ACTIVE FILTER

AIM: To study Low pass, High Pass, Band Pass & Band Reject Filter.

 Design & study the 1st order Low pass filter using Op-amp.
 Design & study the 2nd order Low pass filter using Op-amp.
 Design & study the 1st order High Pass butter worth filter using Op-amp.
 Design & study the 2nd order High Pass butter worth filter using Op-amp.
 Design & study the Band Pass & Band Reject Filter using Op-amp

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. Op – Amp IC 741
2. Dual Power Supply ± 12V / ± 15V
3. Resistors
4. Function Generator
5. Cathode Ray Oscilloscope
6. Multimeter
7. Breadboard and Connecting Wires

Theory:
A filter is a device that transmits freely through it signals having frequencies in a
certain band and several attenuates signal having frequencies outside this band. The
frequency response of a filter is the graph of its voltage gain vs frequency.

1st order Low pass filter:

A low pass filter passes all frequencies from zero to the cut off frequency and
blocks all frequencies above the cut off frequency.
With a low pass filter the frequencies between zero and the cut off frequency are
called the pass band and the frequency above the cut off frequency are called stop
band.

The simple RC circuit may act as a low pass filter network. The open circuit voltage gain
is defined as

AV = = = where f = and f2 =
/

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At all frequencies f<<f2 , Av nearly equal to 1. The gain is constant with no phase shift.
At high frequencies f>>f2 , Av nearly equal to –j . The gain varies inversely with
frequencies and phase shift is -90° . At f = f2 the gain IAVI =

fall to 1/√2 of its maximum value.

Thus f2 is the upper half power frequency. The filtering is basically done by RC circuit,
The OPAMP circuit gives the DC gain terms

AV = 1+

2nd order Low pass filter:

It works in the same manner as 1st order low pass filter. Here due to two RC stages, the
falling of gain is more rapid, Hence better filter.

Here the low cut off frequency is given by

fL =
√

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1st order High pass filter:

At low frequencies C is almost open, hence output is almost zero. At high frequencies,
capacitor becomes almost short circuited. So the output voltage becomes maximum.
Thus it passes only high frequency.

It voltage gain is given by

   
Af= =

Hence at higher cut off frequencies, 1 and f =

2nd order High pass filter:

It works in the same manner as 1st order high pass filter. Here due to two RC stages,
the falling of gain is more rapid, Hence better filter.

Here the low cut off frequency is given by

fH =
√

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Band Pass filter:

Here a 1st order high pass filter and a 1st order low pass filter is set consequently. The
low cut off frequency of the low pass filter is chosen higher than high cut off frequency
of the high pass filter. The 1st stage transmits only the frequencies above a certain
frequency and 2nd stage permits only the frequencies lower than a certain frequency, so
as to pass an band of frequency. The voltage gain of the circuit is

 
Af =   
     

The Q factor is given as

Q=

Where fc = frequency at where the gain is maximum and the band width is given as

B=

Band Rejection filter:

This type of filter passes all frequencies from zero upto the lower cut off frequency.
Then it blocks all the frequencies between the lower and the upper cut off frequency.
Finally it passes all frequencies above the upper cut off frequency.

With a band rejection filter the stop band is all the frequencies between upper and lower
cut off frequencies. Frequencies below the lower cut off and above the upper cut off are
the pass band.

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Observations:

Table 1: Data for drawing frequency vs gain in the 1st order low pass filter:

C =0.033uf, R = 1K, R1=1K, RF= 4.7K

Input voltage output voltage

frequency
Sl No (p-p) (p-p) Gain(Av)= Vo/ Vin
(KHz)

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Table 2: Data for drawing frequency vs gain in the 2nd order low pass filter:

C =0.033uf, R = 1K, R1=1K, RF= 4.7K

Input voltage output voltage

frequency
Sl No (p-p) (p-p) Gain(Av)= Vo/ Vin
(KHz)

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Table 3: Data for drawing frequency vs gain in the 1st order high pass filter:

C =0.033uf, R = 1K, R1=1K, RF= 4.7K

Input voltage output voltage

frequency
Sl No (p-p) (p-p) Gain(Av)= Vo/ Vin
(KHz)

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Table 4: Data for drawing frequency vs gain in the 2nd order high pass filter:

C =0.033uf, R = 1K, R1=1K, RF= 4.7K

Input voltage output voltage

frequency
Sl No (p-p) (p-p) Gain(Av)= Vo/ Vin
(KHz)

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Table 5: Data for drawing frequency vs gain in the band pass filter:

C =0.033uf, R = 1K, R1=1K, RF= 4.7K

Input voltage output voltage

frequency
Sl No (p-p) (p-p) Gain(Av)= Vo/ Vin
(KHz)

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Table 6: Data for drawing frequency vs gain in the band reject filter:

C =0.033uf, R = 1K, R1=1K, RF= 4.7K

Input voltage output voltage

frequency
Sl No (p-p) (p-p) Gain(Av)= Vo/ Vin
(KHz)

Graph:

Plot frequency vs gain curve for different filters

Calculations:

Discussions:

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