Science of sound and vibration The art and science of designing a room/building which insures both comfort and communication. Sound Source Human speech, HVAC equipment Transmission Path Air, earth, building materials Receiver Human, animals, sensitive medical equipment. Psycho acoustics Reaction of human beings to audible sound Environmental Effect of the environment upon audible soundwaves acoustics Electro acoustics Generation and detection of audible sound waves Sonics Technical application of mechanical waves Sound Vibratory motion of bodies Alteration in pressure Form of energy propagated in waves Physical wave in an elastic medium Speech Produced by human voice Music Produced by an instrument Noise Produced by impact, by vibrating bodies, even by speech or music 3 aspects of acoustical Planning to keep noise sources as far as possible from quiet area design Internal acoustics of room Structural precautions to reduce noise penetrations Wanted Sound heard perfectly without pain and strain Characteristics of Audible and inaudible sound Decibel Unit in which sound intensity is defined Speed Sound travels at 1130ft. per second Intensity Rate at which sound energy is being transmitted. Decibel meter Instrument by which sound intensity measured Threshold of Audibility Minimum intensity that is capable of evoking an auditory sensation in the ear. Threshold of pain Minimum sound pressure level which stimulates the ear to a point which is painful Frequency Number of displacements or oscillations that a particle undergoes in 1 sec. Hertz Unit of frequency; numerically equal to cycles per second Pitch Pinpoint sounds on a scale extending from high to low frequency Tone Sound sensation having pitch Wavelength Distance of sound wave traveled Directionality of sound Sound waves in all directions source Temperature Particles of sound tend to follow cold air Clouds If heavy, cloud can act as reflecting surface Wind May change the direction of sound Bodies of water Can also act as reflecting surface Sound reflections Reflected off a surface usually one which is hard, rigid and/or flat Sound absorption Absorb into a material upon contact Sound absorption Fraction of energy of the incident sound coefficient Noise reduction Arithmetic average of sound absorption coefficient Surface absorption Sound absorption of a surface obtained Sabins Unit for surface absorption 1 person = 4-5 sabins Sound diffusion Sound waves are dispersed equally in a room Sound diffraction Sound weaves to be bent or scattered Sound refraction Change of sound wave direction Sound transmission Sound which penetrates through a surface
Reverberation Prolongation of sound as a result of successive reflections
Reverberant Place which are large or have few people Reverberation time Time for the sound pressure in a room Generation Sound is generated when an object vibrates Wave A disturbance or oscillation that transfers energy progressively Sound wave Longitudinal pressure wave in air Vibration Back and forth motion of a complete cycle Cycle Full circuit by a displaced particle Period Time required for one complete cycle Tone Composed of fundamental frequency Pure tone Sound composed only of 1 frequency Frequency band Express division of sound into sections Velocity According to medium of transmission Sound power Amount of energy produced by a source (watts) Intensity Energy level; unit is watts/cm2 Loudness Intensity level or sound pressure level Decibel Dimensionless unit used to express the ratio of two numerical values Sound absorption Absorb low frequency; some absorb high frequency Reflections Sound foci/diffused Surveillance and Fire, smoke and intruder detection signal equipment Audio and visual Telephone, intercom, public tv, and closed circuit television communication equipment Time equipment Clock and program equipment Automatic system Uses detectors to trigger the alarm system Manual system Uses visual detection and the alarm is triggered by hand Temperature detector Thermostat Photoelectric detector Obscuration of a light beam by smoke Ionization detector Detecting ionized particle in air Flame detectors Infrared or ultraviolet detectors. Non coded systems Continuous ringing evacuation type alarm Master coded system Common coded or fixed coded system Zone coded system Manual stations are grouped into zones Dual coded systems Combination of non-coded and the zone coded systems Selective coded Fully coded system which all manual devices are coded systems Pre-signal system Alert only key personnel Alarm devices Bells, buzzers, gongs, and horn. Circuit design Energized and functions only when activated Intrusion (burglar) Switches are used to detect door and window motion and glass alarm system breakage Sprinkler alarm Water flow switches are installed to monitor the flow of water in a sprinkler head Door and exit controls Triggers when a door is opened without authorization Personnel entry Use of a card reader control Watchmen’s tour Allows a guard to call in equipment Television antenna Signal received by the tv system Microphone Sound and convert it to an alternative electric current Amplifiers Amplifies and control the current Loudspeaker Convert amplified electric current back into sound much louder The intercom system Comprises of one or more master stations, one which monitors the front door The Private Automatic Entire system can handle up to 500 lines Branch Exchange or PABX Flexible plastic pipes Polyethylene Polybutylene Rigid plastic pipes Polyvinylchloride Chlorinated polyvinyl Polypropylene Acronitryle butadiene styrene Galvanized steel pipes Welded pipes Seamless pipes Cast iron pipes Standard pipe varieties Single hub pipe Double hub pipe Hubless pipe Causes of trap seal Siphonage loss Back pressure Evaporation Capillary attraction Wind effects Types of valves Gate valve Check valve Globe valve Angle valve Butterfly valve Foot valve Safety valve Types of traps P-trap S-trap ¾ s-trap Grease trap Bag trap Crown trap Bell trap Types of ventilation Unit vent systems Circuit vent Yoke vent Loop vent Relief vent Back vent Blind vent Branch vent Polyvinyl chloride Strong, rigid and economical plastic pipe Glass pipe Low expansion borosilicate Check valve Permit the flow of liquid in pipe Floor drain Providing an opening on the floor Cleanout Removable plug which provides for inspection/cleaning of the pipe run Circuit vent Serves two or more traps Vent pipe A pipe attached to drainage pipes. Wye fitting Fitting used to connect a branch pipe into a straight run of piping at 45deg Trap Device to prevent the passage of foul air Seal measurement Vertical distance between the top dip and crown weir of a pipe Seepage pit/cesspool Covered excavation in the ground, receives discharge of domestic waste Septic tank Watertight receptacle which receives the discharge of plumbing system Back vent Individual vent Blind vent Terminates on the upper side of the fixture Globe valve Flow of liquid is controlled by a rotating drilled ball Loop vent A type of ventilation system used on fixtures Air gap Free atmosphere between the outlet of a waste pipe Trap Prevent emission of sewer gases Horizontal Pipe Angle less than 45 degrees Half bath Containing a water closet and a lavatory Roughing-in Installation of all parts of the plumbing system Floor mounted fixture Plumbing fixture that rests on the floor Flushometer Discharges a quantity of water Full bath Containing a water closet, lavatory, and a bathtub Hose bibb Faucet to which a hose may be attached Area drain Receptacle for wastes discharged to sanitary drainage system Riser Water supply pipe that extends one full storey Soil stack Vertical line piping receives the discharge of water closet Vent pipe Installed to ventilate a building drainage system Stack vent Vent which also serves as drain Building supply pipe The pipe from the water main Vent stack Provide circulation of air to and from the drainage system Drain pipe Only conveys liquid waste Siphonage A suction created by the flow of liquid in pipes Stack Waste and vent pipe extending through one or more storeys Backflow Water in pipes in a reverse direction Battery of fixtures Discharge into a common horizontal waste or soil branch. Branch Any part of piping system other than the main riser or stack Cleanout Removable plate or plug placed in plumbing drainage pipe Developed length Length of pipe measured along the center line Crown weir Highest part of the inside portion of the bottom surface Fixture drain To junction that drain with any other drain pipe Invert The lowest portion of the inside surface Indirect waste pipe Does not connect directly with the drainage system Sewer Artificial conduit, carrying off waste water and refuse Alkalinity Cased by bicarbonates E. coli Bacteria in water Foamability Caused by detergent Flocculation Coagulation, aluminum is added Ferrous bicarbonate Iron in water Hardness Caused by calcium Zeolite Water softening Blackwater Water plus human waste from toilets Grey water Waste water from laundry area, lavatory, sink, shower and bathtub, Color/discolorization Caused by iron and manganese Filtration Mode of turbidity correction Hydro-pneumatic Indirect water distribution system system 50-75 gpd Water supply requirement for single family 4 Value for bathtub 3/8 Minimum supply size for lavatory Elevator Used in bldgs. Where several peak period of traffic Types of elevators Electric elevators Oil-hydraulic elevators Machine room Hoisting machinery Car frame Structural steel frame of an elevator Lantern A light over the entrance to an elevator Annunciator Signaling apparatus in an elevator Call button Pus button for requesting an elevator Door interlock Door is locked in the closed position Door contact Door or gate is fully closed Shaft Vertical passageway for car and counterweights Car A cage of light metal supported on a structural frame Cables Means for lifting or lowering the car Counterweights Rectangular blocks of cast iron Guide rails Vertical track Machine room Placed directly above the shaft Elevator machine Lifts and lower the car Controls Combination of push buttons, contacts Width of escalator 32 and 48 Angle of elevator 30deg Speeds 90 and 120fpm Moving 0 to 15 deg of inclination sidewalks/electricwalks Speeds- 120 and 180fpm Balustrades Frames on either side of the moving steps Buffer Device designed to stop a descending car Cage/cab Enclosure for housing operator Project or plant Total horsepower of all engines Car Load carrying unit of an elevator Crane Machine for lifting Dumbwaiter Does not exceed 277 kilos used exclusively for carrying materials Elevator Moves in vertical direction Elevator landing Portion of a floor for loading or discharging Elevator wire ropes Steel wire ropes Enclosed Moving parts of a machine are so guarded that physical contact Escalator Continuous stairway for raising or lowering Guarded Suitable enclosure guards Hoist Raising or lowering the load by application of bldg. force Hoistway Shaftway for travel of one or more elevators Machine Unit of an equipment Machine house Mechanism and power plant Machine parts All moving parts of machine Moving walk Horizontal passenger carrying device Process machine Equipment designed and operated for a specific purpose Travelling cable Cable made up of electric conductors Types of luminaires Direct luminaires Emits light downwards; includes recessed lighting, downlight and troffers Indirect luminaires Emits light upward; suspended luminaires Diffuse luminaires Emits light in all directions Direct/indirect Emits light upward and downward but not on sides luminaires Asymmetric luminaires Designed for special applications Adjustable luminaires Can be adjusted to throw light in directions other than down