0v
k g rn to rig
The continuity equation + = 8 + ( -8) = 0 is indeed satisfied
0x 0y or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
th inc de f i es
At point A(1 m, 2 m),

of rk ( stu e o tat
u A = 8(1) = 8 m>s vA = - 8(2) = -16 m>s

ity o g us d S
te is ss th ite
Thus,
in f th se for Un
VA2 = uA2 + vA2 = ( 8 m>s ) 2 + ( - 16 m>s ) 2 = 320 m2 >s2

gr w in e
th t o a ly by
At point B(2 m, 3 m)
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
u B = 8(2) = 16 m>s vB = - 8(3) = -24 m>s

de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
Thus,
w le co ro is
V B2 = u B2 + vB2 = ( 16 m>s ) 2 + ( - 24 m>s ) 2 = 832 m2 >s2

sa eir is p rk
th d wo
1 0v 0u 1
an his
Since vz = a + b = (0 + 0) = 0, the flow is irrotational. Therefore,

2 0x 0y 2
T
Bernoulli’s equation is applicable to two points located on the different streamlines

such as points A and B.
pA VA2 pB VB2
+ + gzA = + + gzB
r 2 r 2
Since the flow is in the horizontal plane, zA = zB = z.
pA VA2 pB VB2
+ + gz = + + gz
r 2 r 2
r
pB = pA + ( VA2 - VB2 )
2
980 kg>m3
pB = 150 ( 103 ) N>m2 + ( 320 m2 >s2 - 832 m2 >s2 )
2
= - 100.88 ( 103 ) N>m2
= - 101 kPa Ans.
Ans:
- 101 kPa
754
7–30. A flow has velocity components u = 1 2x2 2 ft>s and

v = ( -4xy + 8) ft>s, where x and y are in feet. Determine
the magnitude of the acceleration of a particle located at
point (3 ft, 2 ft). Is the flow rotational or irrotational? Also,
show that continuity of flow is satisfied.
Solution
0v 0
. We or
= ( -4xy + 8) = - 4y
0x 0x
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
0u 0
d th g. in t la
= ( 2x2 ) = 0
an on in rs h
0y 0y
k g rn to rig
0u 0 or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
= ( 2x2 ) = 4x
e lu nt ns co
0x 0x
th inc de f i es
0v 0
of rk ( stu e o tat
= ( -4xy + 8) = - 4x
ity o g us d S
0y 0y
te is ss th ite
in f th se for Un
Thus,
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
1 0v 0u 1
a - b = ( -4y - 0) = -2y
y ar d le d
vz =
ro p an o te
2 0x 0y 2
st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
Since vz ≠ 0, the flow is rotational. Also

s
ill o u vi pr
0u 0v
w le co ro is
+ = 4x + ( - 4x) = 0
sa eir is p rk
0x 0y
th d wo
The flow satisfies the continuity condition.

an his
e
T
0u 0v
Since = = 0 (steady flow)
0t 0t
0u 0u 0u
ax = + u + v
0t 0x 0y
= 0 + ( 2x2 )( 4x ) + ( - 4xy + 8)(0) = 8x3
0v 0v 0v
ay = + u + v
0t 0x 0y
= 0 + 2x2( - 4y) + ( -4xy + 8)( - 4x) = - 8x2y + 16x2y - 32x = 8x2y - 32x
Thus, at x = 3 ft, y = 2 ft
ax = 8 ( 33 ) = 216 ft>s2
ay = 8(32)(2) - 32(3) = 48 ft>s2
The magnitude of the acceleration is
a = 2ax2 + ay2 = 2 ( 216 ft>s2 ) 2 + ( 48 ft>s2 ) 2
= 221.27 ft>s2 = 221 ft>s2 Ans.
Ans:
rotational
a = 221 ft>s2
755
7–31. The potential function for a flow is

f = 1 x2 - y2 2 ft 2 >s, where x and y are in feet. Determine
the magnitude of the velocity of fluid particles at point A
(3 ft, 1 ft). Show that continuity is satisfied, and find the
streamline that passes through point A.
Solution
From the velocity components
0f 0f
u = = 2x v = = - 2y
0x 0y
1 0v 0u 1
Since vz = a - b = (0 - 0) = 0, the flow is indeed irrotational.
2 0x 0y 2
. We or
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
At point (3 ft, 1 ft),
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
u = 2(3) = 6 ft>s v = - 2(1) = - 2 ft>s
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
Then the magnitude of the velocity is
or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
V = 2u2 + v2 = 2 ( 6 ft>s ) 2 + ( - 2 ft>s ) 2 = 6.32 ft>s
e lu nt ns co
Ans.
th inc de f i es
0u 0v 0u 0y
of rk ( stu e o tat
Here = 2 and = - 2. Since + = 2 + ( -2) = 0, the potential function

ity o g us d S
0x 0y 0x 0y
satisfies the continuity condition. Using the velocity components.
te is ss th ite
in f th se for Un
0c 0c
= u; = 2x
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
0y 0y
y ar d le d

ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
c = 2xy + f(x) (1)

de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
Also,
w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
0c 0
- = v; - 32xy + f(x) 4 = - 2y
th d wo
0x 0x
an his
0
T
2y + 3f(x) 4 = 2y
0x
0
3f(x) 4 = 0
0x
f(x) = C
Setting C = 0, and substituting this result into Eq. 1
c = 2xy
For the streamline passing through point (3 ft, 1 ft),
c = 2(3)(1) = 6
Thus,
6 = 2xy
xy = 3 Ans.
Ans:
V = 6.32 ft>s
xy = 3
756
*7–32. The flow around the bend in the horizontal channel A

can be described as a free vortex for which
vr = 0, vu = (8>r) m>s, where r is in meters. Show that the B
flow is irrotational. If the pressure at point A is 4 kPa, C
determine the pressure at point B. Take r = 1100 kg>m3. r
2m
u
0.5 m
Solution
0f 0f
vr = ; 0 =
0r 0r
. We or
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
f = f(u)
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
or in a uc y
w d le tr p
1 0f 8
er ld
1 0
e lu nt ns co
vu = ; = 3f(u)4
r 0u r r 0u
th inc de f i es
of rk ( stu e o tat
0
3f(u)4 = 8
ity o g us d S
0u
te is ss th ite

in f th se for Un
gr w in e
f = f(u) = 8u + C
th t o a ly by
y ar d le d
Since the potential function can be established, the flow is irrotational and Bernoulli’s
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
equation can be applied between points A and B. The magnitude of velocity at A

de f a rse de ot
and B is
s
ill o u vi pr
8 8
w le co ro is
VA = (vu)A = = = 3.2 m>s

sa eir is p rk
rA 2.5
th d wo
8 8
an his
VB = (vu)B = = = 4 m>s
rB 2
T
Applying the Bernoulli equation,

pB VB2 pA VA2
+ = +
r 2 r 2
N
4 ( 103 )
pB ( 4 m>s ) 2 m2 ( 3.2 m>s ) 2
+ = +
1100 kg>m3 2 1100 kg>m3 2
pB = 832 Pa Ans.
757
7–33. The velocity components for a two-dimensional

flow are u = (8y) ft>s and v = (8x) ft>s, where x and y are
in feet. Determine if the flow is rotational or irrotational,
and show that continuity of flow is satisfied.
Solution
0v 0
= (8x) = 8 rad>s
0x 0x
. We or
0u 0
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
= (8y) = 8 rad>s
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
0y 0y
is e D t w
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
0u 0
an on in rs h
= (8y) = 0
k g rn to rig
0x 0x or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
0v 0
e lu nt ns co
= (8x) = 0
0y 0y
th inc de f i es
of rk ( stu e o tat
Thus,
ity o g us d S
te is ss th ite
1 0v 0u 1
a - b = (8 - 8) = 0
in f th se for Un
vz =
2 0x 0y 2
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
Since vz = 0, the flow is irrotational. Also, Ans.

y ar d le d
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
0u 0v
+ = 0 + 0 = 0
de f a rse de ot
0x 0y
s
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is
The flow satisfies the continuity condition. Ans.

sa eir is p rk
th d wo
an his
e
T
Ans:
irrotational
758
7–34. The velocity components for a two-dimensional

flow are a u = (8y) ft>s and v = (8x) ft>s where x and y are
in feet. Find the stream function and the equation of the
streamline that passes through point (4 ft, 3 ft). Plot this
streamline.
Solution y
We consider ideal fluid flow. 3

0c 0c
u = ; 8y =
0y 0y
. We or
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
x
is e D t w
t p or em ch
4
d th g. in t la
c = 4y2 + f(x)
an on in rs h
Then,
k g rn to rig
or in a uc y 2.65
0c
w d le tr p
0
er ld
; 8x = - 3 4y2 + f(x)4
e lu nt ns co
v = -
0x 0x
th inc de f i es
of rk ( stu e o tat
0
- 8x = 0 + 3f(x)4
ity o g us d S
0x
te is ss th ite

in f th se for Un
f(x) = - 4x2 + C
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
Thus,
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
c = 4y2 + ( - 4x2 + C ) = 4 ( y2 - x2 ) + C
de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
Omitting the constant, C,

w le co ro is
c = 4 ( y2 - x2 ) Ans.
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
From the slope of the stream function,

an his
dy v 8x x
T
= = =
dx u 8y y
y x
L3 ft L4 ft
ydy = xdx
y2 y x2 2 x
2 =
2 3 ft 2 4 ft
y2 = x2 - 7
y = { 2x2 - 7 Ans.
Also, at (4 ft, 3 ft),
c = 4 ( (3)2 - (4)2 ) = - 28
Then,
4 ( y2 - x2 ) = - 28
y = { 2x2 - 7 Ans:
c = 4 1y2 - x22
y = { 2x2 - 7
759
7–35. The stream function for the flow field around the y
90° corner is c = 8r 2 sin 2u. Show that the continuity of
flow is satisfied. Determine the r and u velocity components
of a fluid particle located at r = 0.5 m, u = 30°, and plot the
streamline that passes through this point. Also, determine
the potential function for the flow.
Solution
From the r and u velocity components to,
1 0c 1
vr = = ( 8r 2 ) (2 cos 2u) = 16r cos 2u
. We or
r 0u r
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
0c
d th g. in t la
vu = = - (16r sin 2u) = -16r sin 2u
0r
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
vr 0vr 1 0vu or in a uc y
The continuity equation + + = 16 cos 2u + 16 cos 2u +
w d le tr p
er ld
r 0r r 0u
e lu nt ns co
( - 32 cos 2u) = 0 is indeed satisfied.

th inc de f i es
of rk ( stu e o tat
At point r = 0.5 m, u = 30°,

ity o g us d S
te is ss th ite
vr = 16(0.5) cos 32(30°) 4 = 4 m>s Ans.

in f th se for Un
vu = - 16(0.5) sin 32(30°) 4 = -6.93 m>s Ans.

gr w in e
th t o a ly by
y ar d le d
y x y x 2xy
ro p an o te
Since sin u = , cos u = , then sin 2u = 2 sin u cos u = 2 a ba b = 2 .

st ny s d s ec
r r r r r
de f a rse de ot
Therefore,
s
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is
2xy
c = 8r 2 a
sa eir is p rk
b = 16xy
r2
th d wo
an his
At point r = 0.5 m, u = 30°,

T
23
x = r cos u = (0.5 m) cos 30° = m
4
1
y = r sin u = (0.5 m) sin 30° = m
4
Then
23 1
c = 16° ¢ a b = 23
4 4
Thus, the streamline passing through this point is
23 = 16xy
23
y =
16x
760
7–35. Continued
y (m)
1.1
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.25
0.2
0.1
. We or
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
x (m)
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
d th g. in t la
an on in rs h
0.4333
k g rn to rig
(a)or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
th inc de f i es
of rk ( stu e o tat
ity o g us d S
The plot of this streamline is shown in Fig. a

te is ss th ite
in f th se for Un
gr w in e
x(m) 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
th t o a ly by
y ar d le d
y(m) ∞ 1.08 0.541 0.361 0.271 0.217 0.180 0.155 0.135 0.120 0.108
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
The velocity components with respect to stream function are

de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
0c 0c
w le co ro is
u = = 16x v = - - 16y
0y 0x
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
1 0v 0u 1
an his
Since vz = a - b = (0 - 0) = 0, the flow is irrotational. Therefore, it is

2 0x 0y 2
T
possible to established the potential function using the velocity components,

0f 0f
= u; = 16x
0x 0x
f = 8x2 + f(y) (1)
Also,
0f 0
= v; 3 8x2 + f(y)4 = -16y
0y 0y
0
3f(y) 4 = - 16y
0y
f(y) = - 8y2 + C
Setting C = 0, and substituting this result in Eq. 1

f = 8x2 - 8y2 + C Ans:
vr = 4 m>s
f = 8 ( x2 - y2 ) Ans. vu = - 6.93 m>s
f = 8 1x2 - y 2 2
761
*7–36. The stream function for a concentric flow is defined y

by c = - 4r 2. Determine the velocity components vr and vu,
and vx and vy. Can the potential function be established? If
so, what is it?
u
x
Solution
Using the r, u velocity components
1 0c 1
= (0) = 0 Ans.
. We or
vr =
r 0u r
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
0c
d th g. in t la
vu = - = - 3 - 4(2r) 4 = 8r Ans.
0r
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
Since r 2 = x2 + y2, then c = - 4 ( x2 + y2 ) . Using the velocity components,
or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
0c
th inc de f i es
vx = u = = -4(2y) = - 8y Ans.
0y
of rk ( stu e o tat
ity o g us d S
0c
vy = v = - = - 3 - 4(2x) 4 = 8x Ans.
te is ss th ite
0x
in f th se for Un
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
1 0v 0u 1
Since vz = a - b = 38 - ( - 8) 4 = 16 ≠ 0, the flow is rotational.
y ar d le d
2 0x 0y 2
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
Therefore, the potential function cannot be established.

de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
an his
e
T
762
7–37. A fluid has velocity components u = (x - y) ft>s

and v = - (x + y) ft>s, where x and y are in feet. Determine
the stream and potential functions. Show that the flow is
irrotational.
Solution
0u 0v
Since the continuity equation + = 1 + ( - 1) = 0 is satisfied, then the
0x 0y
establishment of a stream function is possible. Using the velocity components,
0c 0c
= u; = x - y
0y 0x
1 2
c = xy - y + f(x) (1)
2
Also,
0c 0 1
= c xy - y2 + f(x) d = -(x + y)
. We or
- = v; -
0x 0x 2
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
0
d th g. in t la
y - 0 + 3f(x) 4 = x + y
0x
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
0 or in a uc y
w d le tr p
3f(x) 4 = x
er ld
e lu nt ns co
0x
th inc de f i es

of rk ( stu e o tat
1 2
ity o g us d S
f(x) = x + C
2
te is ss th ite
in f th se for Un

gr w in e
th t o a ly by
1 2 1
y ar d le d
c = xy - y + x2
ro p an o te
2 2
st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
1 2
s
ill o u vi pr
c = ( x - y2 + 2xy ) Ans.
2
w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
Using the definition of velocity components with respect to the potential function,
th d wo
0f 0f
an his
= u; = x - y
T
0x 0x
1 2
f = x - xy + f(y) (2)
2
Also,
0f 0 1 2
= v; c x - xy + f(y) d = -(x + y)
0y 0y 2
0
-x + 3f(y) 4 = - x - y
0y
0
3f(y) 4 = - y
0y
763
7–37. Continued

1 2
f(y) = y + C
2
1 2 1
f = x - xy - y2
2 2
1 2
f = ( x - y2 - 2xy ) Ans.
2
Here
0v 0u
= - 1 and = -1
0x 0y
1 0v 0u 1
Since vz = a - b = 3 - 1 - ( - 1) 4 = 0, the flow is irrotational.
. We or
2 0x 0y 2
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
th inc de f i es
of rk ( stu e o tat
ity o g us d S
te is ss th ite
in f th se for Un
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
an his
e
T
Ans:
1 2
c = ( x - y2 + 2xy )
2
1 2
f = ( x - y2 - 2xy )
2
764
7–38. A fluid has velocity components u = (2y) ft>s and

v = (2x - 10) ft>s, where x and y are in feet. Determine
the stream and potential functions.
Solution
0u 0v
Since the continuity equation + = 0 + 0 = 0 is satisfied, then the
0x 0y
establishment of stream function is possible.
Using the definition of velocity components with respect to stream function,

0c 0c
= u; = 2y
0y 0y
c = y2 + f(x) (1)
Also,
0c 0
- = v; - = 3 y2 + f(x) 4 = 2x - 10
. We or
0x 0x
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
0
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
3f(x) 4 = 10 - 2x
0x
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
Integrating this equation with respect to x, or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
f(x) = 10x - x2 + C
th inc de f i es
Setting C = 0, and substituting this result into Eq. 1,

of rk ( stu e o tat
ity o g us d S
c = y2 + 10x - x2
te is ss th ite
in f th se for Un
c = y2 - x2 + 10x Ans.
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
1 0v 0u 1
y ar d le d
Since vz = a - b = (2 - 2) = 0, the flow is irrotational. Therefore the

ro p an o te
2 0x 0y 2
st ny s d s ec

de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
Using the definition of velocity components with respect to potential function,

w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
0f 0f
th d wo
= u; = 2y
0x 0x
an his

T
f = 2xy + f(y) (1)
Also,
0f 0
= v; = 32xy + f(y) 4 = 2x - 10
0y 0y
0
2x + 3f(y) 4 = 2x - 10
0y
0
3f(y) 4 = - 10
0y
f(y) = - 10y + C
f = 2xy - 10y
f = 2y(x - 5) Ans.
Ans:
c = y2 - x2 + 10x
f = 2y(x - 5)
765
7–39. A fluid has velocity components u = (x - 2y) ft>s

and v = - (y + 2x) ft>s, where x and y are in feet.
Determine the stream and potential functions.
Solution
0u 0v
Since the continuity equation + = 1 + ( - 1) = 0 is satisfied, then the
0x 0y
establishment of the stream function is possible using the velocity components,
0c 0c
= u; = x - 2y
0y 0y
c = xy - y2 + f(x) (1)
Also,
0c 0
- = v; - 3 xy - y2 + f(x) 4 = -y - 2x
0x 0x
. We or
0
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
-y - 3f(x) 4 = - y - 2x
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
0x
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
0
an on in rs h
3f(x) 4 = 2x
k g rn to rig
0x or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
th inc de f i es
f(x) = x2 + C
of rk ( stu e o tat
ity o g us d S

te is ss th ite
c = x2 - y2 + xy Ans.
in f th se for Un
gr w in e
1 0v 0u 1
th t o a ly by
Since vz = a - b = 3 - 2 - ( - 2) 4 = 0, the flow is irrotational. Therefore,

2 0x 0y 2
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
the potential function exists.

de f a rse de ot
Using the definition of velocity components with respect to potential function,

s
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is
0f 0f
sa eir is p rk
= u; = x - 2y
th d wo
0x 0x
an his
e
T
1 2
f = x - 2xy + f(y) (1)
2
Also,
0f 0 1
= v; = c x2 - 2xy + f(y) d = -y - 2x
0y 0y 2
0
- 2x + 3f(y) 4 = - y - 2x
0y
0
3f(y) 4 = - y
0y
1
f(y) = - y2 + C
2
1 2 1
f = x - 2xy - y2 Ans:
2 2
c = x2 - y2 + xy
1 2
f = ( x - y2 ) - 2xy Ans. 1 2
2 f = ( x - y2 ) - 2xy
2
766
*7–40. A fluid has velocity components

u = 2 1 x2 - y2 2 m>s and v = ( -4xy) m>s, where x and y
are in meters. Determine the stream function. Also show
that the potential function exists, and find this function. Plot
the streamlines and equipotential lines that pass through
point (1 m, 2 m).
Solution
0u 0v
Since the continuity equation + = 4x + ( -4x) = 0 is satisfied, the stream
0x 0y
function can be established.
Using the velocity components

0c 0c
. We or
= u; = 2x2 - 2y2
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
0y 0y
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
2 3 or in a uc y
c = 2x2y - y + f(x) (1)
w d le tr p
er ld
3
e lu nt ns co
Also,
th inc de f i es
of rk ( stu e o tat
0c 0 2
- = v; - 3 2x2y - y3 + f(x) 4 = -4xy
ity o g us d S
0x 0x 3
te is ss th ite
0
in f th se for Un
4xy + 3f(x) 4 = 4xy

gr w in e
0x
th t o a ly by
0
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
3f(x) 4 = 0
0x
st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot

s
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is
f(x) = C
sa eir is p rk
th d wo

an his
2 3
c = 2x2y -
T
y
3
2
c = y ( 3x2 - y2 ) Ans.
3
1 0v 0u 1
Since vz = a - b = 3 - 4y - ( - 4y) 4 = 0, the flow is irrotational. Thus, the
2 0x 0y 2
potential function exists. Using the velocity components,
0f 0f
= u; = 2x2 - 2y2
0x 0x

2 3
f = x - 2xy2 + f(y) (2)
3
767
*7–40. Continued
Also,
0f 0 2 3
= v; c x - 2xy2 + f(y) d = -4xy
0y 0y 3
0
- 4xy + 3f(y) 4 = -4xy
. We or
0y
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
0
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
3f(y) 4 = 0
0y
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
Integrating this equation with respect to y, or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
f(y) = C
th inc de f i es
of rk ( stu e o tat

ity o g us d S
2 3
f = x - 2xy2
te is ss th ite
3
in f th se for Un
gr w in e
2
th t o a ly by
x ( x2 - 3y2 )
f = Ans.
3
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
For stream function and potential functions passing through point (1 m, 2 m),
st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
2 4
s
y(m)
(2) 3 3(1)2 - 22 4 = -
ill o u vi pr
c =
3 3
w le co ro is
7
sa eir is p rk
2 22
th d wo
f = (1) 3 12 - 3 ( 22 ) 4 = -
3 3 6
an his
Thus, the streamline is

T
4 2 5
- = y ( 3x2 - y2 )
3 3 4
3
y - 2
x2 = 3
3y
and the equipotential line is 2
22 2
- = x ( x2 - 3y2 ) 1
3 3
x(m)
x3 + 11
y2 = –6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
3x
For the streamline
y(m) 1.26 2 3 4 5 6
x(m) 0 {1 {1.67 {2.27 {2.86 {3.45
For the equipotential line

x(m) 0 1 1.77 3 4 5 6 0.25 0.50
y(m) ∞ {2 {1.77 {2.05 {2.50 {3.01 {3.55 {3.83 {2.72
The plot of these two functions is shown in Fig. a
768
7–41. If the potential function for a two-dimensional flow

is f = (xy) m2 >s, where x and y are in meters, determine
the stream function and plot the streamline that passes
through the point (1 m, 2 m). What are the velocity and
acceleration of fluid particles that pass through this point?
Solution
0f 0
u = = (xy) = y
0x 0x
0f 0
v = = (xy) = x
0y 0y
. We or
0c 0c
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
u = ; y =
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
0y 0y
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
y(m)
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
y2
or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
c = + f(x)
2
th inc de f i es
ψ = 1.5
of rk ( stu e o tat
ity o g us d S
0c 0 y2
v = - ; x = - c + f(x) d
te is ss th ite
0x 0x 2
in f th se for Un
gr w in e
0
th t o a ly by
x = -0 - 3f(x) 4
0x
y ar d le d
3
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
0 x(m)
3f(x) 4 = -x
de f a rse de ot
0x
s
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is

sa eir is p rk
(a)
th d wo
x2
f(x) = - + C
an his
2
T
Setting C = 0,
y2 x2
c = + a- b
2 2
1 2
c = ( y - x2 ) Ans.
2
When x = 1 m, and y = 2 m. Then,
1 2
c = ( 2 - 12 ) = 1.5
2
For the streamline defined by c = 1.5, its equation is

1 2
( y - x2 ) = 1.5
2
y2 = x2 + 3
y = 2x2 + 3
The plot of this streamline is shown in Fig. a. Ans:

1 2
c = ( y - x2 )
2
769
7–41. Continued
At c = 1 m, y = 2 m
u = y = 2 m>s
v = x = 1 m>s
V = 2 1 2 m>s 2 2 + 1 1 m>s 2 2 = 2.24 m>s Ans.
. We or
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
0u 0u 0u
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
ax = + u + v = 0 + (2)(0) + 1(1) = 1 m>s2
is e D t w
t p or em ch
0t 0x 0y
d th g. in t la
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
0v 0v 0v
ay = + u + v = 0 + 2(1) + 1(0) = 2 m>s2 or in a uc y
0t 0x 0y
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
th inc de f i es
a = 2 1 1 m>s2 2 + 1 2 m>s2 2 2 = 2.24 m>s2 Ans.

of rk ( stu e o tat
ity o g us d S
te is ss th ite
in f th se for Un
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
an his
e
T
770
7–42. Determine the potential function for the two- y

dimensional flow field if V0 and u are known.
V0
Solution
. We or
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
u = V0 sin u0 v = -V0 cos u0
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
1 0v 0u 1 or in a uc y
w d le tr p
Since vz = a - b = (0 - 0) = 0, the flow is indeed irrotational. Thus, the
er ld
e lu nt ns co
2 0x 0y 2
th inc de f i es

of rk ( stu e o tat

ity o g us d S
te is ss th ite
0f 0f
in f th se for Un
= u; = V0 sin u0
0x 0x
gr w in e
th t o a ly by

y ar d le d
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
f = V0 sin u0 x + f(y) (1)

de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
Also,
w le co ro is
0f 0
= v; 3 ( V0 sin u0 ) x + f(y) 4 = -V0 cos u0
sa eir is p rk
0y 0y
th d wo
an his
0
3f(y) 4 = -V0 cos u0
T
0y
f(y) = - ( V0 cos u0 ) y + C
f = ( V0 sin u0 ) x - ( V0 cos u0 ) y
f = V0 3 ( sin u0 ) x - ( cos u0 ) y 4 Ans.
Ans:
f = V0 3 ( sin u0 ) x - ( cos u0 ) y 4
771
7–43. The potential function for a flow is

f = 1 x2 - y2 2 ft 2 >s, where x and y are in feet. Determine
the magnitude of the velocity of fluid particles at point (3 ft,
1 ft). Show that continuity is satisfied, and find the
streamline that passes through this point.
Solution
0f 0
u = = ( x2 - y2 ) = (2x) ft>s
0x 0x
0f 0
v = = ( x2 - y2 ) = ( - 2y) ft>s
0y 0y
. We or
Thus, at x = 3 ft, y = 1 ft,
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
u = 2(3) = 6 ft>s
d th g. in t la
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
v = - 2(1) = - 2 ft>s
or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
Then, the magnitude of the flow velocity is
e lu nt ns co
th inc de f i es
V = 2u2 + v2 = 2 ( 6 ft>s ) 2 + ( - 2 ft>s ) 2 = 6.32 ft>s Ans.

of rk ( stu e o tat
ity o g us d S
Applying
te is ss th ite
0c 0c
in f th se for Un
u = ; 2x =
gr w in e
0y 0y
th t o a ly by

y ar d le d
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
c = 2xy + f(x)
de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
Substituting this result into the second of Eq. (8–8),

w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
0c 0
th d wo
v = - ; - 2y = - 32xy + f(x) 4

0x 0x
an his
0
T
2y = 2y + 3f(x) 4
0x
0
3f(x) 4 = 0
0x
f(x) = C
Setting C = 0, then
c = 2xy
At x = 3 ft, y = 1 ft,
c = 2(3)(1) = 6
So the streamline through (3 ft, 1 ft) is
6 = 2xy
3
y = Ans.
x
772
7–43. Continued
Here,
0u 0
= (2x) = 2 ft>s
0x 0x
0v 0
= ( -2y) = - 2 ft>s
0y 0y
. We or
Then,
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
0u 0v
d th g. in t la
+ = 2 + ( - 2) = 0
0x 0y
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
or in a uc y
w d le tr p
Thus, the flow field satisfies the continuity condition as required.
er ld
e lu nt ns co
th inc de f i es
of rk ( stu e o tat
ity o g us d S
te is ss th ite
in f th se for Un
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
an his
e
T
Ans:
V = 6.32 ft>s
3
y = x
773
*7–44. A fluid has velocity components of u = (10xy) m>s

and v = 5 1 x2 - y2 2 m>s, where x and y are in meters.
Determine the stream function, and show that the continuity
condition is satisfied and that the flow is irrotational. Plot
the streamlines for c0 = 0, c1 = 1 m2 >s, and c2 = 2 m2 >s.
Solution
0c 0c
u = ; 10xy =
0y 0y
c = 5xy2 + f(x)
. We or
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
0c
d th g. in t la
0
v = - ; 5 ( x2 - y2 ) = - 3 5xy2 + f(x)4
an on in rs h
0x 0x
k g rn to rig
0 or in a uc y
5x2 - 5y2 = - 5y2 - 3f(x)4
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
0x
th inc de f i es
0
3f(x)4 = - 5x2
of rk ( stu e o tat
0x
ity o g us d S

te is ss th ite
in f th se for Un
5
f(x) = - x3 + C
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
3
Setting C = 0, then
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
5
de f a rse de ot
c = 5xy2 + a - x3 b
s
ill o u vi pr
3
w le co ro is
5
= x ( 3y - x2 )
2
Ans.
sa eir is p rk
3
th d wo
Here,
an his
e
T
0u 0
= (10xy) = (10y) s-1
0x 0x
0v 0
= 3 5 ( x2 - y2 ) 4 = ( - 10y) s-1
0y 0y
0v 0
= 3 5 ( x2 - y2 ) 4 = (10x) s-1
0x 0x
0u 0
= (10xy) = (10x) s-1
0y 0y
Then,
0u 0v
+ = 10y + ( - 10y) = 0
0x 0y
The flow field satisfies the continuity condition. Applying,
1 0v 0u 1
vz = a - b = (10x - 10x) = 0
2 0x 0y 2
774
7–44. Continued
The flow field is irrotational since vz = 0.
When c = 0,
5
x ( 3y2 - x2 ) = 0
3
1
y = { x
. We or
23
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
or
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
x = 0
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
When c = 1, or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
5
x ( 3y2 - x2 ) = 1
th inc de f i es
3
of rk ( stu e o tat
1 x2
ity o g us d S
y= { +
A 5x 3
te is ss th ite
in f th se for Un
When c = 2,
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
5
x ( 3y2 - x2 ) = 2
y ar d le d
3
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
2 x2
y= { +
de f a rse de ot
A 5x 3
s
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
Ç=2
y
an his
Ç=1
T
Ç=0
30
x
775
7–45. A fluid has velocity components of u = 1y2 - x22 m>s

and v = (2xy) m>s, where x and y are in meters. If the
pressure at point A (3 m, 2 m) is 600 kPa, determine the
pressure at point B (1 m, 3 m). Also what is the potential
function for the flow? Take g = 8 kN>m3.
Solution
Applying
0f 0f
u = ; y2 - x2 =
0x 0x
. We or
x3
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
f = xy2 -
in
+ f(y)
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
3
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
or in a uc y
0f x3
w d le tr p
0
er ld
e lu nt ns co
v = ; 2xy = c xy2 - + f(y) d

0y 0y 3
th inc de f i es
of rk ( stu e o tat
0
ity o g us d S
2xy = 2xy - 0 + 3f(y)4

0y
te is ss th ite
0
in f th se for Un
3f(y)4 = 0
0y
gr w in e
th t o a ly by

y ar d le d
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
f(y) = C
de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
Setting C = 0, we have
w le co ro is
x3
sa eir is p rk
f = xy2 - Ans.
th d wo
3
an his
Since the potential function can be established, the flow is irrotational. Thus, the
T
Bernoulli equation can be applied from point A to B. The x and y components of

the velocity at these points are
u A = ( 22 - 32 ) m>s = - 5 m>s vA = 32(3)(2) 4 m>s = 12 m>s
u B = ( 32 - 12 ) m>s = 8 m>s vB = 32(1)(3) 4 m>s = 6 m>s
Thus, the magnitude of the velocity at these two points is
VA = 2uA2 + vA2 = 2 ( - 5 m>s ) 2 + ( 12 m>s ) 2 = 13 m>s
VB = 2uB2 + vB2 = 2 ( 8 m>s2 ) + ( 6 m>s2 ) = 10 m>s
Applying the Bernoulli equation for ideal fluid from A to B,

pB VB2 pA VA2
+ = +
g 2g g 2g
N
600 ( 103 )
pB (10 m>s)2 m2 (13 m>s)2
+ = +
8(103) N>m3 2 ( 9.81 m>s2 ) 8 ( 103 ) N>m3 2 ( 9.81 m>s2 ) Ans:
x3
N f = xy2 -
pB = 628.13 ( 10 ) 2 = 628 kPa
3
Ans. 3
m
pB = 628 kPa
776
7–46. The potential function for a horizontal flow is

f = 1 x3 - 5xy2 2 m2 >s, where x and y are in meters.
Determine the magnitude of the velocity at point A (5 m,
2 m). What is the difference in pressure between this point
and the origin? Take r = 925 kg>m3.
Solution
Since the flow is described by the potential function, the flow is definitely irrotational.
Therefore, the Bernoulli equation can be applied between any two points.
0f 0
u = = ( x3 - 5xy2 ) = 3x2 - 5y2
0x 0x
0f 0
. We or
v = = ( x3 - 5xy2 ) = - 10xy
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
0y 0y
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
At point A, x = 5 m, y = 2 m. Thus,
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
u A = 3 ( 52 ) - 5 ( 22 ) = 55 m>s vA = -10(5)(2) = -100 m>s
or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
At the origin O, x = 0 and y = 0. Thus,

th inc de f i es
of rk ( stu e o tat
u 0 = 3 ( 02 ) - 5 ( 02 ) = 0 v0 = -10(0)(0) = 0

ity o g us d S
The magnitude of the velocity at A and O is

te is ss th ite
in f th se for Un
VA = 2u A2 + vA2 = 2 ( 55 m>s ) 2 + ( - 100 m>s ) 2 = 114.13 m>s = 114 m>s Ans.

gr w in e
th t o a ly by
V0 = 0
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
Since the flow occurs in the horizontal plane, no change in elevation takes place.
de f a rse de ot
Thus, the elevation term can be excluded. Applying the Bernoulli equation for an
s
ill o u vi pr
ideal fluid from O to A,

w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
pA VA2 pO VO2
th d wo
+ = +
2 2
an his
r r
e
T
r
pO - pA = ( VA2 - VO2 )
2
925 kg>m3
= ° ¢ 3 ( 114.13 m>s ) 2 - 02 4
2
= 6.024 ( 106 ) Pa = 6.02 MPa Ans.
Ans:
VA = 114 m>s
pO - pA = 6.02 MPa
777
7–47. A fluid has velocity components of u = (10xy) m>s

and v = 5 1 x2 - y2 2 m>s, where x and y are in meters.
Determine the potential function, and show that the
continuity condition is satisfied and that the flow is
irrotational.
Solution
0f 0f
u = ; 10xy =
0x 0x
f = 5x2y + f(y)
Substituting this result into the second of Eq. (8–12),

0f 0
v = ; 5 ( x2 - y2 ) = 3 5x2y + f(y) 4
0y 0y
. We or
m W ina g
0
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
5x2 - 5y2 = 5x2 +
itt id tio
3f(y) 4
is e D t w
t p or em ch
0y
d th g. in t la
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
0
3f(y) 4 = - 5y2 or in a uc y
0y
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
th inc de f i es

of rk ( stu e o tat
5
ity o g us d S
f(y) = - y3 + C
3
te is ss th ite
in f th se for Un
Setting C = 0, then
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
5
y ar d le d
f = 5x2y + a - y3 b
ro p an o te
3
st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
5
= y ( 3x2 - y2 ) Ans.
w le co ro is
3
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
Here,
an his
0u 0
T
= (10xy) = (10y) s-1

0x 0x
0v 0
= 3 5 ( x2 - y2 ) 4 = ( - 10y) s-1
0y 0y
0v 0
= 3 5 ( x2 - y2 ) 4 = (10x) s-1
0x 0x
0u 0
= (10xy) = (10x) s-1
0y 0y
Then,
0u 0v
+ = 10y + ( - 10y) = 0
0x 0y
The flow field satisfies the continuity condition. Applying,

Ans:
1 0v 0u 1
vz = a - b = (10x - 10x) = 0 5
2 0x 0y 2 f = y ( 3x2 - y2 )
3
The flow field is irrotational since vz = 0. 1
c = ( y2 - x2 )
2
778
*7–48. A velocity field is defined as u = 2 1 x2 + y2 2 ft>s, y

v = (- 4xy) ft>s. Determine the stream function and the
circulation around the rectangle shown. Plot the streamlines
for c0 = 0, c1 = 1 ft 2 >s, and c2 = 2 ft 2 >s.
0.6 ft
0.5 ft
Solution
. We or
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
0u 0v
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
Since the continuity equation = = 4x + ( -4x) = 0 is satisfied, the stream
0x 0y
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
function can be established. Using the definition of the velocity components, with
respect to stream function,
or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
th inc de f i es
0c 0c
of rk ( stu e o tat
= u; = 2 ( x2 + y2 )
0y 0y
ity o g us d S
te is ss th ite

in f th se for Un
gr w in e
1 3
th t o a ly by
c = 2 ax2y + y b + f(x) (1)

3
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
Also,
s
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is
0c 0c
sa eir is p rk
-
= v; - = - 4xy
th d wo
0x 0x
an his
0 1
T
- c 2 ax2y + y3 b + f(x) d = -4xy

0x 3
0
4xy + 3f(x) 4 = 4xy
0x
0
3 f(x) 4 = 0
0x

f(x) = C
Substituting this result into Eq. (1),
1 3
c = 2 ax2y + y b + C
3
C is an arbitary constant. If we set it equal to zero then the stream function can be
expressed as
1 2
c = 2y ax2 + y b Ans.
3
779
*7–48. Continued
y2 y2
For c = 0, 0 = 2y°x2 + ¢ since x2 + ≠ 0, then
3 3
y = 0
For c = 1 ft 2 >s,
y2
1 = 2y °x2 + ¢
3
3 - 2y3
x2 = 0 6 y 6 1.145
6y
. We or
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
For c = 2 ft 2 >s,
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
y2
an on in rs h
2 = 2y°x2 + ¢
k g rn to rig
3 or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
6 - 2y3
th inc de f i es
x2 = 0 6 y 6 1.442
of rk ( stu e o tat
6y
ity o g us d S
The plot of these streamlines are shown in Fig. a.

te is ss th ite
in f th se for Un
For c = 1 ft 2 >s For c = 2 ft 2 >s

gr w in e
th t o a ly by
y(ft) 0 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 y(ft) 0 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.25
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
x(ft) {∞ { 1.407 { 0.957 { 0.692 { 0.408 x(ft) {∞ { 1.995 { 1.384 { 1.070 { 0.816 { 0.528
st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
y(ft) 1.145 y(ft) 1.442

s
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is
x(ft) 0 x(ft) 0
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
y(ft)
an his
e
T
1.50
ψ = 2 ft2/s
1.25
1.0
0.75
ψ = 1 ft2/s
0.5
0.25
ψ =0
x(ft)
–2.0 –1.75 –1.5 –1.25 –1.0 –0.75 –0.5 –0.25 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1.0 1.25 1.5 1.75 2.0
(a)
780
*7–48. Continued
The circulation can be determined using
V # ds
C
Γ =
0.5 ft 0.6 ft 0.5 ft 0.5 ft
L0 L0 L0 L0
= udx + vdy + u( - dx) + v( -dy)
. We or
0.5 ft 0.6 ft 0.5 ft
L0 L0 L0
m W ina g
2 ( x2 + 0 ) dx + 2 ( x2 + 0.62 ) ( - dx)
b)
ed e n
= - 4(0.5)ydy +
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
an on in rs h
0.6 ft
L0 k g rn to rig
+ - 4(0)y( - dy)
or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
th inc de f i es
2 3 0.5 ft 0.6 ft
2 0.5 ft
of rk ( stu e o tat
= x ` - y2 ` - a x3 + 0.72xb ` + 0
3 0 3
ity o g us d S
0 0
te is ss th ite
= - 0.72 ft 2 >s Ans.

in f th se for Un
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
an his
e
T
781
7–49. If the potential function for a two-dimensional flow

is f = (xy) m2 >s, where x and y are in meters, determine
the stream function, and plot the streamline that passes
through the point (1 m, 2 m). What are the x and y
components of the velocity and acceleration of fluid
particles that pass through this point?
Solution
0f 0f
u = = y v = = x
0x 0y
1 0v 0u 1
Since vz = a - b = (1 - 1) = 0, the flow is indeed irrotational. Also,
. We or
2 0x 0y 2
m W ina g
0u 0v
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
since the continuity equation + = 0 + 0 = 0 is satisfied, the establishment
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
0x 0y
d th g. in t la
of a stream function is possible,
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
or in a uc y
w d le tr p
0c 0c
er ld
e lu nt ns co
= u; = y
0y 0y
th inc de f i es
of rk ( stu e o tat

ity o g us d S
te is ss th ite
1 2
c = y + f(x) (1)
in f th se for Un
2
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
Also,
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
0c 0 1
st ny s d s ec
- = v; - c y2 + f(x) d = x
0x 0x 2
de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is
0
3f(x) 4 = -x
sa eir is p rk
0x
th d wo
an his

T
1
f(x) = - x2 + C
2

1 2 1
c = y - x2
2 2
1 2
c = ( y - x2 ) Ans.
2
For the streamline passing through point (1 m, 2 m)

1 2 3
c = ( 2 - 12 ) =
2 2
Thus,
3 1
= ( y2 - x2 )
2 2
y2 = x2 + 3
782
7–49. Continued
The plot of this streamline is shown in Fig. a
x(m) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
y(m) 1.73 2 2.65 3.46 4.36 5.29 6.24
y(m)
. We or
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
6
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
5
or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
4
th inc de f i es
of rk ( stu e o tat
ity o g us d S
3
te is ss th ite
in f th se for Un
2
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
y ar d le d
1
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
x(m)
w le co ro is
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
(a)
an his
e
T
At point (1 m, 2 m), the velocity components are

u = 2 m>s v = 1 m>s Ans.
The acceleration components are

0u 0u 0u
ax = + u + v
0t 0x 0y
= 0 + y(0) + x(1) = x = 1 m>s2 Ans.
0v 0v 0v
ay = + u + v
0t 0x 0y
= 0 + y(1) + x(0) = y = 2 m>s2 Ans.
Ans:
u = 2 m>s, v = 1 m>s
ax = 1 m>s2
ay = 2 m>s2
783
7–50. A two-dimensional flow is described by the potential

function f = 1 8x2 - 8y2 2 m2 >s, where x and y are in
meters. Show that the continuity condition is satisfied, and
determine if the flow is rotational or irrotational. Also,
establish the stream function for this flow, and plot the
streamline that passes through point (1 m, 0.5 m).
Solution
Here
0f 02f
= 16x 2 = 16
0x 0x
0f 02f
= - 16y = -16
0y 0y2
. We or
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
02f 02f
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
Since + = 16+ ( -16) = 0, the potential function f satisfies the continuity
d th g. in t la
2
0x 0y2
an on in rs h
condition.
k g rn to rig
The velocity components can be determined using or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
0f
th inc de f i es
u = ; u = (16x) m>s

0x
of rk ( stu e o tat
ity o g us d S
0f
v = ; v = ( - 16y) m>s
te is ss th ite
0y
in f th se for Un
Then
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
0v 0u
y ar d le d
= 0 = 0
ro p an o te
0x 0y
st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
Thus
s
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is
1 0v 0u
vz = a - b = 0
sa eir is p rk
2 0x 0x
th d wo
Since vz = 0, the flow is indeed irrotational since all flows that can be described by
an his
a potential function are irrotational. Using the definition of velocity components

T
with respect to the stream function,

0c 0c
= u; = 16x
0y 0y
c = 16xy + f(x) (1)
Also,
0c 0
- = v; - 316xy + f(x) 4 = -16y
0x 0x
0
- 16y
- 3f(x) 4 = -16y
0x
0
3f(x) 4 = 0
0x
784
7–50. Continued

f(x) = C
c = 16xy Ans.
For the streamline passing through point (1 m, 0.5 m),
c = 16(1)(0.5) = 8
Thus,
1
. We or
8 = 16xy; y =
m W ina g
2x
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
x(m) 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
or in a uc y
w d le tr p
y(m) ∞ 1 0.5 0.333 0.25 0.2 0.167
er ld
e lu nt ns co
th inc de f i es
of rk ( stu e o tat
ity o g us d S
te is ss th ite
y(m)
in f th se for Un
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
1.5
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is
1
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
an his
e
T
0.5
x(m)
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
(a)
Ans:
c = 16xy
785
7–51. The y component of velocity of a two-dimensional

irrotational flow that satisfies the continuity condition is
v = 1 4x + x2 - y2 2 ft>s, where x and y are in feet. Find
the x component of velocity if u = 0 at x = y = 0.
Solution
In order for the flow to be irrotational, vz = 0.
1 0v 0u
vz = a - b = 0
2 0x 0y
Here,
. We or
0v 0
= ( 4x + x2 - y2 ) = (4 + 2x) rad>s
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
0x 0x
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
Thus,
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
1 0u or in a uc y
c (4 + 2x) - d = 0
w d le tr p
er ld
2 0y
e lu nt ns co
th inc de f i es
0u
= 4 + 2x
of rk ( stu e o tat
0y
ity o g us d S

te is ss th ite
in f th se for Un
u = 4y + 2xy + f(x)
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
In order to satisfy the continuity condition

y ar d le d
ro p an o te
0u 0v
+ = 0
st ny s d s ec
0x 0y
de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
Here,
w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
0u 0 0
= 34y + 2xy + f(x) 4 = 2y + 3f(x) 4
th d wo
0x 0x 0x
an his
0v 0
T
+ ( 4x + x2 - y2 ) = -2y
0y 0y
Then,
0
2y + 3f(x) 4 - 2y = 0
0x
0
3f(x) 4 = 0
0x
f(x) = C
Thus,
u = 4y + 2xy + C
= 2y(2 + x) + C
At y = x = 0, u = 0. Then C = 0, and so
u = 2y(2 + x) Ans.
Ans:
u = 2y(2 + x)
786
*7–52. The flow has a velocity of V = {(3y + 8)i} ft>s, y

where y is vertical and is in feet. Determine if the flow is
rotational or irrotational. If the pressure at point A is 6 lb>ft2, A
determine the pressure at the origin. Take g = 70 lb>ft3.
3 ft
x
O
Solution
The x and y components of velocity are
u = (3y + 8) ft>s v = 0
. We or
Here,
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
0u 0u 0
is e D t w
t p or em ch
= 0; = (3y + 8) = 3 rad>s
d th g. in t la
0x 0y 0y
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
Thus, or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
1 0v 0u 1
vz = a - b = (0 - 3) = - 1.5
th inc de f i es
2 0x 0y 2
of rk ( stu e o tat
ity o g us d S
Since vz ≠ 0, the flow is rotational. Thus, the Bernoulli equation can not be applied
te is ss th ite
in f th se for Un
from O to A. Instead, we will first apply Euler’s equation along the y axis. Here,
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
0v 0v
= = 0.
y ar d le d
0x 0y
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
Then,
s
ill o u vi pr
1 0p 0v 0v
w le co ro is
- - g = u + v = 0
sa eir is p rk
r 0y 0x 0y
th d wo
0p
an his
= - rg = - g
T
0y
p = - gy + f(x)
Substituting this result into the Euler equation along the x axis, with
0u 0 0u 0
= (3y + 8) = 0 and = (3y + 8) = 3 rad>s,
0x 0x 0y 0y
1 0p 0u 0u
- = u + v
r 0x 0x 0y
1 0
- 3 - gy + f(x) 4 = 0 + 0
r 0x
0
3f(x) 4 = 0
0x
787
7–52. Continued

f(x) = C
Thus,
p = - gy + C
lb
At point A, y = 3 ft and p = 6 . Then,
ft 2
. We or
lb lb
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
6 = a - 70 2 b(3ft) + C
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
ft 2
t p or em ch
ft
d th g. in t la
an on in rs h
C = 216 lb>ft 2
k g rn to rig
Thus,
or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
p = ( - gy + 216) lb>ft 2
th inc de f i es
of rk ( stu e o tat
At point O, y = 0 Thus,
ity o g us d S
lb
te is ss th ite
pO = 3 - (70)(0) + 2164
in f th se for Un
ft 2
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
lb
= 216 Ans.
y ar d le d
ft 2
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
an his
e
T
788
7–53. A tornado has a measured wind speed of 12 m>s a

distance of 50 m from its center. If a building has a flat roof
and is located 10 m from the center, determine the uplift
pressure on the roof. The building is within the free vortex
of the tornado. The density of the air is ra = 1.20 kg>m3.
Solution
Since the tornado is a free vortex flow, its velocity components are
k
vr = 0 vu =
r
Thus
k
. We or
V = vu =
m W ina g
r
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
It is required that at r = 50 m, V = 12 m>s. Therefore
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
k
12 m>s = ; k = 600 m2 >s
or in a uc y
50 m
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
Then
th inc de f i es
of rk ( stu e o tat
600
ity o g us d S
V = a b m>s
r
te is ss th ite
At r = 10 m,
in f th se for Un
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
600
V = = 60 m>s
y ar d le d
10
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
Since free vortex flow is irrotational, Bernoulli’s equation can be applied between
de f a rse de ot
two points on the different streamlines such as two points on two circular streamlines
ill o u vi pr
of radius r = ∞ and r = 10 m. At r = ∞ , V∞ = 0 and pB = 0. Since the flow occurs

w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
in the horizontal plane, the gravity term can be excluded.

th d wo
p∞ V 2 p V2
an his
+ ∞ = +
ra 2 ra 2
T
p ( 60 m>s ) 2
0 + 0 = +
1.20 kg>m3 2
p = 2160 Pa = - 2.16 kPa Ans.
The negative sign indicates that suction develops.
Ans:
- 2.16 kPa
789
7–54. Show that the equation that defines a sink will

satisfy continuity, which in polar coordinates is written as
0(vr r) 0(vu)
+ = 0.
0r 0u
Solution
q
For sink flow, vr = - and vu = 0. Then,
2pr
0 ( vrr ) 0 q 0 q
= ca- b(r) d = a- b = 0
0r 0r 2pr 0r 2p
0vu
. We or
= 0
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
0u
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
Thus,
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
0(vr r) 0vu
+ = 0 + 0 = 0 or in a uc y (Q.E.D)
w d le tr p
er ld
0r 0u
e lu nt ns co
th inc de f i es
of rk ( stu e o tat
ity o g us d S
te is ss th ite
in f th se for Un
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
an his
e
T
790
7–55. A source at O creates a flow from point O that is

described by the potential function f = (8 ln r) m2 >s,
where r is in meters. Determine the stream function, and 30
specify the velocity at point r = 5 m, u = 15°. O
u
Solution
The r and u components of velocity are
0f 0 8
vr = = (8 ln r) = a b m>s
0r 0r r
1 0f 1 0
vu = = (8 ln r) = 0
r 0u r 0u
. We or
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
Applying,
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
1 0c 8 1 0c
vr = ; =
an on in rs h
r 0u r r 0u
k g rn to rig
Integrating this equation with respect to u,
or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
c = 8u + f(r)
th inc de f i es
of rk ( stu e o tat
Substituting this result,

ity o g us d S
0c 0
te is ss th ite
vu = - ; 0 = - 38u + f(r) 4

0r 0r
in f th se for Un
gr w in e
0
th t o a ly by
0 = 0- 3f(r) 4
0r
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
Integrating this equation with respect to r,

de f a rse de ot
f(r) = C
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is
Thus,
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
c = 8u + C
an his
Setting C = 0,
T
c = 8u Ans.
At r = 5 m, u = 15°,
8
vr = = 1.6 m>s
5
vu = 0
V = 2vr2 + vu2 = 2 ( 1.6 m>s ) 2 + (0)2 = 1.60 m>s2 Ans.
Ans:
c = 8u
V = 1.60 m>s2
791
*7–56. Combine a source of strength q with a free

counterclockwise vortex, and sketch the resultant
streamline for c = 0.
Solution
Superimposing the streamlines of a source and a free vortex,
q
c = u - k ln r
2p
For c = 0,
q
. We or
0 = u - k ln r
2p
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
q
d th g. in t la
ln r = u
2pk
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
q
e ln r = e 2pku or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
q
r = e 2pku
th inc de f i es
of rk ( stu e o tat
This equation represents a logarithmic spiral from the source and its plot is shown
ity o g us d S
in Fig. a.
te is ss th ite
in f th se for Un
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
source
w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
an his
1
T
(a)
792
7–57. A free vortex is defined by its stream function

c = ( - 240 ln r) m2 >s, where r is in meters. Determine the
velocity of a particle at r = 4 m and the pressure at points
on this streamline. Take r = 1.20 kg>m3.
r4m
Solution
1 0c
vr = ; vr = 0
r 0u
0c 240
vu = - ; vu = a b m>s
0r r
. We or
m W ina g
b)
Thus, the velocity is
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
240
V = vu = a b m>s
an on in rs h
r
k g rn to rig
At r = 4 m,
or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
240
th inc de f i es
V = a b m>s = 60.0 m>s Ans.

of rk ( stu e o tat
4
ity o g us d S
Since a free vortex flow is irrotational, Bernoulli’s equation can be applied

te is ss th ite
between two points on the different streamlines. In this case, the two points are
in f th se for Un
on the circular streamlines r = ∞ where V0 = 0 and p0 = 0 and r = 4 m where

gr w in e
th t o a ly by
V = 60.0 m>s. Since the flow occurs in the horizontal plane, z0 = z.

y ar d le d
ro p an o te
p0 V0 2 p V2
st ny s d s ec
+ + gz0 = + + gz
de f a rse de ot
r 2 r 2
s
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is
p ( 60.0 m>s ) 2
sa eir is p rk
0 + 0 + gz = + + gz
th d wo
3 2
1.20 kg>m
an his
p = - 2160 Pa = -2.16 kPa Ans.

T
Ans:
V = 60.0 m>s
p = - 2.16 kPa
793
7–58. Determine the location of the stagnation point for a y

combined uniform flow of 8 m>s and a source having a
strength of 3 m2 >s. Plot the streamline passing through the
stagnation point.
8 m/s
Solution
This is a case of flow past a half body. The location of the stagnation point P is at
u = p Ans.
Using
q 3 m2 >s 3
r = r0 = = = m Ans.
2pU 2p(8 m>s) 16p
. We or
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
The equation of the streamline (boundary of a half body) that passes through the
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
stagnation point P can be determined by applying.
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
r0(p - u)
r = or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
sin u
e lu nt ns co
3
th inc de f i es
(p - u)
of rk ( stu e o tat
16p
r =
ity o g us d S
sin u
te is ss th ite
3(p - u)
in f th se for Un
y
r =
gr w in e
16p sin u
th t o a ly by
asymptote
y ar d le d
This equation can be written in the form

ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
3
r sin u = (p - u) 3
de f a rse de ot
16p m
s
ill o u vi pr
16 r
P
w le co ro is
Since y = r sin u, this equation becomes ¨

sa eir is p rk
3 x
th d wo
y = (p - u) source
16p
an his
3
m
T
The half width h of the half body can be determined by setting y = h as u approaches 16
0 or 2p. Thus, 3
m
16
3 3
h = (p - u) = m asymptote
16p 16
The plot of the half body is shown in Fig. a. (a)
Ans:
u = p
3
r = m
16p
794
7–59. As water drains from the large cylindrical tank, its z

surface forms a free vortex having a circulation of Γ.
Assuming water to be an ideal fluid, determine the equation
z = f(r) that defines the free surface of the vortex.
Hint: Use the Bernoulli equation applied to two points on
the surface. r
Solution
For a free vortex, the radial and transverse components of velocity are
k
vr = 0 and vu =
. We or
r
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
Then
is e D t w
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
k A
an on in rs h
V = vu =
k g rn to rig
r r
or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
For a circulation Γ,
th inc de f i es
2p z
V # ds =
C L0 r
k
of rk ( stu e o tat
Γ = (rdu) = 2p k r
ity o g us d S
te is ss th ite
Γ
in f th se for Un
k = B
gr w in e
2p
th t o a ly by
Thus,
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
Γ
V =
de f a rse de ot
2pr
s
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is
Since a free vortex is irrotational flow, Bernoulli’s equation can be applied between
sa eir is p rk
z
th d wo
two points on different streamlines, such as point A and B shown in Fig. a. Point A
an his
(a)
is located at (r = ∞ , 0) where pA = patm = 0 and VA = 0, and point B is located
T
Γ
at (r, z) where pB = patm = 0 and VB = . Establish the datum through point A,
2pr
pA VA2 pB VB2
+ + gzA = + + gzB
rw 2 rw 2
Γ 2
a b
2pr
0 + 0 + g(0) = 0 + + g( -z)
2
Γ2
gz =
8p2r 2
Γ2
z = Ans.
8p2gr 2
Ans:
Γ2
z =
8p2gr 2
795
*7–60. Pipe A provides a source flow of 5 m2 >s, whereas y

the drain, or sink, at B removes 5 m2 >s. Determine the
stream function between AB, and show the streamline for
c = 0.
5 m/s2 5 m/s2
A B
x
2m 2m
Solution
When the source and sink are superimposed, Fig. a, the resultant stream function is
q q q 5 m2 >s
. We or
c = u2 - u1 = (u2 - u1) = (u2 - u1) Ans.
m W ina g
2p 2p 2p 2p
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
Here u2 is defined from A and u1 is defined from B.
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
Staying in polar coordinates, c = 0 implies u2 - u1 = 0 or u2 = u1. The graph of the
or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
corresponding points is shown in Fig. a, with the direction of flow indicated. Note
e lu nt ns co
that “the” steamline has two distinct segments.

th inc de f i es
of rk ( stu e o tat
ity o g us d S
y
te is ss th ite
in f th se for Un
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
x
an his
e
T
(a)
796
7–61. Pipe A provides a source flow of 5 m2 >s, whereas y

the drain at B removes 5 m2 >s. Determine the potential
function between AB, and show the equipotential line for
f = 0.
5 m/s2 5 m/s2
A B
x
2m 2m
Solution
When the source and sink are superimposed, the resultant potential function is
q q q r2 5 m2 >s r2
. We or
f = ln r2 - ln r1 = ln = ln Ans.
m W ina g
2p 2p 2p r1 2p r1
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
Here r2 is measured from B and r1 is measured from A.
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
Staying in polar coordinates, f = 0 implies or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
r2
e lu nt ns co
ln = 0
th inc de f i es
r1
of rk ( stu e o tat
r2
ity o g us d S
= 1
r1
te is ss th ite
in f th se for Un
r1 = r2
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
Thus, the equipotential line for f = 0 is along the y axis as shown in Fig. a.
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
y
st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is
f=0
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
an his
x
T
(a)
Ans:
5 m2 >sr2
f = ln
2p r1
The equipotential line for f = 0 is along the y axis.
797
7–62. A source having a strength of q = 80 ft2 >s is y

located at point A (4 ft, 2 ft). Determine the magnitudes of
the velocity and acceleration of fluid particles at point
B (8 ft, 1 ft).
A
2 ft
x
1 ft
4 ft 4 ft B
Solution
The radial and transverse components of the velocity are
q
vr = vu = 0
. We or
2pr
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
q
an on in rs h
V = vr =
k g rn to rig
2pr
or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
Here, r = 2(8 ft - 4 ft)2 + ( - 1 ft - 2 ft)2 = 5 ft. Then

th inc de f i es
80 ft 2 >s
of rk ( stu e o tat
V = = 2.546 ft>s = 2.55 ft>s Ans.

ity o g us d S
2p (5 ft)
te is ss th ite
x any y components of the velocity are

in f th se for Un
u = vr cos u v = vr sin u
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
x y
y ar d le d
Here cos u = and sin u = ,

ro p an o te
r r
st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
q x q x q y q y
ill o u vi pr
u = a b = a b v = a b = a b
w le co ro is
2pr r 2p r 2 2pr r 2p r 2
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
However, r 2 = x2 + y2. Then

an his
q x q y
T
u = a 2 2
b v = a 2 b
2p x + y 2p x + y2
x any y components of the acceleration are
0u 0u 0u
ax = + u + v
0t 0x 0y
q x q y2 - x2 q y q -2xy
= 0 + a 2 b • £ § ¶ + a 2 b• £ 2 § ¶
2p x + y 2 2p ( x + y )
2 2 2 2p x + y 2 2p ( x + y2 ) 2
q2 x3 + xy2
= - c d
4p 2
( x2 + y2 ) 3
0v 0v 0v
ay = + u + v
0t 0x 0y
q x q - 2xy q y q x2 - y2
= 0 + a 2 b • £ § ¶ + a b • £ § ¶
2p x + y2 2p ( x2 + y2 ) 2 2p x2 + y2 2p ( x2 + y2 ) 2
q2 y3 + x2y
= - c d
4p 2
( x2 + y2 ) 3
798
7–62. Continued
With respect to point A, the coordinates of point B are B[(8 - 4) ft, ( -1 - 2) ft]
= B ( 4 ft, - 3 ft ) . Then
( 80 ft2 >s ) 2 (4 ft)3 + (4 ft)( - 3 ft)2

ax = - c s = -1.038 ft>s2
4p2 3 (4 ft)2 + ( - 3 ft)2 4 3
. We or
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
( 80 ft2 >s ) 2 ( -3 ft)3 + (4 ft)2( -3 ft)
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
ay = - c s = 0.7781 ft>s2
4p2 3 (4 ft)2 + ( - 3 ft)2 4 3
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
Thus, the magnitude of the acceleration is
e lu nt ns co
th inc de f i es
a = 2ax2 + ay2 = 2 ( - 1.038 ft>s2 ) 2 + ( 0.7781 ft>s2 ) 2 = 1.297 ft>s2 = 1.30 ft>s2 Ans.
of rk ( stu e o tat
ity o g us d S
As an alternative solution,
te is ss th ite
0vr 0vr
a = + vr
in f th se for Un
0t 0r
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
q q 1
y ar d le d
= 0 + a a- 2b b
ro p an o te
2pr 2p r
st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
q2 (80 ft 2 >s)2
s
ill o u vi pr
= 2 2 = = 1.30 ft>s2 Ans.

(2p)2r 3
(2p)2(5 ft)3
w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
an his
e
T
Ans:
V = 2.55 ft>s
a = 1.30 ft>s2
799
7–63. Two sources, each having a strength of 2 m2 >s, are y

located as shown. Determine the x and y components of
the velocity of fluid particles that pass point (x, y). What is
the equation of the streamline that passes through point
(0, 8 m) in Cartesian coordinates? Is the flow irrotational?
4m 4m
Solution
When sources (1) and (2) are superimposed, Fig. a, the resultant stream function is
q q q
c = u + u = ( u + u2 )
. We or
2p 1 2p 2 2p 1
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
From the geometry shown in Fig. a,
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
y y
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
u1 = tan-1a b u2 = tan-1a b
x - 4 x + 4
or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
Then,
th inc de f i es
q y y
of rk ( stu e o tat
c = c tan-1a b + tan-1a b d (1)

ity o g us d S
2p x - 4 x + 4
te is ss th ite
The x and y components of velocity are

in f th se for Un
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
0c q 1 1 1 1
u = = ≥ a b + a b¥
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
0y 2p y 2 x - 4 y 2 x + 4
st ny s d s ec
1 + a b 1 + a b
x - 4 x + 4
de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
q
w le co ro is
x - 4 x + 4
= £ + § Ans.
sa eir is p rk
2p (x - 4)2 + y2 (x + 4)2 + y2
th d wo
an his
e
T
0c q 1 y 1 y
v = - = - ≥ £- § + c- d¥
0y 2p y 2
(x - 4) 2 y 2
(x + 4)2
1 + a b 1 + a b
x - 4 x + 4
q y y
= £ + § Ans.
2p (x - 4)2 + y2 (x + 4)2 + y2
Here,
dv q 2y(x - 4) 2y(x + 4)
= £ + §
dx 2p 3 (x - 4)2 + y2 4 2 3(x + 4)2 + y24 2
du q 2y(x - 4) 2y(x + 4)
= £ + §
dy 2p 3 (x - 4)2 + y2 4 2 3 (x + 4)2 + y2 4 2
Substituting these results into

1 0v 0u
vz = a - b = 0
2 0x 0y
800
7–63. Continued
Since vz = 0, the flow is irrotational. For q = 2 m2 >s, the streamline that passes
through point x = 0 and y = 8 m can be determined using Eq. 1,
2 8 8
c = c tan-1a b + tan-1a bd = 0
2p 0 - 4 0 + 4
. We or
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
Thus, the equation of this streamline is
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
y y
tan-1a b + tan-1a b = 0
an on in rs h
x - 4 x + 4
k g rn to rig
or in a uc y
w d le tr p
y y
er ld
e lu nt ns co
tan-1a b = - tan-1a b
x - 4 x + 4
th inc de f i es
of rk ( stu e o tat
y y
= -
ity o g us d S
x - 4 x + 4
te is ss th ite
x = 0 Ans.
in f th se for Un
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
y ar d le d
y
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
x
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
r2
th d wo
r1 y
r
an his
e
T
2 1
x
2 1
4m 4m
Ans:
q x - 4 x + 4
u = £ + §
2p 1 x - 42 2 + y2 1x + 42 2 + y2
q y y
v = £ + §
2p 1 x - 42 2 + y2 1x + 42 2 + y2
The flow is irrotational.

x = 0
801
*7–64. The source and sink of equal strength q are located y

a distance d from the origin as indicated. Determine the
stream function for the flow, and draw the streamline that
passes through the origin.
d d
Solution
When the source and sink are superimposed, Fig. a, the resultant stream function is
q q q
c = u - u = ( u - u2 ) Ans.
. We or
2p 1 2p 2 2p 1
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
Staying in polar coordinates, at the origin u1 = p and u2 = 0.
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
q q
an on in rs h
c = (p - 0) =
k g rn to rig
2p 2 or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
So the streamline satisfies

th inc de f i es
q q
= ( u - u2 )
of rk ( stu e o tat
2 2p 1
ity o g us d S
u1 = u2 + p
te is ss th ite
in f th se for Un
Thus, the streamline passing through the origin is the straight segment between the
gr w in e
source and the sink, as shown in Fig. a.

th t o a ly by
y ar d le d
y
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
q
=
th d wo
2
x
an his
e
T
(a)
802
7–65. Two sources, each having a strength q, are located y

as shown. Determine the stream function, and show that
this is the same as having a single source with a wall along
the y axis.
y
d d
Solution
When sources (1) and (2) are superimposed, Fig. a, the resultant stream function is
q q q
( u + u2 )
. We or
c = u + u = Ans.
2p 1 2p 2 2p 1
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
In order for the stream function to be the same as that of a single source and a wall
d th g. in t la
along the y axis, a streamline must exist along the y axis. However, by geometry,
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
along the y axis it is always true that u1 + u2 = {p, so that the value of the stream
or in a uc y
w d le tr p
q q q q
er ld
( {p) { , where + corresponds to the +y axis and -
e lu nt ns co
function is c =
2p 2 2 2
th inc de f i es
corresponds to the ‑y axis.

of rk ( stu e o tat
ity o g us d S
y
te is ss th ite
in f th se for Un
x
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
y ar d le d
r2
ro p an o te
r1
st ny s d s ec
r y
de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
2 1
x
w le co ro is
1
2
sa eir is p rk
d d
th d wo
an his
e
T
(a)
Ans:
q
c = ( u + u2 )
2p 1
803
7–66. A source q is emitted from the wall while a flow

y
occurs towards the wall. If the stream function is described
as c = (4xy + 8u) m2 >s, where x and y are in meters,
determine the distance d from the wall where the stagnation
point occurs along the y axis. Plot the streamline that passes
through this point.
d
x
Solution
Here, x = r cos u and y = r sin u. Then in terms of r and u coordinates,
. We or
c = 4(r cos u)(r sin u) + 8u
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
c = 2r 2 sin 2u + 8u
is e D t w
(1)
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
1 0c 1 1 or in a uc y
= 3 2r 2(2 cos 2u) + 8 4 = ( 4r 2 cos 2u + 8 )
w d le tr p
vr =
er ld
e lu nt ns co
r 0u r r
th inc de f i es
0c
of rk ( stu e o tat
vu = - = - (4r sin 2u)

0r
ity o g us d S
At stagnation point p, it is required that these velocity components are equal to zero.
te is ss th ite
in f th se for Un
vu = - 4r sin 2u = 0
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
sin 2u = 0 (since r ≠ 0)
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
2u = 0, p rad
st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
p
s
u = 0, rad
ill o u vi pr
2
w le co ro is
p
sa eir is p rk
u = rad is chosen and it gives the direction r of the stagnation point.

th d wo
2
an his
1
vr = ( 4r 2 cos 2u + 8 ) = 0
T
r
1
Since ≠ 0, then
r
4r 2 cos 2u + 8 = 0
p
Substituting u = rad and r = d into this equation,
2
p
4d 2 cos c 2 a b d + 8 = 0
2
d = 22 m Ans.
p
Substituting u = rad and r = 22 m into Eq 1,
2
p p
c = 2 ( 22 ) 2 sin c 2 a b d + 8 a b = 4p
2 2
804
7–66. Continued
Therefore, the streamline passing through the stagnation point is given by

4p - 8u
4p = 2r 2 sin 2u + 8u r 2 =
2 sin 2u
. We or
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
5p
no W iss ea s
p p p p p
itt id tio
u(rad)
is e D t w
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
12 6 4 3 12 2
an on in rs h
r(m) 3.236 2.199 1.772 1.555 1.447 undef.
k g rn to rig
or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
th inc de f i es
of rk ( stu e o tat
y (m)
ity o g us d S
te is ss th ite
5
in f th se for Un
12
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
3
y ar d le d
4
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
6
s
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is
12
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
an his
x (m)
T
(a)
Ans:
22 m
805
7–67. Determine the equation of the boundary of the half y

body formed by placing a source of 0.5 m2 >s in the uniform
flow of 8 m>s. Express the result in Cartesian coordinates. 8 m/s
x
A
Solution
For the flow past a half body,
q 0.5 m2 >s 0.03125
. We or
r0 = = = m
m W ina g
2pU 2p(8 m>s)
b)
ed e n
p
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
The equation of the boundary of a half body is given by
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
0.03125
(p - u)
or in a uc y
r0(p - u)
w d le tr p
p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
r = =
sin u sin u
th inc de f i es
of rk ( stu e o tat
0.03125
r sin u = (p - u)
ity o g us d S
p
te is ss th ite
y
in f th se for Un
Here, y = r sin u and u = tan-1 . Then, this equation becomes

x
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
y
y ar d le d
32py = p - tan-1
ro p an o te
x
st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
y
s
tan-1
ill o u vi pr
= p(1 - 32y)
x
w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
y
th d wo
= tan [p(1 - 32y)] Ans.

x
an his
e
T
Ans:
y = x tan 3 p ( 1 - 32y ) 4
806
*7–68. The leading edge of a wing is approximated by the 300 ft/s

half body. It is formed from the superposition of A
the uniform air flow of 300 ft>s and a source. Determine the r 0.3 ft
required strength of the source so that the width of the half u 90
body is 0.4 ft.
O
Solution
q q q
r0 = = = ft
. We or
2pU 2p(300 ft>s) 600p
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
an on in rs h
r0(p - u)
k g rn to rig
r =
sin u or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
q
(p - u)
th inc de f i es
600p q(p - u)
of rk ( stu e o tat
r = =
sin u 600p sin u
ity o g us d S
q(p - u)
te is ss th ite
r sin u =
in f th se for Un
600p
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
Since y = r sin u, this equation becomes

y ar d le d
ro p an o te
q(p - u)
st ny s d s ec
y =
de f a rse de ot
600p
s
ill o u vi pr
The half width h of the half body can be determined by setting y = h as u approaches
w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
0 or 2p. Thus,
th d wo
q(p - u) q
an his
h = =
600p 600
T
0.4 ft
Here, h = = 0.2 ft. Then
2
q
0.2 ft =
600
q = 120 ft 2 >s Ans.
807
7–69. The leading edge of a wing is approximated by the half 300 ft/s
body. It is formed from the superposition of the uniform air A
flow of 300 ft>s and a source having a strength of 100 ft2 >s. r 0.3 ft
Determine the width of the half body and the difference in u 90
pressure between the stagnation point O and point A, where
r = 0.3 ft, u = 90. Take r = 2.35(103) slug>ft3. O
Solution
q 100 ft 2 >s 1
r0 = = = ft
2pU 2p(300 ft>s) 6p
r0(p - u)
. We or
r =
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
sin u
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
1
(p - u)
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
6p
r = or in a uc y
sin u
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
1
th inc de f i es
r sin u = (p - u)
of rk ( stu e o tat
6p
ity o g us d S
Since y = r sin u, this equation becomes

te is ss th ite
in f th se for Un
1
y = (p - u)
gr w in e
6p
th t o a ly by
y ar d le d
The half width h of the half body can be determined by setting y = h as u approaches
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
0 or 2p. Thus,
de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
1 1
h = (p - u) = ft
w le co ro is
6p 6
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
1
Here, 2h = 2 a ft b = 0.333 ft Ans.
an his
6
e
T
At the stagnation point O, VO = 0. The r and u components of velocity at point A

can be determined using
q 100 ft 2 >s
vr = + U cos u = + ( 300 ft>s ) cos 90° = 53.05 ft>s
2pr 2p(0.3 ft)
vu = - U sin u = - ( 300 ft>s ) sin 90° = - 300 ft>s

V = 2vr2 + vu2 = 2 ( 53.05 ft>s ) 2 + ( - 300 ft>s ) 2 = 304.65 ft>s

The flow past a half body is irrotational. Thus, the Bernoulli equation for an ideal
fluid is applicable from point O at A. Neglecting the elevation term,
pO VO2 pA VA2
+ = +
r 2 r 2
pO pA ( 304.65 ft>s ) 2
+ 0 = +
2.35 ( 10-3 ) slug>ft 3 2.35 ( 10-3 ) slug>ft 3 2
lb 1 ft 2
∆p = pO - pA = 109.06 a b = 0.757 psi Ans. Ans:
ft 2 12 in.
0.333 ft
∆p = 0.757 psi
808
7–70. The half body is defined by a combined uniform y

flow having a velocity of U and a point source of strength q.
Determine the pressure distribution along the top boundary
of the half body as a function of u, if the pressure within the
uniform flow is p0. Neglect the effect of gravity. The density
U
of the fluid is r.
r
u
x
Solution
q
r0 =
. We or
2pU
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
q
an on in rs h
(p - u)
k g rn to rig
r0(p - u) 2pU q(p - u)
or in a uc y
r = = =
w d le tr p
er ld
sin u sin u 2pU sin u
e lu nt ns co
th inc de f i es
The r and u components of velocity at any point on the boundary can be determined
of rk ( stu e o tat
using
ity o g us d S
q q U sin u
te is ss th ite
vr = + U cos u = + U cos u = + U cos u

2pr q(p - u) p - u
in f th se for Un
2pc d
gr w in e
2pU sin u
th t o a ly by
y ar d le d
vu = -U sin u
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec

de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
2
U sin u
V = 2vr2 + vu2 = 2
w le co ro is
A a p - u + U cos u b + ( -U sin u)
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
U
= 2 sin2u + (p - u) sin 2u + (p - u)2
an his
p - u
T
Since the potential function exists, the flow past a half body is irrotational. The
Bernoulli equation is applicable between any two points in the flow. If point A is an
arbitrary point on the boundary where VA = V and pA = p, and point O is a point
remote from the body where VO = U, then
p0 VO2 pA VA2
+ = +
r 2 r 2
U2
3 sin2u + (p - u) sin 2u + (p - u)2 4
p0 U2 p (p - u)2
+ = +
r 2 r 2
2
rU
p = p0 - 3 sin2u + (p - u) sin 2u 4 Ans.
2(p - u)2
Ans:
rU 2
p = p0 - 3 sin2u + (p - u) sin2u 4
2(p - u)2
809
7–71. A fluid flows over a half body for which U = 0.4 m>s y
and q = 1.0 m2 >s. Plot the half body, and determine the
magnitudes of the velocity and pressure in the fluid at the
point r = 0.8 m and u = 90o. The pressure within the uniform
flow is 300 Pa. Take r = 850 kg>m3.
U 0.4 m/s
r
u
x
q 1.0 m/s2
Solution
The location of the stagnation point p can be determined from
q 1.0 m2 >s
. We or
r0 = = = 0.3979 m = 0.398 m
m W ina g
2pU 2p ( 0.4 m>s )
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
The half width of the half body is
an on in rs h
h = pr0 = p(0.3979 m) = 1.25 m
k g rn to rig
or in a uc y
w d le tr p
The resulting half body is shown in Fig. a. The velocity components of the flow passing
er ld
e lu nt ns co
a half body at point B where r = 0.8 m and u = 90° are

th inc de f i es
of rk ( stu e o tat
q 1.0 m2 >s
(vr)B = + U cos u = + ( 0.4 m>s ) cos 90° = 0.1989 m>s
ity o g us d S
2pr 2p(0.8 m)
te is ss th ite
in f th se for Un
(vu)B = - U sin u = - ( 0.4 m>s ) sin 90° = - 0.4 m>s

gr w in e
th t o a ly by

y ar d le d
ro p an o te
V = 2(vr)B2 + (vu)B2 = 2 ( 0.1989 m>s ) 2 + ( - 0.4 m>s ) 2 = 0.4467 m>s = 0.447 m>s Ans.
st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
Since the flow passing a half body is irrotational, Bernoulli’s equation can be applied
s
ill o u vi pr
between two points on the different streamlines such as point A within the uniform
w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
flow and point B. Since the flow occurs in the horizontal plane, the gravity term can be
th d wo
excluded. Here VA = U = 0.4 m>s.

an his
pA VA2 pB VB2
T
+ = +
r 2 r 2
r
pB = pA + ( VA2 - VB2 )
2
850 kg>m3
= 300 Pa + ° ¢ 3 ( 0.4 m>s ) 2 - ( 0.4467 m>s ) 2 4
2
= 283 Pa Ans.
y (m)
1.25 m
p
x (m)
Ans:
1.25 m r0 = 0.398 m
0.398 m h = 1.25 m
V = 0.447 m>s
(a) p = 283 Pa
810
*7–72. The half body is defined by a combined uniform y

flow having a velocity of U and a point source of strength q.
Determine the location u on the boundary of the half body U
where the pressure p is equal to the pressure p0 within the
uniform flow. Neglect the effect of gravity.
r u
x
Solution
q
r0 =
2pU
q
(p - u)
r0(p - u) 2pU q(p - u)
r = = =
sin u sin u 2pU sin u
The r and u components of velocity at any point on the boundary can be determined
using
q q U sin u
vr = + U cos u = + U cos u = + U cos u
q(p - u)
. We or
2pr p - u
2pc d
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
2pU sin u
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
vu = - U sin u
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
Thus, the magnitude of the velocity is or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
2
U sin u
V = 2vr2 + vu2 = 2
A a p - u + U cos u b + ( -U sin u)
th inc de f i es
of rk ( stu e o tat
U
ity o g us d S
= 2sin2u + (p - u) sin 2u + (p - u)2

p - u
te is ss th ite
in f th se for Un
Since the potential function exists, the flow past a half body is irrotational. The
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
Bernoulli equation is applicable between any two points in the flow. If point A is an
arbitrary point on the boundary where VA = V and pA = pO, and point O is a point
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
remote from the body where VO = U, then

st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
pO VO2 pA VA2
s
ill o u vi pr
+ = +
w le co ro is
r 2 r 2
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
U2
3 sin2u + (p - u) sin 2u + (p - u)2 4
an his
(p - u)2
e
pO pA2
U
+ = +
T
r 2 r 2
rU 2
pO - pA = 3 sin2 u + (p - u) sin 2u 4 = 0
2(p - u)2
rU 2
Since ≠ 0, then
2(p - u)2
sin2u + (p - u) sin 2u = 0
sin2u + 2(p - u) sin u cos u = 0
sin u[sin u + 2(p - u) cos u] = 0
Since sin u ≠ 0, then
sin u + 2(p - u) cos u = 0
tan u + 2(p - u) = 0
Solving by trial and error,
180°
u = 1.9760 rad a b = 113.22° = 113° Ans.
p rad
or
180°
u = 4.3072 rad a b = 246.8° = 247° Ans.
p rad
811
7–73. The Rankine body is defined by the source and sink,

4 m/s y
each having a strength of 0.2 m2 >s. If the velocity of the
uniform flow is 4 m>s, determine the longest and shortest
dimensions of the body.
x
0.5 m 0.5 m
Solution
The half length of the Rankine oval is
1
q 2
. We or
b = a a + a2 b
m W ina g
Up
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
1
0.2 m2 >s 2
b = ca b(0.5 m) + ( 0.5 m ) 2 d = 0.5079 m
an on in rs h
(4 m>s)p
k g rn to rig
or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
Thus, the length of the Rankine oval is
e lu nt ns co
Ans.
th inc de f i es
L = 2b = 2(0.5079 m) = 1.02 m
of rk ( stu e o tat
The half width of the Rankine oval can be determined using

ity o g us d S
te is ss th ite
h2 - a2 2pUh
in f th se for Un
h = tan a b
2a q
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
h2 - ( 0.5 m ) 2 2p(4 m>s)h

y ar d le d
ro p an o te
h = tanc d
2(0.5 m) 0.2 m2 >s
st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
h = ( h2 - 0.25 ) tan (40ph)

w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
Solving numerically, and noting that q>2U = 0.2>[2(4)] = 0.025, we start with
th d wo
h = 0.024 and adjust this until we find that

an his
e
T
h = 0.02423 m
Thus, the width of the Rankine oval is
W = 2h = 2(0.02423) = 0.0485 m Ans.
Ans:
L = 1.02 m
0.0485 m
812
7–74. The Rankine body is defined by the source and sink,

4 m/s y
each having a strength of 0.2 m2 >s. If the velocity of the
uniform flow is 4 m>s, determine the equation in Cartesian
coordinates that defines the boundary of the body.
x
0.5 m 0.5 m
Solution
The stream function of the flow around the Rankine oval is given by
q 2ay
c = Uy - tan-1a 2 b
. We or
2p x + y2 - a2
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
Since the boundary of the Rankine oval contains the stagnation point where y = 0,
is e D t w
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
then this equation gives
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
q 2(a)(0)
c = U(0) - tan-1a 2 b = 0
or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
2p x + 02 - a2
e lu nt ns co
th inc de f i es
Thus, the equation that describes the boundary of the Rankine oval is
of rk ( stu e o tat
q 2ay
ity o g us d S
Uy - tan-1a 2 b = 0
2p x + y2 - a2
te is ss th ite
in f th se for Un
Here, U = 4 m>s, q = 0.2 m2 >s and a = 0.5 m.

gr w in e
th t o a ly by
0.2 2(0.5)y
y ar d le d
4y - tan-1 c 2 d = 0
ro p an o te
2p x + y2 - 0.52
st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
y
ill o u vi pr
1
4y - tan-1 c 2 d = 0
w le co ro is
10p 2
x + y - 0.25
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
y
= tan 40py Ans.
an his
2 2
x + y - 0.25
T
Ans:
y
2 2
= tan 40py
x + y - 0.25
813
7–75. A fluid has a uniform velocity of U = 10 m>s. A

source q = 15 m2 >s is at x = 2 m, and a sink q = 15 m2 >s is
at x = 2 m. Graph the Rankine body that is formed, and
determine the magnitudes of the velocity and the pressure
at point (0, 2 m). The pressure within the uniform flow is
40 kPa. Take r = 850 kg>m3.
Solution
The major and minor axes of the Rankine oval can be determined from
1
q 2
b = a a + a2 b
Up
1
15 m2 >s 2
= ec d (2 m) + (2 m)2 f
(10 m>s)p
. We or
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
= 2.23 m
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
h2 - a2 2pUh
an on in rs h
tan a b
k g rn to rig
h =
2a q or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
h2 - (2 m)2 2p ( 10 m>s ) h
th inc de f i es
h = tan c d
2(2 m) 15 m2 >s
of rk ( stu e o tat
ity o g us d S
h2 - 4 4p
te is ss th ite
h = tan a hb
4 3
in f th se for Un
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
Solving numerically, and noting that q>2U = 15> 32(10) 4 = 0.75, we start with
y ar d le d
h = 0.74 and adjust this until we find that

ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
h = 0.609 m
de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
The resulting Rankine oval is shown in Fig. a

w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
Since the flow around a Rankine oval is irrotational, Bernoulli’s equation can be
th d wo
applied between two points on different streamlines where these two points are
an his
point A, within the uniform flow and point B (0, 2 m). Since the flow occurs in the
T
horizontal plane, the gravity term can be excluded.

Here, VA = U = 10 m>s and the velocity components at B are
q x + a x - a
uB = U + £ - §
2p (x + a)2 + y2 (x - a)2 + y2
15 m2 >s 0 + 2m 0 - 2m
= 10 m>s + a b£ - §
2p (0 + 2 m)2 + (2 m)2 (0 - 2 m)2 + (2 m)2
= 11.19 m>s
q y y
vB = £ 2 2
- §
2p (x + a) + y (x - a)2 + y2
15 m2 >s 2m 2m
= £ 2 2
- §
2p (0 + 2 m) + (2 m) (0 - 2 m)2 + (2 m)2
= 0
814
7–75. Continued
Thus,
VB = u B = 11.19 m>s = 11.2 m>s Ans.
Bernoulli’s equation written between points A and B is
pA VA2 pB VB2
+ = +
r 2 r 2
r
pB = pA + ( VA2 - VB2 )
2
. We or
m W ina g
850 kg>m3
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
= 40 ( 103 ) Pa + ° ¢ c ( 10 m>s ) 2 - ( 11.19 m>s ) 2 d
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
2
d th g. in t la
an on in rs h
= 29.24 ( 103 ) Pa = 29.2 kPa
k g rn to rig
Ans.
or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
th inc de f i es
y (m)
of rk ( stu e o tat
ity o g us d S
te is ss th ite
in f th se for Un
0.609 m
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
x (m)
y ar d le d
0.609 m
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
2.23 m 2.23 m
w le co ro is
(a)
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
an his
e
T
Ans:
h = 0.609 m
V = 11.2 m>s
p = 29.2 kPa
815
*7–76. Integrate the pressure distribution, Eq. 7–67, over

the surface of the cylinder in Fig. 7–33b, and show that the
resultant force is equal to zero.
Solution
The pressure distribution around a cylinder is given by
1 2
p = p0 + rU ( 1 - 4 sin2 u )
2
The force that the pressure exerts on the differential area dA = (adu)L = aLdu is
1 1
dF = pdA = c p0 + rU 2 ( 1 - 4 sin2 u ) d (aLdu) = p0aLdu + raLU 2 ( 1 - 4 sin2 u ) du
2 2
. We or
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
Equating the resultant forces along the x and y axes shown in Fig. a,
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
2p
L0
an on in rs h
+
S ( FR ) x = ΣFx;
( FR ) x = - dF cos u
k g rn to rig
or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
2p
L0
1
= - c p0aLdu + raLU 2 ( 1 - 4 sin2 u ) du d cos u
th inc de f i es
2
of rk ( stu e o tat
ity o g us d S
2p 2p
L0 L0 2
1
= - p0aL cos udu - raLU 2 ( cos u - 4 sin2 u cos u ) du
te is ss th ite
in f th se for Un
gr w in e
1 4 sin3 u 2p
th t o a ly by
= - p0aL(sin u) 2p
0 - raLU 2 asin u - b`
y ar d le d
2 3 0
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
= 0
de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
2p
L0
w le co ro is
+ c ( FR ) y = ΣFy; ( FR ) y = - dF sin u
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
2p
L0
1
an his
= - c p0aLdu + raLU 2 ( 1 - 4 sin2 u ) du d sin u

T
2
2p 2p
L0 L0 2
1
= - p0aL sin udu - raLU 2 ( sin u - 4 sin3 u ) du
2p
1 4
= - p0aL ( cos u ) 2p
0 - raLU 2 c -cos u - c - cos u ( sin2 u + 2 ) d d `
2 3 0
= 0
Therefore,
FR = 2 ( FR ) x2 + ( FR ) y2 = 0 (Q.E.D.)
(FR)y
ds = ad
dF
a
d
(FR)x
(a)
816
7–77. The tall rotating cylinder is subjected to a uniform

horizontal airflow of 3 ft>s. If the radius of the cylinder is
4 ft, determine the location of the stagnation points and the
lift per unit length. The circulation around the cylinder is 3 ft/s
18 ft 2 >s. Take r = 2.35 1 10-3 2 slug>ft 3.
4 ft
Solution
The lift can be determined by using
Fy = rUΓ = 3 2.35 ( 10-3 ) slug>ft3 4 ( 3 ft>s )( 18 ft2 >s )

= 0.127 lb>ft Ans.
For this case,
Γ 18 ft 2 >s
sin u = = = 0.1194
4p ( 3 ft>s ) (4 ft)
. We or
4pUa
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
u = 6.86° and 173° Ans.
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
Since the solution has two roots, there are two stagnation points on the surface of
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
the cylinder.
or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
th inc de f i es
of rk ( stu e o tat
ity o g us d S
te is ss th ite
in f th se for Un
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
an his
e
T
Ans:
Fy = 0.127 lb>ft
u = 6.86° and 173°
817
7–78. The 0.5-m-diameter bridge pier is subjected to the

uniform flow of water at 4 m>s. Determine the maximum
and minimum pressures exerted on the pier at a depth of 2 m.
Solution
For the flow around a cylinder, the pressure at any point on the boundary can be
determined by using
1
p = p0 + rU 2 ( 1 - 4 sin2 u )
. We or
2
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
At the depth of h = 2 m,
d th g. in t la
an on in rs h
p0 = rgh = ( 1000 kg>m3 )( 9.81 m>s2 ) (2 m) = 19.62 ( 103 ) Pa
k g rn to rig
or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
dp
e lu nt ns co
The pressure extremes occur when = 0. Thus,

th inc de f i es
du
of rk ( stu e o tat
dp
ity o g us d S
1
= 0 + rU 2(0 - 8 sin u cos u) = 0
du 2
te is ss th ite
in f th se for Un
8 sin u cos u = 0
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
4 sin 2u = 0
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
Solving,
st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
u = 0, 90°, 180°...
w le co ro is
The maximum pressure occurs when u = 0° or 180°. Thus,

sa eir is p rk
th d wo
1
( 1000 kg>m3 )( 4 m>s ) 2 3 1 - 4 sin2 0° 4
an his
pmax = 19.62 ( 103 ) Pa +

e
2
T
= 27.62 ( 103 ) Pa = 27.6 kPa Ans.
The minimum pressure occurs when u = 90°. Thus,

1
pmin = 19.62 ( 103 ) Pa + ( 1000 kg>m3 ) (4 m>s)2 31 - 4 sin2 90°4
2
= - 4.38 ( 103 ) Pa = - 4.38 kPa Ans.
The negative sign indicates that suction occurs.
Ans:
pmax = 27.6 kPa
pmin = - 4.38 kPa
818
7–79. Air flows around the cylinder such that the pressure,
measured at A, is pA = - 4 kPa. Determine the velocity U
of the flow if r = 1.22 kg>m3. Can this velocity be A
determined if instead the pressure at B is measured? 45
U B
0.2 m
Solution
The pressure at a point removed from the cylinder is atmospheric. Thus, p0 = 0.
At point A, u = 45°
1
pA = p0 + rU 2 ( 1 - 4 sin2 u )
2
1
-4 ( 103 ) N>m2 = 0 + ( 1.22 kg>m2 )( U 2 )( 1 - 4 sin2 45°)
2
. We or
U = 80.98 m>s = 81.0 m>s Ans.
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
If the pressure is measured at B, the velocity of the uniform flow can be determined
d th g. in t la
using the same equation with u = 180°.
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
th inc de f i es
of rk ( stu e o tat
ity o g us d S
te is ss th ite
in f th se for Un
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
an his
e
T
Ans:
81.0 m>s; yes
819
*7–80. The 200-mm-diameter cylinder is subjected to a

uniform horizontal flow having a velocity of 6 m>s. At a 6 m/s
distance far away from the cylinder, the pressure is 150 kPa.
Plot the variations of the velocity and pressure along the
r
radial line r, at u = 90°, and specify their values at r = 0.1 m,
u
0.2 m, 0.3 m, 0.4 m, and 0.5 m. Take r = 1.5 Mg>m3.
0.1 m
Solution
The r and u components of velocity of the uniform flow around a cylinder can be r(m)
determined using
0.5
a 2 (0.1 m)2 0.06 0.4
vr = U a1 - b cos u = ( 6 m>s ) £ 1 - § cos u = c a6 - b cos u d m>s
r2 r2 r2
0.3
2
a2 (0.1 m) 0.06 0.2
vu = - U a1 + b sin u = -(6 m>s) c 1 + d sin u = c - a6 + 2 b sin u d m>s
. We or
2
r r2 r
m W ina g
0.1
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
When u = 90°, v(m s)
d th g. in t la
0 6.24 12
an on in rs h
0.06 7.5
k g rn to rig
vr = 0 vu = - a6 + b m>s
or in a uc y 6.375 6.67
r2
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
(a)
Thus, the magnitude of the velocity when u = 90° is
th inc de f i es
r(m)
of rk ( stu e o tat
0.06 2 0.06
ity o g us d S
V = 2vr2 + vu2 2
= 0 + c - a6 + 2 b = a6 + 2 b m>s (1)
B r r 0.5
te is ss th ite
in f th se for Un
Flow around a cylinder is irrotational since the potential function exists. Therefore, 0.4
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
the Bernoulli equation is applicable. Neglecting the elevation terms,

0.3
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
pO VO2 p V2
st ny s d s ec
+ = + 0.2
de f a rse de ot
r 2 r 2
s
ill o u vi pr
N 0.06 2 0.1
w le co ro is
150 ( 103 ) a6 + b
( 6 m>s ) 2
sa eir is p rk
m2 p r2 p(kPa)
th d wo
+ = +
1500 kg>m3 2 1500 kg>m3 2 0 69 135
148
an his
144
0.06 2 147
T
p = c 177 ( 103 ) - 750 a6 + b d Pa (2) (b)

r2
The values of V and P at r = 0.1 m, 0.2 m, 0.3 m, 0.4 m, and 0.5 m can be evaluated
using Eqs. 1 and 2, respectively, and are tabulated below.
r(m) 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
V ( m>s )
12 7.5 6.67 6.375 6.24 Ans.
Eq. (1)
p(kPa)
69 135 144 147 148
Eq. (2)
The plot of V vs. r and p vs. r are shown in Figs. a and b.
820
7–81. The 200-mm-diameter cylinder is subjected to a

uniform flow having a velocity of 6 m>s. At a distance far 6 m/s
away from the cylinder, the pressure is 150 kPa. Plot the
variation of the velocity and pressure along the radial line r,
r
at u = 0°, and specify their values at r = 0.1 m, 0.2 m, 0.3 m,
u
0.4 m, and 0.5 m. Take r = 1.5 Mg>m3.
0.1 m
Solution
The r and u components of velocity of the uniform flow around a cylinder can be v(m s)
determined using 5.76
5.625
a2 (0.1 m)2 0.06
vr = U a1 - 2
b cos u = ( 6 m>s ) c 1 - d cos u = c a6 - 2 b cos u d m>s 5.33
r r2 r 4.50
a2 (0.1 m)2 0.06

vu = - U a1 + 2
bsin u = - ( 6 m>s ) c 1 + 2
d sin u = c - a6 + 2 b sin u d m>s
r r r
. We or
When u = 0°,
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
0.06
vr = a6 - b m>s vu = 0
an on in rs h
r2 r(m)
k g rn to rig
or in a uc y
w d le tr p 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
er ld
Thus, the magnitude of the velocity when u = 0° is
e lu nt ns co
(a)
th inc de f i es
0.06 2 0.06
V = 2vr2 + vu2 = a6 - b + 02 = a6 - 2 b m>s (1)
of rk ( stu e o tat
B r2 r
ity o g us d S
P(kPa)
162 177
te is ss th ite
The flow around a cylinder is irrotational since the potential function exists. Therefore,
in f th se for Un
the Bernoulli equation is applicable. Neglecting the elevation terms, 156

gr w in e
th t o a ly by
153
pO VO2 p V2 152
y ar d le d
+ = +
ro p an o te
r 2 r 2
st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
0.06 2
s
N
ill o u vi pr
150 ( 103 ) a6 - b
( 6 m>s ) 2
w le co ro is
m2 p r2
+ = +
sa eir is p rk
1500 kg>m3 2 1500 kg>m3 2

th d wo
an his
0.06 2
p = c 177 ( 103 ) - 750 a6 - b d Pa (2) r(m)
T
r2 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5

(b)
The values of V and P at r = 0.1 m, 0.2 m, 0.3 m, 0.4 m, and 0.5 m can be evaluated
using Eqs. 1 and 2, respectively, and are tabulated below.
r(m) 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
V(m>s) 0 4.50 5.33 5.625 5.76 Ans.
p(kPa) 177 162 156 153 152

The plot of V vs. r and p vs. r are shown in Figs. a and b.
Ans:
r (m) 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
V (m>s) 0 4.50 5.33 5.625 5.76
p (kPa) 177 162 156 153 152
821
7–82. Air is flowing at U = 30 m>s past the Quonset hut y

of radius R = 3 m. Find the velocity and absolute pressure
distribution along the y axis for 3 m … y … ∞ . The U
absolute pressure within the uniform flow is p0 = 100 kPa.
A
Take ra = 1.23 kg>m3.
R
u
x
Solution
The velocity components of the flow around the building are
a2 a2
vr = U a1 - bcos u vu = - U a1 + bsin u
r2 r2
Here U = 30 m>s and a = 3 m. Along the y axis u = 90°. Then
(3 m)2
vr = ( 30 m>s ) c 1 - d cos 90° = 0
r2
. We or
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
(3 m)2
itt id tio
is e D t w
vu = - ( 30 m>s ) c 1 +
t p or em ch
d sin 90°
d th g. in t la
r2
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
9
= - 30 a1 + bm>s or in a uc y
r2
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
th inc de f i es
Thus, the velocity distribution along the y axis is

of rk ( stu e o tat
ity o g us d S
9
V = vu = 30 a1 + b m>s Ans.
r2
te is ss th ite
in f th se for Un
Since the flow is irrotational, Bernoulli’s equation can be applied between two
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
points on different streamlines. Here they are point O within the uniform flow and
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
a point along the y axis,

st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
p0 VO2 p V2
s
ill o u vi pr
+ + gz0 = + + gz
ra 2 ra 2
w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
Since the density of air is small, the gravitational terms can be neglected. Here,
th d wo
V0 = U = 30 m>s. Then
an his
e
T
9 2
c 30 a1 + bd
100 ( 103
) N>m2
( 30 m>s ) 2
p r2
+ + 0 = + + 0
1.23 kg>m3 2 1.23 kg>m3 2
9 2
p = c 100 553.5 - 553.5 a1 + b d Pa Ans.
r2
Notice that at r = ∞ ,
p = 100 553.5 - 553.5(1 + 0)2

= 100 ( 103 ) Pa = p0
Ans:
9
V = 30 a1 + b m>s
r2
9 2
p = c 100 553.5 - 553.5 a1 + b d Pa
r2
822
7–83. The Quonset hut of radius R is subjected to a y

uniform wind having a velocity U. Determine the resultant
vertical force caused by the pressure that acts on the hut if U
it has a length L. The density of air is r.
A
R
u
x
Solution
For the flow around a cylinder, the pressure distribution on the boundary is
described by
1
rU 2 ( 1 - 4 sin2 u )
p = p0 +
2
Here, p0 is atmospheric pressure. Thus, the net pressure on the boundary is gauge
pressure, which is
. We or
1
pg = p - p0 = rU 2 ( 1 - 4 sin2 u )
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
2
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
The force that the gauge pressure exerts on the differential area dA = (Rd u)L
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
= RLd u is
or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
1 1
dF = pgdA = rU 2 ( 1 - 4 sin2 u ) (RLdu) = rRLU 2 ( 1 - 4 sin2 u ) du
th inc de f i es
2 2
of rk ( stu e o tat
Equating the forces along the y axis shown in Fig. a,

ity o g us d S
te is ss th ite
L0
in f th se for Un
+ c (FR)y = ΣFy; (FR)y = - dFd sin u

gr w in e
th t o a ly by
p
y ar d le d
L 2
1
rRLU 2 ( 1 - 4 sin2 u ) sin u du
ro p an o te
= -
st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
0
s
ill o u vi pr
L0
1
w le co ro is
= - rRLU 2 ( sin u - 4 sin3 u ) du

sa eir is p rk
2
th d wo
an his
1 4 p
= - rRLU 2 c - cos u - c - cos u ( sin2 u + 2 ) d d
T
2 3 0
5
= rRLU 2 Ans.
3
(FR(y
ds = Rd¨
dF
(FR(x R R
= ¨
d¨
(a)
Ans:
5
(FR)y = rRLU 2
3
823
*7–84. The Quonset hut of radius R is subjected to a y

uniform wind having a velocity U. Determine the speed of
the wind and the gage pressure at point A. The density of U
air is r.
A
R
u
x
Solution
p
At point A, r = R and u = rad. Thus,
2
a2 R2 p
vr = U a1 - bcos u = U a1 - bcos = 0
r2 R2 2
a2 R2 p
vu = - U a1 + bsin u = - U a1 + bsin = -2U
r2 R2 2
. We or
Thus, the magnitude of the velocity at point A is
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
VA = 2vr2 + vu2 = 202 + ( - 2U)2 = 2U Ans.
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
Here, VA is directed towards the positive x axis.
or in a uc y
For the flow around a cylinder, the pressure distribution on the boundary is
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
described by
th inc de f i es
of rk ( stu e o tat
1
p = p0 + rU 2 ( 1 - 4 sin2 u )
ity o g us d S
2
te is ss th ite
in f th se for Un
Here, p0 is atmospheric pressure. Thus, the net pressure on the boundary is gauge
gr w in e
pressure, which is
th t o a ly by
y ar d le d
1
ro p an o te
pg = p - p0 = rU 2 ( 1 - 4 sin2 u )
st ny s d s ec
2
de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
p
At point A, u = rad. Then,
w le co ro is
2
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
1 p 3
( pg ) A = rU 2 c 1 - 4 sin2 a b d = - rU 2 Ans.
an his
2 2 2
T
The negative sign indicates that suction occurs at A.
824
7–85. Water flows toward the circular column with a

uniform speed of 3 ft>s. If the outer radius of the column is A
4 ft, and the pressure within the uniform flow is 6 lb>in2, 6 ft
determine the pressure at point A. Take rw = 1.94 slug>ft 3. 3 ft/s
4 ft
Solution
The velocity components of the flow around the structure are
a2 a2
vr = Ua1 - 2
bcos u vu = - U a1 + 2 bsin u
r r
Here U = 3 ft>s, and a = 4 ft. For point A, r = 6 ft and u = 90°. Then

(4 ft)2
vr = ( 3 ft>s ) c 1 - d cos 90° = 0
(6 ft)2
. We or
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
(4 ft)2
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
vu = - ( 3 ft>s ) c 1 + d sin 90° = - 4.333 ft>s
d th g. in t la
(6 ft)2
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
Thus, the magnitude of the velocity at A is or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
VA = vu = 4.333 ft>s
th inc de f i es
of rk ( stu e o tat
Since the flow is irrotational, Bernoulli’s equation can be applied between two points
ity o g us d S
on different streamlines. Here, they are point O in the uniform flow and point A.
te is ss th ite
p0 VO2 pA VA2
in f th se for Un
+ + gz0 = + + gzA
gr w in e
r 2 r 2
th t o a ly by
y ar d le d
Since the flow is in the horizontal plane, zD = zA = z. Here, V0 = U = 3 ft>s. Then

ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
p0 V0 2 pA VA2
de f a rse de ot
+ + gz = + + gz
s
ill o u vi pr
r 2 r 2
w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
r
pA = p0 + ( V0 2 - VA2 )
th d wo
2
an his
lb 12 in 2 1.94 slug>ft 3
= a6 ba 3 ( 3 ft>s ) 2 - ( 4.333 ft>s ) 2 4
T
2
b +
in 1 ft 2
lb 1 ft 2
= a854.52 2
ba b
ft 12 in
= 5.93 psi Ans.
Ans:
5.93 psi
825
7–86. The tall circular building is subjected to a uniform

wind having a velocity of 150 ft>s. Determine the location u
of the window that is subjected to the smallest pressure.
What is this pressure? Take ra = 0.00237 slug>ft 3.
u
85 ft
Solution
This is a case of flow around a cylinder where the velocity components are
a2 a2
vr = U a1 - 2
b cos u vu = - U a1 + 2 b sin u
r r
On the surface of the building where r = a = 85 ft,
. We or
vr = 0 vu = - 2U sin u
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
Thus, the velocity of the wind on the surface of the building is
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
V = vu = - 2U sin u
or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
The minimum pressure occurs at the point where the magnitude of velocity is
maximum, that is when
th inc de f i es
of rk ( stu e o tat
sin u = 1 or sin u = - 1

ity o g us d S
te is ss th ite
Then u = 90° or 270° Ans.

in f th se for Un
gr w in e
Therefore
th t o a ly by
y ar d le d
Vmax = 2U = 2 ( 150 ft>s ) = 300 ft>s

ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
points on different streamlines, such as between a point within the uniform flow
w le co ro is
and a point on the building. Since the flow occurs in the horizontal plane, the gravity
sa eir is p rk
term can be excluded.

th d wo
an his
V0 2 2
e
p0 pmin Vmax
+ = +
T
r 2 r 2
Here p0 = 0 and V0 = U = 150 ft>s. Then
( 150 ft>s ) 2 pmin ( 300 ft>s ) 2

0 + = 3
+
2 0.00237 slug>ft 2
lb 1 ft 2
pmin = a - 79.99 2
ba b = - 0.555 psi Ans.
ft 12 in
Ans:
u = 90° or 270°
pmin = - 0.555 psi
826
7–87. The tall circular building is subjected to a uniform

wind having a velocity of 150 ft>s. Determine the pressure
and the velocity of the wind on its walls at u = 0°, 90°, and
150°. Take ra = 0.00237 slug>ft 3.
u
85 ft
Solution
This is a case of flow around a cylinder where the velocity components are
a2 a2
vr = U a1 - b cos u vu = - U a1 + b sin u
r2 r2
On the surface of the building where r = a = 85 ft,
. We or
vr = 0 vu = - 2U sin u
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
Thus, the velocity of the wind on the surface of the building is
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
V = vu = - 2U sin u
or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
At u = 0°, 90° and 150°,
e lu nt ns co
th inc de f i es
V u = 0° = 2 ( 150 ft>s ) sin 0° = 0 Ans.

of rk ( stu e o tat
ity o g us d S
V u = 90° = 2 ( 150 ft>s ) sin 90° = 300 ft>s Ans.

te is ss th ite
V u = 150° = 2 ( 150 ft>s ) sin 150° = 150 ft>s Ans.

in f th se for Un
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
y ar d le d
points on different streamlines, such as between a point within the uniform flow
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
and a point on the building. Since the flow occurs in the horizontal plane, the gravity
de f a rse de ot
term can be excluded.

s
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is
p0 V0 2 p V2
sa eir is p rk
+ = +
2 2
th d wo
r r
an his
p 2
p = p0 + ( V0 - V 2 )
T
2
Here p0 = 0 and V0 = 150 ft>s. Then
0.00237 slug>ft 3
P u=0° = 0 + ° ¢ 3 ( 150 ft>s ) 2 - 0 4
2
lb 1ft 2
= a26.66 2
ba b = 0.185 psi Ans.
ft 12 in
0.00237 slug>ft 3
P u=90° = 0 + ° ¢ 3 ( 150 ft>s ) 2 - ( 300 ft>s ) 2 4
2
lb 1ft 2
= a - 79.99 2
ba b = - 0.555 psi Ans. Ans:
ft 12 in
V u = 0° = 0
V u = 90° = 300 ft>s
0.00237 slug>ft 3 V u = 150° = 150 ft>s
Pu = 150° = 0 + ° ¢ 3 ( 150 ft>s ) 2 - ( 150 ft>s ) 2 4 = 0 Ans. p u = 0° = 0.185
2
p u = 90° = - 0.555 psi
p u = 150° = 0
827
*7–88. The pipe is built from four quarter segments that

8 m/s
are glued together. If it is exposed to a uniform air flow
having a velocity of 8 m>s, determine the resultant force the B
90
pressure exerts on the quarter segment AB per unit length
of the pipe. Take r = 1.22 kg>m3. A
0.1 m
Solution
Here, the pressure at point O removed from the cylinder is atmospheric. Thus, the
net pressure on the surface of the cylinder is the gauge pressure given by
1
pg = p - p0 = rU 2 ( 1 - 4 sin2 u )
2
(FR)y
The force that the gauge pressure exerts on the differential area dA = (adu)(1) = adu is ds = ad¨
1 1 dF
dF = pgdA = rU 2 ( 1 - 4 sin2 u )( adu ) = raU 2 ( 1 - 4 sin2 u ) du
2 2 a
(FR)x
=
. We or
Equating the forces along the x and y axes shown in Fig. a,
d¨
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
¨
itt id tio
p (a)
is e D t w
Lp>2
t p or em ch
+ ( FR ) x = ΣFx; ( FR ) x =
d th g. in t la
d dF cos u
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
p or in a uc y
Lp>2 2
1
w d le tr p
raU 2 ( 1 - 4 sin2 u ) cos udu
er ld
=
e lu nt ns co
th inc de f i es
of rk ( stu e o tat
Lp>2 2
1
= raU 2 ( cos u - 4 sin2 u cos u ) du
ity o g us d S
te is ss th ite
in f th se for Un
1 4 p
= raU 2 asin u - sin3 u b `
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
2 3 p>2
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
1
st ny s d s ec
= raU 2
6
de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
Lp>2
w le co ro is
+ c ( FR ) y = ΣFy; ( FR ) y = - dF sinu
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
Lp>2
an his
1
e
= - raU 2 ( 1 - 4 sin2 u ) sinudu

T
2
p
Lp>2 2
1
= - raU 2 ( sin u - 4 sin3 u ) du
1 4 p
= - raU 2 c - cos u - c - cos u ( sin2 u + 2 ) d d `
2 3 p>2
5
= raU 2
6
Here, U = 8 m>s, r = 1.22 kg>m3, and a = 0.1 m,

1
( FR ) x = ( 1.22 kg>m3 )( 0.1 m )( 8 m>s ) 2 = 1.3013 N>m
6
5
( FR ) y = ( 1.22 kg>m3 )( 0.1m )( 8 m>s ) 2 = 6.507 N>m
6
Thus, per unit length the magnitude of the resultant force on the quarter-segments is
FR = 2 ( FR ) x2 + ( FR ) y2 = 2 ( 1.3013 N ) 2 + ( 6.507 N ) 2
= 6.64 N>m outward (suction) Ans.
828
7–89. The 1-ft-diameter cylinder is rotating at v = 5 rad>s

4 ft/s A
while it is subjected to a uniform flow having a velocity of
4 ft>s. Determine the lift force on the cylinder per unit 1 ft B
length. Take r = 2.38 1 10-3 2 slug>ft 3.
v u 90
0.5 ft
Solution
For the corresponding free vortex, at r = 0.5 ft,
vu = vr = ( 5 rad>s )( 0.5 ft ) = 2.5 ft>s
vr = 0
Thus, the circulation around the cylinder can be determined using

2p 2p
V # ds =
C L0 L0
Γ = vur du = ( 2.5 ft>s )( 0.5 ft ) du = 1.25u 2p 2
0 = 2.5p ft >s
. We or
m W ina g
The uplift force on the cylinder can be determined using
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
Fy = rUΓ = 3 2.38 ( 10-3 ) slug>ft3 4 ( 4 ft>s )( 2.5p ft2 >s )
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
= 0.0748 lb>ft or in a uc y
w d le tr p Ans.
er ld
e lu nt ns co
th inc de f i es
of rk ( stu e o tat
ity o g us d S
te is ss th ite
in f th se for Un
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
an his
e
T
Ans:
0.0748 lb>ft
829
7–90. The 1-ft-diameter cylinder is rotating at v = 8 rad>s

4 ft/s A
while it is subjected to a flow having a uniform horizontal
velocity of 4 ft>s. If the pressure within the uniform flow is 1 ft B
80 lb>ft 2, determine the pressure on the surface B of the
cylinder at u = 90°, and at A, where r = 1 ft, u = 90°. Also v u 90
find the resultant force acting per unit length of the cylinder.
0.5 ft
Take r = 1.94 slug>ft 3.
Solution
For the corresponding free vortex, at r = 0.5 ft, vu = vr = ( 8 rad>s ) (0.5 ft) = 4 ft>s.
Thus, the circulation is
2p 2p
V # ds =
C L0 L0
Γ = v0 ( rdu ) = 4 ( 0.5 du ) = 2 ( 2p ) = 4p ft 2 >s.
The velocity components of the flow around the cylinder are

a2 a2 Γ
vr = U a1 - 2
b cos u vu = - U a1 + 2
b sin u +
r r 2pr
. We or
m W ina g
Here, U = 4 ft>s, a = 0.5 ft and u = 90°. For point A, rA = 1 ft. Then
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
( 0.5 ft ) 2
( vr ) A = ( 4 ft>s ) £ 1 - § cos 90° = 0
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
( 1 ft ) 2
or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
( 0.5 ft ) 2 4p ft 2 >s
th inc de f i es
( vu ) A = - ( 4 ft>s ) £ 1 + § sin 90° + = -3 ft>s

( 1 ft ) 2 2p ( 1 ft )
of rk ( stu e o tat
ity o g us d S
Thus, VA = ( vu ) A = 3 ft>s.
te is ss th ite
in f th se for Un
For point B, on the surface, (vr)B = 0

gr w in e
th t o a ly by
( 0.5 ft ) 2 4p ft 2 >s
( vu ) B = - ( 4ft>s ) £ 1 +
y ar d le d
§ sin 90° + = -4ft>s

ro p an o te
( 0.5 ft ) 2 2p (0.5 ft)

st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
Thus, VB = ( vu ) B = 4 ft>s.
s
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
points located on the different streamlines. Here these two points are one within the
uniform flow and the other one is point A (or B)
an his
v02
T
p0 p v2
+ + gz0 = + + gz
r 2 r 2
Since the flow occurs in the horizontal plane, z0 = z
Here, V0 = U, Thus
r
p = p0 + (U 2 - V2)
2
Here, U = 4 ft>s; p0 = 80 lb>ft 2. At point A,
1.94 slug>ft 3
pA = 80 lb>ft 2 + 3 ( 4 ft>s ) 2 - ( 3 ft>s ) 2 4
2
= 86.8 lb>ft 2 Ans.
At point B,
1.94 slug>ft 3
pB = 80 lb>ft 2 + 3 ( 4ft>s ) 2 - ( 4ft>s ) 2 4
2
= 80 lb>ft 2 Ans.
The resultant force acting on the cylinder is
Fy = - rUΓ = - ( 1.94 slug>ft 3 )( 4 ft>s )( 4p ft 2 >s ) Ans:
= - 97.5 lb>ft pA = 86.8 lb>ft 2
pB = 80 lb>ft 2
= 97.5 lb>ft T Fy = 97.5 lb>ft
830
7–91. The cylinder rotates counterclockwise at 40 rad>s. If

the uniform velocity of the air is 10 m>s, and the pressure
within the uniform flow is 300 Pa, determine the maximum
and minimum pressure on the surface of the cylinder. Also, 0.6 m
what is the lift force on the cylinder? Take ra = 1.20 kg>m3. 10 m/s
40 rad/s
Solution
For the corresponding free vortex at r = 0.6 m, vu = vr = ( 40 rad>s ) (0.6 m)
= 24 m>s. Thus, the circulation is
. We or
2p 2p
V # ds =
C L0 L0
m W ina g
24(0.6du) = 28.8p m2 >s
b)
Γ = vu(rdu) =
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
Since Γ 7 4pUa = 4p ( 10 m>s ) (0.6 m) = 24p m2 >s, the stagnation point will not
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
be on the surface of the wheel. The pressure at a point on the surface is
or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
2
1 2 Γ
p = p0 + rU c 1 - a - 2 sin u + b d
th inc de f i es
2 2pUa
of rk ( stu e o tat
Γ
ity o g us d S
Since Γ 7 4pUa, the term - 2 sin u + is the smallest when u = 90°, which
2p va
te is ss th ite
in f th se for Un
yields the maximum pressure. Thus,

gr w in e
th t o a ly by
2
1 2 Γ
p max = p0 + rU c 1 - a - 2 + b d
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
2 2pUa
st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
1 28.8p m2 >s 2
s
ill o u vi pr
= 300 Pa + ( 1.20 kg>m3 )( 10 m>s ) 2 e 1 - c -2 + d f

2 2p ( 10 m>s ) (0.6 m)
w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
= 350 Pa Ans.
an his
Also, we notice that the minimum pressure occurs at a point where u = 90°. Then
T
2
1 2 Γ
p min = p0 + rU c 1 - a2 + b d
2 2pUa
1 28.8p m2 >s 2
= 300 Pa + ( 1.20 kg>m3 )( 10 m>s ) 2 e 1 - c 2 + d f
2 2p ( 10 m>s ) (0.6 m)
= -802 Pa Ans.
Ans:
pmax = 350 Pa
pmin = - 802 Pa
831
*7–92. A torque T is applied to the cylinder, causing it to

rotate counterclockwise with a constant angular velocity of 120 rev/min
120 rev>min. If the wind is blowing at a constant speed of
15 m>s, determine the location of the stagnation points on 200 mm
the surface of the cylinder, and find the maximum pressure.
The pressure within the uniform flow is 400 Pa. Take 15 m/s
ra = 1.20 kg>m3. T
Solution
For the corresponding free vortex at r = 0.2 m, vu = vr
rev 2p rad 1 m
= c a120 ba ba b d (0.2 m) = 0.8p m>s . Thus, the circulation of this
. We or
min 1 rev 60 s
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
free vortex is
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
an on in rs h
2p 2p
V # ds =
C L0 L0 k g rn to rig
Γ = vu(rdu) = (0.8 p)(0.2 du) = 0.32p2 m2 >s
or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
Since Γ 6 4pUa = 4p ( 15 m>s ) (0.2 m) = 12p m2 >s, there exist two stagnation
th inc de f i es
of rk ( stu e o tat
points on the surface. The location of these two points can be found using
ity o g us d S
Γ 0.32p2 m2 >s
te is ss th ite
sin u = = = 0.08378
4pUa 4p ( 15 m>s ) (0.2 m)
in f th se for Un
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
u = 4.806° = 4.81° or u = 175.19° = 176° Ans.

y ar d le d
The maximum pressure occurs at the stagnation point where V = 0. Since the flow
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
is irrotational, Bernoulli’s equation can be applied between two points on different

de f a rse de ot
streamlines, such as one within the uniform flow and the other one at the stagnation
s
ill o u vi pr
point. Here, the gravity term can be neglected since the flow involves air which has
w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
a low density.
th d wo
p0 V0 2 p V2
an his
+ = +
ra 2 ra 2
T
Here V0 = U = 15 m>s, p0 = 400 Pa, p = p max and V = 0. Then
400 N>m2 ( 15 m>s ) 2 p max

3
+ = + 0
1.20 kg>m 2 1.20 kg>m3
p max = 535 Pa Ans.
832
7–93. A torque T is applied to the cylinder, causing it to

rotate counterclockwise with a constant angular velocity of
120 rev>min. If the wind is blowing at a constant speed of 120 rev/min
15 m>s, determine the lift per unit length on the cylinder 200 mm
and the minimum pressure on the cylinder. The pressure
within the uniform flow is 400 Pa. Take ra = 1.20 kg>m3.
15 m/s
T
Solution
For the corresponding free vortex at r = 0.2 m, vu = vr
rev 2p rad 1 min
= c a120 ba ba b d (0.2 m) = 0.8p m>s . Thus, the circulation of
min 1 rev 60 s
this free vortex is
2p 2p
V # ds =
C L0 L0
. We or
Γ = vu(r du) = (0.8p)(0.2 du) = 0.32p2 m2 >s
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
The “lift” exerted on the cylinder can be determined from
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
F = rUΓ = ( 1.20 kg>m3 ) (15 m>s) ( 0.32p2 m2 >s )
or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
= 56.8 kN>m Ans.

th inc de f i es
The pressure at a point on the surface is

of rk ( stu e o tat
ity o g us d S
2
1 2 Γ
p = p0 + rU c 1 - a - 2 sin u + b d
te is ss th ite
2 2pUa
in f th se for Un
gr w in e
We notice from this equation that p will be minimum at a point where u = -90°.
th t o a ly by
Then
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
2
1 Γ
p = p0 + ra U 2 c 1 - a - 2 sin ( -90°) + b d
de f a rse de ot
2 2pUa
s
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is
2
1 Γ
sa eir is p rk
= p0 + raU 2 c 1 - a2 + b d
th d wo
2 2pUa
an his
1 0.32p2 m2 >s 2
( 1.20 kg>m3 )( 15 m>s ) e 1 - c 2 +
2
T
= 400 Pa + d f
2 2p ( 15 m>s ) (0.2 m)
= - 99.3 Pa Ans.
Ans:
F = 5.68 kN>m
p = - 99.3 Pa
833
7–94. Liquid is confined between a top plate having an area y

U
A and a fixed surface. A force F is applied to the plate and
gives the plate a velocity U. If this causes laminar flow, and F
the pressure does not vary, show that the Navier–Stokes and
h u
continuity equations indicate that the velocity distribution for
this flow is defined by u = U(y>h), and that the shear stress x
within the liquid is txy = F>A.
Solution
Since the flow is steady and is only along the x axis then v = w = 0. Also, the liquid
is incompressible. Thus, the continuity equation reduces to
0r 0(ru) 0(rv) 0(rw)
. We or
+ + + = 0
m W ina g
0t 0x 0y 0z
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
0u
0 + r + 0 + 0 = 0
an on in rs h
0x
k g rn to rig
0u or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
= 0
e lu nt ns co
0x
th inc de f i es

of rk ( stu e o tat
ity o g us d S
u = u(y)
te is ss th ite
Using this result, when the pressure p remains constant along x axis, then Navier-Stokes
in f th se for Un
equation along x axis gives

gr w in e
th t o a ly by
0u 0u 0u 0u 0p 02u 02u 02u

y ar d le d
ra + u + v + w b = rgx - + ma 2 + 2 + 2 b
ro p an o te
0t 0x 0y 0z 0x 0x 0y 0z
st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
02u
s
ill o u vi pr
0 + 0 + 0 + 0 = 0 - 0 + ma0 + + 0b
w le co ro is
0y2
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
02u
m = 0
an his
0y2
T
02u d 2u
Since u is a function of y only, = . Integrating this equation with respect to
0y2 dy2
y twice.
du
= C 1 (1)
dy
And,
u = C1y + C2 (2)
Applying the boundary condition, u = 0 at y = 0
0 = C1(0) + C2 C2 = 0
and u = U at y = h,
U
U = C1(h) C1 =
h
Substituting these results into Eq. 1
U
u = a by (Q.E.D)
h
834
7–94. Continued
Applying
0u 0v
txy = ma + b
0y 0x
0v 0u U
. We or
Here, = 0 and from Eq. 1 = . Then
m W ina g
0x 0y h
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
U U
txy = ma + 0b = ma b
an on in rs h
h h
k g rn to rig
or in a uc y
This shows that txy is a constant between the liquid layers. Therefore, its value is
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
equal to that at the bottom surface of the top plate which is

th inc de f i es
F
of rk ( stu e o tat
txy = (Q.E.D)
ity o g us d S
A
te is ss th ite
Although not necessary, the Navier-Stokes equation along the y axis gives
in f th se for Un
0v 0v 0v 0v 0p 02v 02v 02v

gr w in e
th t o a ly by
ra + u + v + w b = rgy - + ma 2 + 2 + 2 b
0t 0x 0y 0z 0y 0x 0y 0z
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
0p
st ny s d s ec
r ( 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 ) = r( - g) - + m(0 + 0 + 0 + 0)
de f a rse de ot
0y
s
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is
0r
= - rg
sa eir is p rk
0y
th d wo
an his
Integrating this equation with respect to y by realizing the pressure variation is

T
along y axis only,

p = - rgy + C3
Applying the boundary condition p = 0 at y = h,

0 = - rgh + C3 C3 = rgh
Then
p = rg(h - y)
835
7–95. The channel for a liquid is formed by two fixed y

plates. If laminar flow occurs between the plates, show that
the Navier–Strokes and continuity equations reduce to
02u>0y2 = (1>m) 0p>0x and 0p>0y = 0. Integrate these d/2
x
equations to show that the velocity profile for the flow is
d/2
u = (1>(2m)) (dp>dx) 3 y2 - (d>2)2 4 . Neglect the effect of
gravity.
Solution
Since the flow is steady and is along the x axis only, then v = w = 0. Also, the liquid
is incompressible. Thus, the continuity equation becomes
0r 0(ru) 0(rv) 0(rw)
. We or
+ + + = 0
m W ina g
0t 0x 0y 0z
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
0u
0 + r + 0 + 0 = 0
an on in rs h
0x
k g rn to rig
or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
0u
e lu nt ns co
= 0
0x
th inc de f i es
of rk ( stu e o tat

ity o g us d S
te is ss th ite
u = u(y)
in f th se for Un
gr w in e
Using this result, the Navier-Stokes equation along the x and y axes gives
th t o a ly by
y ar d le d
0u 0u 0u 0u 0p 02u 02u 02u

ro p an o te
ra + u + v + w b = rgx - + ma 2 + 2 + 2 b
st ny s d s ec
0t 0x 0y 0z 0x 0x 0y 0z
de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
0p 02u
r( 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 ) = 0 - + m( 0 + 2 + 0 )
w le co ro is
0x 0y
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
02u 1 0p
(Q.E.D) (1)
an his
=
e
0y2 m 0x
T
0v 0v 0v 0v 0p 02v 02v 02v

ra + u + v + w b = rgy - + ma 2 + 2 + 2 b
0t 0x 0y 0z 0y 0x 0y 0z
0p
r(0 + 0 + 0 + 0) = 0 - + m(0 + 0 + 0)
0y
0p
= 0 (Q.E.D) (2)
0y
Integrating Eq. 2 with respect to y,
p = p(x)
02u d 2u
Since u is a function of y only and p is a function of x only, then 2 = and
0r dr 0y dy2
= . Eq. 1 becomes
0x dx
d 2u 1 dp
2
=
dy m dx
836
*7–95. Continued
Integrating this equation twice with respect to y,
du 1 dr
= a by + C1 (3)
dy m dx
1 dr 2
u = a by + C1y + C2 (4)
2m dx
du
Since u is maximum at y = 0. Then = 0 at y = 0. Using Eq. 3
dy
. We or
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
1 dr
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
0 = a b(0) + C1 C1 = 0
d th g. in t la
m dx
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
d or in a uc y
Also, u = 0 at y = . Using Eq. 4 with C1 = 0,
w d le tr p
er ld
2
e lu nt ns co
th inc de f i es
1 dr d 2 1 dr d 2
of rk ( stu e o tat
0 = a ba b + 0 + C2 C2 = - a ba b
2m dx 2 2m dx 2
ity o g us d S
te is ss th ite
Substituting these results into Eq. 4,

in f th se for Un
gr w in e
1 dr 2 1 dr d 2
th t o a ly by
u = a by - a ba b
2m dx 2m dx 2
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
1 dr d 2
s
ill o u vi pr
= a b c y2 - a b d (Q.E.D)
2m dx 2
w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
an his
e
T
837
*7–96. Fluid having a density r and viscosity m fills the

space between the two cylinders. If the outer cylinder is
fixed, and the inner one is rotating at v, apply the v
Navier–Stokes equations to determine the velocity profile ri
assuming laminar flow.
ro r
Solution
Since the flow is steady and is along the transverse direction (u axis) only, then
vr = vz = 0. Also, the liquid is incompressible. Thus, the continuity equation
reduces to
. We or
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
0r 1 0 ( rrvr ) 1 0 ( rvu ) 0 ( rvz )
d th g. in t la
+ + + = 0
an on in rs h
0t r 0r rr 0v0u 0z
k g rn to rig
u
0 + 0 + + 0 = 0
r 0u or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
0vu
th inc de f i es
= 0
0u
of rk ( stu e o tat
ity o g us d S
Integrating this equation with respect to u,

te is ss th ite
in f th se for Un
vu = vu(r)
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
Using this result, the Navier-Stokes equations along the u axis gives
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
0vu 0vu vu 0vu 0vu

st ny s d s ec
vrvu
ra + vr + + + vz b
de f a rse de ot
0t 0r r 0u r 0z
s
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is
1 0p 1 0 0vu vu 1 02vu 2 0vr 02vu

sa eir is p rk
= - + rgu + mc ar b - 2 + 2 2 + 2 + d
th d wo
r 0u r 0r 0r r r 0u r 0u 0z2
an his
1 0 0vu vu
r(0 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0) = - 0 + 0 + m c ar b - 2 + 0 + 0 + 0 d
T
r 0r 0r r
1 0 0vu vu
ar b - 2 = 0
r 0r 0r r
However, it can be shown that
0 1 0 1 0 0vu vu
c ( rv ) d = ar b - 2
0r r 0r u r 0r 0r r
Thus,
0 1 0
c ( rv ) d = 0
0r r 0r u
838
7–96. Continued
Since vu = vu(r), then the above equation can be written in the form of
d 1 d
c (rv ) d = 0
dr r dr u
Integrating this equation with respect to r,
1 d
( rv ) = C1
r dr u
. We or
d
m W ina g
( rv ) = C1r
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
dr u
is e D t w
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
an on in rs h
Integrating again,
k g rn to rig
or in a uc y
r2
w d le tr p
er ld
rvu = C1a b + C2
e lu nt ns co
2
th inc de f i es
of rk ( stu e o tat
ity o g us d S
C1 C2
vu = r + (1)
te is ss th ite
2 r
in f th se for Un
At r = ru, vu = 0. Then Eq. 1 gives

gr w in e
th t o a ly by
y ar d le d
C1 C
(r ) + 2
ro p an o te
0 = (2)
2 0
st ny s d s ec
r0
de f a rse de ot
At r = ri, vu = vri. Then Eq. 1 gives

s
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is
C1 C2
sa eir is p rk
vri = r + (3)
2 i ri
th d wo
an his
Solving Eq. 2 and 3,

T
2vr i2 vr i2r 02
C1 = - C2 =
r 02 - ri 2
r 02 - r i2
Substituting these results into Eq. 1,
vr i2 vr i2r 02 1
vu = - a br + a ba b
r 02 - ri 2
r 02 - r i2 r
vr i2 r 02 - r 2
vu = a b Ans.
r 02 - r i 2 r
839
7–97. A horizontal velocity field is defined by

u = 2 1 x2 - y2 2 ft>s and v = (- 4xy) ft>s. Show that these
expressions satisfy the continuity equation. Using the
Navier–Stokes equations, show that the pressure distribution
is defined by p = C - rV 2 >2 - rgz.
Solution
For the continuity equation,
0r 0(ru) 0(rv) 0(rw)
+ + +
0t 0x 0y 0z
= 0 + 4rx + ( - 4rx) + 0
= 0 (satisfied)
. We or
The Navier-Stokes equations along the x, y and z axes are
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
0u 0u 0u 0u 0p 02u 02u 02u
d th g. in t la
ra + u + v + w b = rgx - + ma 2 + 2 + 2 b
an on in rs h
0t 0x 0y 0z 0x 0x 0y 0z
k g rn to rig
or in a uc y
0p
w d le tr p
er ld
r 3 0 + ( 2x2 - 2y2 )( 4x ) + ( - 4xy )( - 4y ) + 0 4 = 0 -
e lu nt ns co
+ m(4 - 4 + 0)
0x
th inc de f i es
of rk ( stu e o tat
0p
= - 8r ( x3 + xy2 ) (1)
ity o g us d S
0x
te is ss th ite
in f th se for Un
0v 0v 0v 0v 0p 02v 02v 02v

ra + u + v + w b = rgy - + ma 2 + 2 + 2b
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
0t 0x 0y 0z 0y 0x 0y 0z
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
0p
r 3 0 + ( 2x2 - 2y2 ) ( -4y) + ( - 4xy)( - 4x) + 0 4 = 0 -
st ny s d s ec
+ m(0 + 0 + 0)
0y
de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
0r
w le co ro is
= - 8r ( y3 + x2y ) (2)
sa eir is p rk
0y
th d wo
0w 0w 0w 0w 0p 02w 02w 02w

an his
ra + u + v + w b = rgz - + ma 2 + 2 + 2 b
0t 0x 0y 0z 0z 0x 0y 0z
T
0p
r(0 + 0 + 0 + 0) = r( -g) - + m(0 + 0 + 0)
0z
0p
= - rg (3)
0z
Integrating Eqs. 1 with respect to x,
x4 x2y2
p = - 8r ° + ¢ + f(y) + g(z) (4)
4 2
Differentiate Eq. 4 with respect to y and equate to Eq. 2

0p
= -8r ( x2y ) + f 1(y) = - 8r ( y3 + x2y )
0y
f 1(y) = - 8ry3
840
7–97. Continued
Integrate this equation with respect to y,
f(y) = - 2ry4 + C1 (5)
Differentiate Eq. 4 with respect to z and equal to Eq. 3

0p
= g1(z) = - rg
0z
Integrate this equation with respect to z,
. We or
m W ina g
b)
g(z) = - rgz + C2 (6)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
Substitute Eq. 5 and 6 into 4,
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
x4 x2y2 or in a uc y
p = -8ra + b - 2ry4 - rgz + C
w d le tr p
er ld
4 2
e lu nt ns co
th inc de f i es
p = - 2r ( x4 + y4 + 2x2y2 ) - rgz + C
of rk ( stu e o tat
ity o g us d S
1 1 1
Since V 2 = ( u2 + v2 ) = 3 ( 2x2 - 2y2 ) 2 + ( -4xy)2 4 = 2 ( x4 + y4 + 2x2y2 ) ,
te is ss th ite
2 2 2
in f th se for Un
then the above equation becomes

gr w in e
th t o a ly by
1 2
y ar d le d
p = C - rV - rgz (Q.E.D)
ro p an o te
2
st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
an his
e
T
841
7–98. The sloped open channel has steady laminar flow at y

a depth h. Show that the Navier–Stokes equations reduce to
02u>0y2 = - (r g sin u)>m and 0p>0y = -r g cos u. Integrate h
these equations to show that the velocity profile is
u = [(r g sin u)>2m] 1 2hy - y2 2 and the shear-stress
distribution is txy = r g sin u (h - y).
u
x
Solution
Since the flow is steady and is along the x axis only, then v = w = 0. Also, the liquid
is incompressible. Thus, the continuity equation reduces to
0r 0(ru) 0(rv) 0(rw)
+ + + = 0
0t 0x 0y 0z
0u
0 + r + 0 + 0 = 0
. We or
0x
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
0u
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
= 0
0x
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
Integrating this equation with respect to x, or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
u = u(y)
th inc de f i es
of rk ( stu e o tat
The Navier-Stokes equations along the x and y axes give

ity o g us d S
0u 0u 0u 0u 0p 02u 02u 02u

te is ss th ite
ra + u + v + w b = rgx - + ma 2 + 2 + 2 b
in f th se for Un
0t 0x 0y 0z 0x 0x 0y 0z
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
02u
r(0 + 0 + 0 + 0) = rg sin u - 0 + m a0 + + 0b
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
0y2
st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
02u rg sin u
s
ill o u vi pr
= - (Q.E.D) (1)
0y2 m
w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
0v 0v 0v 0v 0r 02v 02v 02v

th d wo
ra + u + v + w b = rgy - + ma 2 + 2 + 2 b
0t 0x 0y 0z 0y 0x 0y 0z
an his
e
T
0p
r(0 + 0 + 0 + 0) = r( - g cos u) - + m(0 + 0 + 0)
0y
0p
= -rg cos u (Q.E.D) (2)
0y
02u 02u
Since u = u(y), then 2
= 2 . Thus Eq. (1) becomes
0y 0y
d 2u rg sin u
= -
dy2 m
Integrating this equation with respect to y twice yields

du rg sin u
= - y + C1 (3)
dy m
rg sin u 2
u = - y + C1y + C2 (4)
2m
842
7–98. Continued
At y = 0, u = 0. Then, Eq. 4 gives
0 = - 0 + 0 + C2 C2 = 0
du
At y = h, txy = m a b = 0. Then Eq. 3 gives
dy
rg sin u rgh sin u
0 = - (h) + C1 C1 =
m m
. We or
Substituting these results into Eq 3 and 4
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
du rg sin u rgh sin u
d th g. in t la
= - y +
dy
an on in rs h
m m
k g rn to rig
du rg sin u or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
= (h - y)
e lu nt ns co
dy m
th inc de f i es
of rk ( stu e o tat
rg sin u 2 rgh sin u

u = - y + y
ity o g us d S
2m m
te is ss th ite
rg sin u
in f th se for Un
u = ( 2hy - y2 ) (Q.E.D)
gr w in e
2m
th t o a ly by
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
The shear stress distribution is

st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
du
s
= rg sin u(h - y) (Q.E.D)

ill o u vi pr
txy = m
dy
w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
an his
e
T
843
7–99. The laminar flow of a fluid has velocity y

components u = 6x and v = -6y, where y is vertical.
Use the Navier–Stokes equations to determine the pressure
in the fluid, p = p(x, y), if at point (0, 0), p = 0. The density
of the fluid is r.
A B
x
2m 0.5 m
Solution
Since the flow is steady and the fluid is incompressible, the continuity equation is
0r 0(ru) 0(rv) 0(rw)
+ + + = 0 + 6r + ( - 6r) + 0 = 0
0t 0x 0y 0z
is indeed satisfied. Writing the Navier-Stokes equation along the x and y axes gives
0u 0u 0u 0u 0r 02u 02u 02u
. We or
ra + u + v + w b = rgx - + ma 2 + 2 + 2 b
0t 0x 0y 0z 0x
m W ina g
0x 0y 0z
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
0r
r30 + 6x(6) + 0 + 04 = 0 - + 0
an on in rs h
0x
k g rn to rig
or in a uc y
w d le tr p
0r
er ld
e lu nt ns co
= - 36rx (1)
0x
th inc de f i es
of rk ( stu e o tat
0v 0v 0v 0v 0p 02v 02v 02v

ity o g us d S
ra + u + v + w b = rgy - + ma 2 + 2 + 2 b
0t 0x 0y 0z 0y 0x 0y 0z
te is ss th ite
in f th se for Un
0p
r30 + 0 + ( -6y)( - 6) + 04 = r( - g) -
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
0y
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
0p
st ny s d s ec
= -rg - 36ry (2)

0y
de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
Integrating Eq. 1 with respect to x

w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
r = - 18rx2 + f(y)
th d wo
(3)
an his
Takes the partial derivative of Eq. 2 with respect to y and equate it to Eq. 2
T
0p
= f 1(y) = - rg - 36ry
0y
Integrate this equation with respect to y,

f(y) = - rgy - 18ry2 + C
Substitute this result into Eq. 3
p = - 18rx2 - pgy - 18ry2 + C
p = - r ( 18x2 + 18y2 + gy ) + C (4)
At point (0, 0), p = 0. Then Eq. 4 gives
0 = r(0 + 0 + 0) + C C = 0
Thus, the pressure distribution is
p(x, y) = - r ( 18x2 + 18y2 + gy ) Ans.
Ans:
p = - r (18x2 + 18y2 + gy )
844
*7–100. The steady laminar flow of an ideal fluid y

towards the fixed surface has a velocity of
u = 3 10 1 1 + 1> 1 8x3 2 4 m>s along the horizontal
streamline AB. Use the Navier–Stokes equations and
determine the variation of the pressure along this streamline,
and plot it for - 2.5 m … x … - 0.5 m. The pressure at A is A B
x
5 kPa, and the density of the fluid is r = 1000 kg>m3.
2m 0.5 m
Solution
Since streamline AB is along the x axis, the velocity of the flow along this streamline
will not have components along the y and z axes; ie, v = w = 0. Also, the fluid is
ideal and the flow is steady. Writing the Navier-Stoke equation along x axis gives
0u 0u 0u 0u 0p 02u 02u 02u

ra + u + v + w b = rgx - + ma 2 + 2 + 2 b
0t 0x 0y 0z 0x 0x 0y 0z
. We or
m W ina g
0p 02u
b)
1 30
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
rc 0 + 10a1 + ba - 4 b d = 0 - + 0 a 2 + 0 + 0b
is e D t w
t p or em ch
3 0x
8x 8x 0x
d th g. in t la
an on in rs h
0p 75r 75r 75r
k g rn to rig
1
= a1 + b = + or in a uc y
0x 2x 4
8x 3
2x 4
16x7
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co

th inc de f i es
of rk ( stu e o tat
25r 25r
ity o g us d S
p(x) = - 3
- + C
2x 32x6
te is ss th ite
in f th se for Un
25r
gr w in e
p(x) = - ( 16x3 + 1 ) + C
th t o a ly by
32x6
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
At x = - 2.5 m, p = 5 kPa and with r = 1000 kg>m3. Then,

st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
25
ill o u vi pr
5 = - 3 16 ( - 2.5 ) 3 + 14 + C
w le co ro is
32 ( - 2.5 ) 6
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
C = 4.2032r p (kPa)
an his
Thus, since r = 1000 kg>m3,

T
25
p(x) = c - ( 16x3 + 1 ) + 4.2032 d kPa Ans.
60
32x6
The plot of this pressure distribution is shown in Fig. a 50
x(m) - 2.5 - 2.0 - 1.5 - 1.0 - 0.5

40
p(kPa) 5.0 5.75 7.84 15.92 54.20
30
20
10
x(m)
–2.5 –2.0 –1.5 –1.0 –0.5
(a)
845

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7–1. As the top plate is pulled to the right with a constant U

We consider steady flow of an ideal fluid.

The rate of shear strain is

7–2. A flow is defined by its velocity components y

Since vz ≠ 0, the flow is rotational. Along edge OA, y = 0. Then

u OA = 4x2 + 4 ( 02 ) = ( 4x2 ) m>s

Along edge AB, x = 0.3 m. Then

vAB = - 8(0.3)y = ( - 2.4y) m>s

Along edge BC, y = 0.4 m. Then

u BC = 4x2 + 4 ( 0.42 ) = ( 4x2 + 0.64 ) m>s

Along edge CO, x = 0. Then

V # ds = uOA # dx + vAB # dy - uBC # dx - vCO # dy

0.3 m 0.4 m 0.3 m

= -0.384 m2 >s Ans.

7–3. A uniform flow V is directed at an angle u to the

u # ds BC and v # ds CO are negative since u and v are directed in the opposite

0.3 m 0.5 m 0.3 m 0.5 m

= V cos udsOA + V sin udsAB - V cos udsBC - V sin udsCO

expected since the flow is irrotational.

*7–4. The velocity within the eye of a tornado is defined

7–5. Consider the fluid element that has dimensions in polar D C

= - vdr∆u - rdv∆u - dvdr∆u

Neglect the second order terms

Γ = - vdr∆u - rdv∆u = - ∆u(vdr + rdv)

The area of the element, again, neglecting higher-order terms, is

Thus, the vorticity is

7–6. Determine the stream and potential functions for the y

- = v; - 3 ( V0 cos u0 ) y + f(x) 4 = V0 sin u0

Integrating this equation with respect to x,

f(x) = ( - V0 sin u0)x + C

Setting C = 0 and substituting this result into Eq. (1),

potential function exists.

7–7. A two-dimensional flow is described by the stream

= ( 3xy2 - x3 ) = 6xy s-1

+ = 3y2 - 3x2 + 3x2 - 3y2 = 0

Thus, the flow field satisfies the continuity condition,

The flow field is irrotational since vz = 0. Ans.

*7–8. If the stream function for a flow is c = (3x + 2y),

V = 2u2 + v2 = 2(2 m>s)2 + ( - 3 m>s)2

= 3.606 m>s = 3.61 m>s Ans.

Integrating with respect to x,

Substituting this result into,

v = ; - 3 = [2x + f(y)]

Integrating with respect to y,

7–9. The velocity profile of a very thick liquid flowing y

Integrating with respect to x

7–10. The velocity profile of a very thick liquid flowing y

since it requires the flow to be irrotational.

Also, since the velocity distribution is directed along the x axis, v = 0.

Integrating with respect to y,

c = 50y2 + 0.2y + f(x)

Substituting this result into,

v = - ; 0 = - 3 50y2 + 0.2y + f(x) 4

Integrating with respect to x,

We consider ideal fluid flow.

Integrating this equation with respect to x,

At point B, y = 0 and p = 600 N>m2. Then,

7–13. A two-dimensional flow has a y component of

Integrating with respect to x,

Since ideal flow is irrotational,

u = ( - 4x) ft>s Ans.

u = - 4(4) = - 16 ft>s v = 4(3) = 12 ft>s

u = ( - 4x) ft>s Ans.

qAB = cB - cA = 14 m2 >s - 0 = 14 m2 >s Ans.

qAC = cA - cC = 0 - ( - 18 m2 >s ) = 18 m2 >s Ans.

V = 2vr2 + vu2 = 2 ( - 80 m>s ) 2 + ( - 138.56 m>s ) 2 = 160 m>s Ans.