THE CONTRIBUTIONS OF POLITICAL PARTIES IN DEMOCRATIC

GOVERNANCE IN NIGERIA: (A CASE STUDY OF SELECTED

POLITICAL PARTIES IN CALABAR MUNICIPAL COUNCIL)

ALUU WISDOM NDUBUISI

17924/ND/EE

A RESEARCH PROJECT PRESENTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF

PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION, SCHOOL OF BUSINESS STUDIES,
IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE
AWARD OF NATIONAL DIPLOMA (ND) IN PUBLIC
ADMINISTRATION

AKANU IBIAM FEDERAL POLYTECHNIC UNWANA, AFIKPO

EBONYI STATE.

OCTOBER, 2016.

i
 Abstract
This research is to examine the contributions of political parties in a democratic
governance in Nigeria. This cannot be overemphasized, this is in view of the fact
that they are the platform through which officials seek political power in other
to initiate and execute programmes for public good. This paper explores an
important aspect of the Fourth Republic politics, which is about the
contributions of political parties in democratic governance. The paper argues
that 16 years into this ‘democratic’ dispensation, Nigeria has not scored high
when placed in the same matrix with countries that are heading towards stable
democracy. The paper further stressed that political parties in Calabar
Municipal Council has in its own little way insignificant contributions to
democracy and societal development in the area. The paper further argues that
Some political Parties in Calabar Municipal council have failed in their
democratic responsibilities of aggregating social interests, representing specific
constituencies, and serving as intermediaries between state and society. The
paper recommend that members of political parties should endeavour to
understand the need of the masses which they lead in order to strategize good
means of tackling the need.

ii
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title page - - - - - - - - - i

Certification page - - - - - - - - ii.

Dedication - - - - - - - - - iii.

Acknowledgements - - - - - - - iv

Abstract - - - - - - - - - v.

Table of content. - - - - - - - - vi.

CHAPTER ONE

1.1 Background of the study - - - - - - 1

1.2 Statement of the problem - - - - - - 3

1.3 Objectives of the study - - - - - - 4

1.4 Research Questions - - - - - - - 4

1.5 Significance of the study - - - - - - 5

1.6 Scope of the study - - - - - - - 5

1.7 Limitations of the study - - - - - - 6

1.8 Definition of terms - - - - - - - 6

CHAPTER TWO

2.1 Literature review - - -- - - - - 8

2.2 Political party - - - - - - - - 8

iii
2.3 Party organization in Nigeria - - - - - 10

2.4 Function of political parties in Nigeria - - - - 11

2.5The contributions of political parties in democratic

governance in Calabar Municipal Council. - - - - 13

2.6 Summary of chapter - - - - - - - 15

CHAPTER THREE

3.1 Research methodology - - - - - - 17

3.2 Research Design - - - - - - - 17

3.3 Area of study - - - - - - - - 17

3.4 Sampling method and procedures - - - - - 18

3.5 Statement of procedure for processing data collection - - 19

3.6 Method of Data Analysis - - - - - - 19

3.7 Limitations of methodology. - - -- - - 19

CHAPTER FOUR

4.1 Introduction - - - - - - - - 21

4.2 Research Questions - - - - - - - 21

4.3 Analysis of Research finding - - - - - 24

CHAPTER FIVE

5.1 Summary - - - - - - - - 26

iv
5.2 Conclusion - - -- - - - - - 26

5.3 Recommendations - - - - - - - 27

Bibliography - - - - - - - - 29

v
 CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Democratic governance is a form of government in which the supreme

power of a political community rest on a popular sovereignty.

Democratic governance in Nigeria before 1999 has been occurring at

irregular intervals, even post 1999 democratic experience, especially from 1999

to 2007 has been marred by undemocratic practices.

In modern societies political parties are very essential to the political

process. This is because they have become veritable instrument or adjunct of

democracy in any democratic practice, political parties are not only instrument

for capturing political powers, but are also vehicles for the aggregation of

interest and ultimate satisfaction of such interests through the control of

government.

According to Oyoubaire (2002:56), posits that democracy as a system of

government seeks to realize a generally recognized common good through a

collective initiation and discussion of policy questions concerning public affairs

which delegate authority to agent to implement the broad decision made by the

people through majority vote.

1
 Political parties is an organization of people who seeks to achieve a

common goal to its members through the acquisition and exercise of political

power.

In Nigeria, political parties are usually formed along ethnic, cultural, goe-

political and religious lines. In everyday activities of government one can notice

the fostering of primordial loyalties such as ethnic sensitivity and over

projection of other selfish political tendencies as a result, the political class has

always remained bereft of viable political ideology on which the nation’s

political future could be anchored. The bankruptcy in ideology and vision have

reduced party politics to a bread and butter game where pecuniary motives is the

bedrock for loyalty.

Political parties have greatly aided political performance in Calabar

Municipal Council.

According to Agbaje (1999), the extent to which political parties

aggregate freely, articulate, represent and organize to determines the level of

accountability in public life including access to and use of power as well

political performance.

Political parties in Calabar Municipal council has helped in strengthening

primary healthcare through community involvement. National Health system in

2
many African countries are weak, understaffed, underfinanced, and

disseminated by migration and illness. Service promotion is also skewed heavily

in favour of urban population, (WHO, 2007). As in other states in Nigeria,

political parties and successive government in Cross River State, in Calabar

Municipal Council precisely has strived to improve the health service delivery

in the area.

Political parties in Calabar Municipal Council have provided the

mechanism, processes and institutions for citizens and group to articulate their

interest, exercise their right, meet their objective and mediate their differences.

1.2STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

The emergence of democratic governance in Nigeria political system in

1999 was a land mark in the political development of Nigeria. After decade of

dictatorship, the return to democracy was received with pump and pageantry by

civil societies, labour union, civil rights organization etc. Hope was very high in

the area of human right which was completely eroded during dictatorship rule. It

was expected that dividends of democracy would be realized through the

political parties which were the vehicle through which politicians presented their

policies and programmes to the people in exchange for political power and

authority.

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 However, the experiences from 1999 to 2015, and even present, have

shown that there have been a disconnect from what political parties ought to

do in a democratic setting and what our experiences have been in the last sixteen

(16)years.Hence, the need to investigate the actual roles and Contributions of

Nigerian politicsin democratic governance, using Calabar Municipal Council as

a reference point.

1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The purpose of the study is to examine the contributions of selected

political parties to democratic governance in Calabar Municipal Council.

The study will critically analyse the following issue.

1. To examine the circumstance leading to the formation of political party

and its contributions to internal democracy of Calabar Municipal Council.

2. To examine the programmes of the party with a view of establishing their

relevance to democratic governance.

3. To determine whether these programmes and policies were implemented

with a view to enhance democratic governance in Calabar Municipality.

1.4RELEVANT RESEARCH QUESTIONS

1. Have the emergence and formation of political parties had any

contribution in internal democracy of Calabar Municipality?

4
 2. In what way have the programmes of the party enhanced democratic

governance in Calabar Municipality?

3. How does these programmes been implemented to provide good

governance to the people ofCalabar Municipality?

1.5SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

- This work is significance in two perspective, firstly, it will add to the

existing body of knowledge in the discourse on the contributions political

parties in democratic governance.

- Secondly, the research will be of immense value to political leaders and

policy makers in Nigeria and will also enlighten and educate the masses

on responsibility of parties in democratic governance. Hence, the research

will therefore proffer solution to some of the problems of political parties

in Nigeria democratic system.

1.6SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The scope of this study will cover the role and contributions of political

parties in democratic governance in Nigeria. The study will be limited to

Calabar Municipal council in Cross River State. The Geographical location of

Calabar Municipal is latitude 40 58N and longitude 80 17E it lies in the

peninsular below Calabar and Kwa Rivers, it is bounded to the North by

5
Akamkpa Local government Area, to the South by Calabar South Local

Government Area, it is further bounded to the East by Akpabuyo Local

Government Area and finally to the West by Odukpani local government Area.

1.7LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

Hardly would a research study be conducted without constraints, in a country

where bureaucracy in the flow of information and where there is inaccurate data

and statistics, there readily has to be a problem. Specific instances of constraint

related to this research work include:

- Low quality data and inaccurate recording devices.

- Inadequate data collection and handling procedure.

- Lack of research skill,

- Budgetary limitations,

- Time constraint in handling the research and other academic and social

activities.

1.8 DEFINITION OF TERMS

To avoid ambiguity and misconception of term, it is imperative that a

vivid and clear explanation of terms is given.

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DEMOCRACY

Democracy is a form of government were the supreme power of the political

community rest on popular sovereignty derived from the people.

GOVERNANCE

The actions or manner of governing a state, organization etc

POLITICALPARTIES

A political party is an organization of people which seeks to achieve goals

common to its member through the acquisition and exercise of political power.

DICTATORSHIP: A rulership with a total power over a country.

IDEOLOGY: This means a system of ideas forming the basis of economic or

political theory.

BANKRUPTCY: A legally declared or recognized condition of insolvency of a

person or organization.

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 CHAPTER TWO

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 INTRODUCTION

There is no denying the fact that under the long duration of military rule,

governance in Nigeria was generally a disaster. Under the military regime,

governance was a weapon of punishment, harassment, impoverishment,

oppression and intimidation. This situation generated stiff and consistent

opposition from the critical political spectrum led by the pro-democracy

activists and groups inclusive of the G-34, which later transformed into PDP to

put an end to military rules and subsequently called for the enthronement of

civilian democracy.

CONCEPTUAL CONSIDERATION

2.2 POLITICAL PARTY

Political party is a voluntary association organized by the persons bond by

common interest or aims which seek to acquire or retain power through the

election of its candidates into offices.

According to Nwankwo (2005:205), political party can be define as an

organized group of persons seeking to seize power of government in order to

enjoy the benefit to be derived from such control. He further opines that a

8
political party exists primarily as an electoral machine for gaining power with

coherent philosophy and its deep ideological aim.

According to Kura (2005:156), defined political parties as formally

recognized organizations whose members share certain common values, ideals

and aspirations about how society should be politically, socio-culturally and

economically organized for the common good and aspire to translate these ideas

and values through the control of government by placing their representatives in

an competitive free, faire and honestly conducted elections, without harassment,

intimidation and threat of violence.

According to Heywood (2002:56-58), posits that political party is a group

of people that is organized for the purpose of winning governmental power by

election or other means, he further points out four characteristics that

distinguished political parties from other groups;

1. Political parties aim to excise government power by winning political

office (small parties may never the less use election move to gain a

platform than to win power.

2. Political parties are organized bodies with a formal card carrying

membership; this distinguished them from broader and more diffuse social

movement.

9
 3. Political parties typically adopt a broad issue of focus addressing each of

the major area of government policy.

4. To varying degrees, parties are united by shared political preferences and a

general ideological identity.

According to Lawson (1976:23-24), argues that a political party is an

organization of individuals that seeks continuing electoral and non-electoral

authorization from the public office.

According to Shively (1997:14), sees political party as a group of officials

or would be officials whom are linked with a sizeable group of citizens into an

organization, the chief objectives of this organization is to ensure that its

officials attain power or are maintained in power.

According to Joseph (1976:143), in his own contribution sees political

party as a formal organization whose self-conscious primary purpose is to place

and maintain in public office person who will control alone or in collation the

machinery of government.

2.3 PARTY ORGANIZATION IN NIGERIA

The organization and structure of political parties flows from the ward

level through the local government, the state and the national level. At the ward

level, party members elect their officers and delegates to represent the ward at

10
the local government congress. Election is conduct by the party at the state

level and from there delegates are elected to the National congress. Flow of

information and directives follow the same pattern from the National level to the

ward level.

An issue of important is the case of funding of political parties it is

pertinent to note the prodigious impact of this factor on the nation’s democratic

governance. Political parties in Nigeria are financed from a number of sources,

prominent among which is grants from the government. There are also

donations and revenue from registration, and cooperate organization do not

publicly identify with parties. However, the commonest sources of fund for

political parties in Nigeria are millionaire, business men who’s regard politics as

investment. They have been labeled “money bag”. And because of their

enormous financial contributions to the party, they dictate what happens within

the party even in crucial matters.

2.5 FUNCTIONS OF POLITICAL PARTIES IN NIGERIA

Political parties perform a number of functions in any political system.

Some will be mentioned here to buttress their expected contribution to the

achievement of a democratically stable policy.

11
 According to Yaqub (2002:127-128), political party should exercise

political power (authority), he stressed so much on this requirement for a system

to be tagged truly democratic.

Political parties are equally expected to serve as instruments of political

education, interest aggregation, political socialization and political recruitment,

parties are institutions that help organize, move or affects agenda of government

etc.

According to Merkel (1977:58-61), summarized the basic function of

political parties as follows;

a. Recruitment and selection of leadership personnel for government offices.

b. Generation of programmes and policies for government .

c. Coordination and control of governmental organs

d. Social integration through satisfaction and reconciliation of groups

demands or the provision for common belief system or ideology.

e. Social integration of individuals by mobilization of support and by

socialization.

Political parties according to the political bureau (1987), can be seen as

both the expression and management of conflict within a political system.

12
2.5THE CONTRIBUTIONS OF POLITICAL PARTIES IN

DEMOCRATIC GOVERNANCE IN CALABAR MUNICIPAL

COUNCIL.

According to Ugwu (2007:4), defined democracy as a system in which the

ruling power of a state as whole and the people exercise the power through their

representatives.

According to Idike (2014:133-141), further highlights that democracy is a

political system in which the people in a country are ruled through any form of

government they choose to establish and that in modern democracies, supreme

authority is exercised for the most part by representatives elected by popular

suffrage.

According to Dosie (1999:3), Governance relates to the totality of

processes entailed in the exercise and management of the collective will of a

people or group under a defined authority or constitution. Governance is not

only concerned with political activities and institution such as economy, family,

and other human congregation. Thus governance can be regarded as the

provision of leadership through a given society for the actualization of common

good.

13
 Hyden (1999:179-97), Governance is synonymous with good government

for the purpose of contemporary relevance governance needs to be qualified

good.

Political parties in Calabar Municipal has contributed in ensuring popular

participation of people, respect for the rule of law, political stability, peace and

security of lives and properties, economic and self-dependency and social

welfare system

Political parties in Calabar Municipality has also contributed in the

following ways:

i. Participation: Involvement of stakeholders in priority setting, policy-

making and resource allocation as well as access to public good and

services.

ii. Equity and fairness: Application of rules in equitable manner to all

irrespective of one’s class or caste.

iii. Transparency: Clarity of public decision and openness to scrutiny of

citizens. Decency and respect for the rule of law, enactment and

administration of rules without comprising the people.

14
iv. Accountability: To hold rulers answerable for their action or inaction

and depending on the answer to be subject to potential sanction both

positive and negative.

v. Efficiency and Effectiveness: Transacting public business in a manner

that produces reasonable and sustainable development in the area and as

well the state at large. Political parties and political campaign has also

helped in promoting primary healthcare in the area, and has also increase

participation in socio-economic training, which helps in promoting

economic development.

vi. Political enlightenment: This is a process by which knowledge or

information on political issues is passed to member of the public through

different medium. It is one of the major function of political parties to

educate the masses and their members on the policies and programmes of

the party in general (www.ijhssnet.com).

2.6SUMMARY OF CHAPTER

Since the beginning of the fourth republic, the academics and civil

societies have paid serious attention to the practice of democracy in Nigeria. It is

observed in this paper that Nigeria’s democracy is shallow and has failed to

take deep roots because political parties are deficient and have been unable to

15
play their expected role in strengthening the foundation of democratic

governance, because there are functionally weak and institutionally frail owing

to incessant party violence, lack of clearly articulated manifestoes etc.

16
 CHAPTER THREE

3.1 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter focuses on the methodology used for the study. The

methodology will be discussed under the following heading; Research

design, population of the study, sampling method and procedures,

instruments for data collection, method of data analysis and limitations of

methodology.

3.2 RESEARCH DESIGN

The research was design to measure and investigate the contributions of

selected political parties to Democratic governance in Nigeria with reference

to Calabar Municipal Council.

The survey research was used, where set of questionnaires were

constructed and accompanied with an introduction so as to effectively

explain underlying factor that surround the need for the research.

3.3 AREA OF STUDY

Area of study was conducted in Calabar Municipal Council, which is a

local government in Cross River state. Where the population was randomly

drawn. The population of this study consists of all the workers in

17
 CalabarMunicipal Council, which by virtue of the survey and visit to the area

was found to be 800 workforce.

3.4 SAMPLING METHOD AND PROCEDURES

The sampling technique employed were the random sampling technique,

which consist the population selected from all the department as stratified in

the local government. To ascertain the sample size of the population, the

researcher employed the YaroYarmen formula

N
=
1 + N(e)2

Where: N= Total population

e = The limit of tolerance error

1 = Constant

n = Sample Size

The researcher allowed (0.05)2 error,

Substituting the values for the formula as follows

N = 800

e = (0.05)2

800
N=
1 + 800(0.05)2

800
N=
1 + 800(0.0025)

18
 800
N= = 266.66
3

∴ N ≈ 267.

Therefore the sample size is 267.

3.5 STATEMENT OF PROCEDURE FOR PROCESSING DATA

COLLECTION

The instrument used for data collection was the questionnaire and oral

interview. The questionnaire was divided into two parts, part A and B. part A

is the personal data of the respondents, and part B is the research questions

which took the pattern of Strongly Agree, Agree, Disagree and Strongly

Disagree.

3.6 METHOD OF DATA ANALYSIS.

The data collected from the respondents were analysed and presented in a

tabular and percentage form. By tabulation, the researcher arranged the data

in labelled rows and columns to project the relationship in the value of the

variable for quick information. These information were converted using

simple percentage frequency to arrive at a conducive finding.

3.7 LIMITATIONS OF METHODOLOGY

The researcher experience some constraints in the course of this work.

Among them were the reluctance of the civil servant to disclose the state of

19
affairs in the local government, even the political class were not kind to

reveal the relationship with their career officer.

Generally, it was not easy for the researcher both financially and

otherwise, including presenting the sample size

20
 CHAPTER FOUR

DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS

4.1 INTRODUCTION

This chapter deals with the presentation and analysis of data collected for the

study. The presentation and analysis were based on the responses gotten from

the questionnaire, the data are presented in percentage frequency table. A total

of 267 questionnaires was issued out, 134 was completely filled and returned.

The researcher concentrated on the returned questionnaire for data analysis

4.2 RESEARCH QUESTION

Research Question 1

Have the emergence and formation of political parties had any

contribution in internal democracy of Calabar Municipality?

The emergence and formation of political parties have had much

contribution in the internal democracy of Calabar Municipal Council, this

include:

- Popular participation of people;

- Respect for the rule of law

- Political stability

- Peace and security of lives and properties.

21
Table 4.1

VARIABLE NO OF PERCENTAGE OF
RESPONDENTS RESPONDENTS
Strongly agreed 80 59.7%
Agreed 44 32.84%
Disagreed 6 4.47%
Strongly disagreed 4 2.98%
Total 134 100%
Source: (Field Survey, 2016).

The table above shows that 80 persons representing 59.7% of the respondents

Strongly agreed that the emergence and formation of political parties have had

much contribution in the internal democracy of Calabar Municipal Council, 44

persons representing 32.84% percent of the respondents agree to the fact, 6

persons representing 4.47% of the respondents Disagree and 4 persons,

representing 2.98% of the respondent strongly disagreed.

Research Question 2

In what way have the programmes of the party enhanced democratic

governance in Calabar Municipality?

The programmes of political parties have helped to enhance democratic

governance in Calabar Municipal Council. Political parties have raised certain

poverty alleviation programme and many more in order to enhance democratic

governance.

22
Table 4.2

VARIABLE NO OF PERCENTAGE OF
RESPONDENTS RESPONDENTS
Strongly agreed 68 50.75%
Agreed 32 23.88%
Disagreed 24 17.91%
Strongly disagreed 10 7.46%
Total 134 100%
Source: (Field Survey, 2016).

The table above shows that 68 persons representing 50.75% of the respondents

Strongly agreed that the programmes of political parties have helped to enhance

democratic governance in Calabar Municipal Council, 32 persons representing

23.88% of the respondents agree to the view, 24 persons representing 17.91% of

the respondents Disagree and 10 persons, representing 7.46% of the respondent

strongly disagreed to the view.

RESEARCH QUESTION 3

How has these programmes been implemented to provide good

governance to the people of Calabar Municipality?

The programmes of political parties in Calabar Municipal has always

followed a due process of implementation.

23
Table 4.3

VARIABLE NO OF PERCENTAGE OF
RESPONDENTS RESPONDENTS
Strongly agreed 48 39.82%
Agreed 36 26.86%
Disagreed 25 18.66%
Strongly disagreed 25 18.66%
Total 134 100%
Source: (Field Survey, 2016).

The table above shows that 48 persons representing 50.75% of the respondents

Strongly agreed that The programmes of political parties in Calabar Municipal

has always followed a due process of implementation, 36 persons representing

26.86% of the respondents agree to the view, 25 persons representing 18.66% of

the respondents Disagree and 25 persons, representing 18.66% of the respondent

strongly disagreed.

4.04 ANALYSIS OF RESEARCH FINDING

From the data articulated and aggregated in these work the researcher

discovered that political parties remain a veritable instrument in the discourse

and operations of democracy. The data obtained shows that despite the

imperative role that the political institutions play, the actions and inactions of

political actors are inimical service delivery. Furthermore, the researcher

24
discovered that certain challenges still hinders effective policy implementation

and hence, a threat to good governance in the area.

Finally, political parties remains an unarguably vital institution in

democratic governance, not just because it’s a conduit for recruiting political

office holders, but because its an institutional platform for the initiation,

formulation and implementations of policies and programmes that will bring

about the authoritative allocation of values for Socio-economic harmony and

development.

25
 CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.01 SUMMARY

This work represents an attempt to evaluate the contributions of political

parties in democratic governance of Nigeria with reference to Calabar Municipal

Council.

Based on the assessment and analysis by the researcher on the

contributions of political parties in democratic governance, it has clearly

established that political parties in the last 16 years (1999-2015), and even till

date against all hope and expectation have performed dismally low in promoting

democratic governance. The work attempted to uncover the critical issues and

aspect in the PDP through the review of related literature. Data was collected

through the use of questionnaire with statistical analysis and it was discovered

that the success of democratic governance is dependent on the activities of

political parties.

5.02 CONCLUSION

This study will add to the body of knowledge on what is required in a

democratic system of government and it will enlighten the readers on what

constitute good governance as well as what political parties can do to promote

26
democracy and governance. Political parties in Calabar Municipal Council was

disclosed in this work to have certain hindrances in the promotion of good

democratic governance through result obtained from the questionnaire, show

significant areas of the contributions of political parties towards the good

democratic governance of the area.

5.03 RECOMMENDATIONS

Arising from the above study, one might pose the question? What then is

to be done for democracy and good governance to thrive? Hence, the researcher

recommends ways by which political parties can achieve these aim and also

enhance economic development through good governance. The researcher

hereby recommends the following as the way out.

Political parties must develop a sense of unity of command in the party

leadership. Disciplinary actions must be taken against individuals or groups for

actions contrary to the party’s ideology.

Secondly, the leadership of the party must be involved in policy

articulation and policy making and implementation in order to keep its

government at various levels in line with the objectives of the party.

27
 Thirdly, the members of political parties must learn to develop the spirit

of sportsmanship in politics, life is a game of give and take. The game of

politics should not be regarded as do or die affair.

Finally, members of political parties should endeavour to understand the

need of the masses which they lead in order to strategize good means of tackling

the need.

28
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