Electric Vehicle Charging Station

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
MTech IN: ENERGY SYSTEM AND MANAGEMENT

Seminar report on
“IMPACT OF CONNECTING ELECTRIC VEHICLES

CHARGING STATION TO GRID”
Submitted by,
RANGASWAMY B N
USN: 01JST18PES009
2nd Semester, MTech
Energy Systems and Management,
Dept. of E&EE, JSS S&TU Mysuru
Date: 27.06.2019
Seminar report on “Impact of Connecting Electric Vehicle Charging Station to Grid”
ABSTRACT
The demand for electric vehicles is abruptly increasing due to over consumption of
conventional fuel by automobiles, which in turn leads to harness the renewable
sources of energy to compensate the depletion of conventional fuels. With the
increase in usage of electric vehicles, charging station and its supporting facilities to
recharge Electric Vehicle should be taken care off. Thereby affecting the voltage
stability, peak load demand, power quality and equipment overloading. This report
deals with the challenges faced by EV charging station and certain alternative
methods to overcome these challenges.
MTech 2nd Semester [Energy Systems & Management] Dept. of E&EE, JSS S&TU, Mysuru Page 2
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Chapter Topic
Number
1. Introduction 4-5
2. Electric Vehicle Charging 6-7
3 EVs BATTERY MANGEMENT SYSTEM 8-9
4. EVs Charging Station Infrastructure 10 - 12
5. Impact of EVCS on Grid 13 - 16
6. Proposed Methodology 17 - 18
7. Conclusion 19
8. References 20 - 21
TABLE OF FIGURES
Page
Figure Topic
Number
Power flow for G2V and V2G Operation Modes
1. 7
2. Illustration of Battery Management System 9
3. Hierarchical diagram for different types of charging 10
4. Impacts of EV charging station on power grid. 14
5. Block diagram of EV Hybrid charging system 17
1. INTRODUCTION
In present scenario, due to serious crisis in energy sector, alternative energy and
energy for sustainable development is imminent. Hence, clean and efficient usage of
energy sources becomes the prime importance across the global. Recently,
innovation in Electric Vehicles (EVs) has attracted prominent attention since they
use clean electricity. The increased demand in usage of electric vehicle started
because of lower noise pollution, reduced emission, less maintenance requirement,
and decreased power consumption along with eco-friendly technology. Integration
of renewable energy sources such as solar and wind power would be an efficient
method to boost up the grid connectivity issues.
Batteries, as a source of stored energy, help to drive Electric Vehicles (EVs).
However, it is challenging that the growing number of EVs cause hike in charging
demand and hence create burden on the power grid since it is needed to recharge
the battery. The massive production of electric vehicle and acceptable energy
charges will be an added factor for increasing number of EVs. The choice of batteries
used in electric vehicles depends on the energy density, weight, availability and
price, as they require large number of batteries. The most commonly used batteries
are lead acid batteries which are economically beneficial. Recently, batteries using
lithium ion are gaining global acceptance due to its improved efficiency, reduced
weight, minimal charging time, better power output, increased lifetime, and reduced
environmental impacts from battery disposal.
The studies have stated that the charging of electric vehicle is non-linear and
may cause harmonic distortion, phase imbalance, extra load on transformer, and DC
offset and voltage variation in the distribution network. This could be analyzed by
using various simulation platforms like Mat lab, Simulink which are used to predict
the effect of charging of batteries on various feeder systems. The charging of electric
vehicle batteries majorly includes AC to DC conversion, delivery of variable DC
voltage to battery by the power control unit and also various filtering functions. The
Battery Management System (BMS), which is associated with the battery, monitors
the operating parameters of battery, such as current, voltage and influence the rate
of charging to provide the needed current / voltage charging profile.
The increased Electric Vehicle charging stations (EVCS) results hike in the
demand for power during peak time along with decreased reserve capacity. An
electric vehicle charging station which uses communication technology to enable it
to intelligently integrate two-way power flow enabling electric vehicle batteries to
become a useful utility asset Charging Stations(CS) are considered as the hub of
fuelling EVs.
There are three main types of electric vehicles (EVs), classed by the degree that
electricity is used as their energy source.
● Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs) -powered by both petrol and electricity.
● Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs) known as Extended-Range Electric
Vehicles (EREVs), which is powered by both petrol and electricity.
● Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs) are fully electric vehicles, where they are only
powered by electricity and do not have petrol engine, fuel tank or exhaust pipe.
2. ELECTRIC VEHICLE CHARGING
Electric vehicles use one or more electric motors or traction motors for propulsion.
An electric vehicle may be powered through a collector system by DC electricity
from self-contained batteries, EVs are not only limited to road and rail vehicles, but
also electric aircraft and spacecraft.
The emerging of EVs in urban areas depends on the quality and accessibility
of charging infrastructure, and facilitation of a supply chain for charged batteries.
Charging infrastructure consists of low speed charging stations in residential areas
as well as fast charging points located in public areas including shopping malls,
petrol pumps, public parking and mass transit stations.
An Electric Vehicle Charging Station (EVCS) is equipment that interconnects
EVs to a source of electric energy to recharge electric vehicles and plug-in hybrids.
Some charging stations have advanced features such as smart metering, cellular
capability and network connectivity.
EVs can be charged at charging stations (CS) using alternating or direct
current. The speed of battery charging (defined as the amount of electric energy
transmitted from the grid into an electric car battery over a specific time interval)
depends on the output of the charging station and technical specifications of the
electric car. The battery charging time then depends on the charging speed and the
battery capacity. A full recharge of an electric vehicle battery takes approximately 8
hours. Charging stations with higher output can be therefore used to reduce the full
recharge time significantly. Fast charging stands can be used for charging of
batteries to 80 % of their capacity in approximately 20 minutes. The current research
and development and testing deal with charging stations capable to reduce the
charging time below 10 minutes. The fastest method to extend the travel range of
electric vehicles currently available is the replacement of flat battery with a new one
at an exchange station. This approach is a significant alternate to fast charging from

multiple points of view, yet it is limited to certain types of electric vehicles capable
of prompt battery replacement. The charging infrastructure in construction must
comply with the standards and directives applicable to technical equipment, safety
and interoperability.
The battery performance of EVs is highly depends on the way in which the battery is
charged and discharged. The battery charger top up the energy to electric vehicle is
as same as refilling a fuel tank with gasoline. The battery charger converts the
alternating current distributed by the power grid to the direct current required to
recharge the battery. Effective charging is completed when the battery recharges to
its full capacity without beyond overcharge and excessive temperature. Hence, over
voltage or overheating may cause breakdown of the battery’s performance and its
life, and even cause safety issues.
The battery chargers operate in two modes. The recharge mode, which
depends on the battery’s chemistry, referred as grid-to-vehicle (G2V). And the
inverter mode, where battery energy can be inverted and supplied back to the grid
which is referred as vehicle-to-grid (V2G). The block diagram of power flow from
grid to vehicle and vehicle to grid operation modes is shown in figure 1.
Figure 1: Power flow for G2V and V2G Operation Modes
3. EVs BATTERY MANGEMENT SYSTEM
The battery management system (BMS) is a critical component of Electric vehicles.

The purpose of the BMS is to guarantee safe and reliable battery operation. To
maintain the safety and reliability of the battery, state monitoring and evaluation,
charge control, and cell balancing are functionalities that have been implemented in
BMS. As an electrochemical product, a battery acts differently under different
operational and environmental conditions. The uncertainty of a battery’s
performance poses a challenge to the implementation of these functions. State
evaluation of a battery, including state of charge, state of health, and state of life, is a
critical task for a BMS.
Similar to the engine management system in a gasoline car, a gauge meter should be
provided by the BMS in EVs. BMS indicators should show the state of the safety,
usage, performance, and longevity of the battery. Due to volatility, flammability and
entropy changes, a lithium-ion battery could ignite if overcharged. This is a serious
problem, especially in EVS applications. Moreover, over-discharge causes reduced
cell capacity due to irreversible chemical reactions. Therefore, a BMS needs to
monitor and control the battery based on the safety circuitry incorporated within the
battery packs. Whenever any abnormal conditions, such as over-voltage or
overheating, are detected, the BMS should notify the user and execute the preset
correction procedure. In addition to these functions, the BMS also monitors the
system temperature to provide a better power consumption scheme, and
communicates with individual components and operators. In other words, a
comprehensive BMS should include the following functions:
 Data acquisition
 Safety protection
 Ability to determine and predict the state of the battery
 Ability to control battery charging and discharging

 Cell balancing
 Thermal management
 Delivery of battery status and authentication to a user interface
 Communication with all battery components
 Prolonged battery life
The illustration of battery management system is shown in figure.2
Figure.2 Illustration of Battery Management System
Knowledge of the battery state not only helps to determine whether the operational
environment is safe and reliable, but also provides information about the charge-
discharge operation, which is especially important for cell balancing. Usually, the
battery state includes state of charge (SOC) and state of health (SOH) determination.
SOC is similar to the fuel usage indication in gasoline cars, but the battery is
inaccessible for measuring and experiences aging, varying environmental
conditions, and charge-discharge cycles.
4. EVs CHARGING STATION INFRASTRUCTURE
Charging stations are regarded as the point of fuelling EVs. Cords, connectors, and
interface with the power grid are the key equipment of charging station. Good
charging infrastructure is one of the key factors for deployment of EVs. The charging
infrastructure in construction must comply with the standards and directives
applicable to technical equipment, safety and interoperability.
4.1 The charging types

A. Slow charging: This kind of charging is used at home and work. EV plugs in to
home plug with dedicated metering circuit. It requires about 6-8 hours [9] of
charging and drives for 15 to 20 kms for one hour charging. The power output
requirement is upto 3.7kW.
B. Fast and Slow Public Charging: It is used in places such as restaurants, shopping
malls, business centers, rail stations, bus terminals, with fee for charging in a
parking lot. It requires about two or more hours of charging and drives for 40 to 50
km for every hour of charging. This type of charging is also slow type and
encourages users to charge while in parking. The power output ranging from 3.7kW
to 22kW
C. DC Fast Charging: This is used in places such as highways and transport hubs. It
requires about 30 minutes of charging time. The vehicle runs for about 280 to 300
kms for every hour of charge.
Capacity of battery and capability of handling rapid charging are increasing and
methods of charging are required to change and improve for greater efficiency. The
power output exceeds 22kW.
The hierarchical diagram of different types of charging is shown in in Figure 2.
Figure 3: Hierarchical diagram for different types of charging
4.2 Contactless charging:

An optional solution to match the concepts above would comprise the contactless
charging of electric vehicle using electromagnetic induction. There are currently two
known methods for application of this technology. The first one is slow charging,
initiated by the coil in vehicle chassis coming to the proximity of a charging point
integrated into the parking bay surface. The disadvantage of such charging method
would be the 10-20% loss of electric power during transmission, while the improved
users comfort can be considered a great advantage. Such charging may be used as a
technical option for slow or accelerated charging for both public and private
charging points.
Another method for application of contactless charging would be a coil integrated
right into the road surfaces, yet this is a costly solution. There are currently firs
experimental pilot stations being prepared for practical operation.
4.3 Replacement or swapping of batteries:

Battery replacement represents a technologically proven method avoiding the need
to wait for battery charging. It is employed with benefits mainly with respect to the
vital time factor – for long distance travel with electric vehicles. The replacement
process itself is currently many times shorter than the fastest charging method
available (taking 1.5 to 7 minutes, compared to at least 20 minutes of fast charging).
A battery swapping (or switching) station is a place at which a vehicle's discharged

battery or battery pack can be immediately swapped for a fully charged one,
eliminating the delay involved in waiting for the vehicle's battery to charge. Battery
swapping is common in warehouses using electric forklift
The following are the benefits for battery swapping or replacement:
 Fast battery swapping less than five minutes.

 Unlimited driving ranges where there is battery switch stations available.
 The driver does not have to get out of the car while the battery is swapped.
 The driver does not own the battery in the car, transferring costs over the battery,
battery life, maintenance, capital cost, quality, technology, and warranty to the
battery switch station company.
 Contract with battery Switch Company could subsidize the electric vehicle at a
price lower than equivalent petrol cars.
 The spare batteries at swap stations could participate in vehicle to grid storage.
4.4 Smart grid communication

Recharging a large battery pack presents a high load on the electrical grid, but this
can be scheduled for periods of reduced load or reduced electricity costs. In order to
schedule the recharging, either the charging station or the vehicle can communicate
with the smart grid. Some plug-in vehicles allow the vehicle operator to control
recharging through a web interface or smartphone app. Furthermore, in a vehicle-to-
grid scenario the vehicle battery can supply energy to the grid at periods of peak
demand. This requires additional communication between the grid, charging
station, and vehicle electronics.
5. IMPACT OF EVCS ON GRID
The advantages of electric vehicles with low pollution, reduced global warming,
green energy utilization, its impact on power grid needs to be considered. The EVCS
connected to the grid belong to grid power loads, it may result in redistribution of
power load, causing the trend of change and net loss increases, as shown
Nonconforming charging means charging users according to their needs and charge
habit, anytime, anywhere to the EVs charging. Coordination charging means, EVs
users in accordance with the needs of an orderly grid charging. According to the
research results, the non-coordinated charging conditions, the EVs in the night will
be a substantial peak power load connected to the grid, resulting in increased power
load and voltage deviation increases, the grid network losses increase, resulting in
the transmission efficiency of the grid and decline in the quality and coordination of
power charge is based on the grid requires the user as part of the smart grid, passive
charging mode, when the grid is in the low load, we can use an EVs charging to
balance low, less frequent stopping and starting backup power station power
resources frequent scheduling.
Grid load curve directly reflects the needs of users, reasonable forecast load curve
on the grid schedule and run a very big role in guiding, affect the charging station
grid system load curve mainly by the battery charging time and charging decisions,
as the charging station a lot of access to the grid, load curve forecasting the
traditional mode error may occur. When the charging schedule during non-peak
hours to improve the power grid load rate, and arrange charging during peak hours
will accelerate grid load rate. Gas stations operate independently and can be
different, in order to ensure the safety of the grid, smooth and efficient, EVs
charging facilities for energy supply network, intelligent higher requirements while
charging.
The EVs load is non-linear and can cause harmonic distortion, DC offset, phase
imbalance, and voltage deviations in the distribution network. However, with load
of EVs related additional load expected to come on to the system, at the national grid
level, the impact is negligible.
The major parameters of power grid which is directly affected by EV charging
stations are voltage stability, peak load demand, harmonic injection, power quality,
grid equipment’s overloading and demand response. In order to ensure stable
power supply to the distribution network, challenges comprised with the EVCS
needs to be looked into.
The parameters which affect the power grid illustrated in the Figure 3.
Figure 4: Impacts of EV charging station on power grid.
A. Voltage Stability: It is one of the major troubles in grid. The stability issue
would be obvious under higher loading conditions. It results in reduced
voltage depends on the capacity of grid generators and distribution network.
Increase in EV plug-in stations may lead to rapid change in voltage stability,
which affects generator voltage, line losses, transformer tappings, load losses.
They can be solved by making required changes in system voltage, system
reactance and voltage ratio. Therefore, with the increase in number of EV

charging station, it will definitely affect the grid voltage stability.
B. Peak Load Demand: The increased EV charging stations results hike in the
demand for power during peak time along with decreased reserve capacity
[10]. To overcome this, peak load shifting needs to carried out in coordination
with the EV charging Stations on daily load curve basis. This will improve the
load profile of the distribution network. The fast charging and advanced
charging infrastructure the sudden load on the grid increases due to charging
is upto 80% capacity is within the shorter period of less than minutes. This
stabilizes the power grid and there by impact of connecting EV’s to grid is
substantially high.
C. Harmonic Injection: The distribution network is able to deliver power to load
with standard system frequency and voltages. Higher the number of Electric
vehicles plugged into the grid, it behaves variably than its actual working. It is
the major effect of grid and needs to be focused on which involve variation in
voltages, distortion of harmonic voltage and current. The load of EV Charging
Station are particularly nonlinear in nature which may give rise to change in
system current, resulting in temperature rise, reduced transformer winding
insulation and mal- functioning of circuit breaker. The total harmonic
distortion (THD) is the measure of difference between actual and reference
frequencies.
D. Transformer Overloading: Large number of EV Charging Station adversely
affects the transformers in distribution network. They reduce the lifespan of
transformers and coordinated charging may reduce the temperature of
transformer hot spots. The tariff based charging decreases the remaining life
and aging of equipments. EV Charging Station connection to distribution
network alters the shape of transformer load profile.
The connection of EV’s at different intervals may affect the load profile and increase
the life cycle of transformer. Based on EV charging profile considered in the studies,
baseline of 50% loaded commercial feeder can safely absorb about 20% of additional
EVs load from fast charging, similarly the residential feeder can be safely handles a
ratio of 3:2 from residential load and EVs load (fast charging) respectively. The
impact from slow charging stations on both the feeders will be negligible.
In order to improve the efficiency of the power system to minimize the impact of
large-scale EVs on the grid, first, power scheduling arrangements for electricity
production sector, should ensure enough power margin and power system related
electrical equipment in time to upgrade, to ensure the power load increase inch, the
device does not overload. Secondly, the power sector can adjust the price reasonable
measures to guide and encourage ordinary users to try to preclude the charging of a
coordinated strategy to avoid peak charging. With the development of the smart
grid, intelligent vehicle terminal will be put into the market, it became part of the
electric power grid steam, according to the needs of the grid charging, and this
measure will also provide stable operation of the power system to provide
protection.
6. PROPOSED METHODOLOGY:
EVCS which are located on highways, parking lots, malls have high charging
current rate for fast charging around 30-70Amps compared to home charging it is
12-16Amps. The short period of charging satisfies the consumer and provides
flexibility in the charging. An optimum location for EVCS reduces the peak demand
on overall distribution network.
The rapid growth of EV’s will certainly increase the demand on power grid
which in turn affects the generation system. In order to achieve this demand, there is
a need to increase the number of power generating stations which would be
expensive. Hence one such alternative is to integrate the existing system with
renewable energy (REs) sources such as solar roof top, wind power, battery energy
storage units and usage of tidal energy near coastal areas. The figure.5 illustrates the
proposed methodology for EVs hybrid charging system.
Figure 5: Block diagram of EV Hybrid charging system
The proposed system consists of two major parts of the bus, namely the AC bus
supplied by grid, and the DC bus supplied and connected with Wind Turbine, Solar
PV, and Battery
The solar PV powered Charging system that can be powered by either the grid or
renewable energy sources like PV (50-320 kW). The monocrystalline solar
panel capable of producing 2.7 kW of peak power to charge pure electric or plug-in
hybrid to 80% capacity without drawing electricity from the local grid. The output
from REs is the DC connected to common DC bus. The wind-powered electric
vehicle charging station features a 4 -8kW vertical-axis wind turbine can work
independently or can be integrated with the charging station connecting to the DC
common bus. When there is power generation from the REs sources, the batteries in
the charging station gets charged and can be utilized during On-peak periods. Also
excess power is pumped to grid through inverter connected to AC bus. The Battery
Management System (BMS) in charging station is integrated with the battery
charging system. It monitors the key battery operating parameters of voltage,
current and temperature and controls the charging rate to provide the required
constant current / constant voltage charging profile and it triggers the protection
circuits if the battery's operating limits are exceeded, isolating the battery if needed.
The demerits of renewable sources is, it is intermittent and storage of energy in

batteries when it is available. The hybrid energy sources enables EV charging
stations doesn’t much depend on conventional grids for power, they can easily
achieve the power demand of EV’s with the help of renewable energy resources
(REs) and makes the system independent. The construction of Hybrid EVCS
improves the reliability of charging stations, reduces burden on to the power grid,
and also reduces the greenhouse gas emissions.
7. CONCLUSION
This report deals with impact of electric vehicles charging station on power grid and
its consequences. The establishment of EVCS depends on the driving range and
number of electric vehicles. In fast developing technological world, the need for
alternative sources of energy is increasing. The EVs plays an important role in the
transportation sector for reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, global warming.
The penetration of EVCS in large quantities into the existing grid network severely
affects the grid parameters and it cannot be neglected. The use of hybrid technology
involving solar, wind and other renewable energy resources along with battery
storage system in the EVCS may eventually improve the reliability and availability
of the power supply to EVs and also reduces its impact on to the power grid. The
influence of charging stations on the connected power grid is the major factors that
should be accounted in planning and establishment of future EVCS.
8. REFERENCES
[1] Qun Liu, Hui Fang, Jingsong Wang and Shaopeng Yan, “The Impact of Electric
Charging Station to Grid”, International Conference on Applied Science and Engineering
Innovation 2015.
[2] Taoyong Li, Jing Zhang, Yuanxing Zhang, Linru Jiang, Bin Li, Dongxiang Yan and Chengbin
Ma, “An Optimal Design and Analysis of A Hybrid Power Charging Station for Electric
Vehicles Considering Uncertainties”, IEEE 2018.
[3] Sanchari Deb, Karuna Kalita and Pinakeshwar Mahanta, “Review of impact of Electric
Vehicle Charging Station on the power grid”, 2017 IEEE International Conference on
Technological Advancements in Power and Energy.
[4] Sanchari Deb, Karuna Kalita and Pinakeshwar Mahanta, “Impact of Electric Vehicle
Charging Stations on Reliability of Distribution Network”, 2017 IEEE International
Conference on Technological Advancements in Power and Energy.
[5] Aljanad and Azah Mohamed, “Harmonic Impact of Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle on
Electric Distribution System”, Modelling and Simulation in Engineering Volume 2016.
[6] Matthew J. Rutherford and Vahid Yousefzadeh, “The impact of Electric Vehicle battery
charging on distribution transformers”, 2011 Twenty-Sixth Annual IEEE Applied Power
Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC).
[7]. NSGM-PMU’s compilation of “Electric Vehicles In India And Its Impact On Grid”.
[8] Abdul Rauf Bhatti, Zainal Salam, Mohd Junaidi Bin Abdul Aziz and Kong Pui Yee, “A
critical review of electric vehicle charging using solar photovoltaic”, INTERNATIONAL
JOURNAL OF ENERGY RESEARCH, Int. J. Energy Res. 2016; 40:439–461
[9] Mehmet Cem Catalbas, Merve Yildirim, Arif Gulten and Hasan Kurum, “Estimation of
Optimal Locations for Electric Vehicle”, IEEE 2017.
[10] Ryszard Pawełek, Paweł Kelm, Irena Wasiak, “Experimental Analysis of DC Electric
Vehicles Charging Station Operation and its Impact on the Supplying Grid”, IEEE 2014.
[11] Oliver Marcincin, Zdenek Medvec and Petr Moldrik, “The Impact of Electric Vehicles
on Distribution Network”, IEEE 2017.
[12] Muhammad Nizam and F. X. Rian Wicaksono, “ Design and Optimization of Solar,
Wind, and Distributed Energy Resource (DER) Hybrid Power Plant for Electric Vehicle
(EV) Charging Station in Rural Area”, 2018 5th International Conference on Electric
Vehicular Technology (ICEVT)
[13] Forum of Regulators, “Study On Impact Of Electric Vehicles On The Grid- September
2017”.
[14]https://www.ergon.com.au/network/smarter-energy/electric-vehicles/types-of-electric-
vehicles

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Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

MTech IN: ENERGY SYSTEM AND MANAGEMENT

“IMPACT OF CONNECTING ELECTRIC VEHICLES

2. Electric Vehicle Charging 6-7

3 EVs BATTERY MANGEMENT SYSTEM 8-9

4. EVs Charging Station Infrastructure 10 - 12

5. Impact of EVCS on Grid 13 - 16

2. Illustration of Battery Management System 9

3. Hierarchical diagram for different types of charging 10

4. Impacts of EV charging station on power grid. 14

5. Block diagram of EV Hybrid charging system 17

2. ELECTRIC VEHICLE CHARGING

at an exchange station. This approach is a significant alternate to fast charging from

Figure 1: Power flow for G2V and V2G Operation Modes

3. EVs BATTERY MANGEMENT SYSTEM

The battery management system (BMS) is a critical component of Electric vehicles.

 Ability to control battery charging and discharging

The illustration of battery management system is shown in figure.2

Figure.2 Illustration of Battery Management System

4. EVs CHARGING STATION INFRASTRUCTURE

4.1 The charging types

Figure 3: Hierarchical diagram for different types of charging

4.2 Contactless charging:

4.3 Replacement or swapping of batteries:

A battery swapping (or switching) station is a place at which a vehicle's discharged

The following are the benefits for battery swapping or replacement:

 Fast battery swapping less than five minutes.

4.4 Smart grid communication

5. IMPACT OF EVCS ON GRID

Figure 4: Impacts of EV charging station on power grid.

reactance and voltage ratio. Therefore, with the increase in number of EV

Figure 5: Block diagram of EV Hybrid charging system

The demerits of renewable sources is, it is intermittent and storage of energy in

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