A

MAJOR PROJECT REPORT

ON
ROAD POWER GENERATION
AJMER, RAJASTHAN
Submitted in partial fulfilment
For the award of the degree of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

SESSION (2018-19)

SUBMITTED TO: SUBMITTED BY:

MR. BALVINDER SINGH SURMILA
( HOD OF DEPARTMENT) NEHA CHOUDHARY
MR.SRINIVAS YELISETTI VIMLA
(PROJECT GUIDE) ANJALI TIWARI
SHEETAL MODI

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

GOVT. WOMEN ENGINEERING COLLEGE, AJMER
RAJASTHAN TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY, KOTA
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the seminar report entitled ‘REACTIVE POWER COMPENSATION’ Is
being submitted by SHEETAL MODI in partial fulfilment of the requirement of the degree of
BATCHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY in ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING at Rajasthan technical
university kota worked carried out by them under my guidance for the academic session 2018-
2019.

This work has been found satisfactory by us and is approved for submission.

Mr. BALVINDER SINGH

HOD of EE
 CANDIDATE'S DECELERATION

We hereby declare that the work, which is being presented in the Project, entitled
“REACTIVE POWER COMPENSATION” in partial fulfillment for the award of degree of
“BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY” in Department of Electrical Engineering with
specialization in Electrical Engineering, and submitted to the Department of Electrical
Engineering, Government Women Engineering College Ajmer, Rajasthan is a record of
our own investigations carried under the guidance of Mr. Balvinder Singh department of
Electrical Engineering.

We have not submitted the matter presented in this report anywhere for the award of any other
degree.

(Signature of Candidate)

Sheetal Modi

(15EEMEE048)
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It is with the sense of great satisfaction and pride that we are sitting down to pen our project
report. This is opportunity to express our heartfelt words for the people who were part of this
project training in numerous ways, people who gave us unending support right from beginning
of the training.

We want to give sincere thanks to the principle Dr. Jeetendra Kumar Deegwal for his valuable
support.

We extend our thanks to Mr. Balvinder Singh Head of Department of Electrical Engineering
for his corporation and guidance.

We have to appreciate the guidance given by Mr. Pushpendra Singh in our project that has
improved for practical skills.

Yours Sincerely

Sheetal modi
TABLE OF CONTENTS

S.NO. TITLE PAGE NO.

1 1

2.
6

7 Conclusion 18

8 References
 TABLE OF FIGURES

S.NO. FIGURE Page NO.

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 Structure 2

1.3 Speed breaker RPG 3

2.1 Spring arrangement 4

2.2 Rack and pinion 4

2.3 Dynamo or dc gen. 5

2.4 Dc generator 7
2.5 Working principle of Dc generator 9

3.1 Process cycle 10

3.2 Rack pinion arrangement 11
3.3 RPG system 11
3.4 Flow chart of RPG 12
3.5 RPG cycle 13
4.1 Scope 17
 ABSTRACT

Energy is the basic need for the development of the modern world. For meeting up the regular
demand of energy we need to design a system that will produce electricity without destroying
the nature. we know the amount of energy wasted by our vehicles is enormous. 15000 to 20000
vehicles travel along each road and tons of energy wasted per road per day.

Road power generation is a system designed to capture waste kinetic energy from our vehicles,
the RPG system captures a very small movement from the road surface and amplifies it to a
unique accumulating flywheel system. Once they reach a predetermined velocity the RPG
flywheel system has been developed to achieve an enormous amount of inertia in a relatively
small space. This captured energy is converted to electricity which is then fed back to the power
grid. This system can be used in electric vehicle charging and for street lightening purpose.
This set up has minimal impact on the environment. And also it does not produce any noise.
Relatively low set up cost and trailing cost.
 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

To the advent and development in the field of renewable energy sources, the dependence on
fossil fuels and conventional energy sources has been decreased drastically. This has led to
higher penetration and use of Distributed Resources. The rapid increase in the demand for
electricity and the recent change in the environmental conditions such as global warming led
to a need for a new sources of energy.

Road Power Generation

(RPG) is one of the most
recent power generation
concepts. By installing a flip
plate on the road, this device
converts the kinetic energy
of the vehicles in0to
electrical energy. Flip plate
converts the stroke motion
of the vehicles into the
rotary motion by rack and
pinion FIG.1.1

concept and thus the generation of electricity takes place. This paper also explains clearly, the
working principle of the designed system, its practical implementation, and its advantages.
Design of each component has been carried out using standard procedures, and the components
have been fabricated and assembled. This mechanism shows the best source of energy that we
can get in day to day life. One might conclude that to be materially rich and prosperous, a
human being needs to consume more and more energy .The utilization of wasted energy is an
indication of the growth of a nation and environmental friendly approach.

As we are aware of the fact that the number of vehicles are increasing day by day. Every time
a vehicle passes over Speed Breaker, large amount of energy is wasted through friction. There
is great possibility of generating power by tapping this energy. By just placing a unit like the
“Power Generation Unit from Speed Breakers” or "Road Power Generator", a significant
amount of energy can be tapped [1]. This generated electricity can be used for different purpose
such as lighting of streetlights, battery charging and signal lights on road etc.

The proposed design offers pollution free power generation, would cause no obstruction in
traffic, leading to low budget electricity production. It would occupy less floor area and its
maintenance would be easy.

FIG.1.2

The power generated by this technique can be used in street lights, road signals, lighting of the
bus stops, lighting of the check post on the highways, etc. Electricity is one of the most widely
used forms of energy.

Today also there is great scarcity of electricity. In this study an innovative concept of
Generating Electricity from moving vehicles is presented i.e. Road Power Generator by Using
Flip Plate Mechanism. Producing electricity from a Road power generator is a new concept
that is undergoing research. The number of vehicles on road is increasing rapidly and if we
convert some of the kinetic energy of these vehicle into the rotational motion of generator then
we can produce considerable amount of electricity, this is the main concept of this project.
Today our whole life style is dependent on electricity. With the increasing population the use
of electric power is also increasing.
But we know that the resources to generate electricity are limited, and this has lead to the
energy crisis. During this scenario we need to generate electricity from the things used in day-
to-day life [6]. In this project the speed breakers present on roads are used to generate
electricity. As we know that vehicles on road are increasing day by day which will help us to
generate electricity as these vehicles pass through the speed breakers? This electricity
generated can be used for different purpose such as lighting of signals and streetlights on road.

FIG.1.3
 CHAPTER 2
COMPONENTS OF ROAD POWER GENERATOR

Basic components of this RPG system are

1. Spring plate mechanism

2. Rack and pinion arrangement
3. Dynamo or permanent magnet dc motor
1. Spring arrangement
A spring is an elastic body whose function is to distort when loaded and to recover its
original shape when loaded and to
recover its original shape when the
load is removed. It cushions, absorbs
or controls energy either due to
shocks or due to vibrations . There
are four helical springs below the
speed breaker which are squeezed
when vehicle pressurizes upon it and
it bring the speed breaker at previous
position. FIG.2.1
2. Rack and Pinion A rack
and pinion is a type of linear
actuator that consists of
circular gear engaging a
linear gear, which operate to
translate rotational motion into
linear
motion. Driving the pinion
into rotation causes the rack to
be driven linearly. Driving the
rack linearly causes the
rotational motion of pinion.
FIG.2.2
For example, in a rack railway, the rotation of a pinion mounted on a locomotive or a railcar
engages a rack between the rails and forces a train up a steep slope. For every pair of conjugate
involute profile, there is a basic rack. This basic rack is the profile of the conjugate gear of
infinite pitch radius.
A generating rack is a rack outline used to indicate tooth details and dimensions for the design
of a generating tool, such as a hob or a gear
sharper cutter. Rack and pinion can convert rotary
to linear of from or from linear to rotary motion.
Rack is a linear gear and pinion is a circular gear.
Applied force on a rack is converted to rotation by
pinion. The mechanical applied force on rack is
converted to rotation by pinion. The mechanical
force is converted into rotational motion.
FIG. 2.3
3.Dynamo or permanent magnet dc generator
In electricity generation, a generator is a device that converts motive power (mechanical
energy) into electrical power for use in an external circuit. Sources of mechanical energy
include steam turbines, gas turbines, water turbines, internal combustion engines and even hand
cranks.

The first electromagnetic generator,

the Faraday disk, was invented in
1831 by British scientist Michael
Faraday. Generators provide nearly
all of the power for electric power
grids. The reverse conversion of
electrical energy into mechanical
energy is done by an electric motor,
and motors and generators have
many similarities.

FIG.2.4
Many motors can be mechanically driven to generate electricity and frequently make
acceptable manual generators.
Rotor :- The rotating part of an electrical machine.
Stator :- The stationary part of an electrical machine, which surrounds the rotor.
Field winding or field (permanent) magnets :-
The magnetic field producing component of an electrical machine. The magnetic field of the
dynamo or alternator can be provided by either wire windings called field coils or permanent
magnets. Electrically-excited generators include an excitation system to produce the field flux.
A generator using permanent magnets (PMs) is sometimes called a magneto, or permanent
magnet synchronous generators (PMSMs).
Armature :-
The power-producing component of an electrical machine. In a generator, alternator, or
dynamo, the armature windings generate the electric current, which provides power to an
external circuit. The armature can be on either the rotor or the stator, depending on the design,
with the field coil or magnet on the other part.

Construction of a DC machine:

A DC generator can be used as a DC motor without any constructional changes and vice versa
is also possible. Thus, a DC generator or a DC motor can be broadly termed as a DC machine.
These basic constructional details are also valid for the construction of a DC motor. Hence,
let's call this point as construction of a DC machine instead of just 'construction of a dc
generator'.

The above figure 2.4 shows constructional details of a simple 4-pole DC machine. A DC
machine consists of two basic parts; stator and rotor. Basic constructional parts of a DC
machine are described below.

1.Yoke: The outer frame of a dc machine is called as yoke. It is made up of cast iron or steel.
It not only provides mechanical strength to the whole assembly but also carries the magnetic
flux produced by the field winding.

2.Poles and pole shoes: Poles are joined to the yoke with the help of bolts or welding. They
carry field winding and pole shoes are fastened to them. Pole shoes serve two purposes; (i) they
support field coils and (ii) spread out the flux in air gap uniformly.
3.Field winding: They are usually made of copper. Field coils are former wound and placed
on each pole and are connected in series. They are wound in such a way that, when energized,
they form alternate North and South poles.

4.Armature core: Armature core is the rotor of a dc machine. It is cylindrical in shape with
slots to carry armature winding. The armature is built up of thin laminated circular steel disks
for reducing eddy current losses. It may be provided with air ducts for the axial air flow for
cooling purposes. Armature is keyed to the shaft.

5.Armature winding: It is usually a former wound copper

coil which rests in armature slots. The armature conductors
are insulated from each other and also from the armature
core. Armature winding can be wound by one of the two
methods; lap winding or wave winding. Double layer lap or
wave windings are generally used.

FIG.25
6.Commutator and brushes: Physical connection to the armature winding is made through a
commutator-brush arrangement. The function of a commutator, in a dc generator, is to collect
the current generated in armature conductors. Whereas, in case of a dc motor, commutator
helps in providing current to the armature conductors. A commutator consists of a set of copper
segments which are insulated from each other. The number of segments is equal to the number
of armature coils. Each segment is connected to an armature coil and the commutator is keyed
to the shaft. Brushes are usually made from carbon or graphite. They rest on commutator
segments and slide on the segments when the commutator rotates keeping the physical contact
to collect or supply the current.
Working principle of a DC generator

According to Faraday’s laws of electromagnetic induction, whenever a conductor is placed

in a varying magnetic field (OR a conductor is moved in a magnetic field), an emf
(electromotive force) gets induced in the conductor. The magnitude of induced emf can be
calculated from the emf equation of dc generator. If the conductor is provided with a closed
path, the induced current will circulate within the path. In a DC generator, field coils produce
an electromagnetic field and the armature conductors are rotated into the field. Thus, an
electromagnetically induced emf is generated in the armature conductors. The direction of
induced current is given by Fleming’s right hand rule.
FIG.2.6
 CHAPTER 3
WORKING OF ROAD POWER GENERATOR

Road Power Generator

Road Power Generation (RPG) is a system design to capture wasted kinetic energy from all
vehicles. This device converts the kinetic energy of the vehicles into electrical energy . This
process is carried out By installing moving plate on the road. This plate captures very small
movement from the road surface and it transfers this movement to the flywheel system.

RPG includes the method of driving one flywheel to another, once it reached predetermining
velocity. The RPG flywheel system has been developed to achieve large amount of moment of
inertia in relatively small space.

FIG.3.1

The captured energy is converted into electricity which is fed into power grid. In this paper the
two flip plates are mounted on the road surface and these plates are followed by the rack and
pinion arrangement. Pinion is
mounted on the shaft which is
attached to the frame via bearing.
Frame is installed under the road.
The flywheel with pulley is
mounted on the shaft and second
pulley is mounted on the DC
generator and these two pulleys
are connected with the help of a
belt. FIG.3.2

As wheel of the vehicle reaches upper most position of plate, plates get slide through the wheel,
simultaneously rack moving downward provides torque to pinion. The pinion transmits this
torque to shaft. Shaft is supported by two bearings attached on wall of frame. The shaft having
pulley and flywheel arrangement on shaft through one way bearing.

This arrangement enhances the

rotation of flywheel for small
motion of shaft. The bigger
pulley has two belts coupled
with smaller pulley mounted
on the DC generator shaft.

The DC generator converts.

The Rotation of smaller pulley
into electricity.

FIG.3.3
FLOW CHART OF ROAD POWER GENERATION
FIG.3.4
 CHAPTER 4
DESIGN OF RPG

DESIGN OF RPG:-
Also, considering single reduction drive axle with ratio [SLR] to be 4.5:1
Let, transmission low gear ratio – 12:1
Thus, Total torque (τw) = Engine rating x Gear Ratio x SLR
Number of teeth in Rack = 41 Cm
Length of Rack = 18 Cm
Diameter of Large Pinions = 4.5 Cm
Diameter of small Pinion = 1.5 Cm
Dc motor speed = 20 – 25 rpm
Dc motor voltage = 12V
CALCULATION:-
Assuming the weight of the two wheeler = 270Kg.
Assuming the location as toll booth
Assume Average speed of the vehicle = 20km/hr
Maximum height of the plate = 10cm
We know that,
For mechanical system the power is the combination of force and movement. Therefore power
is the product of a force on an object and its velocity.
Output Power calculations:-
Let us consider,
The mass of a vehicle moving over the flip plate = 270 Kg.
Height of the plate from surface = 10 cm.
Work done = Force x Distance
But, Force = mass x acceleration due to gravity
=270x10
=2700N
Therefore,
work done / sec = (2700x 0.10/60)
= 4.5 watt (for one pushing force)
Therefore, power developed for 1 vehicle passing over
the flip plate for one minute = 4.5 watt

Power developed for 60 min (1 hr) = 270 watt/hr

Power developed for 24 hrs = 6048 KW/day
 BENEFITS OF ROAD POWER GENERATION

The units have minimal visual impact on their surrounding environment.

1. RPG units can be located in close proximity to services and the power grid.
2. Power generation with low cost and using non-conventional energy sources which
helps us to conserve the conventional energy resources to meet the future demand.
3. By using this method , electricity will be generated throughout the year without
depending on other factors.
4. Less floor area required and no obstruction to traffic.
5. No need of manpower during power generation.
6. Easy for maintenance and no fuel is required.
 SCOPE

1. Such systems should be installed in urban areas. As, we have more vehicles in urban
areas that would result in the generation of electric power.
2. The power generated could be stored in batteries and used for lightening the street lights
at night.
3. Mechanisms should be designed for heavy vehicles, thus increasing the torque and
ultimately output of generator.
4. This technique could be combined with the wireless electricity system. The energy from
the generator should be stored in the batteries at the charging stations in towns.
Consequently it would be used to charge the electric cars of our future.

FIG.4.1
 CONCLUSION

The demand for sustainable energy is increasing day by day is increasing day by day. So, RPG
proves to be a viable mechanism that can tap the wasted kinetic energy of the vehicle and in
turn it can produce electrical energy. This generated energy can be used to light the street lights
and also can be used to charge batteries for cars. The design of the same was carried out and
the results proved that a compact RPG system can be used so as to get reasonably good amount
of energy. Similarly, different constituent parts were designed and different results on the basis
of design were obtained.
 REFERENCES

[1] C. K. Das, S. M. Hossain, M. S. Hossan, “Introducing Speed Breaker as a Power

Generation Unit for Minor Needs”, IEEE International Conference on Informatics,
Electronics & Vision (ICIEV),17-18 May 2013.

[2] Noor Fatima, Jiyaul Mustafa, “Production of electricity by the method of road power
generation” International Journal of Advances in Electrical and Electronics Engineering -
ISSN: 2319-1112. Vol-1

[3] Wail Adaileh, Khaled Al-Qdah, Mayyas Mahasneh, “Potential of Power Generation
Utilizing Waste Kinetic Energy from Vehicles”, Journal on Smart Grid and Renewable
Energy, Vol-3, May 2012.

[4] Wikipediya.com

[5] Wail Adaileh1, Khaled Al-Qdah2, Mayyas Mahasneh1, Potential of Power Generation
Utilizing Waste Kinetic Energy from Vehicles, Smart Grid and Renewable Energy, 2012, 3,
104-111doi:10.4236/sgre.2012.32015Published (http://www.SciRP.org/journal/sgre).

[6] Noor Fatima 1, Jiyaul Mustafa 2, , “Production of electricity by the method of road power
generation, “International Journal of Advances in Electrical and Electronics
Engineering,ISSN:2319-1112 /V1N1:9-14 ©IJAEEE.

[7]. Genziko, “ROAD POWER GNERATION SYSTEMS,” unpublished.

[8] “GENERATION OF ELECTRICITY FROM SPEED BREAKER”, Dept. of mechanical

engineering 2011-201.