Meccanica (2012) 47:1283–1294
DOI 10.1007/s11012-011-9512-3
Peristaltic flow of a nanofluid with slip effects
Noreen Sher Akbar · S. Nadeem · T. Hayat ·
Awatif A. Hendi
Received: 11 August 2011 / Accepted: 5 October 2011 / Published online: 17 November 2011
© Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2011
Abstract The problem of peristaltic flow of a nano-
fluid in an asymmetric channel is analyzed by taking
into account the slip effects. The relevant equations for
the nanofluid are presented and simplified by the long
wavelength and small Reynolds number. Closed form
solutions for stream function and pressure gradient are
developed. However series expressions for tempera-
ture and Nanoparticle profiles are constructed. Finally,
the influence of several parameters on the physical
quantities of interest is discussed.
Keywords Peristaltic flow · Slip conditions ·
Nanofluid · Asymmetric channel
1 Introduction
The topic of peristalsis is highly important in modern
applied Mathematics, engineering and physiological
world. This is because of its many applications in real
life such as swallowing food through the esophagus,
N.S. Akbar () · S. Nadeem · T. Hayat
Department of Mathematics, Quaid-i-Azam University
45320, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
e-mail: noreensher@yahoo.com
T. Hayat · A.A. Hendi
Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, King Saud
University, P.O. Box 1846, Riyadh 11321, Saudi Arabia
chyme motion in the gastrointestinal tract, in the va-
somotion of small blood vessels such as venules, cap-
illaries and arterioles, urine transport from kidney to
bladder, in sanitary fluid transport, transport of cor-
rosive fluids, a toxic liquid transport in the nuclear
industry etc. The seminal researches of Latham [1]
and Shapiro et al. [2] dealt with the peristaltic flow
of viscous fluid. Since then extensive research on the
topic has been presented in different flow geometries
and assumptions (see few studies [3–7]) in this regard.
Yıldırım and Sezer [8] studied the effects of partial
slip on the peristaltic flow of a MHD Newtonian fluid
in an asymmetric channel. Hydromagnetic peristaltic
flow of a bio-fluid with variable viscosity in a circu-
lar cylindrical tube is analyzed by Sezer and Yıldırım
[9]. Yıldırım and Sezer [10] studied three-dimensional
Navier–Stokes equations for the flow near an infinite
rotating disk. Series solution to the MHD flow over a
non-linear stretching sheet by homotopy perturbation
method is developed by Behrouz et al. [11]. Effect of
induced magnetic field on peristaltic flow of a microp-
olar fluid in an asymmetric channel is considered for
analysis by Shit et al. [12]. EDL effect on 3D devel-
oping flow in microchannel have been studied by Ng
and Tan [13–15]. Slip effects in peristalsis has been
also investigated by Hayat et al. [16]. The influence
of slip conditions with wall properties and heat trans-
fer on MHD peristaltic transport was analyzed by Siri-
navas et al. [17]. Recently Akbar et al. [18] considered
the peristaltic motion of third order fluid in an inclined
asymmetric channel subject to the slip condition.
1284
There has been now continuos focus of the re-
searchers in the flow analysis of nanofluids, since
the study by Choi [19]. Khan and Pop [20] stud-
ied boundary-layer flow of nanofluid over a stretch-
ing sheet. In fact Buongiorno [21] argued that the flu-
ids, including oil, water, and ethylene glycol mixture
are poor heat transfer fluids. The thermal conductivity
of these fluids has a definite role on the heat trans-
fer coefficient between the heat transfer medium and
the heat transfer surface. Hence several methods have
been adopted for the improvement of thermal con-
ductivity of these fluids by suspending Nano/micro
or larger-sized particle. Heat transfer performance of
Nano fluids inside an enclosure pool was examined by
Khanafer et al. [22]. Effects of natural convection on
boundary-layer flow of Nano fluid past a vertical plate
is studied by Kuznetsov and Nield [23]. Akbar and
Nadeem [24] examined endoscopic effects on the peri-
staltic flow of nanofluids. In another article Nadeem
et al. [25] discuss the peristaltic flow of a nanofluid in
a non-uniform tube.
To our information, there is nothing available yet
that describe the slip effects on the peristaltic flow
of nanofluids. Hence the present study looks at the
slip effects on the peristaltic flow of a nanofluid in an
asymmetric channel. The next two sections completes
the problem formulation under long wavelength and
low Reynolds number assumptions. Sections three and
four provide the expressions of stream function, tem-
perature, Nano particle phenomena, longitudinal pres-
sure gradient, pressure rise and relevant analysis. Main
findings have been presented in section five.
2 Fundamental equations
The balance of mass, momentum, temperature and
nanoparticle volume fraction are given by [22]
div V̄ = 0, (1)
d V̄
ρf = −∇ P̄ + μ∇ 2 V̄ +f, (2)
dt
d T̄
(ρc)f
dt
 
= k∇ 2 T̄ + (ρc)p DB ∇ C̄∇ T̄ + (DT̄ /T̄0 )∇ T̄ ∇ T̄ ,
(3)
d C̄
= DB ∇ 2 C̄ + (DT̄ /T̄0 )∇ 2 T̄ , (4)
dt
Meccanica (2012) 47:1283–1294
where ρf is the density of the incompressible fluid,
ρp is the density of the particle, c is the volumetric
volume expansion coefficient, V̄ is the velocity vec-
tor, f is the body forces, d/dt represents the material
time derivative, P̄ is the pressure C̄ is the Nono par-
ticle phenomena, the ambient values of T̄ and C̄ as ȳ
tend to h̄1 are denoted by T̄0 and C̄0 , DB is the Brown-
ian diffusion coefficient and DT̄ is the thermophoretic
diffusion coefficient.
3 Mathematical formulation
Consider an incompressible nanofluid in an asymmet-
ric channel of width d1 + d2 . Sinusoidal waves propa-
gating with constant speed c1 on the channel walls are
responsible for the flow generation. The heat transfer
and nanoparticle process is maintained by considering
temperatures T̄0 , T̄1 and nanoparticle phenomena C̄0 ,
C̄1 to the lower and upper walls of a channel respec-
tively. The taken forms of wall surfaces are
 
2π
Ȳ = H1 = d1 + a1 cos (X̄ − ct¯) ,
λ
  (5)
2π
Ȳ = H2 = −d2 − b1 cos (X̄ − ct¯) + φ .
λ
Here a1 and b1 are the waves amplitudes, λ is the wave
length, d1 + d2 is the channel width, c is the wave
speed, t¯ is the time, X̄ is the direction of wave prop-
agation and Ȳ is perpendicular to X̄. The phase dif-
ference φ varies in the range 0 ≤ φ ≤ π . When φ = 0
then symmetric channel with waves out of phase can
be described and for φ = π , the waves are in phase.
Moreover, a1 , b1 , d1 , d2 and φ satisfy the following re-
lation
a12 + b12 + 2a1 b1 cos φ ≤ (d1 + d2 )2 .
The fixed and moving frames are related as follows
x̄ = X̄ − c1 t¯, ȳ = Ȳ , ū = Ū − c1 ,
(6)
v̄ = V̄ , p̄(x̄) = P̄ (X̄, t¯),
in which (x̄, ȳ), (ū, v̄) and p̄ are the coordinates, ve-
locity components and pressure in the wave frame,
where as (X̄, Ȳ ), (Ū , Ū ) and P̄ are the coordinates,
velocity components and pressure in the fixed frame.
Meccanica (2012) 47:1283–1294 1285

The two-dimensional equations for an incompress- gαd12 (T̄1 − T̄0 ) gαd12 (C̄1 − C̄0 )
Gr = , Br =
ible nanofluid are νc1 νc1
∂ ū ∂ v̄ (12)
+ = 0, (7)
∂ x̄ ∂ ȳ
   2  with the stream function by
∂ ū ∂ ū ∂ p̄ ∂ ū ∂ 2 ū
ρ ū + v̄ =− +μ + , (8)
∂ x̄ ∂ ȳ ∂ ȳ ∂ x̄ 2 ∂ ȳ 2 ∂ ∂
  u= , v = −δ , (13)
∂ v̄ ∂ v̄ ∂y ∂x
ρ ū + v̄
∂ x̄ ∂ ȳ and Pr , Nb , Nt , Gr and Br , denote respectively the
 2 
∂ p̄ ∂ v̄ ∂ 2 v̄ Prandtl number, the Brownian motion parameter, the
=− +μ + + ρgα(T̄ − T̄0 ) thermophoresis parameter, local temperature Grashof
∂ z̄ ∂ x̄ 2 ∂ ȳ 2
number and local nanoparticle Grashof number.
+ ρgα(C̄ − C̄0 ), (9) Adopting the long wavelength and low Reynolds
 
∂ T̄ ∂ T̄ number procedure we have
ρcp ū + v̄
∂ x̄ ∂ ȳ
 2     ∂ 4 ∂θ ∂σ
∂ T̄ ∂ 2 T̄ ∂ C̄ ∂ T̄ ∂ C̄ ∂ T̄ + Gr + Br = 0, (14)
= + 2 + τ DB + ∂y 4 ∂y ∂y
∂ x̄ 2 ∂ ȳ ∂ x̄ ∂ x̄ ∂ ȳ ∂ ȳ  
 2  2  dP ∂ ∂ 2
D ∂ T̄ ∂ T̄ = + G r θ + B r σ , (15)
+ T̄ + , (10) dx ∂y ∂y 2
T̄0 ∂ x̄ ∂ ȳ  2
  ∂ 2θ ∂θ ∂σ ∂θ
∂ C̄ ∂ C̄ + Nb + Nt = 0, (16)
ū + v̄ ∂y 2 ∂y ∂y ∂y
∂ x̄ ∂ ȳ  
 2    ∂ 2σ Nt ∂ 2 θ
∂ C̄ ∂ 2 C̄ DT̄ ∂ 2 T̄ ∂ 2 T̄ + = 0, (17)
= DB + + + 2 , (11) ∂y 2 Nb ∂y 2
∂ x̄ 2 ∂ ȳ 2 T̄0 ∂ x̄ 2 ∂ ȳ
with the appropriate boundary conditions
where τ = (ρc)p /(ρc)f is the ratio between the effec-
tive heat capacity of the nanoparticle material and heat
F ∂ ∂ 2
capacity of the fluid. Letting = , = −β 2 − 1,
2 ∂y ∂y
2π x̄ ȳ ū v̄
x= , y= , u= , v= , at y = h1 = 1 + a cos x, (18a)
λ d1 c1 c1
F ∂ ∂ 2
2π t¯ 2πd1 d2 =− , = β 2 − 1,
t= , δ= , d= , 2 ∂y ∂y
λ λ d1
at y = h2 = −d − b cos(x + φ), (18b)
2πd12 P h̄1 h̄2 ∂θ
P= , h1 = , h2 = , θ +γ = 0, at y = h1 ,
μc1 λ d1 d2 ∂y
(18c)
ρc1 d1 a1 a2 d2 ∂θ
Re = , a= , b= , d= , θ −γ = 1, at y = h2 ,
μ d1 d1 d1 ∂y

T̄ − T̄0 C̄ − C̄0 ∂σ
S=
S̄d1
, θ= , σ= , σ + γ1 = 0, at y = h1 ,
∂y
μc1 T̄1 − T̄0 C̄1 − C̄0 (18d)
∂σ
k (ρc)p DB (C̄1 − C̄0 ) σ − γ1 = 1, at y = h2 ,
α= , Nb = , ∂y
(ρc)f (ρc)f α
in which β represents the dimensionless slip parame-
ν (ρc)p DT̄ (T̄1 − T̄0 )2 ter, γ the dimensionless thermal slip parameter and γ1
Pr = , Nt = ,
α T̄0 (ρc)f α the dimensionless concentration slip parameter.
1286 Meccanica (2012) 47:1283–1294

4 Solution procedure The solution of temperature and nanoparticle phe-

The homotopy perturbation method [26, 27] suggest
that we write (16) and (17) as follows:
 
H (q, θ ) = (1 − q) L(θ ) − L(θ10 )
  2 
nomenon (for q = 1) are constructed as
θ (x, y)
y 2 (Nb (h1 − h2 + 2γ ) + Nt (h1 − h2 + 2γ1 ))
=−
2(h1 − h2 + 2γ )2 (h1 − h2 + 2γ1 )

∂θ ∂σ ∂θ + A1 y + A2 + h1 (Nb + Nt ) − h2 (Nb + Nt )
+ q L(θ ) + Nb + Nt ,
∂y ∂y ∂y 
(19) + 2(Nb γ + Nt γ1 ) (y 2 (h1 − h2 + 2γ )
 

H (q, σ ) = (1 − q) L(σ ) − L(σ10 ) × 1 + A1 (h1 − h2 + 2γ ) (h1 − h2 + 2γ1 )
  

Nt ∂ 2 θ − (1/3)y 3 h1 (Nb + Nt ) − h2 (Nb + Nt )

+ q L(σ ) + , (20)   
Nb ∂y 2 + 2(Nb γ + Nt γ1 ) A1 y + A2 /A9 , (26)
or σ (x, y)
h1 − y + γ1
H (q, θ ) = L(θ ) − L(θ10 ) + qL(θ10 ) =
  2  h1 − h2 + 2γ1
∂θ ∂σ ∂θ 
+ q Nb + Nt , (21) Nt h1 − y + γ
∂y ∂y ∂y − − + A1 y + A2
Nb h1 − h2 + 2γ
H (q, σ ) = L(σ ) − L(σ10 ) + qL(σ10 ) 
− h2 + 2γ ) + Nt (h1 − h2 + 2γ1 ))
2 (Nb (h1
  2  −y
Nt ∂ θ 2(h1 − h2 + 2γ )2 (h1 − h2 + 2γ1 )
+q (22)
Nb ∂y 2 Nt

− h1 + h1 (Nb + Nt ) − h2 (Nb + Nt )
2 Nb
with L = ∂y ∂
2 as the linear operator. We can define the 

initial guesses as follows + 2(Nb γ + Nt γ1 ) y 2 (h1 − h2 + 2γ )


  × 1 + A1 (h1 − h2 + 2γ ) (h1 − h2 + 2γ1 )
h1 − y + γ
θ10 (x, y) = ,

h1 − h2 + 2γ − (1/3)y 3 h1 (Nb + Nt ) − h2 (Nb + Nt )

  (23)   
h1 − y + γ1 + 2(Nb γ + Nt γ1 ) A1 y + A2 /A9 .
σ10 (x, y) = . (27)
h1 − h2 + 2γ1
Note that in obtaining the above expressions, we fol-
Let us write
low the procedure of [26, 27].
θ (y, q) = θ0 + qθ1 + q 2 θ2 + · · · , (24) Substituting (26) and (27) in (14), the exact solu-
tions for velocity and pressure gradient are
σ (y, q) = σ0 + qσ1 + q σ2 + · · · .
2
(25)


ψ(x, y) = (1/120)A16 y 3 20A17 + y −15A1 A9 (Gr Nb − Br Nt ) − 15A3 A9 Gr Nb − Br Nt


+ y 6A15 (Gr Nb − Br Nt ) + A12 Br Nt (6A13 − A14 y) + A6 Gr Nb (−6A7 + A8 y)
A24 y 3 A25 y 2
+ + + A26 y + A27 , (28)
6 2
dP 6(−2A18 + 2A19 − 2F − (h1 − h2 )(2 + A20 + A22 + β(A21 − A23 )))
= . (29)
dx (h1 − h2 )2 (h1 − h2 + 6β)
Meccanica (2012) 47:1283–1294 1287

The dimensionless pressure rise P is shown in the Figs. 1(a) to 1(d). It is observed that the
 1  pressure rise and volume flow rate are giving oppo-
dP site results. It is noticed from Figs. 1(a) to 1(d) that in
P = dx. (30)
0 dx pumping region (P > 0), the pressure rise increases
where the constants A1 to A27 are presented in with an increase in amplitude b and local Nano parti-
Appendix. cle Grashof number Br in the peristaltic pumping re-
gion, while decreases in the augmented pumping re-
gion. It is also noticed that the pressure rise is de-
5 Results and discussion creasing function of the increase in the values of ther-
mophoresis parameter Nt and slip parameter β. The
Here we examined the pressure rise, pressure gradi- pressure rise increases when thermophoresis parame-
ent, velocity, temperature, heat transfer and Nano par- ter Nt and slip parameter β in the augmented pump-
ticle phenomena by plots. In order to analyze the pres- ing region for (P < 0). Free pumping region holds
sure rise per wavelength, numerical integration is per- when (P = 0). Variations of slip parameter β, flow
formed. The pressure rise against volume flow rate is rate Q, Brownian motion parameter Nb and local tem-

Fig. 1 Variation of pressure rise versus flow rate for (a) a = 0.3, d = 1, Nt = 0.5, Nb = 0.8, b = 0.5, Br = 0.5, Gr = 0.5, φ = 0.2,
γ = 0.5 and γ1 = 0.5. (b) a = 0.3, d = 1, β = 0.3, Nb = 0.8, b = 0.5, Br = 0.5, Gr = 0.5, φ = 0.2, γ = 0.5 and γ1 = 0.5. (c) a = 0.3,
d = 1, β = 0.2, Nb = 0.8, Nt = 0.5, Br = 0.5, Gr = 0.2, φ = 0.5, γ = 0.5 and γ1 = 0.5. (d) a = 0.3, d = 1, β = 0.3, Nb = 0.8,
Nt = 0.5, b = 0.5, Gr = 0.2, φ = 0.2, γ = 0.5 and γ1 = 0.5
1288 Meccanica (2012) 47:1283–1294

Fig. 2 Variation of velocity profile for (a) a = 0.1, d = 1, Nt = 0.5, Nb = 0.8, b = 0.5, Br = 0.5, Gr = 0.5, x = 0.1, Q = 2, φ = 0.2,
γ = 0.5 and γ1 = 0.5. (b) a = 0.1, d = 1, Nt = 0.7, β = 0.1, b = 0.5, Br = 0.5, Gr = 3, x = 1, Q = 2, φ = 0.2, γ = 0.5 and γ1 = 0.5.
(c) a = 0.1, d = 1, Nt = 0.5, Nb = 0.8, b = 0.5, Br = 0.5, Gr = 0.5, x = 1, β = 0.1, φ = 0.2, γ = 0.5 and γ1 = 0.5. (d) a = 0.1,
d = 1, Nt = 0.5, Nb = 0.8, b = 0.5, Br = 0.5, Q = 2, x = 1, β = 0.1, φ = 0.2, γ = 0.5 and γ1 = 0.5

perature Grashof number Gr on the velocity profile
have been displayed in Figs. 2(a) to 2(d). Figure 2(a)
depicts that the velocity near the channel walls are
not similar in view of the slip parameter β. The ve-
locity decreases by increasing β. The velocity for the
flow rate Q, Brownian motion parameter Nb and lo-
cal temperature Grashof number Gr have been plot-
ted in the Figs. 2(b) to 2(d). It is found that the veloc-
ity field increases in the region y ∈ [1, −0.0.5] and it
decreases in the region y ∈ [−0.49, −1.5] with an in-
crease in the Brownian motion parameter Nb . It is seen
that effects of local temperature Grashof number Gr
on velocity profile are opposite when compared with
Brownian motion parameter Nb . Velocity profile in-
creases with an increase in the values of flow rate Q.
The variation of temperature profile and Nano parti-
cle phenomena for different values of thermophoresis
parameter Nt , thermal slip parameter γ and the di-
mensionless concentration slip parameter γ1 are plot-
ted in the Figs. 3 and 4. Here the temperature profile
increases when slip parameter γ and thermophoresis
parameter Nt are increased and nanoparticle phenom-
ena decreases when there is an increase in the val-
ues of slip parameter γ1 and thermophoresis param-
eter Nt .
Figures 5(a) to 5(d) shown the pressure gradient
for different values of β, Nb , Gr and a. The magni-
tude of pressure gradient increases in view of an in-
crease in Nb , Gr and a and magnitude of pressure
gradient decreases with an increase in β. It is also ob-
Meccanica (2012) 47:1283–1294 1289

Fig. 3 Variation of temperature profile for (a) a = 0.1, d = 1, Nb = 0.8, b = 0.5, x = 1, Q = 2, φ = 0.2, γ = 0.1 and γ1 = 0.1.
(b) a = 0.1, d = 1, Nb = 2, b = 0.5, x = 1, Q = 2, φ = 0.2, Nt = 0.8 and γ1 = 0.5

Fig. 4 Variation of nanoparticle phenomena for (a) a = 0.1, d = 1, Nb = 0.8, b = 0.5, x = 1, Q = 2, φ = 0.2, γ = 0.1 and γ1 = 0.1.
(b) a = 0.1, d = 1, Nb = 2, b = 0.5, x = 1, Q = 2, φ = 0.2, Nt = 0.8 and γ = 0.5

served that the maximum pressure gradient appear for
x = 0.48.
The trapping for different values of β, Nt , and Gr
are shown in the Figs. 6(a) to 6(f). It is seen from
Figs. 6(a, b) that the size of the trapping bolus de-
creases with an increase in β (in the upper part of the
channel). Figures 6(c, d) denote that the size of trap-
ping bolus decreases with an increase in Nt in the up-
per and lower parts of the channel, while the number
of the trapping bolus increases in the upper half of the
channel. Figures 6(e, f) show that by increasing in Gr ,
the size of the trapping bolus decreases in the upper
half of the channel while the number of trapping bo-
lus increases in the upper and lower parts of the chan-
nel.
6 Concluding remarks
The slip effects on the peristaltic flow of nanofluid
in an asymmetric channel are investigated. The main
points of presented analysis are listed below.
1290 Meccanica (2012) 47:1283–1294

Fig. 5 Variation of pressure gradient for (a) a = 0.3, d = 1, Nt = 0.5, Nb = 0.8, b = 0.5, Br = 0.5, Q = −2, Gr = 0.5, φ = 0.2,
γ = 0.5 and γ1 = 0.5. (b) a = 0.3, d = 1, β = 0.8, Nt = 0.5, b = 0.5, Br = 0.5, Gr = 0.5, Q = 0.5, φ = 0.2, γ = 0.5 and γ1 = 0.5.
(c) a = 0.3, d = 1, β = 0.2, Nb = 0.8, Nt = 0.5, Br = 0.5, Nt = 0.5, φ = 0.5, γ = 0.5 and γ1 = 0.5. (d) G = 0.3, d = 1, β = 0.3,
Nb = 0.8, Nt = 0.5, b = 0.5, Gr = 0.2, φ = 0.2, γ = 0.5 and γ1 = 0.5

1. The qualitative behaviors of amplitude b and local
nanoparticle Grashof number Br on the pressure
rise are similar.
2. The pressure rise decreases when the values of
thermophoresis parameter Nt and slip parameter
β are increased.
3. Effects of local temperature Grashof number Gr
on velocity profile are opposite to that of Brown-
ian motion parameter Nb .
4. The velocity near the channel walls are not similar
in view of the slip parameter β.
5. Velocity profile increases by increasing flow
rate Q.
6. Temperature profile increases when slip param-
eter γ and thermophoresis parameter Nt are in-
creased.
7. Nanoparticle phenomenon decreases with an in-
crease in the values of slip parameter γ1 and ther-
mophoresis parameter Nt .
8. The magnitude of pressure gradient increases by
increasing Nb , Gr and a. However it decreases
with an increase in β.
9. The size of trapping bolus decreases with an in-
crease in β in the upper part of the channel.
10. Due to an increase in Gr , the size of the trapping
bolus decreases in the upper half of the channel
while the number of trapping bolus increase in the
upper and lower parts of the channel.
Acknowledgement Third author as a visiting Professor thanks
the partial support of Global Research Network for Com-
putational Mathematics and King Saud University for this
work.
Meccanica (2012) 47:1283–1294 1291

Fig. 6 Stream lines for panels ((a) and (b)) for β = 0.2, 0.4, ((c) and (d)) for Nt = 0.5, 0.8, ((e) and (f)) for Gr = 0.6, 0.8, while the
other parameters are a = 0.3, d = 1, Nt = 0.5, Nb = 0.8, b = 0.5, Br = 0.5, Q = −2, Gr = 0.5, φ = 0.2, γ = 0.5 and γ1 = 0.5
1292 Meccanica (2012) 47:1283–1294

Appendix

(−2h1 + 2h2 + Nt h1 + h2 Nt − 4γ )(h1 − h2 + 2γ ) + (h1 + h2 )Nb (h1 − h2 + 2γ )

A1 = ,
2(h1 − h2 + 2γ )2


A2 = −2h21 + 2h1 h2 + Nt h1 h2 − 6h1 γ + 2h2 γ − h1 Nt γ + h2 Nt γ − 4γ 2 (h1 − h2 + 2γ1 )


 
+ Nb (h1 − h2 + 2γ ) (h1 + h2 ) + h1 (h2 − γ ) + h2 γ /2(h1 − h2 + 2γ )2 ,

A3 = − h31 + 3h21 h2 − h32 − 3h1 h2 (h2 − 4γ ) h1 (Nb + Nt ) − h2 (Nb + Nt )

2 
+ 2(Nb γ + Nb γ1 ) /12(h1 − h2 + 2γ )4 (h1 − h2 + 2γ1 )2 ,


 

A4 = (h1 + h2 ) h1 (h1 − h2 )h2 − h21 − 4h1 h2 + h22 γ (Nb + Nt )(h1 − h2 )

2

+ 2(Nb γ + Nb γ1 ) / 12(h1 − h2 + 2γ )4 (h1 − h2 + 2γ1 )2 ,
2(h1 − h2 + γ )

A5 = , A6 = (Nb + Nt )(h1 − h2 ) + 2(Nb γ + Nb γ1 ) ,
(h1 − h2 + 2γ )


A7 = (h1 − h2 + 2γ ) 1 + A1 (h1 − h2 + 2γ ) (h1 − h2 + 2γ1 ),


A8 = (Nb + Nt )(h1 − h2 ) + 2(Nb γ + Nb γ1 ) , A9 = 2(h1 − h2 + 2γ )3 (h1 − h2 + 2γ1 )2 ,
(h1 − h2 − γ1 ) (h1 − h2 − γ )
A10 = , A11 = − ,
(h1 − h2 + 2γ1 ) (h1 − h2 + 2γ )


A12 = h1 (Nb + Nt ) − h2 (Nb + Nt ) + 2(Nb γ + Nb γ1 ) ,


A13 = (h1 − h2 + 2γ ) 1 + A1 (h1 − h2 + 2γ ) (h1 − h2 + 2γ1 ),


A14 = (Nb + Nt )(h1 − h2 ) + 2(Nb γ + Nb γ1 ) ,


A15 = Nb (h1 − h2 + 2γ ) + Nt (h1 − h2 + 2γ1 ) ,


A16 = 1/3A9 Nb , A17 = −3A9 A10 Br + (A2 + A5 + A4 )A9 Br Nt ,

A18 = 1/120 A16 h32 20A17 + h2 −15A1 A9 (Gr Nb − Br Nt ) − 15A3 A9 (Gr Nb − Br Nt )


+ h2 A6 Gr (−6A7 + A8 h2 )Nb + A12 Br (6A13 − A14 h2 ) + Nt + 6A15 (Gr Nb − Br Nt ) ,

A19 = 1/120 A16 h31 20A17 + h1 −15A1 A9 (Gr Nb − Br Nt ) − 15A3 A9 (Gr Nb − Br Nt )


+ h1 A6 Gr (−6A7 + A8 h1 )Nb + A12 Br (6A13 − A14 h1 ) + Nt + 6A15 (Gr Nb − Br Nt ) ,



A20 = (1/20)A16 h21 10A17 + Gr h1 −10(A1 + A3 )A9 + h1 (5A15 − 5A6 A7 + A6 A8 h1 ) N b

 
− Br h1 −10(A1 + A3 )A9 h1 (−5A12 A13 + 5A15 + A12 A14 h1 ) Nt ,



A21 = (1/4)A16 h1 4A17 + Gr h1 −6(A1 + A3 )A9 + h1 (4A15 − 4A6 A7 + A6 A8 h1 ) N b

 
− Br h1 −6(A1 + A3 )A9 + h1 (−4A12 A13 + 4A15 + A12 A14 h1 ) Nt ,



A22 = (1/20)A16 h22 10A17 + Gr h2 −10(A1 + A3 )A9 + h2 (5A15 − 5A6 A7 + A6 A8 h2 ) N b

 
− Br h2 −10(A1 + A3 )A9 h2 (−5A12 A13 + 5A15 + A12 A14 h2 ) Nt ,



A23 = (1/4)A16 h2 4A17 + Gr h2 −6(A1 + A3 )A9 + h2 (4A15 − 4A6 A7 + A6 A8 h2 ) N b

 
− Br h2 −6(A1 + A3 )A9 + h2 (−4A12 A13 + 4A15 + A12 A14 h2 ) Nt ,
Meccanica (2012) 47:1283–1294 1293

6(−2A18 + 2A19 − 2F − (h1 − h2 )(2 + A20 + A22 + β(A21 − A23 ))

A24 = ,
(h1 − h2 )2 (h1 − h2 + 6β)



A25 = −1/2(h1 − h2 )2 (h1 − h2 + 2β)(h1 − h2 + 6β) 2A18 h1 (h1 − h2 + 2β) h21 − 3h1 h2


+ 6h1 β − 6h2 β F (h1 + h2 )(h1 − h2 + 2β) h21 − 4h1 h2 + h22 + 6h1 β − 6h2 β



+ 2h2 −(h1 − h2 ) (1 + A22 )h31 + (A20 − A22 )h21 h2 + A19 h22 − h1 h2 (3A19 + h2 + A20 h2 )




+ −2A19 3h21 − 9h1 h2 + 4h22 + h1 (h1 − h2 ) h1 (−2 + 2A20 − 4A22 + A23 h1 )

 
− 2 + 4A20 − 2A22 + (A21 + A23 )h1 h2 + A21 h22 β2(h1 − h2 )


 
× −6A19 + h1 (A21 + 2A23 )h1 − (2A21 + A23 )h1 − (2A21 + A23 )h2 β 2 ,

A26 = (1/2)(h1 − h2 )2 (h1 − h2 + 2β)(h1 − h2 + 6β)) −(1 + A22 )h41 − 2h21 (3A18 − 3A19
+ 3F + h1 + A20 h1 ),


A27 = (1/2)(h1 − h2 )2 (h1 − h2 + 2β)(h1 − h2 + 6β) −(1 + A22 )h42 − 2h22 (3A18 − 3A19 + 3F + h1 + A20 h2 ).

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