Fundamentals of Management

Eleventh Edition

History Module
A Brief History of
Management’s Roots

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Early Management (1 of 2)
• Management has been practiced for thousands of years.
• Organized projects were directed by people responsible
for planning, organizing, leading, and controlling.

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Early Management (2 of 2)
Frederick W. Taylor described scientific management as
a method of scientifically finding the:
one best way to do a job

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Classical Approaches: General
Administrative Theory

External environment:
• Henri Fayol identified five
management functions and
14 principles of
management
• Max Weber: bureaucracy,
an ideal rational form of
organization

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Fayol’s Fourteen Principles of
Management
• Division of Work • Centralization
• Authority • Scalar Chain
• Discipline • Order
• Unity of Command • Equity
• Unity of Direction • Stability of Tenure
Personnel
• Subordination of Individual
Interests to tThe General • Initiative
Interest • Esprit de Corps
• Remuneration

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Behavioral Approach

Early management writers included:

• Robert Owen, who was concerned about deplorable
working conditions.
• Hugo Munsterberg, a pioneer in the field of industrial
psychology.
• Mary Parker Follett, who recognized that organizations
could be viewed from both individual and group behavior
perspectives.

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Other Early Twentieth-Century
Contributors: A Diversity Perspective
(1 of 2)
• Madam C. J. Walker, who invented
African American hair products and
was one of the first American
women to become a self-made
millionaire.
• Charles Clinton Spaulding, who
recognized the value of
transformational leadership,
employee development, diversity,
corporate social responsibility, and
a strong organizational culture.
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Other Early Twentieth-Century
Contributors: A Diversity Perspective
(2 of 2)
• Kiichiro Toyoda, the founder of the
Toyota Motor Company and Toyota
Production System.
• Prudencio Unanue and Joseph A.
Unanue, who turned Goya Foods
into the largest Latino-owned food
distributor in the United States.

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The Hawthorne Studies

Studies conducted at the

Hawthorne Works of the
Western Electric Company:
• Provided new insights into
individual and group behavior
at work
• Concluded that group
pressures can significantly
impact individual productivity

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Behavioral Approaches 1930s–1950s

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Behavioral Approaches 1960s–Today
Organizational Behavior (OB)

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The Quantitative Approach
• Used quantitative techniques to
improve decision making
• W. Edwards Deming and
Joseph M. Juran:
total quality management (TQM)

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Contemporary Approaches: Systems
Approach
Exhibit HM–2 Organization as an Open System

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Contemporary Approaches:
Contingency Approach

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Copyright

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