Design and Test of Power Cablesم.محمد سعد 20.6.2017

Technical paper#003-20.6.2017-M.
Saad Design and Test of Power Cables
Electrical Power Cables Engineering
Part#1
Design and Test of Power Cables
‫ﺗﺻﻣﻳﻡ ﻭﺇﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭ ﻛﺎﺑﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻱ‬
‫ ﻣﺣﻣﺩ ﺳﻌﺩ ﺣﺎﻣﺩ‬.‫ ﻡ‬:‫َﺟﻣْ ﻊ ﻭﺗﺭﺗﻳﺏ‬

2017 ‫ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﻓﻕ ﻳﻭﻧﻳﻭ‬1438 ‫ ﺭﻣﺿﺎﻥ‬: ‫ﺍﻟﻁﺑﻌﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻲ‬
Free Editable Paper | 1

‫‪Technical paper#003-20.6.2017-M. Saad‬‬ ‫‪Design and Test of Power Cables‬‬
‫ﺗﻣﻬﻳﺩ‪:‬‬
‫–ﺃﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺗﺄﻛﻳﺩ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻭﺭﻗﺎﺕ ﻫﺩﻓﻬﺎ ﻫﻭ ﺣﺙ ﺍﻟﻣﻬﻧﺩﺳﻳﻥ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﺑﺣﺙ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻛﻭﺍﺩ ﻭﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺻﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫–ﺭﺍﻋﻲﺕ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻛﻭﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺗﻘﺭﻳﺭ ﺑﺳﻳﻁ ﻭﺑﻧﻳﻧﺎﻩ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﻛﻭﺩ ‪ IEC/BS‬ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ُﻳ َﻌﺩ ﻣﺭﺟﻌﺎ ً ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻳﺎ ً ﻟﺗﺻﻣﻳﻡ‬
‫ﻭﺇﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻛﺎﺑﻼﺕ‪.‬‬
‫–ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻭﺭﻗﺎﺕ ﻫﻲ ‪-‬ﺇﻥ ﺷﺎء ﷲ‪ -‬ﻣُﻘﺩﻣﺔ ﻟﻣﺟﻣﻭﻋﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻛﺗﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻬﺩﻑ ﺇﻟﻲ ﺗﺑﺳﻳﻁ ﻭﺗﻔﺻﻳﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺿﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣُﺭﺗﺑﻁﺔ ﺑﻣﺟﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﻘﺎﻭﻻﺕ ﻣﻥ ﻧﺎﺣﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﻋﻣﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻛﻬﺭﺑﺎﺋﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺑﻳﺔ ﺣﺎﺿﺭ ًﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺷﺭﺡ ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﻟﺗﺳﻬﻳﻝ ﺍﻷﻣﺭ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﺑﺗﺩﺋﻳﻥ ﻭﻛﺫﻟﻙ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ُ‬
‫ﻓﺿﻠﺕ ﺃﻥ‬ ‫–ﻭﻗﺩ‬
‫ﺃﻭﺭﺩﺕ ﺍﻟﺷﺭﺡ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻹﻧﺟﻠﻳﺯﻳﺔ ﻛﻣﺎ ﻫﻭ ﻟﺗﺳﻬﻳﻝ ﺍﻟﻭﺻﻭﻝ ﻟﻠﻣﺭﺍﺟﻊ‪.‬‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫ﻟﺗﺟﻧﺏ ﺍﻟﺗﻌﻘﻳﺩ‪ ,‬ﻭﻣﻊ ﺫﻟﻙ‬
‫ﻱ ﻭﺇﻧﻣﺎ ﻫﻭ ﺗﺟﻣﻳﻊ ﻭﺗﺭﺗﻳﺏ ﻟﻠﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫–ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﻣﻝ ﻟﻳﺱ ﻓﻳﺔ ﺃﻱ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻋﻠﻡ ﺓ‬
‫–ﺻﻧﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻛﺎﺑﻼﺕ ﻫﻲ ﺻﻧﺎﻋﺔ ﻣﻌﻘﺩﺓ ‪ ,‬ﻭﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻛﻳﻣﻳﺎء ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻳﺯﻳﺎء ﻓﻳﻬﺎ ﻳُﻌﺩ ﺃﻫﻡ ﻣﻥ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻛﻬﺭﺑﺎء‪.‬‬
‫– ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻝ ﻭﺟﻭﺩ ﺃﻱ ﻣﻘﺗﺭﺣﺎﺕ‪/‬ﺗﻌﺩﻳﻼﺕ ﻧﺭﺟﻭ ﻣﺭﺍﺳﻠﺗﻧﺎ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﺑﺭﻳﺩ ﺍﻹﻟﻛﺗﺭﻭﻧﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪ENG.MOHAMAD.SAAD@GMAIL.COM‬‬
‫ﻧﺳﺄﻝ ﷲ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺟﻌﻝ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﻣﻝ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻧﻔﻊ ﺍﻟﻧﺎﺱ‬ ‫‪7T‬‬
‫ﻣﺣﻣﺩ ﺳﻌﺩ ﺣﺎﻣﺩ‬ ‫‪7T‬‬
‫| ‪Free Editable Paper‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫ﻣـﻘـﺩﻣــﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺑﺣﺙ ﻳﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻣﻥ ﻋﺩﺩ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻷﺑﻭﺍﺏ ﻣ ً‬

‫ُﺭﺗﺑﺔ ﻁﺑﻘﺎ ً ﻟﻠﻔﻬﺭﺱ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺟﻭﺩ ﺑﻣﺩﺧﻝ ﺍﻟﺑﺣﺙ‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﺑﺩء ﺍﻟﺑﺣﺙ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺑﺎﺏ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﺑﺎﻟﺣﺩﻳﺙ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻹﺻﻁﻼﺣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻛﺎﺑﻼﺕ ﺑﺩ ًء ﻣﻥ ﺗﻌﺭﻳﻑ ﺍﻟﻛﺎﺑﻝ ﺇﻟﻲ‬
‫ﺗﻔﺻﻳﻝ ﻣﻛﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻛﺎﺑﻝ ‪ ,‬ﺛﻡ ﻳﺗﺑﻌﻪ ﺍﻟﺑﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺛﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﻭﺿِ ﺣﺎ ً ﺗﺻﻧﻳﻑ ﻭﺇﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻛﺎﺑﻼﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺩ ًء ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺑﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺛﺎﻟﺙ ﺇﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﺑﺎﺏ ﺍﻷﺧﻳﺭ ﻳﺗﻧﺎﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺑﺣﺙ ﺷﺭﺡ ﺃﻧﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻛﺎﺑﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻣُﺧﺗﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺟﻬﺩ ﻣﻧﺧﻔﺽ‬
‫ﻭﻣﺗﻭﺳﻁ ﻭﻛﺎﺑﻼﺕ ﺫﺍﺗﻳﺔ ﺍﻹﻁﻔﺎء ﺇﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﻛﺎﺑﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺣﺭﻳﻕ‪.‬‬

‫ﺃﻗـــﺴـــﺎﻡ ﺍﻟــﺒــﺤـــﺚ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺭﻗﻢ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮﻉ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻬﺮﺱ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ‬
‫‪Cover Page‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬

‫ﻣــﻘــﺪﻣــﺔ‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﻬﺮﺱ‬ ‫‪3‬‬
‫ﺗــﻌــﺮﻳــﻒ ﺍﻟــﻜــﺎﺑــﻼﺕ ﻭﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺑﻼﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‬ ‫‪7‬‬

‫ﺗــﻌــﺮﻳــﻒ ﺍﻟــﻜــﺎﺑــﻞ‬ ‫‪1.1‬‬ ‫‪7‬‬
‫ﻣــﻜــﻮﻧــﺎﺕ ﺍﻟــﻜــﺎﺑــﻞ‬ ‫‪1.2‬‬ ‫‪8‬‬
‫‪Conductor‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺻﻞ‬ ‫‪1.2.1‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬
‫‪Conductor Screen‬‬ ‫ﺳﺘﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺻﻞ‬ ‫‪1.2.2‬‬ ‫‪15‬‬
‫‪Insulation‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺯﻟﺔ‬ ‫‪1.2.3‬‬ ‫‪16‬‬
‫‪Insulation Screen‬‬
‫‪(Non−Metallic‬‬ ‫ﺳﺘﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺯﻟﺔ‬ ‫‪1.2.4‬‬ ‫‪16‬‬
‫)‪Part‬‬
‫‪Metallic Screen‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻐﻼﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺪﻧﻲ‬ ‫‪1.2.5‬‬ ‫‪18‬‬
‫)‪(Metallic Part‬‬
‫‪Assembly and‬‬
‫ﺣﺸﻮ ﻭﺑﻄﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫‪1.2.6‬‬ ‫‪18‬‬
‫‪Filling‬‬
‫‪Bedding‬‬ ‫ﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻝ ‪Bidding‬‬ ‫‪1.2.7‬‬ ‫‪18‬‬
‫‪Armouring‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭﻉ ‪ -‬ﺗﺴﻠﻴﺢ‬ ‫‪1.2.8‬‬ ‫‪18‬‬
‫‪Serving (outer‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻐﻼﻑ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺟﻲ‬ ‫‪1.2.9‬‬ ‫‪18‬‬
‫)‪Sheath/Jacket‬‬
‫ﺇﺧــﺘــﻴــﺎﺭ ﺍﻟــﻜــﺎﺑــﻼﺕ ﻭﺗــﺼــﻨــﻴــﻔــﻬﺎ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫‪17‬‬

‫ﺟــﻬــﻮﺩ ﺍﻟــــﺘــﺸــﻐــﻴــﻞ‬ ‫‪2.1‬‬ ‫‪17‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ﺗــﺼــﻤــﻴــﻢ ﻛﺎﺑــﻼﺕ ﺍﻟــﺠــﻬــﺪ ﺍﻟــﻤــﻨــﺨــﻔــﺾ‪: As Per IEC 60502-1‬‬ ‫‪27‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻨﻦ ‪Rated Voltage -‬‬ ‫‪3.1‬‬ ‫‪27‬‬

‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺰﻝ ‪Insulating compounds -‬‬ ‫‪3.2‬‬ ‫‪28‬‬
‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻌـﺰﻝ ﺍﻟـﺨﺎﺭﺟﻲ ‪Sheathing Compounds -‬‬ ‫‪3.3‬‬ ‫‪33‬‬
‫ﻧــﻮﻉ ﺍﻟــﻤــﻮﺻــﻞ ‪Conductors as per IEC 60228-‬‬ ‫‪3.4‬‬ ‫‪34‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺸﻮ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻄﺎﻧﺔ ‪Assembly and Filling -‬‬ ‫‪3.5‬‬ ‫‪36‬‬
‫ﺳﺘﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺻﻞ ﻭ ﺳﺘﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺯﻟﺔ‪Screening -‬‬ ‫‪3.6‬‬ ‫‪37‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ‪Metallic Layers/Shield -‬‬ ‫‪3.7‬‬ ‫‪38‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻐﻼﻑ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺟﻲ )ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻌـﺰﻝ ﺍﻟـﺨﺎﺭﺟﻲ(‬ ‫‪3.8‬‬ ‫‪40‬‬

‫‪The Outer Sheath/ Over Sheath -‬‬
‫ﻅﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺠﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺑﻼﺕ ‪Treeing -‬‬ ‫‪3.9‬‬ ‫‪41‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ ﺗــﺼــﻤــﻴــﻢ ﻛــﺎﺑــﻼﺕ ﺍﻟــﺠــﻬــﺪ ﺍﻟــﻤــﺘــﻮﺳــﻂ "‪"IEC60502-2 As Per‬‬ ‫‪45‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻨﻦ ‪Rated Voltage -‬‬ ‫‪4.1‬‬ ‫‪45‬‬
‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺰﻝ ‪Insulating compounds -‬‬ ‫‪4.2‬‬ ‫‪46‬‬
‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻌـﺰﻝ ﺍﻟـﺨﺎﺭﺟﻲ ‪Sheathing Compounds -‬‬ ‫‪4.3‬‬ ‫‪51‬‬
‫ﻧــﻮﻉ ﺍﻟــﻤــﻮﺻــﻞ ‪Conductors as per IEC 60228-‬‬ ‫‪4.4‬‬ ‫‪52‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺸﻮ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻄﺎﻧﺔ ‪Assembly and Filling -‬‬ ‫‪4.5‬‬ ‫‪53‬‬
‫ﺳﺘﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺻﻞ ﻭ ﺳﺘﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺯﻟﺔ‪Screening -‬‬ ‫‪4.6‬‬ ‫‪54‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ‪Metallic Layers/Shield -‬‬ ‫‪4.7‬‬ ‫‪55‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻐﻼﻑ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺟﻲ )ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻌـﺰﻝ ﺍﻟـﺨﺎﺭﺟﻲ(‬
‫‪4.8‬‬ ‫‪57‬‬
‫‪The Outer Sheath/ Over Sheath -‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺑﻼﺕ ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻹﻧﺒﻌﺎﺙ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ‪/‬ﺍﻷﺩﺧﻨﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻏﻮﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ‬

‫‪Cables Fume Wires and & Low Smoke‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻣﺲ‬
‫ﻣﻘــﺪﻣــﺔ‬ ‫‪5.1‬‬ ‫‪60‬‬
‫ﻛﺎﺑﻼﺕ ﺍﻝ ‪LSFOH‬‬ ‫‪5.2‬‬ ‫‪61‬‬
‫ﺇﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻛﺎﺑﻼﺕ ﻭﺃﺳﻼﻙ ﺍﻝ‪LSFOH‬‬ ‫‪5.3‬‬ ‫‪64‬‬
‫ﺇﺧـﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻛﺜﺎﻓـﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺒﻌﺚ ﻣﻦ ﺇﺣﺘﺮﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺑﻞ ‪61034 Smoke Density Test - ICE‬‬ ‫‪5.3.1‬‬ ‫‪64‬‬
‫ﺇﺧــﺘـﺒـﺎﺭ ﺇﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻠﻬﺐ ﻟﻜﺎﺑﻼﺕ ﺍﻝ ‪IEC 60332 Fire Retardant as per‬‬ ‫‪5.3.2‬‬ ‫‪69‬‬
‫ﺇﺧــﺘـﺒـﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﺸﻒ ﻋﻦ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﺎﻟﻮﺟﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺠﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺇﺣﺘﺮﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺑﻼﺕ ﻁﺒﻘﺎ ً ﻟﻠﻜﻮﺩ‪1-60754 IEC‬‬ ‫‪5.3.3‬‬ ‫‪73‬‬
‫ﺇﺧــﺘـﺒـﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﺸﻒ ﻋﻦ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻷﺣﻤﺎﺽ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺠﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺇﺣﺘﺮﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺑﻼﺕ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻝ ‪ pH‬ﻭﺍﻝ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻁﺒﻘﺎ ً‬
‫‪5.3.4‬‬ ‫‪76‬‬
‫ﻟﻠﻜﻮﺩ‪IEC 60754-2‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺑﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺮﻳﻖ ‪FIRE RESISTANT CABLES‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺱ‬
‫ﻣــﻘــﺪﻣــﺔ‬ ‫‪6.1‬‬ ‫‪80‬‬
‫ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺑﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺮﻳﻖ‬ ‫‪6.2‬‬ ‫‪81‬‬
‫ﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﻭﺇﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺑﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺮﻳﻖ‬ ‫‪6.3‬‬ ‫‪81‬‬
‫ﻣﻠﺨﺺ ﺍﻹﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻟﻠﻜﺎﺑﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺮﻳﻖ‬ ‫‪6.4‬‬ ‫‪84‬‬
‫ﺇﺧــﺘـﺒـﺎﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺑﻼﺕ ﻟﻠﺤﺮﻳﻖ ﻁﺒﻘﺎ ً ﻟﻠﻜﻮﺩ ‪IEC 60331‬‬ ‫‪6.4.1‬‬ ‫‪85‬‬
‫ﺇﺧــﺘـﺒـﺎﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺑﻼﺕ ﻟﻠﺤﺮﻳﻖ ﻁﺒﻘﺎ ً ﻟﻠﻜﻮﺩ ‪BS6387‬‬ ‫‪6.4.2‬‬ ‫‪92‬‬
‫ﺇﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻭﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﻛﺎﺑﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺮﻳﻖ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗُﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻔﺎﻅ‬ ‫‪6.4.3‬‬ ‫‪94‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻲ ﺣﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻷﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻟﺘﻐﺬﻳﺔ ﻣﻌﺪﺍﺕ ﻣﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻳﻖ‪BS 8519 .‬‬
‫ﺇﺧــﺘـﺒـﺎﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺑﻼﺕ ﻟﻠﺤﺮﻳﻖ ﻁﺒﻘﺎ ً ﻟﻠﻜﻮﺩ ‪BS 8491‬‬ ‫‪6.4.4‬‬ ‫‪98‬‬
‫ﻛﻮﺩ ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺑﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻠﺤﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺰﻭﻟﺔ ﺑﺎﻟـﺠﻮﺍﻣﺪ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ‬ ‫‪6.4.5‬‬ ‫‪144‬‬
‫ﺍﻹﻧﺒﻌﺎﺙ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ‪/‬ﺍﻷﺩﺧﻨﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻏﻮﺓ ﻁﺒﻘﺎ ً ﻟﻠﻜﻮﺩ ‪2009 BS 7846:‬‬

Technical paper#003-20.6.2017-M. Saad Design and Test of Power Cables

‫ ﺗــﻌــﺭﻳــﻑ ﺍﻟــﻛــﺎﺑــﻼﺕ ﻭﻣﻛﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻛﺎﺑﻼﺕ‬:‫ﺍﻟـﻔـــﺻـــﻝ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‬
:‫ ﺗـــﻌــﺭﻳــﻑ ﺍﻟـﻛـــﺎﺑــﻝ‬1.1
‫ ﻭﺣﻳﺙ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺗﻌﺭﻳﻑ ﺍﻟ ُﻣ َﺑﺳﻁ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﺗﻌﺭﻳﻑ ﺍﻟﺷﺎﺋﻊ ﻟﺩﻱ ﺃﻏﻠﺏ ﻣﻥ ﻳﺗﻌﺎﻣﻠﻭﻥ ﻣﻊ‬."‫ﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﺗﻌﺭﻳﻑ ﺍﻟﻛﺎﺑﻝ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺃﻧﻪ "ﻣﻭﺻﻝ ﻣُﺣﺎﻁ ﺑﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﺎﺯﻟﺔ‬
‫ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻻ ﻳﺗﻡ ﺗﺩﺭﻳﺱ ﺻﻧﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻛﺎﺑﻼﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺟﺎﻣﻌﺎﺕ! ﻣﻊ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻛﺎﺑﻼﺕ ﻓﻌﻠﻳﺎ ً ﻫﻲ ﻣﻥ ﻳﻘﻭﻡ ﺑﺭﺑﻁ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ‬, ‫ﺍﻟﻛﺎﺑﻼﺕ ﻭﺣﺗﻲ ﺍﻷﻛﺎﺩﻣﻳﻳﻥ‬
."connecting people"
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺯﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻳﻌﺯﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺻﻝ‬/‫ﻭﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﻬﻡ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺗﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﻓﻅﺔ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻋﺩﻡ ﻣﺭﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺗﻳﺎﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺳﺎﺭ ﻏﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺻﻝ ﻭﻳﺗﺣﻘﻕ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻳﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺯﻝ‬
.‫ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﺳﻁ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﻳﻁ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻱ ﺳﻁﺢ ﻣﻼﻣﺱ ﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺳﺭﻱ ﺧﻼﻟﻪ ﺍﻟﺗﻳﺎﺭ‬
Electrical cable can be considered as just a "conductor with an overlying insulation or an exterior
shield or jacket".
Equally important is the need to keep the current from flowing in unintended paths rather than the
conductor provided.
Insulation is provided to largely isolate the conductor from other paths or surfaces through which the
current might flow. Therefore, it may be said that any conductor conveying electric signals or power is
an insulated conductor.
Ref: electrical power cable engineering by "Williarn A. Thue".
:(‫ ﻣــﻛــﻭﻧــﺎﺕ ﺍﻟــﻛــﺎﺑــﻝ )ﺍﻟﺟﻬﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺧﻔﺽ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻭﺳﻁ‬1.2

‫ﻭﻣﻛﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻛﺎﺑﻝ ﺗﻌﺗﻣﺩ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﺗﻁﺑﻳﻕ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺳﻳﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ ﻓﻳﻪ ﺍﻟﻛﺎﺑﻝ ‪ ,‬ﻓﻠﻳﺱ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺿﺭﻭﺭﻱ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺟﺩ ﻛﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﺎﻟﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻝ ﺍﻟﻛﺎﺑﻼﺕ ‪ ,‬ﻭﺇﻧﻣﺎ ﺳﺗﺟﺩ‬
‫ﺻ ﱢﻧﻎ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺧﺗﺎﺭ ﻣﻛﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻛﺎﺑﻝ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺗﻁﺑﻳﻕ ﻫﻭ ﻣﺎ ﺳﻳﻔﺭﺽ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﺻﻣﻡ ﻭﺍﻟ ُﻣ َ‬
‫ﻣﻛﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻛﺎﺑﻝ‬
‫‪Conductor‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺻﻝ‬ ‫‪1.2.1‬‬
‫‪Conductor Screen‬‬ ‫ﺳﺗﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺻﻝ‬ ‫‪1.2.2‬‬
‫‪Insulation‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺯﻟﺔ‬ ‫‪1.2.3‬‬
‫)‪Insulation Screen (Non−Metallic part‬‬ ‫ﺳﺗﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺯﻟﺔ‬ ‫‪1.2.4‬‬
‫)‪Metallic Screen (Metallic Part‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﻼﻑ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺩﻧﻲ‬ ‫‪1.2.5‬‬
‫‪Assembly and Filling‬‬ ‫ﺣﺷﻭ ﻭﺑﻁﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫‪1.2.6‬‬

‫‪Bedding‬‬ ‫ﻁﺑﻘﺔ ﺍﻝ ‪Bidding‬‬ ‫‪1.2.7‬‬
‫‪Armouring‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭﻉ ‪ -‬ﺗﺳﻠﻳﺢ‬ ‫‪1.2.8‬‬
‫)‪Serving (outer Sheath/Jacket‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﻼﻑ ﺍﻟﺧﺎﺭﺟﻲ‬ ‫‪1.2.9‬‬


‫‪ 1.2.1‬ﺍﻟــﻣــﻭﺻــﻝ‬
‫ﺗﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ ﻣﻭﺍﺩ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺗﻭﺻﻳﻠﻳﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺻﻧﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺻﻼﺕ ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﻟﺗﻘﻠﻳﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﻔﺎﻗﻳﺩ ﻭﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺳﻌﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﺑﻳﺭﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻛﺎﺑﻝ‪ ,‬ﻭﺍﻟﺟﺩﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ ﻳﻭﺿﺢ ﺃﻧﻭﺍﻉ ﻫﺫﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺩ ﻭﻛﻣﺎ ﻫﻭ ﻣﻌﺭﻭﻑ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻧﺣﺎﺱ ﻭﺍﻷﻟﻭﻣﻧﻳﻭﻡ ﻫﻣﺎ ﺍﻷﺷﻬﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺟﺎﻝ ﻛﺎﺑﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻱ‪ .‬ﻭﻧﻅﺭﺍ ﻻﻥ ﺍﻷﻟﻭﻣﻧﻳﻭﻡ ﻟﻪ ﺗﻭﺻﻳﻠﻳﺔ ﺗﺻﻝ ﻝ ‪% 62-61.2‬‬
‫ﻣﻥ ﺗﻠﻙ ﻟﻠﻧﺣﺎﺱ ‪-‬ﻭﻗﺩ ﺗﺻﻝ ﻝ ‪ -%65‬ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻳﺳﺗﻠﺯﻡ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻣﺳﺎﺟﺔ ﻣﻘﻁﻊ ﻛﺎﺑﻝ ﺍﻷﻟﻭﻣﻧﻳﻭﻡ ‪ 1.6‬ﻣﻧﻬﺎ ﻟﻛﺎﺑﻝ ﺍﻟﻧﺣﺎﺱ ﻟﻠﺣﺻﻭﻝ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻧﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﺳﻌﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﻳﺎﺭﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺳﻳﺄﺗﻲ ﻻﺣﻘﺎ ﺷﺭﺡ ﻁﺑﻳﻌﺔ ﻭﻛﻳﻔﻳﺔ ﻭﻛﻭﺩ ﺗﺻﻧﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺻﻼﺕ )ﺃﻧﻅﺭ ‪.(3.4‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﺗﺻﻧﻳﻑ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺻﻼﺕ ﻣﻥ ﺣﻳﺙ ﺍﻟﺑﻧﺎء ﺇﻟﻲ ﻣﺻﻣﺗﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺟﺩﻭﻟﺔ ‪ ,‬ﻭﺍﻟﻣﻭﺻﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺻﻣﺗﺔ ﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﺻﻌﺑﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﻛﻳﺑﺎﺕ ﻣﻥ ﺣﻳﺙ ﺍﻟﺳﺣﺏ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺗﻭﺻﻳﻝ ‪ ,‬ﻭﻟﻬﺫﺍ ﺗﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺻﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺟﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺑﻛﺛﺭﺓ‪.‬‬

:‫ﻭﻫﻧﺎﻙ ﻋﺩﺓ ﻁﺭﻕ ﻟﺟﺩﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺻﻝ‬
Conductor Stranding:
A. Concentric Stranding
B. Compressed Stranding
C. Compact Stranding
D. Bunch Stranding
E. Rope Stranding
F. Sector Conductors
G. Segmental Conductors
H. Annular Conductors
I. Unilay Conductors
Note: For types B&C are same like A, just more compacting for the strands is introduced to reduce
the size of the conductor and the cable.
.‫ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻷﻫﻡ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻷﺷﻬﺭ ﻭﻓﻳﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ﺷﺭﺡ ﺗﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻕ‬A,B,C ‫ﻭﺗﻌﺗﺑﺭ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻕ ﺍﻟﺛﻼﺛﺔ‬
Note:
solid conductors only for cables up to 1.5 practice it will be found that these cables generally have in
and stranded conductors for the larger sizes. mm2 or 2.5 mm2
Type A: Concentric Stranding: ‫ﺍﻟـﺟـﺩﻝ ﺍﻟـﻣـﺭﻛــﺯ‬
This is the typical choice for power cable conductors. This consists of a central wire or core
surrounded by one or more layers of helically applied wires. Each additional layer has six more wires
than the preceding layer construction, each layer is applied in a direction opposite to that of the layer
underneath. In the case of power cable conductors, the core is a single wire and all of the strands
have the same diameter. The first layer over the core contains six wires; the second, twelve; the third,
eighteen; etc. The distance that it takes for one strand of the conductor to make one complete
revolution of the layer is called the length of lay.
‫" ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺗﺻﻑ ﻭﻳﺗﻡ ﺭﺹ ﺑﺎﻗﻲ ﺍﻟﺷﻌﻳﺭﺍﺕ ﺣﻭﻟﻬﺎ ﺑﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔ ﺩﺍﺋﺭﻳﺔ ﻟﺗﺷﻛﻝ ﺩﻭﺍﺋﺭ ﻣﺗﺗﺎﺑﻌﺔ‬Strand - ‫ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔ ﻳﺗﻡ ﻭﺿﻊ "ﺷﻌﻳﺭﺓ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺻﻝ‬
‫ﻭﻳﺭﺍﻋﻲ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻛﻝ ﻁﺑﻘﺔ ﻣﻠﻔﻭﻓﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺗﺟﺎﺓ ﻋﻛﺱ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺣﺗﻬﺎ‬....24-18-12-6-1 ‫ ﺷﻌﻳﺭﺍﺕ ﻓﻳﻛﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺗﻳﺏ‬6 ‫ﻭﻛﻝ ﺩﺍﺋﺭﺓ ﺗﺯﻳﺩ ﻏﻥ ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺗﻬﺎ ﺏ‬
‫ﻭﻫﻛﺫﺍ ﻁﺑﻘﺎ ﻟﻠﻘﺎﻧﻭﻥ‬
n = 1 + 3 N (N+l)
where:
n = total number of wires in stranded conductor
N = number of layers around the center wire

Type D: Bunch Stranding:
This term is applied to a collection of strands twisted together in the same direction
without regard to the geometric arrangement. such as portable cables.
This construction is used when "extreme flexibility is required for small sizes".
Examples of bunch stranded conductors are cords for vacuum cleaners.
U U U U
Type E: Rope Stranding:

This term is applied to a "concentric-stranded conductor", each of whose component
strands is itself stranded. This is a combination of the concentric conductor and a bunch
stranded conductor. The finished conductor is made up of a number of groups of
U
bunched or concentric stranded conductors assembled concentrically together. The U
individual groups are made up of a number of wires rather than a single, individual
strand. A rope-stranded conductor is described by giving the number of groups laid
together to form the rope and the number of wires in each group.
Examples:
portable cables for mining applications & railroad applications & extreme portability such
as welding cable and portable cords.
Type F: Sector Stranding:

They have a cross-section approximately the shape of a sector of a circle. A typical
three-conductor cable has three 120" segments that combine to form the basic circle of
the finished cable. Such cables have a smaller diameter than the corresponding cable
with round conductors. For paper-insulated cables, the sector conductor was almost
always stranded and then compacted in order to achieve the highest possible ratio of
conductor area to cable area. The precise shape and dimensions varied somewhat
between manufacturers.
Sector conductors that are solid rather than stranded have been used for low-voltage
cables on a limited basis. There is interest in utilizing this type of conductor
for medium voltage cables, but they are not available on a commercial basis at
this time.
Type G: Segmental Conductors

They are round, stranded conductors composed of three or more sectors that are
electrically separated from each other by a thin layer of insulation around every
other segment. Each segment carries less current than the total conductor and
the current is transposed between inner and outer positions in the completed
cable. This construction has the advantage of lowering the ac resistance by
having less skin effect than a conventionally stranded conductor. This type of
conductor should be considered for large sizes such as 1000 kcmil and above.
Type H: Annular Conductors

These are round, stranded conductors whose strands are laid around a core of rope,
fibrous material, helical metal tube, or a twisted I-beam. This construction has the
advantage of lowering the total ac resistance for a given cross-sectional area of
conductor by eliminating the greater skin effect at the center of the completed cable.
Where space is available, annular conductors may be economical to use for 1000 kcmil
cables and above at 60 hertz and for 1500

kcmil cables and above for lower frequencies such as 25 hertz.
Type I: Unilay Conductors

Unilay has, as the name implies, all of its strands applied with the same direction of lay.
A design frequently used for low-voltage power cables is the combination unilay where
the outer layer of strands are partially composed of strands having a smaller diameter
than the other strands. This makes it possible to attain the same diameter of a compact
stranded conductor. The most common unilay conductor is a compact, 8000 series
aluminum alloy.
:‫ﻛﻭﺩ ﺗﺻﻧﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺻﻼﺕ‬
:‫ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺃﻧﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺻﻼﺕ ﺩﺍﺧﻝ ﺍﻟﻛﺎﺑﻝ ﺗﻧﻘﺳﻡ ﻷﻧﻭﺍﻉ ﻣﺗﻌﺩﺩﺓ ﻛﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‬IEC-60228-2005 ‫ﻁﺑﻘﺎ ً ﻟﻠﻛﻭﺩ ﺍﻝ‬
The conductors shall be either of class 1 or class 2 of plain or metal-coated annealed copper or of
plain aluminum or aluminum alloy, or of class 5 of plain or metal-coated copper in accordance with
IEC 60228.
The standards covering most of the cables used for fixed wiring can have either solid or stranded
conductors up to 10 mm2 CSA.
However, in practice it will be found that these cables generally have solid conductors only for cables
up to 1.5 mm2 or 2.5 mm2 and stranded conductors for the larger sizes.
Flexible conductors are commonly found in small sizes in multicore cable connections to luminaires
and fixed equipment but are also used in large single core cables for the final connections to vibrating
equipment such as generator sets.
Ref: CIBSE Guide K "Electricity in buildings"
Class 1: Solid conductors

Class 2: Stranded circular non-compacted conductors, intended for fixed installations
Class 2: Stranded compacted circular conductors and stranded shaped conductors, intended for
fixed installations.
Flexible conductors (classes 5 and 6)
The classes apply to both single core and multicore cables.


NOTE: BS 6360:1991 "Specification for conductors in insulated cables and
cords" Superseded, Withdrawn Published : April 1991 Replaced By : BS EN 60228:2005
3T 3T1 3T1 3T 3T 3T4 3T4 3T 3T 3T1 3T1 3T4 3T4 3T12 3T12 3T6U U6T
:‫ﻭﺗﻧﻘﺳﻡ ﺃﺷﻛﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺻﻼﺕ ﺇﻟﻲ‬
:‫ﻣﺛﺎﻝ ﻣﻥ ﺷﺭﻛﺔ ﺑﺣﺭﺓ‬
:Lapp Cables ‫ﻣﺛﺎﻝ ﻣﻥ ﺷﺭﻛﺔ‬

‫‪ 1.2.2‬ﺳــﺗــﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟــﻣــﻭﺻــﻝ ‪:Semi-Conductor‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﻲ ﻁﺑﻘﺔ ﺭﻗﻳﻘﺔ ﻣﻥ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺷﺑﻪ ﻣﻭﺻﻠﺔ ﺗﺭﻛﺏ "ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻳﻕ ﺍﻟﺑﺛﻕ" ﺣﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺻﻝ ﺗﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ ﻟﻠﺣﺻﻭﻝ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺗﻭﺯﻳﻊ ﻣﺗﻧﺎﺳﻕ ﻟﺧﻁﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﻣﺟﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻛﻬﺭﺑﻲ‬
‫ﻓﺗﺟﺑﺭ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﺧﻁﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﻣﺟﺎﻝ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻛﻣﻝ ﺩﺍﺋﺭﺗﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻫﺫﺓ ﺍﻟﻁﺑﻘﺔ ﻭﻋﺩﻡ ﺗﺳﺭﺑﻬﺎ ﺣﻳﺙ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺳﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻣﺟﺎﻝ ﻗﺩ ﻳﺅﺩﻱ ﻹﻧﻬﻳﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺯﻝ ‪ ,‬ﻭﺗﻘﻠﻝ ﻣﻥ‬
‫ﻅﺎﻫﺭﺓ "ﺍﻟﺗﺷﺟﺭ ‪ ."Water Treeing‬ﻭﺃﻳﺿﺎ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺳﺗﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺻﻝ ﺗﻘﻭﻡ ﺏ "‪"Smooth Out Any Irregularities‬‬
‫ﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺷﺑﻪ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺻﻝ ﻓﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺻﻝ ﻣﺑﺎﺷﺭﺓ ﻭﻫﻰ ﺗﻌﻣﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻧﻌﻳﻡ ﺳﻁﺢ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺻﻝ ﻭﻋﻼﺝ "ﻅﺎﻫﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺟﺩﻝ" ‪ Stranded Effect‬ﻭﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﺳﻁﺢ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺧﺎﺭﺟﻰ ﻟﻠﻣﻭﺻﻝ ﻳﻛﻭﻥ ﻣﺗﻌﺭﺟﺎ ﻳﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻣﻥ ﻋﺩﺩ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺷﻌﻳﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﺟﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺑﺟﺎﻧﺏ ﺑﻌﺿﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺑﻌﺽ ﻭﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺷﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺻﻝ ﺗﻘﻭﻡ ﺑﺗﻧﻅﻳﻡ ﻭﺗﻭﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﻣﺟﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻛﻬﺭﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻁﺢ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺻﻝ ﺣﺗﻰ ﻳﻛﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺟﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻛﻬﺭﺏ ﻗﻁﺭﻱ ﺃﻭ ﺇﺷﻌﺎﻉ ﺃﻯ ﻋﻣﻭﺩﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻁﺢ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺻﻝ " ﺃﻯ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﺧﻁﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﻣﺟﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻛﻬﺭﺑﻲ ﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻋﻣﻭﺩﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻁﺢ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺻﻝ‪".‬‬
‫"ﻅﺎﻫﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺟﺩﻝ"‪: Stranded Effect‬‬

‫ﺗﺗﺳﺑﺏ ﻋﻣﻠﻳﺔ ﺟﺩﻝ ﺍﻷﺳﻼﻙ ﻟﻠﺣﺻﻭﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻭﺻﻝ ﺍﻟﻛﺎﺑﻝ ﻓﻲ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺷﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﺟﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻛﻬﺭﺑﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻁﺢ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺻﻝ ﺑﻧﺳﺑﺔ ﺗﺻﻝ ﺇﻟﻰ ‪ ، 20 %‬ﻓﺎﻟﺟﺩﻝ‬
‫ﻏﻳﺭﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﻘﻳﻡ ﻳﺅﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻋﺩﻡ ﺍﻧﺗﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﺟﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻛﻬﺭﺑﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺳﻁﺢ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﺑﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺯﻝ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺻﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻳﻧﺗﺞ ﻋﻧﻪ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ‪ /‬ﺍﻧﺧﻔﺎﺽ ﻗﻳﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﺟﺎﻝ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺑﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﻛﻣﺎ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺷﻛﻝ ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻻﺧﺗﻼﻑ ﻗﺩ ﻳﺅﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻧﻬﻳﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺯﻝ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻣﺷﻛﻠﺔ ﻗﺩ ﺗﺅﺩﻱ ﺃﻳﺿﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺣﺩﻭﺙ ﻅﺎﻫﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻭ " ‪ "water tree‬ﻭﺗﺳﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﺭﻁﻭﺑﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺩﺍﺧﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺯﻟﺔ ﻟﻭﺟﻭﺩ ﻫﺫﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻧﺗﻭءﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﻰ ﺗﺅﺩﻯ ﻟﻭﺟﻭﺩ ﺷﻘﻭﻕ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻛﺎﺑﻝ ﺗﺗﻔﺭﻉ ﻓﻰ ﺟﻣﻳﻊ ﺍﻻﺗﺟﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﻣﺛﻝ ﺍﻟﺷﺟﺭ ﻛﻣﺎ ﺳﺑﻕ ﺍﻟﺣﺩﻳﺙ ﻋﻧﻪ ﻓﻰ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺻﻝ ﺍﻟﺳﺎﺑﻕ‪.‬‬
‫‪conductor screen or conductor‬‬

‫‪shield:‬‬
‫‪An extruded layer of‬‬

‫‪semiconducting material‬‬
‫‪applied over the conductor as‬‬
‫‪voltage stress control layer‬‬

‫‪ 1.2.3‬ﺍﻟــﻣــﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟــﻌــﺎﺯﻟــﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪ 1.2.4‬ﺳــﺗــﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟــﻣــﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟــﻌــﺎﺯﻟــﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﻧﻅﺭﺍ ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﻛﺎﺑﻼﺕ ﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻗﺭﻳﺑﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻼﻣﺳﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﺑﻧﻲ ﺃﻭ ﻟﻣﻛﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﻥ ﺧﺩﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺑﻧﻲ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻁﺑﻳﻌﺔ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺯﻝ ﺗﺗﺣﻛﻡ ﻓﻳﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻭﺍﻣﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﻳﻛﺎﻧﻳﺔ ﺃﻛﺛﺭ ﻣﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻛﻬﺭﺑﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻧﻅﺭﺍ ﻟﺗﻌﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻁﻠﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﻗﺩ ﻳﺣﺗﺎﺝ ﺇﻟﻳﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺯﻝ ﻙ " ﻁﺑﻳﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺳﻙ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﻳﻁ ‪ -‬ﻛﺎﻟﻛﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺑﺗﺭﻭﻟﺑﺔ ﻣﺛﻼ‪ , -‬ﺿﻭء ﺍﻟﺷﻣﺱ ‪ ,‬ﺍﻟﻭﻗﺎﻳﺔ ﻣﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻠﻬﺏ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺻﻌﺏ ﺗﻭﻓﻳﺭ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻹﺣﺗﻳﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﺑﺈﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍﻡ ﻣﻛﻭﻥ ﻛﻳﻣﻳﺎﺋﻲ ﻭﺍﺣﺩ ﻟﺻﻧﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺯﻟﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺑﻣﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻛﺎﺑﻝ ﻳﻼﻣﺱ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺧﺩﻣﺎﺕ ﺑﺎﻟﻣﺑﻧﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﻌﺩﺍﺕ ﻭﻏﻳﺭﻫﺎ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺿﺭﻭﺭﻱ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻘﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺯﻝ ﺑﺩﻭﺭﻩ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺯﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺻﻝ ﻭﻋﺩﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺳﻣﺎﺡ ﺑﺳﺭﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺗﻳﺎﺭ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﻟﻛﺎﺑﻝ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﻣﺎ ﻫﻭ ﻣﻌﺭﻭﻑ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻣﻊ ﺇﻗﺗﺭﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺻﻝ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ‪-‬ﺃﻭ ﺟﺳﻡ ﻣﺅﺭﺽ ﻭﻣﻭﺻﻝ ﻟﻠﺗﻳﺎﺭ‪ -‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺧﻁﻭﻁ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺟﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻛﻬﺭﺑﻲ ﺗﺑﺩﺍء ﻓﻲ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺗﺷﻛﻝ ﻟﻳﻣﺭ ﺗﺑﺎﺭ ﺇﻟﻲ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ‪ ,‬ﻛﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺷﻛﻝ ﺍﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻊ ﺇﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺟﻬﺩ ﺗﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﺷﺩﺓ ﻣﺟﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺗﺳﺭﻳﺏ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﻳﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺭﺏ ﻣﻣﺎ ﻳﻧﺗﺞ ﻋﻧﻪ ﺳﺧﻭﻧﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻛﺎﺑﻝ ﻗﺩ ﺗﺅﺩﻱ ﻹﺣﺗﺭﺍﻗﻪ!‪ .‬ﻭﻟﺗﺟﻧﺏ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻷﻣﺭ ﻳﺗﻡ ﻭﺿﻊ ‪ The Insulation Shield/screen‬ﻭﻫﻲ‬
‫ﻁﺑﻘﺔ ﺭﻗﻳﻘﺔ ﻣﻥ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺷﺑﻪ ﻣﻭﺻﻠﺔ ﺗﺭﻛﺏ ﺣﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺯﻟﺔ ﻓﺗﺟﺑﺭ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﺧﻁﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﻣﺟﺎﻝ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻛﻣﻝ ﺩﺍﺋﺭﺗﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻫﺫﺓ ﺍﻟﻁﺑﻘﺔ ﻭﻋﺩﻡ ﺗﺳﺭﺑﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻟﻸﺭﺽ‬
‫ﺳﻧﺗﻌﺎﻣﻝ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺑﺣﺙ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻭﺍﺯﻝ ﺍﻟﺑﻭﻟﻳﻣﻳﺭﻳﺔ ﻷﻧﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﻛﺛﺭ ﺇﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍﻣﺎ ً ﺍﻷﻥ ‪ ,‬ﻭﺗﻧﻘﺳﻡ ﺇﻟﻲ ﻗﺳﻣﻳﻥ ﻛﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﺃ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻠـﺩﺍﺋـﻥ ﺍﻟﺣـﺭﺍﺭﻳـﺔ‪Thermoplastic :‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﻥ ﺧﺻﺎﺋﺻﻬﺎ ﺃﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﺗﺄﺛﺭﺗﺄﺛﺭﺍ ﺷﺩﻳﺩﺍً ﺑﺎﻟﺣﺭﺍﺭﺓ‪ ,‬ﻓﺗﻠﻳﻥ ﻭﺗﺗﻣﺩﺩ ﻣﻊ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺣﺭﺍﺭﺗﻬﺎ ﻭﺗﻧﻛﻣﺵ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺑﺭﻭﺩﺓ ‪ ,‬ﻭﻳﻌﺩ ﺍﻝ "ﺑﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻲ" ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺭﺋﻳﺳﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﻧﻭﻉ ﻭﺑﺳﺑﺏ ﺗﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﺧﺻﺎﺋﺹ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻳﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ ﻓﻘﻁ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺟﻬﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺧﻔﺽ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻥ ﻋﻳﻭﺑﻪ ﺍﻧﻪ ﻗﺩ ﻳﻧﺻﻬﺭ ﻣﻊ ﺗﻳﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺻﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺃﻫﻡ ﻋﻳﻭﺑﻪ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﺭﻳﻕ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻛﻠﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻳﺗﺻﺎﻋﺩ ﺑﺷﺩﺓ ﻗﺩ ﻳﺳﺑﺏ ﺗﺳﻣﻡ ﻟﻠﻧﺎﺱ‪.‬ﻭﻻ ﻳﻭﺻﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﻛﻳﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺭﺃﺳﻳﺔ ﻻﻥ ﺿﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﺳﻙ ‪-‬‬
‫ﻭﺳﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﻛﻳﺏ ﺍﻟﺭﺃﺳﻳﺔ ﻗﺩ ﺗﺳﺑﺏ ﺗﺷﻭﻩ ﺩﺍﺋﻡ ﻟﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﻙ ﻣﻣﺎ ﻳﺿﻌﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﺯﻝ ﻭﻳﺟﻌﻠﻪ ﻏﻳﺭ ﻓﻌﺎﻝ‪.‬‬
‫ﺏ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺟـﻭﺍﻣـﺩ ﺍﻟﺣـﺭﺍﺭﻳـﺔ‪Thermosetting :‬‬

‫ﻭﻣﻥ ﺧﺻﺎﺋﺻﻬﺎ ﺃﻧﻬﺎ ﻻ ﺗﻠﻳﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﺣﺭﺍﺭﺓ‪ ,‬ﻭﻳﻭﺟﺩ ﻧﻭﻋﺎﻥ ﻣﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺩ ﻭﻫﻣﺎ "ﺍﻟﻣﻁﺎﻁ" ﻭ ﺍﻝ "ﺑﻭﻟﻲ ﺍﺛﻳﻠﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺷﺎﺑﻙ"‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﻌﺩ ﺍﻝ"ﺑﻭﻟﻲ ﺍﺛﻳﻠﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺷﺎﺑﻙ" ﻫﻭ ﺍﻷﺷﻬﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﻳﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻛﺎﺑﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺟﻬﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻭﺳﻁ‪.‬ﻭﻳﺗﻡ ﺗﺭﻛﻳﺏ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺻﻝ ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻳﻕ ﺍﻟﺑﺛﻕ ﺍﻟﺳﺎﺧﻥ ﻟﻠﻣﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺻﻝ ﻣﺑﺎﺷﺭﺓ‪-‬‬
‫ﻭﺑﺣﺳﺏ ﺍﻟﺟﺩﻭﻝ ﺭﻗﻡ ‪ 3‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺃﻗﺻﻲ ﻗﻳﻣﺔ ﻟﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺻﻝ ﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺗﺣﻣﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﻝ "ﺑﻭﻟﻲ ﺍﺛﻳﻠﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺷﺎﺑﻙ " ﻫﻲ ‪ 90‬ﻣﺋﻭﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭ‬
‫‪ 250‬ﻣﺋﻭﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺻﺭ‪.‬‬


‫‪ 1.2.5‬ﺍﻟــﻐــﻼﻑ ﺍﻟــﻣــﻌــﺩﻧــﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺳــﺗــﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟــﻌــﺎﺯﻝ ﺍﻟــﻣــﻌــﺩﻧــﻳــﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﻭ ﺷﺭﻳﻁ ﻧﺣﺎﺳﻲ ﺭﻓﻳﻊ ﻳﺣﻳﻁ ﺑﺎﻟﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺯﻟﺔ‪ .‬ﺗﻌﺗﺑﺭ ﺗﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﺷﺑﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﻧﺣﺎﺳﻳﺔ ﻣﻬﻣﺔ ﺟﺩﺍً ﻭﻫﻰ ﻣﻭﺟﻭﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻝ ﻓﺎﺯﻩ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺃﻯ ﺃﻥ ﻛﻝ‬
‫ﻓﺎﺯﻩ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﻣﻠﻔﻭﻑ ﻋﻠﻳﻬﺎ ﺷﺑﻛﺔ ﻧﺣﺎﺳﻳﺔ ﺣﻠﺯﻭﻧﻳﺎ ﻭﺑﺗﺟﺎﻧﺱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻁﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺯﻩ ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﻟﺣﻣﺎﻳﺗﻬﺎ ﻣﻥ ﺗﻳﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﺻﺭ ﻭﻫﻰ ﻣﺻﻣﻣﺔ ﺣﺗﻰ ﻳﻣﻛﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﻥ‬
‫ﺗﺳﺭﻳﺏ ﺗﻳﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﺻﺭ ﺇﻥ ﻭﺟﺩ ﻛﻣﺎ ﺃﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﺣﻣﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺯﻩ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﻁﻭﺑﺔ ﻭﺗﺳﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻣﻳﺎﻩ‪.‬‬
‫‪ 1.2.6‬ﺣـــﺷــــﻭ ﻭﺑــﻁـﺎﻧــﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﻣﻼء ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻍ ﺑﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻛﺎﺑﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻌﺩﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﻗﻁﺎﺏ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻭﻥ ﺍﻷﺑﻳﺽ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺻﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺳﺎﺑﻘﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ 1.2.7‬ﻁﺑﻘﺔ ﺍﻝ‪:Bidding‬‬
‫ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﻣﻼء ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻍ ﺑﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺯﻟﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺗﺳﻠﻳﺢ ﻭﻏﺎﻟﺑﺎ ﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻝ ‪PVC‬‬
‫‪ 1.2.8‬ﺍﻟﺗﺳﻠﻳﺢ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﻉ‬
‫ﺷﺭﻳﻁ ﺍﻭ ﺃﺳﻼﻙ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺻﻠﺏ ﺗﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ ﻟﺗﻭﻓﻳﺭ ﺣﻣﺎﻳﺔ ﻣﻳﻛﺎﻧﻳﻛﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻛﺎﺑﻝ‬
‫‪ 1.2.9‬ﺍﻟﻐﻼﻑ ﺍﻟﺧﺎﺭﺟﻲ )ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻌـﺯﻝ ﺍﻟـﺧﺎﺭﺟﻲ(‬

‫ﻭﺗﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ ﻟﺗﻭﻓﻳﺭ ﺣﻣﺎﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻛﺎﺑﻝ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺋﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﻳﺭﻛﺏ ﺑﻬﺎ ﻛﺎﻟﺭﻁﻭﺑﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺗﺄﻛﻝ‪.‬‬

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‫ﺍﻟـﻔـــﺻـــﻝ ﺍﻟــﺛـﺎﻧــﻲ‪ :‬ﺇﺧــﺗــﻳــﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻛــﺎﺑــﻼﺕ ﻭﺗــﺻــﻧـﻳــﻔــﻬــﺎ‪:‬‬
‫ﺇﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻛﺎﺑﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺎﺳﺏ ﻳﺧﺿﻊ ﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﻳﻥ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻳﻥ ﻭﻫﻣﺎ "ﺍﻟﻌﻣﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﻧﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻝ ﺍﻹﻗﺗﺻﺎﺩﻱ" ﻭﻋﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﻣُﺻﻣﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﻣُﺻﻧِﻊ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺣﺎﻭﻻ ﺍﻟﻭﺻﻭﻝ ﻷﻓﺿﻝ‬
‫ﺗﺻﻣﻳﻡ‪/‬ﺇﺧﺗﻳﺎﺭ ﻳﻭﺍﺯﻥ ﺑﻳﻥ ﺍﻷﻣﺭﻳﻥ‪.‬ﻓﻣﺛﻼً ﻣﺎ ﺟﺩﻭﻱ ﺇﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍﻡ ﻛﺎﺑﻼﺕ ﻣﻔﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺣﺭﻳﻕ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻧﺎﺭﺓ ﻁﺭﻳﻕ ﺳﺭﻳﻊ!‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﺗﻡ ﺗﺻﻧﻳﻑ ﺍﻟﻛﺎﺑﻼﺕ ﻁﺑﻘﺎ ﻟﻌﺩﺓ ﻋﻭﺍﻣﻝ ﻣﻧﻬﺎ‪:‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪System Voltage Rate (low voltage/medium voltage).‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺟﻬﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﻘﻧﻥ‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪Number of phases/cores.‬‬ ‫ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺯﺍﺕ‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪Conductor required cross sectional area (conductor size‬‬

‫‪3‬‬ ‫ﻣﺳﺎﺣﺔ ﻣﻘﻁﻊ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺻﻝ‬ ‫‪3‬‬
‫‪along with size of neutral phase).‬‬
‫‪Applicable customer specification or International‬‬ ‫ﻣﻭﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻣﻳﻝ ﺃﻭ‬
‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬
‫‪Standard / Norm.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣُﺻﻣﻡ‬
‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪Conductor material (Copper/aluminum).‬‬ ‫ﻧﻭﻉ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺻﻝ‬ ‫‪5‬‬
‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪Insulation Material (PVC/XLPE/LSF0H-XL/MICA).‬‬ ‫ﻧﻭﻉ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺯﻝ‬ ‫‪6‬‬
‫‪7‬‬ ‫)‪Bedding / Inner Sheathing (Inner Jacketing‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺣﺷﻭ ﺩﺍﺧﻝ ﺍﻟﻛﺎﺑﻝ‬ ‫‪7‬‬
‫‪8‬‬ ‫‪Armouring Type (SWA/STA or AWA).‬‬ ‫ﻧﻭﻉ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺗﺳﻠﻳﺢ‬ ‫‪8‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻐﻼﻑ ﺍﻟﺧﺎﺭﺟﻲ )ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻌـﺯﻝ‬
‫‪9‬‬ ‫‪Cable jacketing material.‬‬ ‫‪9‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺧﺎﺭﺟﻲ(‬
‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪Required length of cables (drum schedules).‬‬ ‫ﻁﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻛﺎﺑﻝ‬ ‫‪10‬‬
‫‪11‬‬ ‫‪Fire resistance‬‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﺭﻳﻕ‬ ‫‪11‬‬
‫‪ 2.1‬ﺟــﻬــﻭﺩ ﺍﻟــﺗــﺷــﻐــﻳــﻝ‪:‬‬
‫ﺃﻭﻻً ﻳﻔﺿﻝ ﻣﺭﺍﺟﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻛﻭﺩ ‪ -IEC60038-2009 IEC standard voltages -‬ﻭﺍﻟﺧﺎﺹ ﺑﻘﻳﻡ ﺍﻟﺟﻬﻭﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺗﻣﺩﻳﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺑﻧﻲ ﻋﻠﻲ‬
‫ﺟﻬﺩ ﺃﻋﻠﻲ ﻣﻥ ‪ 100‬ﻓﻭﻟﺕ ‪ 50-60‬ﻫﺭﺗﺯ ﻭﻫﻭ ﻻ ﻋﺑﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻥ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺑﺳﻳﻁ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﺭﻗﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻛﻭﺩ ‪ IEC60038‬ﻳﻬﻣﻧﺎ ﻓﻳﻪ ﺟﺩﻭﻻﻥ‪ ,‬ﺍﻟﺟﺩﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻳﺧﺹ ﺟﻬﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺗﻭﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻘﻊ ﺑﻳﻥ ﺍﻝ ‪ 1000-100‬ﻓﻭﻟﺕ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻌﺗﺑﺭ ﺍﻟﺟﻬﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻧﻬﺎﺋﻲ ﻟﻠﺗﻭﺯﻳﻊ ﺩﺍﺧﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﺑﻧﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺷﺄﺓ )ﺍﻟﺟﻬﺩ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﻠﻭﺣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺭﺋﻳﺳﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺷﺄﺓ( ‪ ,‬ﻭﺍﻟﺟﺩﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺛﺎﻧﻲ ﻳﺧﺹ ﺍﻟﺟﻬﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻘﻊ ﺑﻳﻥ ﺍﻝ ‪-1KV‬‬
‫‪ 35KV‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻌﺗﺑﺭ ﺍﻟﺟﻬﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻭﺳﻁ ﻟﻠﺗﻭﺯﻳﻊ ﻭﺻﻭﻻً ﻟﻠﻣﺣﻭﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻐﺫﻱ ﺍﻟﻣﺑﻧﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺷﺄﺓ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺬﻛﻮﺭ ﻓﻘﺪ ﺑﺪﺃﺕ‬

‫ﺃﻏﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻮﺣﻴﺪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺪ ﻝ ‪230/400‬‬
‫ﻟﻠﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﺑﻴﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺪﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻷﺣﻤﺎﻝ‬
‫ﻛﺎﻟﺴﻌﻮﺩﻳﺔ ﻣﺜﻼً‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﺟﺏ ﻣُﺭﺍﻋﺎﺓ ﻗﻳﻡ ﺍﻟﺟﻬﺩ ﻋﻧﺩ ﺍﻟﻭﺻﻭﻝ ﻟﻠﻣﺻﺩﺭ ‪-‬ﻛﺎﻟﻠﻭﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺋﻳﺳﻳﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻣﺑﻧﻲ‪ -‬ﻓﻳﺟﺏ ﺍﻷﺧﺫ ﻓﺏ ﺍﻹﻋﺗﺑﺎﺭ ﺃﻻ ﻳﺯﻳﺩ ﺍﻟﺟﻬﺩ ﻋﻥ ‪ %10‬ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻣﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻁﻠﻭﺑﺔ ‪-‬ﺍﻟﻧﻅﺭﻳﺔ‪ -‬ﻻﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺩﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻷﺟﻬﺯﺓ ﻻ ُﺗﺻﻣﻡ ﻟﺗﺣﻣﻝ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺃﻋﻠﻲ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﻘﻳﻣﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻛﻣﺎ ﺃﻳﺿﺎ ً ﻳﺟﺏ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺭﺍﻋﻲ ﺃﻻ ﺗﻘﻝ ﻗﻳﻡ ﺍﻟﺟﻬﺩ ﻋﻧﺩ ﺍﻟﻭﺻﻭﻝ ﻟﻠﻣﺻﺩﺭ ‪-‬ﻛﺎﻟﻠﻭﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺋﻳﺳﻳﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻣﺑﻧﻲ‪ -‬ﻋﻥ ‪ %10‬ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻁﻠﻭﺑﺔ ‪-‬ﺍﻟﻧﻅﺭﻳﺔ‪ -‬ﻭﺇﺫﺍ‬
‫ﺃﺿﻔﻧﺎ ﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﻗﻳﻣﺔ ﺍﻝ ‪ %4‬ﺍﻟﻣﺳﻣﻭﺡ ﺑﻬﺎ ﻋﻧﺩ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺍﺋﺭ ﻧﺟﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﻳﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻧﻬﺎﺋﻳﺔ ﻟﻺﻧﺧﻔﺎﺽ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺟﻬﺩ ﺗﺻﻝ ﻝ ‪%14‬‬
‫‪REF. : IEC# 60038-1page#11‬‬

.‫ﻭﺍﻟﺟﺩﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺛﺎﻧﻲ ﻟﻪ ﺃﻫﻣﻳﺔ ﻋﻧﺩ ﻓﻬﻡ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻛﺗﺏ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﻛﺎﺑﻼﺕ‬

‫ ﻣﺎﺫﺍ ﺗﻌﻧﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﺭﻗﺎﻡ؟‬U0/U (Um) ‫ ﺃﻭ‬0.6/1 (1,2) KV ‫ ﻛﺎﺑﻝ ﻣﻛﺗﻭﺏ ﻋﻠﻳﻪ‬: ً‫ﻣﺛﻼ‬
U0: is the rated power frequency voltage between conductor and earth or metallic screen for which the cable is designed;
U is the rated power frequency voltage between conductors for which the cable is designed;
Um is the maximum value of the "highest system voltage'' for which the equipment may be used (see IEC 60038).
REF. : IEC# 60502-1page#11
.‫ ﺃﻱ ﺍﻟﺟﻬﺩ ﺑﻳﻥ ﺃﺣﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺻﻼﺕ ﻭﺍﻷﺭﺿﻲ‬- ‫ ﻫﻭ ﺟﻬﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺣﺩ‬U0
.‫ ﺃﻱ ﺍﻟﺟﻬﺩ ﺑﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺻﻼﺕ ﺑﻌﺿﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺑﻌﺽ‬- ‫ ﻫﻭ ﺟﻬﺩ ﺍﻟﺛﻼﺙ ﻓﺎﺯﺍﺕ‬U
‫( ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﻘﻳﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺟﺩﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺛﺎﻧﻲ ﻭﺗﻌﺑﺭ ﻋﻥ ﺃﻗﺻﻲ ﻗﻳﻣﺔ ﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﻟﻠﻛﺎﺑﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﻌﺩﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻷﺟﻬﺯﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻣﻝ ﻋﻠﻳﻬﺎ ﻭﻳﺳﺗﻔﺎﺩ ﻣﻧﻬﺎ ﻟﻣﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﺃﻗﺻﻲ‬Um)
."Over Voltage" ‫ﻗﻳﻣﺔ ﻣﻣﻛﻧﺔ ﻟﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺟﻬﺩ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺿﺭﺭ ﻟﻠﺗﺭﻛﻳﺑﺎﺕ ﺑﻣﺎ ﻓﻳﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻛﺎﺑﻼﺕ‬

‫ﻭ ُﺗﺻﻧﻊ‪ُ /‬ﺗﺻﻧﻑ ﺍﻟﻛﺎﺑﻼﺕ ﻁﺑﻘﺎ ً ﻟﻠﻛﻭﺩ ‪ IEC 60502‬ﻭﻟﻛﻝ ﺟﻬﺩ ﻣُﺣﺩﺩ ﻧﺟﺩ ﻛﻭﺩ‪/‬ﺟﺯء ﻣُﺣﺩﺩ ﻳﻛﻭﻥ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺟﻊ ‪ ,‬ﻭﻫﻣﺎ ﺟﺯﺋﺎﻥ ﺭﺋﻳﺳﻳﺎﻥ ﻳﺷﻣﻼﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻛﺎﺑﻼﺕ‪/‬ﺍﻟﺟﻬﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ُﺗﺳﺗﺣﺩﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺟﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﻘﺎﻭﻻﺕ ﻭﻫﻲ ﻛﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪Part 1: Cables for rated voltages of 1 kV ((Um = 1,2 kV) and 3 kV (Um = 3,6 kV) - 2009‬‬
‫‪Part 2: Cables for rated voltages from 6 kV (Um = 7,2 kV) up to 30 kV (Um = 36 kV) - 2014‬‬
‫‪Part 3: Reserved‬‬
‫‪Part 4: Test requirements on accessories for cables with rated voltages from 6 kV (Um = 7,2 kV) up to‬‬
‫‪30 kV (Um = 36 kV) - 2010‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻛﻭﺩ‪ part 4‬ﺧﺎﺹ ﺑﺎﻹﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻟﻣﻠﺣﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻛﺎﺑﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻣُﺻﻧﻌﺔ ﻁﺑﻘﺎ ً ﻝ ‪part 2‬‬
‫ﻭﻓﻳﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ﻣﺛﺎﻝ ﻟﻛﺎﺑﻝ ﺟﻬﺩ ﻣﻧﺧﻔﺽ ﻭﺃﺧﺭ ﻣﺗﻭﺳﻁ‪:‬‬
‫ﻣﻠﺣﻭﻅﺔ ﻣﻬﻣﺔ ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻛﺎﺑﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺣﺭﻳﻕ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺃﻛﻭﺍﺩ ﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﺔ ﺳﻳﺄﺗﻲ ﺷﺭﺣﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺻﻝ ﺍﻟﺳﺎﺩﺱ‬
‫ﻑﺍﺯﺍﺕ ‪: Number of phases/cores‬‬

‫ﺍﻝ ـ‬
‫‪ 2.2‬ﻉــﺩﺩ ـ‬
‫ُﺗﺻﻧﻊ ﺍﻟﻛﺎﺑﻼﺕ ﺇﻣﺎ ﺑﻘﻠﺏ‪/‬ﻣﻭﺻﻝ ﻭﺍﺣﺩ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻛﺛﺭ ‪ ,‬ﻭﺍﻟﻣُﺻﻣﻡ ﻳﻔﺎﺿﻝ ﺑﻳﻥ ﻫﺎﺫﻳﻥ ﺍﻹﺧﺗﻳﺎﺭﻳﻥ ﺑﻧﺎ ًء ﻋﻠﻲ ﻁﺑﻳﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﻛﻳﺏ ‪ ,‬ﻓﻣﺛﻼً ﺍﻟﻛﺎﺑﻼﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﻗﻁﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻛﺑﻳﺭﺓ ‪ -‬ﻛﺎﻟـ ‪ 630‬ﻣﻡ ﻣﺭﺑﻊ‪ -‬ﻳُﻔﺿﻝ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻗﻠﺏ ﻭﺍﺣﺩ ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﻟﺗﺳﻬﻳﻝ ﺍﻟﺳﺣﺏ ﻭﻛﺫﻟﻙ ﺗﺳﻬﻳﻝ ﺇﻧﺣﻧﺎء ﺍﻟﻛﺎﺑﻝ ﻋﻧﺩ ﺍﻟﺯﻭﺍﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺣﺎﺩﺓ ﻭﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻣﻳﺯﺍﺕ‬
‫ً‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻛﺎﺑﻼﺕ‬ ‫ﻻ ﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﺻﻭﻝ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻣﻊ ﻛﺎﺑﻝ ‪ 630‬ﻣﻡ ﻣﺗﻌﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻭﺏ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻣﺎ ﻳﺣﺩ ﻣﻥ ﺇﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻛﺎﺑﻼﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﺏ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺣﺩ ﺍﻟﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻳﺔ ﻟﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻣﺗﻌﺩﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻭﺏ‪.‬‬
‫‪ 2.3‬ﻣﺳﺎﺣﺔ ﻣﻘﻁﻊ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺻﻝ‪:‬‬

‫‪Conductor required cross sectional area (conductor size along with size of neutral phase):‬‬
‫ﻭﻋﻧﺩ ﺇﺧﺗﻳﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻛﺎﺑﻝ‪ ,‬ﻳﺟﺏ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻛﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺗﻳﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﻘﻧﻥ ﻟﻠﻛﺎﺑﻝ ﻣﻧﺎﺳﺏ ﻟﻧﻭﻉ ﻭﻁﺑﻳﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻁﺑﻳﻕ‪/‬ﺍﻟﺣﻣﻝ ﻭﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﺗﺷﻐﻳﻝ ﺍﻟﻧﻅﺎﻡ‪ ,‬ﻭﻣﺳﺎﺣﺔ ﻣﻘﻁﻊ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺻﻝ ﺗﻌﺗﻡ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻲ ﻧﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺻﻝ )ﻧﺣﺎﺱ‪-‬ﺃﻟﻭﻣﻧﻳﻭﻡ(‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﺳﺎﺣﺔ ﻣﻘﻁﻊ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺻﻝ ُﺗﻘﺎﺱ ﺑﺎﻟـ "ﻣﻠﻠﻲ ﻣﺗﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺑﻊ" ﻭﻟﻛﻥ ﻛﺎﻟﻌﺎﺩﺓ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺣﺩﺓ ُﺗﻔﺿﻝ ﺇﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍﻡ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﻳﺱ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﻬﺎ ﻛﺎﻟـ ‪AWG & CM‬‬
‫ﻭﻟﻠﺗﺣﻭﻳﻝ ﺑﻳﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻳﻡ ﻫﻧﺎﻙ ﺟﺩﺍﻭﻝ ﻣﻧﺗﺷﺭﺓ ﻭﻣُﺗﺎﺣﺔ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺍﻹﻧﺗﺭﻧﺕ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺛﺎﻝ‪:‬‬
‫‪ 2.4‬ﻣﻭﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻣﻳﻝ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟ ُﻣﺻﻣﻡ‪:‬‬

‫ﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺗﻡ ﺗﻐﻳﻳﺭ ﺃﻱ ﻣﻥ ﻣﻛﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻛﺎﺑﻝ ﻁﺑﻘﺎ ً ﻟﻁﻠﺏ ﺍﻟﻣُﺻﻣﻡ ﻭﺑﻣﺎ ﻻ ﻳﺗﻌﺎﺭﺽ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻛﻭﺩ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺗﻁﻠﺑﺕ ﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﺗﺷﻐﻳﻝ‪.‬‬
‫‪ 2.5‬ﻧﻭﻉ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺻﻝ‪:‬‬

‫ُﺗﺻﻧﻑ ﺍﻟﻛﺎﺑﻼﺕ ﺃﻳﺿﺎ ً ﻁﺑﻘﺎ ً ﻟﻧﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺻﻝ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﻣﺎ ﺑﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﻧﺣﺎﺱ ﻭﺍﻷﻟﻭﻣﻧﻳﻭﻡ ﻭ ُﺗﺻﻧﻊ ﻁﺑﻘﺎ ً ﻟﻠﻛﻭﺩ ‪) IEC-60228-2005‬ﺭﺍﺟﻊ ﺷﺭﺡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺻﻝ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺻﻝ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ‪(1.2.1‬‬
‫‪ 2.6‬ﻧﻭﻉ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺯﻝ‪Insulation Material (PVC/XLPE/LSF0H-XL/MICA) :‬‬

‫ُﺗﺻﻧﻑ ﺍﻟﻛﺎﺑﻼﺕ ﺃﻳﺿﺎ ً ﻁﺑﻘﺎ ً ﻟﻧﻭﻉ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺯﻝ )ﺭﺍﺟﻊ ﺷﺭﺡ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺯﻝ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺻﻝ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ‪(1.2.3‬‬
‫‪ 2.7‬ﺍﻟﺣﺷﻭ ﺩﺍﺧﻝ ﺍﻟﻛﺎﺑﻝ‪Bedding / Inner Sheathing (Inner Jacketing) :‬‬

‫ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻳﺭﺟﻊ ﻟﻛﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺗﺻﻧﻳﻊ ﻭﻣﺎ ﻳﺗﻁﻠﺑﻪ ﻛﻣﺎ ﺳﻳﺄﺗﻲ ﺷﺭﺣﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻛﻝ ﻧﻭﻉ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻛﺎﺑﻼﺕ‬
‫‪ 2.8‬ﻧﻭﻉ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺗﺳﻠﻳﺢ‪Armouring Type (SWA/STA or AWA) :‬‬

‫ﻭﻗﺩ ﻳﻛﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺗﺳﻠﻳﺢ ﻣﻥ ﺷﺭﻳﻁ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺻﻠﺏ )‪ (STA‬ﻭﻏﺎﻟﺑﺎ ً ﻳﻛﻭﻥ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻧﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻱ ﺳُﻣﻛﻪ ﺣﺳﺏ ﻣﺗﺗﻁﻠﺑﺎﺕ ﻛﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺗﺻﻧﻳﻊ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺃﻳﺿﺎ ً ﻳُﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ ﺃﺳﻼﻡ ﺍﻷﻟﻭﻣﻧﻳﻭﻡ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺻﻠﺏ ﻟﻠﺗﺳﻠﻳﺢ ﻟﻣﺎ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻣﻥ ﻣﺭﻭﻧﺔ ﺃﻋﻠﻲ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻭﻋﻧﺩ ﺗﺻﻣﻳﻡ ﺍﻟﻛﺎﺑﻝ ﻓﺎﻧﻪ ﻳﺟﺏ ﻣﺭﺍﻋﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻭﺍﻣﻝ ﺍﻻﺧﺭﻱ ﻭﻟﻳﺱ ﻓﻘﻁ ﺍﻟﺣﻣﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻳﻛﺎﻧﻳﻛﻳﺔ‪ ,‬ﻣﺛﻝ ﺍﻟﺗﺄﻛﻝ ‪ Corrosion‬ﻭﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻋﻧﺩ ﺍﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺗﺳﻠﻳﺢ‬
‫ﻙ ‪ Screen‬ﺣﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺻﻼﺕ ﻟﺿﺑﻁ ﺧﻁﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﻣﺟﺎﻝ ﻭﺗﻘﻠﻳﻝ ﺍﻟﺗﺳﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻗﺩ ﻳﺅﺩﻱ ﻻﻧﻬﻳﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺯﻝ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻭﺍﻟﺗﺳﻠﻳﺢ ﻟﻛﺎﺑﻼﺕ ﺍﻝ ‪ Single Core‬ﻳﺟﺏ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻣﻥ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ‪Non-Magnetic‬‬
‫ﻭﻟﻬﺫﺍ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻛﺎﺑﻼﺕ ﺍﻝ ‪ Single Core‬ﻳﻛﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺗﺳﻠﻳﺢ ﻓﻳﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻝ ‪ AWA‬ﻟﻣﺎ ﻟﻪ ﻣﻥ ﺗﻭﺻﻳﻠﻳﺔ ﺃﻓﺿﻝ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻝ ‪ SWA/STA‬ﻣﻣﺎ ﻳﺟﻌﻠﻪ ﻣﺳﺎﺭﺍﻗﺿﺏ‬
‫ﻟﺗﺳﺭﻳﺏ ﺍﻟﺗﻳﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺣﺙ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻛﺑﻝ ﻭﻋﺩﻡ ﺗﻛﻭﻥ ‪ Eddy Currents‬ﻗﺩ ﺗﻭﺩﻱ ﻟﺳﺧﻭﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﻛﺎﺑﻝ‪.‬‬
‫‪ 2.9‬ﺍﻟﻐﻼﻑ ﺍﻟﺧﺎﺭﺟﻲ )ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻌـﺯﻝ ﺍﻟﺧﺎﺭﺟﻲ(‪Cable jacketing material :‬‬

‫ُﺗﺻﻧﻑ ﺍﻟﻛﺎﺑﻼﺕ ﺃﻳﺿﺎ ً ﻁﺑﻘﺎ ً ﻟﻧﻭﻉ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺯﻝ ﻟﻠﻐﻼﻑ ﺍﻟﺧﺎﺭﺟﻲ )ﺭﺍﺟﻊ ﺷﺭﺡ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺯﻝ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺻﻝ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ‪(1.2.3‬‬
‫‪ 2.10‬ﻁﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻛﺎﺑﻝ‪:‬‬
‫ﻳﺟﺏ ﻣﺭﺍﻋﺎﺓ ﻁﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻛﺎﺑﻝ ﻋﻧﺩ ﺷﺭﺍء ﺍﻟﻛﺎﺑﻝ ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﺗﻔﺎﺩﻳﺎ ً ﻟﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﺑﻛﺭﺓ ﻣﻣﺎ ﻳُﺻﻌﺏ ﺍﻟﻧﻘﻝ‬
‫‪ 2.11‬ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﺭﻳﻕ‪:‬‬
‫ُﺗﺻﻧﻑ ﺍﻟﻛﺎﺑﻼﺕ ﺃﻳﺿﺎ ً ﻁﺑﻘﺎ ً ﻟﻁﺑﻳﻌﺗﻬﺎ ﻣﺎ ﺑﻳﻥ ﻛﺎﺑﻼﺕ ﻋﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺃﺧﺭﻱ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺣﺭﻳﻕ ﺃﻭ ﺫﺍﺗﻳﺔ ﺍﻹﻁﻔﺎء‪.‬‬

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:As Per IEC 60502-1 ‫ ﺗــﺻــﻣــﻳــﻡ ﻛﺎﺑــﻼﺕ ﺍﻟــﺟــﻬــﺩ ﺍﻟــﻣــﻧــﺧــﻔــﺽ‬:‫ﺍﻟـﻔـــﺻـــﻝ ﺍﻟــﺛـﺎﻟــﺙ‬
.1-3 KV ‫ ﻭﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻳﺗﻛﻠﻡ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺟﻬﻭﺩ ﻣﻥ‬IEC60502-1 ‫ﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﺗﺻﻧﻳﻑ ﺍﻟﻛﺎﺑﻼﺕ ﺑﻧﺎ ًء ﻋﻠﻲ ﺧﻭﺍﺹ ﺑﻧﺎء ﺍﻟﻛﺎﺑﻝ ﻛﻣﺎ ﻫﻭ ﻣﺫﻛﻭﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻛﻭﺩ‬
IEC 60502-1: Cables for rated voltages of 1 kV ((Um = 1,2 kV) and 3 kV (Um = 3,6 kV) - 2009
:‫ﻭﺑﻧﺎ ًء ﻋﻠﻳﻪ ﻳﺗﻡ ﺕﺻﻧﻳﻑ ﻛﺎﺑﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺟﻬﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺧﻔﺽ ﻁﺑﻘﺎ ً ﻝﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‬
Rated Voltage - ‫ ﺍﻟﺟﻬﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﻘﻧﻥ‬3.1

Insulating Compounds - ‫ ﻧﻭﻉ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺯﻝ‬3.2
Sheathing Compounds - ‫ ﻧﻭﻉ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺗﺳﻠﻳﺢ‬3.3
Conductors - ‫ ﻧﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺻﻝ‬3.4
Rated Voltage - ‫ ﺍﻟــﺟــﻬــﺩ ﺍﻟــﻣــﻘــﻧــﻥ‬-3.1
.‫ﺍﻟﺣﻣﻝ ﻭﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﺗﺷﻐﻳﻝ ﺍﻟﻧﻅﺎﻡ‬/‫ ﻳﺟﺏ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻛﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺗﻳﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﻘﻧﻥ ﻟﻠﻛﺎﺑﻝ ﻣﻧﺎﺳﺏ ﻟﻧﻭﻉ ﻭﻁﺑﻳﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻁﺑﻳﻕ‬,‫ﻋﻧﺩ ﺇﺧﺗﻳﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻛﺎﺑﻝ‬
:-Earth Fault-‫ﺍﻟﺷﺑﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻲ ﺛﻼﺙ ﺃﻗﺳﺎﻡ ﻁﺑﻘﺎ ُ ﻟﺯﻣﻥ ﻓﺻﻝ ﺍﻟﻧﻅﺎﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺗﻼﻣﺱ ﺃﺣﺩ ﺃﻁﺭﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺯ ﻟﻸﺭﺿﻲ‬/‫ﻭﻟﺫﺍ ﺗﻡ ﺗﻘﺳﻳﻡ ﺍﻷﻧﻅﻣﺔ‬
.‫ ﻭﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺩﻗﻳﻘﺔ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻛﺎﺑﻝ ﻳﻌﻣﻝ ﻓﻲ ﻅﻝ ﻭﺟﻭﺩ ﺗﻳﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺧﻁﺎء‬,‫ ﻧﻅﺎﻡ ﻳﺗﻡ ﻓﻳﻪ ﺍﻟﻔﺻﻝ ﻓﻲ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺩﻗﻳﻘﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺩﺓ‬-‫ﺃ‬
.‫ ﻭﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺩﻗﻳﻘﺔ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻛﺎﺑﻝ ﻳﻌﻣﻝ ﻓﻲ ﻅﻝ ﻭﺟﻭﺩ ﺗﻳﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺧﻁﺎء‬,‫ ﻧﻅﺎﻡ ﻳﺗﻡ ﻓﻳﻪ ﺍﻟﻔﺻﻝ ﻓﻲ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺳﺎﻋﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺩﺓ‬-‫ﺏ‬
.‫ ﺃﻱ ﻧﻅﺎﻡ ﻟﻳﺱ ﻣﺷﻣﻭﻻً ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻧﻅﺎﻣﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﺳﺎﺑﻘﻳﻥ‬-‫ﺝ‬
as per [IEC60502-1]
• The rated voltage of the cable for a given application should be suitable for the operating
conditions in the system in which the cable is used. To facilitate the selection of the cable,
systems are divided into three categories as follows:
a) Category A
This category comprises those systems in which any phase conductor that comes in contact with
earth or an earth conductor is disconnected from the system within 1 min.
b) Category B
This category comprises those systems which, under fault conditions, are operated for a short
time with one phase earthed. This period, according to IEC 60183, should not exceed 1 h. For cables specified
in this standard, a longer period, not exceeding 8 h on any occasion, can be tolerated. The total duration of
earth faults in any year should not exceed 125 h.
c) Category C
This category comprises all systems which do not fall into categories A and B.
0,6/1 (1,2) kV and 1,8/3 (3,6) kV :‫ﻳﺗﻡ ﺗﺻﻧﻳﻊ ﻛﺎﺑﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺟﻬﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺧﻔﺽ ﻁﺑﻘﺎ ﻟﻠﻘﻳﻡ ﺍﻟﺗﺎﻟﻳﺔ‬
The rated voltages U0/U (Um) of the cables considered in this standard are 0,6/1 (1,2) kV and 1,8/3
(3,6) kV. [IEC60502-1]
‫"ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻛﺎﺗﻠﻮﺝ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻳﺪﻱ ﺗﻮﺿﺢ ﺇﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﻪ‬

"‫ﺑﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺬﻛﻮﺭﺓ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﻮﺩ‬

‫‪ -3.2‬ﻧــﻭﻉ ﻣــﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟــﻌــﺯﻝ ‪Insulating compounds -‬‬

‫ﺃﻧﻭﺍﻉ ﻣﺭﻛﺏ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺯﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﻐﻁﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﻛﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﺫﻛﻭﺭ ﺗﻧﻘﺳﻡ ﺇﻟﻲ ﻗﺳﻣﻳﻥ ﻛﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺟﺩﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ‪ ,‬ﻭﻫﻣﺎ ﺍﻟـ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺃ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻠـﺩﺍﺋـﻥ ﺍﻟﺣـﺭﺍﺭﻳـﺔ‪:‬‬

‫‪Thermoplastic‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﻥ ﺧﺻﺎﺋﺻﻬﺎ ﺃﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﺗﺄﺛﺭﺗﺄﺛﺭﺍ ﺷﺩﻳﺩﺍً ﺑﺎﻟﺣﺭﺍﺭﺓ‪ ,‬ﻓﺗﻠﻳﻥ ﻭﺗﺗﻣﺩﺩ ﻣﻊ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺣﺭﺍﺭﺗﻬﺎ ﻭﺗﻧﻛﻣﺵ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺑﺭﻭﺩﺓ ‪ ,‬ﻭﻳﻌﺩ ﺍﻝ "ﺑﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻲ ‪ " PVC‬ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺭﺋﻳﺳﻳﺔ ﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﻧﻭﻉ ﻭﺑﺳﺑﺏ ﺗﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﺧﺻﺎﺋﺹ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻳﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ ﻓﻘﻁ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺟﻬﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺧﻔﺽ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻥ ﻋﻳﻭﺑﻪ ﺍﻧﻪ ﻗﺩ ﻳﻧﺻﻬﺭ ﻣﻊ ﺗﻳﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺻﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺑﺣﺳﺏ ﺍﻟﺟﺩﻭﻝ ﺭﻗﻡ ‪ 3‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺃﻗﺻﻲ ﻗﻳﻣﺔ ﻟﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺻﻝ ﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺗﺣﻣﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﻝ "ﺑﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻲ" ﻫﻲ ‪ 70‬ﻣﺋﻭﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭ ‪160‬‬
‫ﻣﺋﻭﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺻﺭﻟﻠﻛﺎﺑﻼﺕ ﺍﻷﻗﻝ ﻛﻡ ‪ 300‬ﻣﻡ ﻣﺭﺑﻊ ﺑﻳﻧﻣﺎ ‪ 140‬ﻣﺋﻭﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻛﺎﺑﻼﺕ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻲ ﻣﻥ ‪ 300‬ﻣﻡ ﻣﺭﺑﻊ‪.‬‬
‫ﺏ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺟـﻭﺍﻣـﺩ ﺍﻟﺣـﺭﺍﺭﻳـﺔ‪:‬‬

‫‪Thermosetting‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﻥ ﺧﺻﺎﺋﺻﻬﺎ ﺃﻧﻬﺎ ﻻ ﺗﻠﻳﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﺣﺭﺍﺭﺓ‪ ,‬ﻭﻳﻭﺟﺩ ﻧﻭﻋﺎﻥ ﻣﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺩ ﻭﻫﻣﺎ "ﺍﻟﻣﻁﺎﻁ" ﻭ ﺍﻝ "ﺑﻭﻟﻲ ﺍﺛﻳﻠﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺷﺎﺑﻙ ‪." XLPE‬‬

‫ﻟﻣﺎﺫﺍ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻳﻡ؟ ﺣﺗﻲ ﻻ ﺗﺗﺄﺛﺭ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺯﻝ ﻭﺗﺗﻐﻳﺭ ﺧﺻﺎﺋﺻﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻛﻳﻣﻳﺎﺋﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺟﺩﻭﻝ ﻳﺟﺏ ﺭﺑﻁﻪ ﺑﻘﻳﻡ ﺗﻳﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﺻﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﺫﻛﻭﺭﺓ ﺑﺎﻟﻛﻭﺩ ‪ IEC60724‬ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﻟﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﺗﺣﻣﻝ ﺍﻟﻛﺎﺑﻝ ﻭﺍﺳﺗﻧﺗﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﺷﻛﻝ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﻲ ﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺗﺣﻣﻝ ﺍﻟﻛﺎﺑﻝ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻛﻝ ﺍﻟﺷﺭﻛﺎﺕ ﺗﺭﻓﻕ ﺟﺩﻭﻝ ﻳﺑﻳﻥ ﺗﺣﻣﻝ ﻣﻧﺗﺟﺎﺗﻬﺎ ﻛﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﺛﺎﻝ ﺑﺎﻟﺟﺩﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ ﻟﺷﺭﻛﺔ ﺑﺣﺭﺓ ﻟﻠﻛﺎﺑﻼﺕ‪:‬‬

The short circuit capacity of a current carrying component of a cable is determined by

the following factors:
1. The temperature prior to the short circuit, generally taken to be that

corresponding with the maximum conductor operating temperature under normal
conditions.
2. The energy produced by the short circuit, a function of both the magnitude and
the duration of the current.
3. The limiting final temperature, generally determined by all materials in contact
with the conducting component. check 29.4.2017
‫ﻣﺎ ﻫﻭ ﺳﻣﻙ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺯﻝ؟‬
.‫ ﻭﻛﺫﻟﻙ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻣﺳﺎﺣﺔ ﻣﻘﻁﻊ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺻﻝ‬-‫ﺍﻟﻣﺫﻛﻭﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺟﺩﻭﻝ ﺃﻋﻼﻩ‬- ‫ﺳﻣﻙ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺯﻝ ﻳﻌﺗﻣﺩ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻧﻭﻉ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺯﻝ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺟﺩﺍﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﺎﻟﻳﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻣﺭﺟﻊ ﺍﻟﺗﺻﻧﻳﻊ‬


‫ﻣﺛﺎﻝ ﻣﻥ ﺷﺭﻛﺔ ﺑﺣﺭﺓ ﻟﻛﺎﺑﻝ ‪ 4*3‬ﻛﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺷﻛﻝ ﺍﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ‪:‬‬

‫ٌﺻﻧِﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺷﻛﻝ‬
‫ﻭﺑﺎﻟﻧﻅﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺟﺩﻭﻝ ﺭﻗﻡ ‪ 6‬ﺃﻋﻼﻩ ﻧﺟﺩ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻡ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻛﻭﻥ ﺳﻣﻙ ﺍﻟﻌﺯﻝ ‪ 0.7‬ﻣﻡ ﻭﻫﻭ ﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺗﺯﻡ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻟﻣ َ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ‬

Sheathing/jacketing Compounds - ‫ ﻧــﻭﻉ ﻣــﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟـﻌـﺯﻝ ﺍﻟـﺧـﺎﺭﺟـﻲ‬-3.3

.‫ﻭﻳﺳﺗﻔﺎﺩ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺟﺩﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﻘﻁ ﻣﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﺃﻗﺻﻲ ﻗﻳﻣﺔ ﻝﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺻﻝ ﻁﺑﻘﺎ ً ﻟﻧﻭﻉ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻐﻼﻑ ﺍﻟﺧﺎﺭﺟﻲ‬
Refer to BS 7655
Jacket or Outer Coverings Over the insulation shielding system, the cable contains components that
provide environmental protection for the cable.
Jackets are used over the cable to impart abrasion resistance and to protect the cable from local
environment. Ideally, a jacket will aid in keeping water and foreign ions out of the insulation. Jacketing
materials have varying properties that is controlled by their molecular structure and compound
ingredients.

Conductors as per IEC 60228 - ‫ ﻧــﻭﻉ ﺍﻟــﻣــﻭﺻــﻝ‬- 3.4
.‫ﻁﺑﻘﺎ ً ﻟﻁﺑﻳﻌﺔ ﺗﻛﻭﻳﻥ ﻣﻭﺻﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻛﺎﺑﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﻫﻲ ﺃﺻﻼً ﺇﻣﺎ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻧﺣﺎﺱ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﻟﻭﻣﻧﻳﻭﻡ‬
IEC 60228.


:‫ﻭﺗﻧﻘﺳﻡ ﺃﺷﻛﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺻﻼﺕ ﺇﻟﻲ‬

:‫ﻣﺛﺎﻝ ﻣﻥ ﺷﺭﻛﺔ ﺑﺣﺭﺓ‬
:Lapp Cables ‫ﻣﺛﺎﻝ ﻣﻥ ﺷﺭﻛﺔ‬

‫‪ - 3.5‬ﺍﻟﺣﺷﻭ ﻭﺍﻟﺑﻁﺎﻧﺔ ‪Assembly and Filling -‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺭﺟﻭﻉ ﻟﻠﻧﻘﻁﺔ ‪ 1.2.6‬ﻭﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺣﺩﺛﻧﺎ ﻓﻳﻬﺎ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺣﺷﻭ ﻭﺍﻟﺑﻁﺎﻧﺔ ﻓﺈﻧﻧﺎ ﻫﻧﺎ ﺳﻧﺗﺣﺩﺙ ﻋﻥ ﺗﺻﻧﻳﻊ ﺗﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻛﺎﺑﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺟﻬﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺧﻔﺽ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﺭﺟﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺭﺋﻳﺳﻲ ﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﻛﻭﺩ ‪.IEC60502-1‬‬
‫ﻭﺗﻁﺑﻳﻕ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺟﺯء ﻳﺗﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻛﺎﺑﻼﺕ ﻣﺗﻌﺩﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺯﺍﺕ ‪ .multi-cores‬ﻭﺍﻟﻛﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ ﺳﻧﺭﻛﺯ ﻓﻳﻪ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﺑﻁﺎﻧﺔ ﻻﻧﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﻫﻡ‪ ,‬ﻣﻥ ﺣﻳﺙ ﺳﻣﻛﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻭﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﺻﻧﻳﻌﻬﺎ‪ ,‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺇﻣﺎ ﺗﺭﻛﺏ ﺑﺎﻟﺑﺛﻕ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺻﻧﻌﺔ ﻛﻣﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺟﺩﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ‪.‬‬

Screening -‫ ﺳﺗﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺻﻝ ﻭ ﺳﺗﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺯﻟﺔ‬-3.6

Metallic & Non-Metallic Screen (Semi-Conducting material):
1- Conductor Screen
2- Insulation Screen
3- Core screen (metallic)
‫ ﺑﻳﻧﻣﺎ ﺳﺗﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻝ‬, ‫ ﻓﺳﺗﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺻﻝ ﻭﺳﺗﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺯﻟﺔ ﺗﻛﻭﻧﺎﻥ ﻏﻳﺭ ﻣﻌﺩﻧﻳﺗﺎﻥ‬, (‫ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺟﺯء ﻳﺗﺣﺩﺙ ﻋﻥ ﻧﻭﻋﻳﻥ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺩ )ﻣﻌﺩﻧﻳﺔ ﻭﻏﻳﺭ ﻣﻌﺩﻧﻳﺔ‬
:‫ ﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻣﻌﺩﻧﻳﺔ ﻛﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺻﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺗﺎﻟﻳﺔ‬Core ‫ﺍﻝ‬

Metallic Layers/Shield - ‫ ﺍﻟﻁﺑﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺩﻧﻳﺔ‬- 3.7

Metallic Screen (Metallic Part) or Tap shield
Sheath is properly the term that applies to a metallic component over the insulation of a cable
Various metals may be used as the sheath of a cable such as lead, copper, aluminum, bronze, steel,
etc. A sheath provides a barrier to moisture vapor or water ingress into the cable insulation. It is
necessary to use such a sheath over paper insulation, but it also has a value over extruded materials
because of water ingress.
The thickness is dependent on the forces that can be anticipated during the installation and operation
of the cable. Designs range from a standard tube to ones that are longitudinally corrugated. The
bending radius of the finished cable is dependent on such configurations.
:‫ﻭﻫﻲ ﻗﺩ ﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﺃﺣﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﺎﻟﻳﺔ‬
1) Metallic Screen
2) Concentric Conductor
3) Lead Sheath
4) Metallic Armour
:‫ ﺣﻳﺙ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺍﻷﻛﺛﺭ ﺇﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍﻣﺎ ﻭﻳﻧﻘﺳﻡ ﺍﻟﻲ‬metallic armour ‫ﻭﻳﻬﻣﻧﺎ ﺣﺎﻟﻳﺎ ﺍﻝ‬
a) Flat wire Armour;
b) Round wire Armour;
c) Double tape Armour.
:‫ ﻫﻲ‬wire ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺻﻧﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﺳﻠﻳﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻝ‬
Galvanized Steel
Copper or Tinned Copper
Aluminium or Aluminium Alloy
:‫ ﻫﻲ‬Tape ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺻﻧﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﺳﻠﻳﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻝ‬
Steel
Galvanized Steel
‫ ﻭﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻋﻧﺩ ﺍﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺗﺳﻠﻳﺢ‬Corrosion ‫ ﻣﺛﻝ ﺍﻟﺗﺄﻛﻝ‬,‫ ﻭﻋﻧﺩ ﺗﺻﻣﻳﻡ ﺍﻟﻛﺎﺑﻝ ﻓﺎﻧﻪ ﻳﺟﺏ ﻣﺭﺍﻋﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻭﺍﻣﻝ ﺍﻻﺧﺭﻱ ﻭﻟﻳﺱ ﻓﻘﻁ ﺍﻟﺣﻣﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻳﻛﺎﻧﻳﻛﻳﺔ‬-
.‫ ﺣﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺻﻼﺕ ﻟﺿﺑﻁ ﺧﻁﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﻣﺟﺎﻝ ﻭﺗﻘﻠﻳﻝ ﺍﻟﺗﺳﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻗﺩ ﻳﺅﺩﻱ ﻻﻧﻬﻳﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺯﻝ‬Screen ‫ﻙ‬
Non-Magnetic ‫ ﻳﺟﺏ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻣﻥ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ‬Single Core ‫ ﻭﺍﻟﺗﺳﻠﻳﺢ ﻟﻛﺎﺑﻼﺕ ﺍﻝ‬-
‫ ﻣﻣﺎ ﻳﺟﻌﻠﻪ‬SWA/STA ‫ ﻟﻣﺎ ﻟﻪ ﻣﻥ ﺗﻭﺻﻳﻠﻳﺔ ﺃﻓﺿﻝ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻝ‬AWA ‫ ﻳﻛﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺗﺳﻠﻳﺢ ﻓﻳﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻝ‬SINGLE CORE ‫ﻭﻟﻬﺫﺍ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻛﺎﺑﻼﺕ ﺍﻝ‬
.‫ ﻗﺩ ﺗﻭﺩﻱ ﻟﺳﺧﻭﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﻛﺎﺑﻝ‬EDDY CURRENTS ‫ﻣﺳﺎﺭﺍﻗﺿﺏ ﻟﺗﺳﺭﻳﺏ ﺍﻟﺗﻳﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺣﺙ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻛﺑﻝ ﻭﻋﺩﻡ ﺗﻛﻭﻥ‬
:‫ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺗﺳﻠﻳﺢ ﻫﻲ‬wire/Tape ‫ﺃﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻝ‬

round wires:
0,8 - 1,25 - 1,6 - 2,0 - 2,5 - 3,15 mm diameter;
flat wires:
0,8 mm thickness;
tapes of steel:
0,2 - 0,5 - 0,8 mm thickness;
tapes of aluminium or aluminium alloy:
0,5 - 0,8 mm thickness.
:‫ ﻭﺳﻣﻙ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺗﺳﻠﻳﺢ ﻛﻣﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺟﺩﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ‬- ‫ ﻳﻘﺎﺱ ﻣﻥ ﺗﺣﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﺳﻠﻳﺢ ﻣﺑﺎﺷﺭﺓ‬- ‫ﻭﻫﻧﺎﻙ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﻳﻥ ﻗﻁﺭ ﺍﻟﻛﺎﺑﻝ‬

‫‪ -3.7‬ﺍﻟﻐﻼﻑ ﺍﻟﺧﺎﺭﺟﻲ )ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻌـﺯﻝ ﺍﻟـﺧﺎﺭﺟﻲ( ‪The Outer Sheath/ Over Sheath -‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺑﺎﻟﺭﺟﻭﻉ ﻟﻠﻧﻘﻁﺔ ‪ 3.3 & 1.2.9‬ﻭﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺣﺩﺛﻧﺎ ﻓﻳﻬﺎ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺯﻝ ﺍﻟﺧﺎﺭﺟﻲ‪ ,‬ﻓﺈﻧﻧﺎ ﻫﻧﺎ ﺳﻧﺗﺣﺩﺙ ﻋﻥ ﺗﺻﻧﻳﻊ ﺗﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻛﺎﺑﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺟﻬﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺧﻔﺽ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺻﻧﻌﻬﺎ ﻭﺳﻣﻙ ﺗﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ,‬ﻭﺍﻟﻣﺭﺟﻊ ﺍﻟﺭﺋﻳﺳﻲ ﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﻛﻭﺩ ‪.IEC60502-1‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻧﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺳﻳﻛﻭﻥ ﻛﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝ‪ 3.3‬ﻭﺍﻟﺟﺩﻭﻝ ﺭﻗﻡ ‪. 4‬‬
‫ﺳﻣﻙ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺯﻝ ﺍﻟﺧﺎﺭﺟﻲ‪:‬‬

‫‪Ts = 0,035 D + 1,0‬‬
‫ﺣﻳﺙ ‪ D‬ﻫﻭ ﺳﻣﻙ ﺍﻟﻛﺎﺑﻝ ﺗﺣﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺯﻝ ﻣﺑﺎﺷﺭﺓ‪.‬‬

‫‪ - 3.8‬ﻅﺎﻫﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺗﺷﺟﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻛﺎﺑﻼﺕ ‪Treeing -‬‬

‫ﻳﻌﺑﺭ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻣﺻﻁﻠﺢ ﻋﻥ ﺗﺩﻫﻭﺭ ﺍﻭ ﺗﻠﻑ‪/‬ﺷﺭﻭﺥ ﻓﻲ ﺟﺳﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺯﻟﺔ ﻟﻠﻛﺎﺑﻝ ‪ ,‬ﻭﻳﻅﻬﺭ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺗﻠﻑ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻫﻳﺋﺔ ﺛﻘﻭﺏ ﺗﺷﺑﺔ ﺍﻷﺷﺟﺎﺭ ﻛﻣﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺷﻛﻝ ﻭﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﺑﺎﺗﺟﺎﺓ‬
‫ﻣﺣﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻛﺎﺑﻝ " ﻛﻣﺎ ﻟﻭ ﺃﻧﻙ ﺯﺭﻋﺕ ﻣﺳﻣﺎﺭﺍً ﺑﺎﻟﻛﺎﺑﻝ"‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﻭ ﻣﻥ ﺃﺧﻁﺭ ﻣﺷﺎﻛﻝ ﺍﻟﻛﺎﺑﻼﺕ ﺣﻳﺙ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﻭﺩﻱ ﻻﻧﻬﻳﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺯﻝ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﻧﻘﻁﺔ ﻣﻣﺎ ﻳﺳﺑﺏ ﺗﺳﺭﺏ ﻟﻠﺗﻳﺎﺭ ﻭﺣﺩﻭﺙ ﻗﺻﺭ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺗﻧﻘﺳﻡ ﺗﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﻅﺎﻫﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻲ ﻗﺳﻣﻳﻥ ﻛﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‪:‬‬
‫** ﺃﺷﺟﺎﺭ ﻧﺎﺗﺟﺔ ﻹﺳﺑﺎﺏ ﻛﻬﺭﺑﻳﺔ‪:‬‬

‫ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻟﺏ ﺗﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻧﺗﻳﺣﺔ ﻟﻝ " ‪ "impulses/surges/DC stress/partial discharge‬ﻭﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺗﺳﺑﺏ ﺗﺣﻠﻝ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺯﻝ ﻋﻧﺩ ﻧﻘﻁﺔ ﻣﻌﻳﻧﺔ‬
‫"‪ "decompose of the organic material in the insulation‬ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻧﻭﻉ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺗﺷﺟﺭ ﺧﻁﻳﺭ ﺟﺩﺍً ﻷﻧﻪ ﻳﻧﻣﻭ ﺳﺭﻳﻌﺎ ً ﺟﺩﺍً‪.‬‬
‫** ﺃﺷﺟﺎﺭ ﻧﺎﺗﺟﺔ ﻹﺳﺑﺎﺏ ﻛﻳﻣﻳﺎﺋﻳﺔ‪/‬ﻣﺎﺋﻳﺔ‪:‬‬

‫ﺗﺄﺧﺫ ﻣﺩﺓ ﻁﻭﻳﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻓﺩ ﺗﺻﻝ ﻟﺳﻧﻳﻥ ‪ ,‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻟﺏ ﺗﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻧﺗﻳﺣﺔ ﻟﻸﺳﺑﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺗﺎﻟﻳﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪Water treeing is influenced by the following:‬‬

‫‪1. Moisture‬‬
‫‪2. Voids‬‬
‫‪3. Contaminants‬‬
‫‪4. Ionic impurities‬‬
‫‪5. Temperature‬‬
‫‪6. Temperature gradient‬‬
‫‪7. Aging time‬‬
‫‪8. Voltage stress‬‬
‫‪9. PH‬‬
‫ﺗﺳﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﺭﻁﻭﺑﺔ ﻟﺩﺍﺧﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺯﻝ ﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺅﺩﻯ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻧﺷﻭء ﻅﺎﻫﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺗﺷﺟﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﺋﻰ "‪ "Water Treeing‬ﻻﺳﻳﻣﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺳﻁﺢ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺻﻝ ﻟﻳﺱ‬
‫ﺃﻣﻠﺱ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﺟﺎﻝ ﻟﻳﺱ ﻣﻧﺗﻅﻡ ﻓﻌﻧﺩﻫﺎ ﺗﺗﺳﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﺭﻁﻭﺑﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺩﺍﺧﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺯﻟﺔ ﺑﺳﺑﺏ ﻋﺩﻡ ﺍﻧﺗﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﺟﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻛﻬﺭﺑﻲ ﺑﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺻﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺯﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻁﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻛﺎﺑﻝ ﺑﺳﺑﺏ ﻭﺟﻭﺩ ﻧﺗﻭءﺍﺕ ﻛﺄﺣﺩ ﺻﻭﺭ ﻋﻳﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﺗﺻﻧﻳﻊ ‪ ،‬ﻳﻧﺗﺞ ﻋﻥ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﺟﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻛﻬﺭﺑﻲ ﻋﻧﺩ ﻧﻘﻁ ﺍﻟﻧﺗﻭءﺍﺕ ﻭﻗﻠﺗﻪ ﻋﻧﺩ ﺍﻟﺟﺯء ﺍﻷﻣﻠﺱ‬
‫ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻛﺎﺑﻝ ‪.‬ﻭ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻻﺧﺗﻼﻑ ﻳﺗﺳﺑﺏ ﻓﻰ ﻭﺟﻭﺩ ﺷﻘﻭﻕ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺯﻝ ﺗﺗﻔﺭﻉ ﻓﻰ ﺟﻣﻳﻊ ﺍﻻﺗﺟﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﻣﺛﻝ ﺍﻟﺷﺟﺭ ﻭﻳﻌﺗﺑﺭ ﺗﺳﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﺭﻁﻭﺑﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺩﺍﺧﻝ ﺍﻟﻛﺎﺑﻼﺕ‬
‫ﺇﺣﺩ ﺃﻫﻡ ﺃﺳﺑﺎﺏ ﺍﻧﻬﻳﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺯﻝ‪.‬‬

Treeing in extruded dielectric cable-insulation is the term that has been given to a type of electrical
deterioration that has the general appearance of a tree-like path through the wall of insulation. This
formation is radial to the cable axis and hence is in line with the electrical field.
Trees that form in insulations such as polyethylene, crosslinked polyethylene, and ethylene propylene
rubber cables are considered as two distinct types:
** Electrical Trees
** Water trees (also known as electro-chemical trees)
They are differentiated by these and other parameters:
** Electrical Trees:
- Hollow tubes
- Water not required
- Rapid growth (hours, weeks)
** Water Trees:
- Discreet voids separated by insulation
- Moisture is required
- Slow growth (months, years)
- Discreet voids separated by insulation
- Must be stained to see them. This may be from chemicals in or around the cable or be
stained as cable is examined.

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:As Per IEC 60502-2 ‫ﻭﺱﻁـ‬

‫ ﺗــﺻــﻣــﻳــﻡ ﻛﺎﺑــﻼﺕ ﺍﻟــﺟــﻬــﺩ ﺍﻟــﻣــ ـﺕـ ـ‬:‫ﺍﻟـﻔـــﺻـــﻝ ﺍﻟــﺭﺍﺑــﻊ‬
‫ ﻭﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻳﺗﻛﻠﻡ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺟﻬﻭﺩ ﻣﻥ‬IEC60502-2 ‫ﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﺗﺻﻧﻳﻑ ﻛﺎﺑﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺟﻬﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻭﺳﻁ ﺑﻧﺎ ًء ﻋﻠﻲ ﺧﻭﺍﺹ ﺑﻧﺎء ﺍﻟﻛﺎﺑﻝ ﻛﻣﺎ ﻫﻭ ﻣﺫﻛﻭﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻛﻭﺩ‬
.6-30 KV
Part 2: Cables for rated voltages from 6 kV (Um = 7,2 kV) up to 30 kV (Um = 36 kV) - 2014
:‫ﻭﺑﻧﺎ ًء ﻋﻠﻳﻪ ﻳﺗﻡ ﺕﺻﻧﻳﻑ ﻛﺎﺑﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺟﻬﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻭﺳﻁ ﻁﺑﻘﺎ ً ﻝﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‬
Rated Voltage - ‫ ﺍﻟﺟﻬﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﻘﻧﻥ‬3.1

Insulating Compounds - ‫ ﻧﻭﻉ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺯﻝ‬3.2
Sheathing Compounds - ‫ ﻧﻭﻉ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺗﺳﻠﻳﺢ‬3.3
Conductors - ‫ ﻧﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺻﻝ‬3.4
Rated Voltage - ‫ ﺍﻟــﺟــﻬــﺩ ﺍﻟــﻣــﻘــﻧــﻥ‬-4.1
.‫ﺍﻟﺣﻣﻝ ﻭﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﺗﺷﻐﻳﻝ ﺍﻟﻧﻅﺎﻡ‬/‫ ﻳﺟﺏ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻛﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺗﻳﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﻘﻧﻥ ﻟﻠﻛﺎﺑﻝ ﻣﻧﺎﺳﺏ ﻟﻧﻭﻉ ﻭﻁﺑﻳﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻁﺑﻳﻕ‬,‫ﻋﻧﺩ ﺇﺧﺗﻳﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻛﺎﺑﻝ‬
:-Earth Fault-‫ﺍﻟﺷﺑﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻲ ﺛﻼﺙ ﺃﻗﺳﺎﻡ ﻁﺑﻘﺎ ُ ﻟﺯﻣﻥ ﻓﺻﻝ ﺍﻟﻧﻅﺎﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺗﻼﻣﺱ ﺃﺣﺩ ﺃﻁﺭﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺯ ﻟﻸﺭﺿﻲ‬/‫ﻭﻟﺫﺍ ﺗﻡ ﺗﻘﺳﻳﻡ ﺍﻷﻧﻅﻣﺔ‬
.‫ ﻭﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺩﻗﻳﻘﺔ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻛﺎﺑﻝ ﻳﻌﻣﻝ ﻓﻲ ﻅﻝ ﻭﺟﻭﺩ ﺗﻳﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺧﻁﺎء‬,‫ ﻧﻅﺎﻡ ﻳﺗﻡ ﻓﻳﻪ ﺍﻟﻔﺻﻝ ﻓﻲ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺩﻗﻳﻘﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺩﺓ‬-‫ﺃ‬
.‫ ﻭﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺩﻗﻳﻘﺔ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻛﺎﺑﻝ ﻳﻌﻣﻝ ﻓﻲ ﻅﻝ ﻭﺟﻭﺩ ﺗﻳﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺧﻁﺎء‬,‫ ﻧﻅﺎﻡ ﻳﺗﻡ ﻓﻳﻪ ﺍﻟﻔﺻﻝ ﻓﻲ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺳﺎﻋﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺩﺓ‬-‫ﺏ‬
.‫ ﺃﻱ ﻧﻅﺎﻡ ﻟﻳﺱ ﻣﺷﻣﻭﻻً ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻧﻅﺎﻣﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﺳﺎﺑﻘﻳﻥ‬-‫ﺝ‬
as per [IEC60502-1 or 2]
• The rated voltage of the cable for a given application should be suitable for the operating
conditions in the system in which the cable is used. To facilitate the selection of the cable,
systems are divided into three categories as follows:
a) Category A
This category comprises those systems in which any phase conductor that comes in contact with
earth or an earth conductor is disconnected from the system within 1 min.
b) Category B
This category comprises those systems which, under fault conditions, are operated for a short
time with one phase earthed. This period, according to IEC 60183, should not exceed 1 h. For cables specified
in this standard, a longer period, not exceeding 8 h on any occasion, can be tolerated. The total duration of
earth faults in any year should not exceed 125 h.
c) Category C
This category comprises all systems which do not fall into categories A and B.
3,6/6 (7,2) kV, 6/10 (12) kV, 8,7/15 (17,5) kV, 12/20 (24) kV :‫ﻳﺗﻡ ﺗﺻﻧﻳﻊ ﻛﺎﺑﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺟﻬﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻭﺳﻁ ﻁﺑﻘﺎ ﻟﻠﻘﻳﻡ ﺍﻟﺗﺎﻟﻳﺔ‬
and 18/30 (36) kV
The rated voltages U0/U (Um) of the cables considered in this standard are 3,6/6 (7,2) kV, 6/10 (12) ,
8,7/15 (17,5) kV, 12/20 (24) kV and 18/30 (36) kV [IEC60502-2]

‫ﻣﺛﺎﻝ ﻣﻥ ﺷﺭﻛﺗﻲ ﺑﺣﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺳﻭﻳﺩﻱ ﻟﺗﺻﻧﻳﻑ ﺟﻬﻭﺩ ﻛﺎﺑﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺟﻬﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻭﺳﻁ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -4.2‬ﻧــﻭﻉ ﻣــﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟــﻌــﺯﻝ ‪Insulating compounds -‬‬

‫ﺃﻧﻭﺍﻉ ﻣﺭﻛﺏ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺯﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﻐﻁﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﻛﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﺫﻛﻭﺭ ﺗﻧﻘﺳﻡ ﺇﻟﻲ ﻗﺳﻣﻳﻥ ﻛﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺟﺩﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ‪ ,‬ﻭﻫﻣﺎ ﺍﻟـ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺃ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻠـﺩﺍﺋـﻥ ﺍﻟﺣـﺭﺍﺭﻳـﺔ‪:‬‬

‫‪Thermoplastic‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﻥ ﺧﺻﺎﺋﺻﻬﺎ ﺃﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﺗﺄﺛﺭﺗﺄﺛﺭﺍ ﺷﺩﻳﺩﺍً ﺑﺎﻟﺣﺭﺍﺭﺓ‪ ,‬ﻓﺗﻠﻳﻥ ﻭﺗﺗﻣﺩﺩ ﻣﻊ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺣﺭﺍﺭﺗﻬﺎ ﻭﺗﻧﻛﻣﺵ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺑﺭﻭﺩﺓ ‪ ,‬ﻭﻳﻌﺩ ﺍﻝ "ﺑﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻲ" ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺭﺋﻳﺳﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﻧﻭﻉ ﻭﺑﺳﺑﺏ ﺗﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﺧﺻﺎﺋﺹ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻳﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ ﻓﻘﻁ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺟﻬﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺧﻔﺽ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻥ ﻋﻳﻭﺑﻪ ﺍﻧﻪ ﻗﺩ ﻳﻧﺻﻬﺭ ﻣﻊ ﺗﻳﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺻﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺑﺣﺳﺏ ﺍﻟﺟﺩﻭﻝ ﺭﻗﻡ ‪ 3‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺃﻗﺻﻲ ﻗﻳﻣﺔ ﻟﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺻﻝ ﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺗﺣﻣﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﻝ "ﺑﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻲ" ﻫﻲ ‪ 70‬ﻣﺋﻭﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭ ‪160‬‬
‫ﻣﺋﻭﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺻﺭﻟﻠﻛﺎﺑﻼﺕ ﺍﻷﻗﻝ ﻛﻡ ‪ 300‬ﻣﻡ ﻣﺭﺑﻊ ﺑﻳﻧﻣﺎ ‪ 140‬ﻣﺋﻭﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻛﺎﺑﻼﺕ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻲ ﻣﻥ ‪ 300‬ﻣﻡ ﻣﺭﺑﻊ‪.‬‬
‫ﺏ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺟـﻭﺍﻣـﺩ ﺍﻟﺣـﺭﺍﺭﻳـﺔ‪:‬‬

‫‪Thermosetting‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﻥ ﺧﺻﺎﺋﺻﻬﺎ ﺃﻧﻬﺎ ﻻ ﺗﻠﻳﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﺣﺭﺍﺭﺓ‪ ,‬ﻭﻳﻭﺟﺩ ﻧﻭﻋﺎﻥ ﻣﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺩ ﻭﻫﻣﺎ "ﺍﻟﻣﻁﺎﻁ" ﻭ ﺍﻝ "ﺑﻭﻟﻲ ﺍﺛﻳﻠﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺷﺎﺑﻙ"‪.‬‬

‫ﻟﻣﺎﺫﺍ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻳﻡ؟ ﺣﺗﻲ ﻻ ﺗﺗﺄﺛﺭ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺯﻝ ﻭﺗﺗﻐﻳﺭ ﺧﺻﺎﺋﺻﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻛﻳﻣﻳﺎﺋﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺟﺩﻭﻝ ﻳﺟﺏ ﺭﺑﻁﻪ ﺑﻘﻳﻡ ﺗﻳﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﺻﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﺫﻛﻭﺭﺓ ﺑﺎﻟﻛﻭﺩ ‪ IEC60724‬ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﻟﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﺗﺣﻣﻝ ﺍﻟﻛﺎﺑﻝ ﻭﺍﺳﺗﻧﺗﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﺷﻛﻝ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﻲ ﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺗﺣﻣﻝ ﺍﻟﻛﺎﺑﻝ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻛﻝ ﺍﻟﺷﺭﻛﺎﺕ ﺗﺭﻓﻕ ﺟﺩﻭﻝ ﻳﺑﻳﻥ ﺗﺣﻣﻝ ﻣﻧﺗﺟﺎﺗﻬﺎ ﻛﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﺛﺎﻝ ﺑﺎﻟﺟﺩﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ ﻟﺷﺭﻛﺔ ﺑﺣﺭﺓ ﻟﻠﻛﺎﺑﻼﺕ‪:‬‬

‫ﻣﺎ ﻫﻭ ﺳﻣﻙ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺯﻝ؟‬

‫ﺳﻣﻙ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺯﻝ ﻳﻌﺗﻣﺩ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻧﻭﻉ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺯﻝ ‪-‬ﺍﻟﻣﺫﻛﻭﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺟﺩﻭﻝ ﺃﻋﻼﻩ‪ -‬ﺟﺩﻭﻝ ‪ -3‬ﻭﻛﺫﻟﻙ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻣﺳﺎﺣﺔ ﻣﻘﻁﻊ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺻﻝ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺟﺩﺍﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﺎﻟﻳﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻣﺭﺟﻊ ﺍﻟﺗﺻﻧﻳﻊ‪:‬‬


‫ﻣﺛﺎﻝ ﻣﻥ ﺷﺭﻛﺔ ﺑﺣﺭﺓ ﻟﻛﺎﺑﻝ ‪ 3x300‬ﻛﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺷﻛﻝ ﺍﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ‪:‬‬

‫ٌﺻﻧِﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺷﻛﻝ‬
‫ﻭﺑﺎﻟﻧﻅﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺟﺩﻭﻝ ﺭﻗﻡ ‪ 6‬ﺃﻋﻼﻩ ﻧﺟﺩ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻡ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻛﻭﻥ ﺳﻣﻙ ﺍﻟﻌﺯﻝ ‪ 4.5‬ﻣﻡ ﻭﻫﻭ ﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺗﺯﻡ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻟﻣ َ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ‬

Sheathing/jacketing Compounds - ‫ ﻧــﻭﻉ ﻣــﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟـﻌـﺯﻝ ﺍﻟـﺧـﺎﺭﺟـﻲ‬-4.3

.‫ﻭﻳﺳﺗﻔﺎﺩ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺟﺩﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﻘﻁ ﻣﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﺃﻗﺻﻲ ﻗﻳﻣﺔ ﻝﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺻﻝ ﻁﺑﻘﺎ ً ﻟﻧﻭﻉ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻐﻼﻑ ﺍﻟﺧﺎﺭﺟﻲ‬
Refer to BS 7655
Jacket or Outer Coverings Over the insulation shielding system, the cable contains components that
provide environmental protection for the cable.
Jackets are used over the cable to impart abrasion resistance and to protect the cable from local
environment. Ideally, a jacket will aid in keeping water and foreign ions out of the insulation. Jacketing
materials have varying properties that is controlled by their molecular structure and compound
ingredients.

Conductors as per IEC 60228 - ‫ ﻧــﻭﻉ ﺍﻟــﻣــﻭﺻــﻝ‬- 4.4
.‫ﻁﺑﻘﺎ ً ﻟﻁﺑﻳﻌﺔ ﺗﻛﻭﻳﻥ ﻣﻭﺻﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻛﺎﺑﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﻫﻲ ﺃﺻﻼً ﺇﻣﺎ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻧﺣﺎﺱ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﻟﻭﻣﻧﻳﻭﻡ‬
IEC 60228.



‫‪ - 4.5‬ﺍﻟﺣﺷﻭ ﻭﺍﻟﺑﻁﺎﻧﺔ ‪Assembly and Filling -‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺭﺟﻭﻉ ﻟﻠﻧﻘﻁﺔ ‪ 1.2.6‬ﻭﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺣﺩﺛﻧﺎ ﻓﻳﻬﺎ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺣﺷﻭ ﻭﺍﻟﺑﻁﺎﻧﺔ ﻓﺈﻧﻧﺎ ﻫﻧﺎ ﺳﻧﺗﺣﺩﺙ ﻋﻥ ﺗﺻﻧﻳﻊ ﺗﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻛﺎﺑﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺟﻬﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺧﻔﺽ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﺭﺟﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺭﺋﻳﺳﻲ ﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﻛﻭﺩ ‪.IEC60502-2‬‬
‫ﻭﺗﻁﺑﻳﻕ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺟﺯء ﻳﺗﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻛﺎﺑﻼﺕ ﻣﺗﻌﺩﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺯﺍﺕ ‪ .multi-cores‬ﻭﺍﻟﻛﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ ﺳﻧﺭﻛﺯ ﻓﻳﻪ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﺑﻁﺎﻧﺔ ﻻﻧﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﻫﻡ‪ ,‬ﻣﻥ ﺣﻳﺙ ﺳﻣﻛﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻭﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﺻﻧﻳﻌﻬﺎ‪ ,‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺇﻣﺎ ﺗﺭﻛﺏ ﺑﺎﻟﺑﺛﻕ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺻﻧﻌﺔ ﻛﻣﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺟﺩﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﻭ ﻧﻔﺱ ﻣﺎ ﺫﻛﺭ ﻟﻛﺎﺑﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺟﻬﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺧﻔﺽ ﻓﻲ ‪IEC60502-1‬‬

Screening -‫ ﺳﺗﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺻﻝ ﻭ ﺳﺗﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺯﻟﺔ‬-4.6

Metallic & Non-Metallic Screen (Semi-Conducting material):
1- Conductor Screen
2- Insulation Screen
3- Core screen (metallic)
‫ ﺑﻳﻧﻣﺎ ﺳﺗﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻝ‬, ‫ ﻓﺳﺗﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺻﻝ ﻭﺳﺗﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺯﻟﺔ ﺗﻛﻭﻧﺎﻥ ﻏﻳﺭ ﻣﻌﺩﻧﻳﺗﺎﻥ‬, (‫ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺟﺯء ﻳﺗﺣﺩﺙ ﻋﻥ ﻧﻭﻋﻳﻥ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺩ )ﻣﻌﺩﻧﻳﺔ ﻭﻏﻳﺭ ﻣﻌﺩﻧﻳﺔ‬
:‫ ﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻣﻌﺩﻧﻳﺔ ﻛﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺻﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺗﺎﻟﻳﺔ‬Core ‫ﺍﻝ‬

Metallic Layers/Shield - ‫ ﺍﻟﻁﺑﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺩﻧﻳﺔ‬- 4.7

Metallic Screen (Metallic Part) or Tap shield
Sheath is properly the term that applies to a metallic component over the insulation of a cable
Various metals may be used as the sheath of a cable such as lead, copper, aluminum, bronze, steel,
etc. A sheath provides a barrier to moisture vapor or water ingress into the cable insulation. It is
necessary to use such a sheath over paper insulation, but it also has a value over extruded materials
because of water ingress.
The thickness is dependent on the forces that can be anticipated during the installation and operation
of the cable. Designs range from a standard tube to ones that are longitudinally corrugated. The
bending radius of the finished cable is dependent on such configurations.
:‫ﻭﻫﻲ ﻗﺩ ﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﺃﺣﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﺎﻟﻳﺔ‬
1) Metallic Screen
2) Concentric Conductor
3) Lead Sheath
4) Metallic Armour
:‫ ﺣﻳﺙ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺍﻷﻛﺛﺭ ﺇﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍﻣﺎ ﻭﻳﻧﻘﺳﻡ ﺍﻟﻲ‬metallic armour ‫ﻭﻳﻬﻣﻧﺎ ﺣﺎﻟﻳﺎ ﺍﻝ‬
a) Flat wire Armour;
b) Round wire Armour;
c) Double tape Armour.
:‫ ﻫﻲ‬wire ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺻﻧﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﺳﻠﻳﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻝ‬
Galvanized Steel
Copper or Tinned Copper
:‫ ﻫﻲ‬Tape ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺻﻧﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﺳﻠﻳﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻝ‬
Steel
Galvanized Steel
‫ ﻭﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻋﻧﺩ ﺍﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺗﺳﻠﻳﺢ‬Corrosion ‫ ﻣﺛﻝ ﺍﻟﺗﺄﻛﻝ‬,‫ ﻭﻋﻧﺩ ﺗﺻﻣﻳﻡ ﺍﻟﻛﺎﺑﻝ ﻓﺎﻧﻪ ﻳﺟﺏ ﻣﺭﺍﻋﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻭﺍﻣﻝ ﺍﻻﺧﺭﻱ ﻭﻟﻳﺱ ﻓﻘﻁ ﺍﻟﺣﻣﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻳﻛﺎﻧﻳﻛﻳﺔ‬-
.‫ ﺣﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺻﻼﺕ ﻟﺿﺑﻁ ﺧﻁﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﻣﺟﺎﻝ ﻭﺗﻘﻠﻳﻝ ﺍﻟﺗﺳﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻗﺩ ﻳﺅﺩﻱ ﻻﻧﻬﻳﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺯﻝ‬Screen ‫ﻙ‬
Non-Magnetic ‫ ﻳﺟﺏ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻣﻥ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ‬Single Core ‫ ﻭﺍﻟﺗﺳﻠﻳﺢ ﻟﻛﺎﺑﻼﺕ ﺍﻝ‬-
‫ ﻣﻣﺎ ﻳﺟﻌﻠﻪ‬SWA/STA ‫ ﻟﻣﺎ ﻟﻪ ﻣﻥ ﺗﻭﺻﻳﻠﻳﺔ ﺃﻓﺿﻝ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻝ‬AWA ‫ ﻳﻛﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺗﺳﻠﻳﺢ ﻓﻳﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻝ‬SINGLE CORE ‫ﻭﻟﻬﺫﺍ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻛﺎﺑﻼﺕ ﺍﻝ‬
.‫ ﻗﺩ ﺗﻭﺩﻱ ﻟﺳﺧﻭﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﻛﺎﺑﻝ‬EDDY CURRENTS ‫ﻣﺳﺎﺭﺍﻗﺿﺏ ﻟﺗﺳﺭﻳﺏ ﺍﻟﺗﻳﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺣﺙ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻛﺑﻝ ﻭﻋﺩﻡ ﺗﻛﻭﻥ‬
:‫ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺗﺳﻠﻳﺢ ﻫﻲ‬wire/Tape ‫ﺃﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻝ‬
round wires:
0,8 - 1,25 - 1,6 - 2,0 - 2,5 - 3,15 mm diameter;
flat wires:
0,8 mm thickness;
tapes of steel:
0,2 - 0,5 - 0,8 mm thickness;
tapes of aluminium or aluminium alloy:
0,5 - 0,8 mm thickness.
‫ﻭﻫﻧﺎﻙ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﻳﻥ ﻗﻁﺭ ﺍﻟﻛﺎﺑﻝ ‪ -‬ﻳﻘﺎﺱ ﻣﻥ ﺗﺣﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﺳﻠﻳﺢ ﻣﺑﺎﺷﺭﺓ ‪ -‬ﻭﺳﻣﻙ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺗﺳﻠﻳﺢ ﻛﻣﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺟﺩﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ‪:‬‬

‫‪ -4.8‬ﺍﻟﻐﻼﻑ ﺍﻟﺧﺎﺭﺟﻲ )ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻌـﺯﻝ ﺍﻟـﺧﺎﺭﺟﻲ( ‪The Outer Sheath/ Over Sheath -‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺑﺎﻟﺭﺟﻭﻉ ﻟﻠﻧﻘﻁﺔ ‪ 3.3 & 1.2.9‬ﻭﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺣﺩﺛﻧﺎ ﻓﻳﻬﺎ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺯﻝ ﺍﻟﺧﺎﺭﺟﻲ‪ ,‬ﻓﺈﻧﻧﺎ ﻫﻧﺎ ﺳﻧﺗﺣﺩﺙ ﻋﻥ ﺗﺻﻧﻳﻊ ﺗﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻛﺎﺑﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺟﻬﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺧﻔﺽ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺻﻧﻌﻬﺎ ﻭﺳﻣﻙ ﺗﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ,‬ﻭﺍﻟﻣﺭﺟﻊ ﺍﻟﺭﺋﻳﺳﻲ ﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﻛﻭﺩ ‪.IEC60502-2‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻧﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺳﻳﻛﻭﻥ ﻛﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝ‪ 3.3‬ﻭﺍﻟﺟﺩﻭﻝ ﺭﻗﻡ ‪. 4‬‬
‫ﺳﻣﻙ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺯﻝ ﺍﻟﺧﺎﺭﺟﻲ‪:‬‬

‫‪Ts = 0,035 D + 1,0‬‬
‫ﺣﻳﺙ ‪ D‬ﻫﻭ ﺳﻣﻙ ﺍﻟﻛﺎﺑﻝ ﺗﺣﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺯﻝ ﻣﺑﺎﺷﺭﺓ‪.‬‬

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‫ﺍﻷﺩﺧﻧﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺭﻏﻭﺓ‬/‫ ﺍﻟﺣﺭﺍﺋﻕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﺑﺎﻧﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻛﺎﺑﻼﺕ ﻗﻠﻳﻠﺔ ﺍﻹﻧﺑﻌﺎﺙ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ‬:‫ﺍﻟـﻔـــﺻـــﻝ ﺍﻟــﺧﺎﻣــﺱ‬

"Buildings Fire" & " and "Flame Retardant/Self-Extinguish Cables"
:‫ ﻣﻘــﺩﻣــﺔ‬5.1
‫ ؟‬PVC ‫ﻣﺎﺫﺍ ﻳﺣﺩﺙ ﻋﻧﺩ ﺇﺣﺗﺭﺍﻕ ﻛﺎﺑﻝ ﻣﻐﺯﻭﻝ ﺑﺎﻟـ‬
‫ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻳﻧﺗﺞ ﻋﻧﻪ ﻛﻣﻳﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻷﺩﺧﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﺳﻭﺩﺍء ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻌﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﺭﺅﻳﺔ ﻭﺗﻣﻧﻊ ﺍﻟﻧﺎﺱ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﺻﻭﻝ ﻟﻣﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﻟﻁﻭﺍﺭﻱ ﻭﻗﺩ ﻳﺣﺩﺙ ﻫﺫﺍ ﻓﻲ‬PVC ‫ﻋﻧﺩ ﺇﺣﺗﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻝ‬
.‫ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻧﺻﻑ ﺳﺎﻋﺔ‬%90 ‫ ﻭﻣﻊ ﺇﺳﺗﻣﺭﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺣﺭﻳﻕ ﺗﻧﺧﻔﺽ ﺍﻟﺭﺅﻳﺔ‬%50 ‫ ﺩﻓﺎﺋﻕ ﻣﻥ ﺑﺩء ﺍﻟﺣﺭﻳﻕ ﺣﻳﺙ ﺗﻧﺧﻔﺽ ﺍﻟﺭﺅﻳﺔ‬10 ‫ﺧﻼﻝ‬
.ً‫ ﻣﻥ ﻧﻭﺍﺗﺞ ﺍﻹﺣﺗﺭﺍﻕ ﻭﻫﻭ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺳﺎﻣﺔ ﺟﺩﺍ‬%30 ‫ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻗﺩ ﻳﺻﻝ ﻝ‬HCl ‫ﺍﻟﺧﺎﻧﻘﺔ ﻭﻣﻧﻬﺎ ﺍﻝ‬/‫ﺃﺿﻑ ﺇﻟﻲ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻛﻳﻣﻳﺎﺋﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺳﺎﻣﺔ‬
A 1 meter length of burning cable that contains 0.85Kg of PVC will completely obscure a room of 1000m3 with
black toxic smoke in less than 5 minutes.
Ref: http://www.iewc.com/resources/technical-guide/low-smoke-zero-halogen-compounds
U
When PVC insulated cable burns it gives off a cocktail of chemicals and dense black smoke.
The smoke’s primary effect, ignoring the chemical content for now, is to reduce visibility at an alarming rate.
Tests have shown that when PVC cables are exposed to fire, visibility in the surrounding area can be reduced by
50% in just 10 minutes, rising to 90% in less than half an hour. This reduced visibility could make it very difficult
to escape a burning building.
Burning PVC produces a number of toxic chemicals, but the most problematic by far is hydrogen chloride (HCl). As
much as 30% of a burning PVC cable’s emissions can be HCl.
In its natural state it’s a pungent, almost colourless gas, which forms into white vapour clouds on contact with air.
Furthermore, when mixed with water it changes state yet again to form hydrochloric acid, but whether in its gaseous,
vaporised or liquid state it’s a highly toxic and corrosive substance.
In a February 2003 incident, news reports of a fire involving two trains in a Daegu, South Korea subway station told of
how toxic fumes and heavy black smoke prevented firefighters from making a quick rescue of those trapped. 120 were
killed and many others injured in that incident.
Ref: S Korea subway fire kills 120, BBC News, Tuesday 18 February, 2003; Arrests over S. Korea train fire, CNN.com,
U
Monday, February 24, 2003
-‫ﻭﻣﻊ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻹﻫﺗﻣﺎﻡ ﺑﺎﻷﻣﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﺭﻳﻕ ﺩﺍﺧﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﺑﺎﻧﻲ ﺯﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻁﻠﺏ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻭﺟﻭﺩ ﻛﺎﺑﻼﺕ ﻣﻥ ﺧﺻﺎﺋﺻﻬﺎ ﺃﻧﻬﺎ "ﻻ ﺗﻧﻘﻝ ﺍﻟﺣﺭﻳﻕ" ﻭ"ﺫﺍﺗﻳﺔ ﺍﻹﻁﻔﺎء‬
."Flame Retardant & Self-Extinguish" "‫ﻣﻣﺎ ﻳﺣﺩ ﻣﻥ ﺇﻧﺗﺷﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺣﺭﻳﻕ‬
Flame - ‫ ﺗﻡ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻣﺭﻛﺑﺎﺕ ﻛﻳﻣﻳﺎﺋﻳﺔ ﻟﺗﻌﻁﻲ ﺍﻟﻛﺎﺑﻼﺕ ﺧﺎﺻﻳﺔ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺃﻧﺗﺷﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻠﻬﺏ‬Flame Retardant ‫ﻭﻟﺗﺣﻘﻳﻕ ﺧﺎﺻﻳﺔ ﺍﻟـ‬
‫ ﻭﺑﺩء ﺍﻷﻣﺭ ﺑﺈﺿﺎﻓﺔ " ﺍﻟﻬﺎﻟﻭﺟﻳﻧﺎﺕ" ﻭﻟﻛﻥ ﺍﻟﻬﺎﻟﻭﺣﻳﻧﺎﺕ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻋﻳﻭﺏ ﺧﻁﻳﺭﺓ ﺣﻳﺙ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻬﺎﻟﻭﺟﻳﻧﺎﺕ ﻋﻧﺩﻣﺎ ﺗﺣﺗﺭﻕ ُﺗﻧﺗِﺞ ﻛﻣﺎ ً ﻫﺎﺋﻼ ﻣﻥ‬-Retardant
‫ ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻟﻠﺿﺭﺭ ﺍﻟﺻﺣﻲ‬, ‫ﺇﺧﻼء ﺍﻟﻣﺑﻧﻲ ﻭﻛﺫﻟﻙ ﻳﻌﻳﻕ ﻋﻣﻠﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﻧﻘﺎﺫ‬/‫ﺍﻟﺩﺧﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻳﻌﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﺭﺅﻳﺔ ﻣﻣﺎ ﻳﺳﺑﺏ ﻋﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﺭﺅﻳﺔ ﺃﺛﻧﺎء ﺍﻟﻬﺭﻭﺏ‬
. ‫ ﺍﻷﺳﺗﺎﺗﻳﻥ‬, ‫ ﺃﻳﻭﺩﻳﻥ‬, ‫ﺑﺭﻭﻣﻳﺩ‬, ‫ﻓﻠﻭﺭﻳﻥ‬, ‫ ﻛﻠﻭﺭﻳﻥ‬:‫ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻬﺎﻟﻭﺟﻳﻧﺎﺕ ﻫﻲ ﺧﻣﺳﺔ ﻋﻧﺎﺻﺭ‬.‫ﺍﻟﻧﺎﺗﺞ ﻋﻥ ﺇﺳﺗﻧﺷﺎﻕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺩ‬
".‫"ﻟﺫﺍ ﻓﻔﻲ ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻛﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺯﺩﺣﻣﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻧﺎﺱ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺿﺭﻭﺭﻱ ﻋﺩﻡ ﺇﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍﻡ ﻛﺎﺑﻼﺕ ُﺗﻧﺗِﺞ ﻫﺎﻟﻭﺟﻳﻧﺎﺕ ﻋﻧﺩ ﺇﺣﺗﺭﺍﻗﻬﺎ ﻟﻣﺎ ﻗﺩ ﺗﺳﺑﺑﻪ ﻣﻥ ﺧﻁﻭﺭﺓ‬
Halogenated cables are considered to be good fire suppressors. However, there is a cost. When
released through burning or other chemical reactions, halogenated compounds emit toxic
fumes and an opaque smoke. Halogens bind with moisture to create acid, which can harm
humans in the vicinity of the fire and can also cause corrosion and other damage to sensitive
and expensive industrial equipment.
‫ ﻭﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﻻ ﻳﻧﺗﺞ ﻋﻥ ﺇﺣﺗﺭﺍﻗﻬﺎ ﻛﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﺷﺎﻛﻝ ﺍﻟﺳﺎﺑﻘﺔ‬LSOH ‫ﻭﻟﻬﺫﺍ ﻳﺗﻡ ﺇﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍﻡ ﻛﺎﺑﻼﺕ ﺍﻝ‬

:LSOH ‫ ﻛﺎﺑﻼﺕ ﺍﻝ‬5.2

"Low smoke and fume, zero halogen" ‫ ﻣﻥ ﺧﺻﺎﺋﺻﻬﺎ‬-Non Halogenated- ‫ﻭ ﻳﺗﻡ ﺣﺎﻟﻳﺎ ً ﺇﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍﻡ ﻣﻭﺍﺩ ﺑﺩﻳﻠﺔ‬
:LS0H ‫ﻣﻣﻳﺯﺍﺕ ﻛﺎﺑﻼﺕ ﺍﻝ‬
."Flame Retardant & Self-Extinguish" " ‫ ﻣﻣﺎ ﻳﺣﺩ ﻣﻥ ﺇﻧﺗﺷﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺣﺭﻳﻕ‬-‫ﻛﺎﺑﻼﺕ "ﻻ ﺗﻧﻘﻝ ﺍﻟﺣﺭﻳﻕ" ﻭ"ﺫﺍﺗﻳﺔ ﺍﻹﻁﻔﺎء‬ •
.‫ﻋﻧﺩ ﺍﻹﺣﺗﺭﺍﻕ ﻳﻛﻭﻥ ﻛﺛﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺧﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻧﺎﺗﺞ ﻗﻠﻳﻠﺔ ﻣﻣﺎ ﻳﺳﻣﺢ ﺑﻌﻣﻠﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﻧﻘﺎﺫ ﻭﺍﻹﺧﻼء‬ •
.(asphyxiating gases & halogens/toxic fumes) ‫ﺧﺎﻧﻘﺔ‬/‫ﻻ ُﺗﻧﺗِﺞ ﻏﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺳﺎﻣﺔ‬ •
.Building Hardware - ‫ﻻ ُﺗﻧﺗِﺞ ﻏﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺗﺅﺩﻱ ﻟﺻﺩﺍء ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺩ‬ •
.‫ ﻓﻼ ﺗﺿﺭ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺋﺔ‬,‫ﻻ ُﺗﻧﺗِﺞ ﻏﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﻷُﻭﺯﻭﻥ‬ •
Halogen is added to the plastics used in conductor’s insulation and to cable sheathing in order to
increase the aspects of flame retardant and give it the property of self-extinguish such as PVC
which contain chlorine atom.
But, in case of fire, halogens produce great amount of smoke that hamper visibility required for
escaping from a dangerous places or trying to find an exit out.
Additionally, the action of burning generates amounts of asphyxiating gases (PVC produces HCI,
CO & CO2) which dissolves in the fluids of the human body organs like lungs, nose and eye
causing cell damage, shortage of oxygen and suffocation.
Because of these risks, it is not proper to use cables that contain halogens when installing cables
in places crowded with people.
Corrosive gases generating by burning have a sever effect in damaging the metals, equipments
and electronic components inside buildings.
Low smoke and fume, zero halogen insulation and sheathing material is used in cables have
several advantages in reducing the risk of fire as:
• The smoke density of burnt cables is to minimum, allow people to evacuate safely from the
building, and rescue groups to act efficiently.
• No halogens / toxic fumes or asphyxiating gases.
• No Corrosive gases damage the hardware.
• Cables are flame retardant, preventing the flame spread.
• Ozone and Environmental friendly
disadvanatge of LSOH cables:

In order to be low smoke zero halogen, the cable jacket must incorporate a high percentage of filler material.
This increase in filler material could make the jacket less chemical and water resistant and could provide poorer
mechanical and electrical properties than a non LSZH counterpart.
LSZH jackets are also more likely to experience jacket cracking during installation, so special lubricants may be
necessary to avoid damage.
As a result, LSZH cable is commonly chosen for applications where fire safety is more of a concern than the cable’s
specific electrical and mechanical properties.
Advances in compound materials and processing have decreased some of these issues.
Abbreviations for flame retardant cables:

Fire Resistant Cables ‫ ﻭﺍﻟـ‬Flame Retardant Cables ‫ﻭﻓﻳﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ﺳﻧﻭﺿﺢ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻕ ﺑﻳﻥ ﻛﺎﺑﻼﺕ ﺍﻝ‬
Terminologies describing Fire Performance:

Flame Retardant Fire Resistant (FR)
Fire resistant cables are designed to maintain

circuit integrity of those vital emergency
services during the fire. The individual
conductors are wrapped with a layer of fire
Fire retardant cables are designed for use in fire
resisting mica/glass tape, which prevents
situations where the spread of flames along a cable
phase to phase, and phase to earth contact
route needs to be retarded.
even after the insulation has been burnt away.
The fire resistant cables can maintain
performance even under fire with water spray
or mechanical shock
Fire Performance Class
The main concerns for the cables in their fire

survival properties are their flame spread,
Low Smoke & Halogen Free & Fire Retardant (LSZH) smoke characterization and gas toxicity. In
American fire standard, the concern lies more
LSZH cables are not only characterized by the fire on the first two and it differs from the
retardant performance but also by the halogen free European standard, which concerns all these
properties, thus offering low Corrosivity and toxicity. aspects. In USA, it is believed that the fire
During a fire, the LSZH cables will emit less smoke and hazard is mainly due to CO toxic gas emitted
acid gases which may affect human health and damage and the heat release during the conversion of
expensive communication equipment. Compared with CO to CO2 during the fire. Therefore, to
normal PVC cables, LSZH cables outperform PVC control the heat release is the most important
cables by providing low corrosivity and low smoke concern for reducing the fire hazard. However,
emission properties. in European countries, halogen content, the
corrosivity of the gases, the smoke density and
the toxicity of the gas are equally important
factors affecting the human safety during and
after the fire.
Low Smoke Fume (LSF)
The low halogen content and low Corrosivity of low

smoke fume cables lies somewhat in between that of
fire retardant cables and LSZH cables. LSF cables also
contain halogen but the content is much less than that
of PVC cables. LSF cables are designed to reduce the
spread of fire, toxic gases and smoke during fire. The
LSF cables are usually manufactured from flame
retardant PVC blended with HCL additive and smoke
absorbent. These materials help improve the fire
performance of the LSF cables.

‫‪ 5.3‬ﺇﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭ ﻛﺎﺑﻼﺕ ﻭﺃﺳﻼﻙ ﺍﻝ‪:LSOH‬‬
‫‪ 5.3.1‬ﺇﺧــﺗـﺑـﺎﺭ ﻛـﺛـﺎﻓـﺔ ﺍﻟـﺩﺧـﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻣـﻧﺑـﻌـﺙ ﻣﻥ ﺇﺣﺗﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﻛﺎﺑﻝ ‪:Smoke Density Test - ICE 61034‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻬﺩﻑ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻹﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭ ﻭﻓﻛﺭﺗﻪ‪:‬‬
‫ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻹﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭ ﻳﻬﺩﻑ ﺇﻟﻲ ﻣﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﻛﺛﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺧﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺑﻌﺙ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻛﺎﺑﻝ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺇﺣﺗﺭﺍﻗﺔ ‪ ,‬ﻭﻫﻭ ﻣﻥ ﺃﻫﻡ ﺇﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻛﺎﺑﻼﺕ ﺣﻳﺙ ﺃﻥ ﻛﻣﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺧﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺑﻌﺙ‬
‫ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻛﺎﺑﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺗﺭﻗﺔ ﻗﺩ ﺗﻌﻭﻕ ﻋﻣﻠﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺧﻼء ﻭﺍﻹﻧﻘﺎﺫ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺣﺭﺍﺋﻕ ﺍﻟﻣﺑﺎﻧﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻘﻭﻡ ﻓﻛﺭﺓ ﺍﻹﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺇﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍﻡ ﺧﻠﻳﺔ ﺿﻭﺋﻳﺔ ﻣﺭﻛﺑﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻝ ﻣﺻﺩﺭ ﺿﻭء ‪ ,‬ﻭﻧﻅﺭﺍ ﻟﻭﺟﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺩﺧﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻭﺳﻁ ﺑﻳﻥ ﻣﺻﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﺿﻭء ﻭﺧﻠﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺳﺗﻘﺑﺎﻝ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺷﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺿﻭء ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺻﻝ ﻟﻠﺧﻠﻳﺔ ﺗﺗﺄﺛﺭ ﻭﺗﻘﻝ ﻭﺑﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻛﺛﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺧﺎﻥ ﻳﻘﻝ ﻣﻘﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺿﻭء ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺻﻝ ﻟﺧﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻹﺳﺗﻘﺑﺎﻝ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺑﺗﺳﺟﻳﻝ ﺗﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﻘﻳﻡ ﻭﺗﺣﻭﻳﻠﻬﺎ ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻳﻕ ﺍﻟﻛﻭﻣﺑﻳﻭﺗﺭ ﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﻣﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﻭﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﻣﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻛﺎﺑﻝ ﻳﺻﺩﺭ ﻋﻧﻪ ﺩﺧﺎﻥ ﺃﻛﺛﺭ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻡ ﺃﺛﻧﺎء ﺍﻹﺷﺗﻌﺎﻝ ﺃﻡ ﻻ‪.‬‬
‫ﻏﺭﻓﺔ ﺍﻹﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭ‪:‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻻﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭ ﻳﺗﻡ ﺩﺍﺧﻝ ﻏﺭﻓﺔ ‪ 3*3*3‬ﻣﺗﺭ ﺑﻣﻭﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﻛﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻛﻭﺩ ‪.ICE 61034-1‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻐﺭﻓﺔ ﺗﺣﺗﻭﻱ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﻣﺻﺩﺭ ﺿﻭﺋﻲ ‪ - scalar lamp -‬ﻣُﺭﻛﺑﺔ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺃﺣﺩ ﺍﻟﺣﻭﺍﺋﻁ‪.‬‬
‫ُﻭﺻﻠﺔ ﺑﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﻛﻭﻣﺑﻳﻭﺗﺭ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﺧﻠﻳﺔ ﺿﻭﺋﻳﺔ ‪ - photo-electric cell -‬ﻣُﺭﻛﺑﺔ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﺣﺎﺋﻁ ﺍﻟﻣﻘﺎﺑﻝ ﻟﻣﺻﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﺿﻭء ‪ ,‬ﻭﻣ َ‬
‫‪ -3‬ﻣﺻﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻠﻬﺏ ﻭﻫﻭ ﻋﺑﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻥ ﻭﻋﺎء ﻳﻭﺿﻊ ﻓﻳﺔ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻹﺣﺗﺭﺍﻕ ﻭﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﻻ َﻳﻧ ُﺗﺞ ﻋﻧﻬﺎ ﻋﺎﺩﻡ ﻛﺛﻳﺭ ﺃﺛﻧﺎء ﺍﻹﺷﺗﻌﺎﻝ‪ -‬ﻛﺎﻟﻛﺣﻭﻝ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -4‬ﺣﺎﻣﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻳﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺩﻧﻲ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -5‬ﺣﺎﺟﺯﺑﺈﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﻣﺗﺭ ﺷﺑﺔ ﺩﺍﺋﺭﻱ ﺣﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻳﻧﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -6‬ﻣﺭﻭﺣﺔ ﻟﺗﻭﺟﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍء ﻭﺍﻟﺩﺧﺎﻥ‬
‫‪ -7‬ﺑﺎﺏ ﺩﺧﻭﻝ‪/‬ﺧﺭﻭﺝ‬
‫‪ -8‬ﻛﺎﻣﻳﺭﺍ )ﺇﺧﺗﻳﺎﺭﻱ(‬

‫ﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔ ‪ /‬ﺧﻁﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻹﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭ‪:‬‬
‫ﻭﻛﻭﺩ ﺍﻹﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭ ﻫﻭ ‪ ICE 61034-2‬ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻛﻭﺩ ﻳﺷﺭﺡ ﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔ‪/‬ﺧﻁﻭﺍﺕ ﻋﻣﻝ ﺍﻹﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭ ‪ ,‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﻛﺎﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﺗﺟﻬﻳﺯ ﺍﻟﻌﻳﻧﺎﺕ‪ :‬ﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻳﻧﺔ ﺑﻁﻭﻝ ﻣﺗﺭ ‪ ,‬ﻭﺗﻭﺿﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺭﺍﺭﺓ ‪ (23±5)0 C‬ﻟﻣﺩﺓ ‪ 16‬ﺳﺎﻋﺔ ﻗﺑﻝ ﺍﻹﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭ‬
‫‪ -2‬ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻳﻧﺎﺕ‪ :‬ﻁﺑﻘﺎ ً ﻟﻠﺟﺩﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻛﻭﺩ ‪ BS EN 61034-2‬ﻳﺗﻡ ﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻳﻧﺎﺕ‬
‫‪ -3‬ﺗﺛﺑﻳﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻳﻧﺔ‪ :‬ﻳﺗﻡ ﺗﺛﺑﻳﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻳﻧﺔ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﺣﺎﻣﻝ ﻭﺭﺑﻁﻬﺎ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻓﻳﻥ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -4‬ﺻﺏ ﻭﻗﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻠﻬﺏ‪ :‬ﻳﺗﻡ ﺻﺏ ﻭﻗﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻠﻬﺏ ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻛﺣﻭﻝ‪ -‬ﻓﻲ ﻭﻋﺎءﻩ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺩﻧﻲ ﻭﻭﺿﻌﻪ ﺗﺣﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻳﻧﺔ ﻁﺑﻘﺎ ﻟﻸﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺟﺩﻭﺓ ﺑﺎﻟﻛﻭﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -5‬ﺍﺑﺩء ﺑﺗﺷﻐﻳﻝ ﺍﻟﻧﻅﺎﻡ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﻛﻭﻣﺑﻳﻭﺗﺭ ‪ -‬ﻗﺑﻝ ﺇﺷﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻭﻗﻭﺩ‪ -‬ﻭﺗﺄﻣﺩ ﻣﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺍﺳﺗﻘﺑﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺿﻭء ﻣﻅﺑﻭﻁ‬
‫‪ -6‬ﻗﻡ ﺑﺗﺷﻐﻳﻝ ﻣﺭﻭﺣﺔ ﺗﺣﺭﻳﻙ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍء‪ ,‬ﺛﻡ ﺃﺷﻌﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺩ ﻭﺃﻏﻠﻕ ﺍﻟﺑﺎﺏ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -7‬ﻣﺩﺓ ﺍﻹﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭ ‪ 40‬ﺩﻗﻳﻘﺔ ﻭﻳﺗﻡ ﺧﻼﻟﻬﺎ ﺗﺳﺟﻳﻝ ﻗﺭﺃﺓ ﺍﻟﺧﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺿﻭﺋﻳﺔ ﻭﺭﺳﻡ ﺍﻟﺷﻛﻝ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﻲ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -8‬ﻗﻡ ﺑﺗﺣﻠﻳﻝ ﻭﻛﺗﺎﺑﺔ ﻧﺗﻳﺟﺔ ﺍﻹﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭ‪.‬‬
‫ﻧﺗﻳﺟﺔ ﺍﻹﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭ‪:‬‬
‫ﻳُﺣﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻛﻭﺩ ﺃﻥ ﺃﻗﻝ ﻗﻳﻣﺔ ﻣﺳﻣﻭﺡ ﺑﻬﺎ ﻫﻲ ‪ , %60‬ﻭﻟﻛﻥ ﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﻟﻠﻣﺻﻣﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﺻﻧﻊ ﺍﻹﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻗﻳﻣﺔ ﺃﻋﻠﻲ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺗﺗﻁﻠﺏ ﺍﻷﻣﺭ‪.‬‬


‫ﻭﺍﻟﺷﻛﻝ ﺍﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ ﻫﻭ ﻧﺗﻳﺟﺔ ﺇﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭ ﻟﻛﺎﺑﻝ ﺟﻬﺩ ﻣﺗﻭﺳﻁ ﻣﻥ ﺇﻧﺗﺎﺝ ﺷﺭﻛﺔ ﺑﺣﺭﺓ ﻟﻠﻛﺎﺑﻼﺕ‪ ,‬ﻭﺗﻡ ﻋﻣﻝ ﺍﻹﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭ ﺑﺎﻟﺷﺭﻛﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻭﺟﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﻘﺎﻭﻝ ﻭﺍﻹﺳﺗﺷﺎﺭﻱ‬

‫ﻋﻳﻧﺎﺕ ﺃﺛﻧﺎء ﺍﻹﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭ‬/‫ ﻛﺎﺑﻼﺕ‬5 ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺷﻛﻝ ﺍﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ ﻳﺑﻳﻥ ﺭﺑﻁ‬

‫‪ 5.3.2‬ﺇﺧــﺗـﺑـﺎﺭ ﺇﻧﺗﺷﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻠﻬﺏ ﻟﻛﺎﺑﻼﺕ ﺍﻝ ‪: Fire Retardant‬‬

‫‪Test for vertical flame propagation for bunched insulated wire or cables - Procedure as per IEC‬‬
‫‪60332-3‬‬

‫ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻹﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭ ﻫﻭ ﻣﻥ ﺃﻫﻡ ﺍﻹﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ُﺗﺟﺭﻱ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻛﺎﺑﻼﺕ ﺍﻝ ‪ Fire Retardant‬ﺣﻳﺙ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﺑﻳﻥ ﻣﺩﻱ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻛﺎﺑﻝ ﻹﻧﺗﺷﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺣﺭﻳﻕ ﻭﻳﺑﻳﻥ ﺧﺻﺎﺋﺹ‬
‫ﻣﺟﻣﻭﻋﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻛﺎﺑﻼﺕ "ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻁﺎﺑﻘﺔ" ﺍﻟﻣﺭﻛﺑﺔ ﺳﻭﻳﺎ ً ﻋﻠﻲ ﻧﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﺣﺎﻣﻝ ﻣﻥ ﻧﺎﺣﻳﺔ ﺗﻁﻭﺭ‪/‬ﺇﻧﺗﺷﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺣﺭﻳﻕ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻹﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭ ﻳﺟﺭﻱ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻣﺟﻣﻭﻋﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻛﺎﺑﻼﺕ‪/‬ﺍﻟﻌﻳﻧﺎﺕ ﻣُﺟﻣﻌﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﺿﻬﺎ ﻭﻟﻳﺱ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻋﻳﻧﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺩﺓ ‪ ,‬ﺣﻳﺙ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﻛﻳﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻗﻌﻳﺔ‪/‬ﺍﻟﻌﻣﻠﻳﺔ ﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻛﺎﺑﻼﺕ‬
‫ﻣُﺟﻣﻌﺔ ﺳﻭﻳﺎ ً ﻋﻠﻲ ﻧﻔﺱ ﺍﻝ ‪ raceway-tray-trunk-ladder‬ﻣﻣﺎ ﻳﻌﻧﻲ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﺭﻳﻕ ﻳﺟﺏ ﺃﻥ ﻧﺗﺄﻛﺩ ﻣﻥ ﺳﻠﻭﻙ ﺍﻟﻛﺎﺑﻼﺕ ﻣﻥ ﺣﻳﺙ ﺇﻧﺗﺷﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻠﻬﺏ ‪,‬‬
‫ﻭﻟﻬﺫﺍ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻛﺎﺑﻼً ﻣﺎ ﻗﺩ ﻳﻧﺟﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻹﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍﻡ ﻋﻳﻧﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺩﺓ "ﻁﺑﻘﺎ ً ﻟﻠﻛﻭﺩ ‪ "60332-1‬ﺛﻡ ﻳﻔﺷﻝ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺗﻁﺑﻳﻕ ﺍﻹﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭ ﺑﺻﻭﺭﺗﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﻧﺗﺣﺩﺙ ﻋﻧﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻁﺑﻘﺎ ً ﻟﻠﻛﻭﺩ ‪.6033-2-3‬‬
‫ﻭﻧﻼﺣﻅ ﻭﺟﻭﺩ ﻣﺟﻣﻭﻋﺔ ﻋﺩﺓ ﻁﺭﻕ ﻟﺗﻧﻔﻳﺫ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻹﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺧﻣﺳﺔ ﻁﺭﻕ ﻁﺑﻘﺎ ً ﻹﺟﺯﺍء ﺍﻟﻛﻭﺩ ‪ IEC 60332-3‬ﻭﻫﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﻭﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﻓﺄﻧﻪ ﻗﺑﻝ ﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﻛﻭﺩ ﺍﻹﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭ ﻳﺟﺏ ﻣﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﺣﺟﻡ ﺍﻟﻡﻭﺍﺩ ﻏﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺩﻧﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻛﺎﺑﻝ ﻟﻛﻝ ﻣﺗﺭ ﻣﻛﻌﺏ ﺛﻡ ﺑﻧﺎ ًء ﻋﻠﻳﻪ ﻧﻘﺭﺭ ﺃﻱ ﺟﺯء ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻛﻭﺩ ﺳﻭﻑ ﻧﺗﺑﻊ ﺣﻳﺙ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﻛﻝ ﻛﻭﺩ ﻳﺣﺩﺩ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻳﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﻁﻭﻟﻬﺎ ﻭﻛﺫﻟﻙ ﺳﺭﻋﺔ ﺗﺩﻓﻕ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻹﺣﺗﺭﺍﻕ ﻭﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍء ﻛﻣﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺟﺩﺍﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺗﺎﻟﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻏﺭﻓﺔ ﺍﻹﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭ‪:‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻻﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭ ﻳﺗﻡ ﺩﺍﺧﻝ ﻏﺭﻓﺔ ﺃﺑﻌﺎﺩﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺧﻠﻳﺔ ‪ 1000mm x 2000mm x 4000mm‬ﺑﻣﻭﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﻛﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻛﻭﺩ ‪.ICE 60332-10‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻐﺭﻓﺔ ﺗﺣﺗﻭﻱ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﻣﺻﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻠﻬﺏ ﻭﻫﻭ ﻋﺑﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻥ ﻧﻅﺎﻡ ﺇﺣﺗﺭﺍﻕ ﻳﻘﻭﻡ ﺑﺧﻠﻁ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻹﺣﺗﺭﺍﻕ "ﻛﺎﻝ‪ "propane gas‬ﻣﻊ ﻭﺳﻳﻁ ﺍﻹﺷﺗﻌﺎﻝ "ﻛﺎﻝ ‪ "air‬ﻭﺍﻟﻧﻁﺎﻡ ﻣُﺟﻬﺯ‬
‫ﺑﻛﺎﻓﺔ ﻣﺗﻁﻠﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻳﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻣﻁﻠﻭﺑﺔ ﻟﻘﻳﺎﺱ ﻣﻌﺩﻝ ﺗﺩﻓﻕ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻭﻭﺳﻁ ﺍﻹﺣﺗﺭﺍﻕ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﺣﺎﻣﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻳﻧﺔ ﺑﺈﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ‪ 3.5‬ﻣﺗﺭ‪.Cable Ladder-‬‬
‫ﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔ ‪ /‬ﺧﻁﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻹﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭ‪ :‬ﺧﻁﻭﺍﺕ ﻭﻭﻗﺕ ﻭﻣﺗﻁﻠﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭ ﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻁﺑﻘﺎ ً ﻷﺣﺩ ﺍﻷﻛﻭﺍﺩ ﻛﻣﺎ ﺫﻛﺭﻧﺎ ﻭﻛﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‪:‬‬


Category-C ‫ ﻭﻫﻭ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻌﻧﻲ‬603323-24 ‫ﻭﻓﻳﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ﻧﺟﺩ ﺗﻘﺭﻳﺭ ﻟﺷﺭﻛﺔ ﺑﺣﺭﺓ ﻟﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻹﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭ ﺗﻡ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻛﺎﺑﻝ ﺟﻬﺩ ﻣﺗﻭﺳﻁ ﻁﺑﻘﺎ ً ﻟﻠﻛﻭﺩ‬

:‫ﻭﻓﻳﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ﺑﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﺻﻭﺭ ﻹﺟﺭﺍء ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻹﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭ‬
‫ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻹﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭ‬

:IEC 60754-1 ‫ ﺇﺧــﺗـﺑـﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻛﺷﻑ ﻋﻥ ﻧﺳﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﺎﻟﻭﺟﻳﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻧﺎﺗﺟﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺇﺣﺗﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﻛﺎﺑﻼﺕ ﻁﺑﻘﺎ ً ﻟﻠﻛﻭﺩ‬5.3.3
Test on gases evolved during combustion of materials from cables - Part 1: Determination of the
halogen acid gas content as per IEC 60754-1:2011
:‫ﺍﻟﻬﺩﻑ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻹﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭ‬
‫ ﻭﻛﻣﺎ ﺫﻛﺭﻧﺎ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻬﺎﻟﻭﺟﻳﻧﺎﺕ‬, ‫ ﺣﻳﺙ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﻛﺷﻑ ﻭﺟﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻬﺎﻟﻭﺟﻳﻧﺎﺕ ﻋﻧﺩ ﺇﺣﺗﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﻛﺎﺑﻝ‬, ً ‫ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻹﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭ ﻫﻭ ﻣﻥ ﺃﻫﻡ ﺍﻹﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ُﺗﺟﺭﻱ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻛﺎﺑﻼﺕ ﻋﻣﻭﻣﺎ‬
‫ﻟﻬﺎ ﻋﻳﻭﺏ ﺧﻁﻳﺭﺓ ﺣﻳﺙ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻬﺎﻟﻭﺟﻳﻧﺎﺕ ﻋﻧﺩﻣﺎ ﺗﺣﺗﺭﻕ ُﺗﻧﺗِﺞ ﻛﻣﺎ ً ﻫﺎﺋﻼ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﺧﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻳﻌﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﺭﺅﻳﺔ ﻣﻣﺎ ﻳﺳﺑﺏ ﻋﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﺭﺅﻳﺔ ﺃﺛﻧﺎء‬
IEC 60754- ‫ ﻭﺍﻟﻛﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺑﻊ ﻟﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻹﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭ ﻫﻭ‬.‫ ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻟﻠﺿﺭﺭ ﺍﻟﺻﺣﻲ ﺍﻟﻧﺎﺗﺞ ﻋﻥ ﺇﺳﺗﻧﺷﺎﻕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺩ‬, ‫ﺇﺧﻼء ﺍﻟﻣﺑﻧﻲ ﻭﻛﺫﻟﻙ ﻳﻌﻳﻕ ﻋﻣﻠﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﻧﻘﺎﺫ‬/‫ﺍﻟﻬﺭﻭﺏ‬
.1
".‫"ﻟﺫﺍ ﻓﻔﻲ ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻛﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺯﺩﺣﻣﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻧﺎﺱ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺿﺭﻭﺭﻱ ﻋﺩﻡ ﺇﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍﻡ ﻛﺎﺑﻼﺕ ُﺗﻧﺗِﺞ ﻫﺎﻟﻭﺟﻳﻧﺎﺕ ﻋﻧﺩ ﺇﺣﺗﺭﺍﻗﻬﺎ ﻟﻣﺎ ﻗﺩ ﺗﺳﺑﺑﻪ ﻣﻥ ﺧﻁﻭﺭﺓ‬
Halogen acid gas contains mainly following elements: , ‫ﺃﻳﻭﺩﻳﻥ‬, ‫ﺑﺭﻭﻣﻳﺩ‬, ‫ﻓﻠﻭﺭﻳﻥ‬, ‫ ﻛﻠﻭﺭﻳﻥ‬:‫ﺍﻟﻬﺎﻟﻭﺟﻳﻧﺎﺕ ﻫﻲ ﺧﻣﺳﺔ ﻋﻧﺎﺻﺭ‬
fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine or Astatine . ‫ﺍﻷﺳﺗﺎﺗﻳﻥ‬
The halogens are five non-metallic elements found in :‫ﺍﻟﺗﺄﺛﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﺳﻳﻭﻟﻭﺟﻲ ﻟﻠﻬﺎﻟﻭﺟﻳﻧﺎﺕ‬
group 17 of the periodic table. The term "halogen" means
"salt-former" and compounds containing halogens are ‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﻳﺔ ﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﺟﻣﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﻬﺎﻟﻭﺟﻳﻧﺎﺕ ﺧﻁﺭﺓ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻣﺎ ﺍﺳﺗﻧﺷﻘﺕ ﻣﻊ ﻫﻭﺍء‬
called "salts". All halogens have 7 electrons in their outer :‫ﺍﻟﺗﻧﻔﺱ ﻭﻻﺳﻳﻣﺎ ﺩﺍﺧﻝ ﺍﻟﺭﺋﺗﻳﻥ‬
shells, giving them an oxidation number of -1. The ...‫ﻓﺎﻟﻔﻠﻭﺭ ﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺟﺩﺍً ﻭﺍﻟﻛﻠﻭﺭ ﺍﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ ﻛﻐﺎﺯ ﺣﺭﺑﻲ ﻓﺗﺎﻙ‬
halogens exist, at room temperature, in all three states of ... ‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﺃﺑﺧﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺑﺭﻭﻡ ﻓﻬﻲ ﺻﻌﺑﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺗﻧﺷﺎﻕ ﻭﺗﺅﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﺂﻛﻝ ﺍﻟﻐﺷﺎءﺍﻟﻣﺧﺎﻁﻲ‬
matter: ... ‫ﻭﺳﺎﺋﻝ ﺍﻟﺑﺭﻭﻡ ﺣﺎﺭﻕ ﻭﻳﺟﺏ ﺗﺣﺎﺷﻲ ﻣﺳﻪ‬
• Solid- Iodine, Astatine .‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻳﻭﺩ ﻓﻠﻳﺱ ﺃﻗﻝ ﺧﻁﺭﺍً ﻣﻥ ﺃﻗﺭﺍﻧﻪ ﻓﻬﻭ ﺳﺎﻡ ﺻﻌﺏ ﺍﻻﺳﺗﻧﺷﺎﻕ‬
• Liquid- Bromine
• Gas- Fluorine, Chlorine :‫ﻓﻛﺭﺓ ﺍﻹﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭ‬
• IEC 60754-1:2011:Test on gases evolved during
combustion of materials from cables - Part 1: ‫ ﺟﻡ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺯﻟﺔ ﻟﻠﻛﺎﺑﻝ ﻭﺩﺍﺧﻝ‬1 ‫ﺗﻘﻭﻡ ﻓﻛﺭﺓ ﺍﻹﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺗﺳﺧﻳﻥ ﻋﻳﻧﺔ‬
Determination of the halogen acid gas content
‫( ﺣﺗﻲ ﺗﺻﻝ ﻟﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬40 ± 5 ) min. ‫ﻓﺭﻥ ﻛﻬﺭﺑﻲ ﻟﻣﺩﺓ‬
.(20 ± 1) min. ‫( ﺛﻡ ﺗﺭﻛﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺣﺭﺍﺭﺍﺓ ﻟﻣﺩﺓ‬800 ± 10) °C
IEC 60754-1:2011 specifies the apparatus and procedure
‫ﺛﻡ ﻳﺗﻡ ﺇﺳﺗﺧﻼﺹ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻧﺎﺗﺞ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺗﺳﺧﻳﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺍﺧﻝ ﻗﺎﺭﻭﺭﺓ ﺗﺣﺗﻭﻱ ﻣﺣﻠﻭﻝ‬
for the determination of the amount of halogen acid gas,
.‫ﻫﻳﺩﺭﻭﻛﺳﻳﺩ ﺍﻟﺻﻭﺩﻳﻭﻡ‬
other than hydrofluoric acid, evolved during the
‫ﺛﻡ ﻳﺗﻡ ﺍﻟﻛﺷﻑ ﺑﻌﺩ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻝ ﺍﻟﻬﺎﻟﻭﺟﻳﻧﺎﺕ ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻳﻕ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻛﺎﺷﻔﺔ ﻭﻫﻲ‬
combustion of compounds based on halogenated polymers
‫ﻋﻣﻠﻳﺔ ﻛﻳﻣﻳﺎﺋﻳﺔ ﺑﺣﺗﺔ‬
and compounds containing halogenated additives taken
from electric or optical fiber cable constructions. The
method specified in this standard is intended for the testing
:‫ﻧﺗﻳﺟﺔ ﺍﻹﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭ‬
of individual components used in a cable construction. The
use of this method will enable the verification of ‫ﺑﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﻛﺷﻑ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻬﺎﻟﻭﺟﻳﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻛﺎﺑﻝ ﻳُﻌﺗﺑﺭ ﺇﺟﺗﺎﺯ ﺍﻹﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺕ ﻧﺳﺑﺔ‬
requirements which are stated in the appropriate cable .%0.5 ‫ﺍﻟﻬﺎﻟﻭﺟﻳﻧﺎﺕ ﺃﻗﻝ ﻣﻥ‬
specification for individual components of a cable
construction. :‫ﻣﻠﺣﻭﻅﺔ ﻣﻬﻣﺔ‬
‫ ﺧﺎﻟﻲ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻬﺎﻟﻭﺟﻳﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﻹﺛﺑﺎﺕ‬%100 ‫ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻹﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭ ﻻ ﻳﺛﺑﺕ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻛﺎﺑﻝ‬
If the hydrochloric acid yield is less than 5 mg/g, the cable PART-2 ‫ﺫﻟﻙ ﻳﺟﺏ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺎﻡ ﻋﻣﻝ ﺍﻹﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭ ﺍﻷﺧﺭ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻛﻭﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﻭﺟﻭﺩ ﻓﻲ‬
specimen is categorized as LSZH.
If the hydrochloric acid yield lies between 5mg/g to 15mg/g, the
cable specimen is categorized as LSF. IEC60754-1 cannot be used for measuring the exact
HCL yield if the yield is less than 5mg/g.
IEC60754-1 cannot be used for measuring the exact HCL yield if This test cannot determine if the cable is 100%
the yield is less than 5mg/g. This test cannot determine if the halogen free or not.
cable is 100% halogen free or not. To determine if the cable
To determine if the cable specimen is 100% halogen
specimen is 100% halogen free or not, IEC60754-2 has to be
employed. free or not, IEC60754-2 has to be employed.

‫ﻭﻓﻳﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ﺑﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﺻﻭﺭ ﻹﺟﺭﺍء ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻹﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭ‪:‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺻﻮﺭﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺇﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻓﻌﻠﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‬

‫ﻁﺮﻑ ﺛﺎﻟﺚ ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻝ ‪ TUV‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻭﺍﺿﺢ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺨﺘﻢ‬

‫ﻭﺍﻟﺷﻛﻝ ﺍﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ ﻫﻭ ﻧﺗﻳﺟﺔ ﺇﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭ ﻟﻛﺎﺑﻝ ﺟﻬﺩ ﻣﺗﻭﺳﻁ ﻣﻥ ﺇﻧﺗﺎﺝ ﺷﺭﻛﺔ ﺑﺣﺭﺓ ﻟﻠﻛﺎﺑﻼﺕ‪ ,‬ﻭﺗﻡ ﻋﻣﻝ ﺍﻹﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭ ﺑﺎﻟﺷﺭﻛﺔ‬

ً ‫ ﻭﺍﻝ ﺗﻭﺻﻳﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻛﻬﺭﺑﻳﺔ ﻁﺑﻘﺎ‬pH‫ ﺇﺧــﺗـﺑـﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻛﺷﻑ ﻋﻥ ﻧﺳﺑﺔ ﺍﻷﺣﻣﺎﺽ ﺍﻟﻧﺎﺗﺟﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺇﺣﺗﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﻛﺎﺑﻼﺕ ﻭﻛﺫﻟﻙ ﻧﺳﺑﺔ ﺍﻝ‬5.3.4
:IEC 60754-2 ‫ﻟﻠﻛﻭﺩ‬
Test on gases evolved during combustion of materials from cables - Part 2: Determination of acidity
(by pH measurement) and conductivity as per IEC 60754-2:2011
:‫ﺍﻟﻬﺩﻑ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻹﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭ‬
‫ ﻛﻣﺎ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳُﻌﺗﺑﺭ‬, ‫ ﺣﻳﺙ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﺑﻳﻥ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺎﻣﺿﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻧﺎﺗﺟﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺇﺣﺗﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﻛﺎﺑﻝ‬, ً ‫ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻹﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭ ﻫﻭ ﻣﻥ ﺃﻫﻡ ﺍﻹﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ُﺗﺟﺭﻱ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﻛﺎﺑﻼﺕ ﻋﻣﻭﻣﺎ‬
‫ ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻹﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭ ﻳُﺟﺭﻱ ﺃﻳﺿﺎ ُ ﻟﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩ‬IEC 60754-2 ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻛﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺑﻊ ﻟﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻹﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭ ﻫﻭ‬.‫ﻭﺳﻳﻠﺔ ﻏﻳﺭ ﻣﺑﺎﺷﺭﺓ ﻟﻘﻳﺎﺱ ﺗﺳﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﺎﻟﻭﺟﻳﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻧﺎﺗﺟﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺇﺣﺗﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﻛﺎﺑﻝ‬
.‫ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻧﺎﺗﺟﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻹﺣﺗﺭﺍﻕ‬Corrosivity ‫ ﻭﺃﻳﺿﺎ ً ﻳﺑﻳﻥ ﻣﺩﻱ ﺍﻝ‬. ‫ﺍﻟﺗﻭﺻﻳﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻛﻬﺭﺑﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺯﻟﺔ‬
IEC 60754-2 :‫ﻓﻛﺭﺓ ﺍﻹﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭ‬

This test determines the level of corrosion by
combustion of insulation-bedding and ‫ ﻭﺃﻱ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻏﻳﺭ ﻣﻌﺩﻧﻳﺔ‬- ‫ ﺟﻡ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺯﻟﺔ‬1 ‫ﺗﻘﻭﻡ ﻓﻛﺭﺓ ﺍﻹﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺗﺳﺧﻳﻥ ﻋﻳﻧﺔ‬
sheathing compounds. A minimum of 1000 (935) °C. ‫( ﺣﺗﻲ ﺗﺻﻝ ﻟﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬30) min. ‫ﻟﻠﻛﺎﺑﻝ ﻭﺩﺍﺧﻝ ﻓﺭﻥ ﻛﻬﺭﺑﻲ ﻟﻣﺩﺓ‬
mg (±5 mg) of insulating or sheathing .‫ﺛﻡ ﻳﺗﻡ ﺇﺳﺗﺧﻼﺹ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻧﺎﺗﺞ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺗﺳﺧﻳﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺍﺧﻝ ﻗﺎﺭﻭﺭﺓ ﺗﺣﺗﻭﻱ ﻣﺎء ﻣﻘﻁﺭ‬
compound should be heated in a furnace, 500 : ‫( ﻭﺍﻝ ﺍﻟﺗﻭﺻﻳﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻛﻬﺭﺑﻳﺔ ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻳﻕ‬pH) ‫ﺛﻡ ﻳﺗﻡ ﻗﻳﺎﺱ ﺍﻝ‬
- 600 mm long, to a temperature of - PH Meter
935°C. - Conductivity meter
:‫ﻧﺗﻳﺟﺔ ﺍﻹﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭ‬
IEC 60754-2 (Corrosivity)
This test specifies a method for the 4.3 ‫ ﺃﻗﻝ ﻣﻥ‬pH ‫ﺍﻟﻛﺎﺑﻝ ﻳُﻌﺗﺑﺭ ﺇﺟﺗﺎﺯ ﺍﻹﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺕ ﺍﻝ‬
determination of degree of acidity of gases 10 mS/mm ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺗﻭﺻﻳﻠﻳﺔ ﺇﻗﻝ ﻣﻥ‬
evolved during combustion of the cable
specimen by measuring its pH and
conductivity.
The specimen is deemed to pass this test if
the pH value is not less than 4.3 when
related to 1 liter of water and conductivity is
less than 10us/min. When the HCL yield lies
between 2mg/g and 5mg/g, a cable
specimen can pass IEC 60754-1 but its pH
value will likely be less than 4.3 and
therefore cannot pass the IEC 60754-2 test.

‫ﻭﺍﻟﺷﻛﻝ ﺍﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ ﻫﻭ ﻧﺗﻳﺟﺔ ﺇﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭ ﻟﻛﺎﺑﻝ ﺟﻬﺩ ﻣﺗﻭﺳﻁ ﻣﻥ ﺇﻧﺗﺎﺝ ﺷﺭﻛﺔ ﺑﺣﺭﺓ ﻟﻠﻛﺎﺑﻼﺕ‪ ,‬ﻭﺗﻡ ﻋﻣﻝ ﺍﻹﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭ ﺑﺎﻟﺷﺭﻛﺔ‪:‬‬

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Fire Resistant Cables ‫ ﺍﻟﻛﺎﺑﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺣﺭﻳﻕ‬-6
:‫ ﻣﻘﺩﻣﺔ‬6.1
‫ ﺑﻌﺩ ﻣﺭﻭﺭ ﺩﻗﻳﻘﺗﻳﻥ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺳﻁﻼً ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺎء ﻳﻛﻔﻲ‬, ‫ﺑﻌﺩ ﻣﺭﻭﺭ ﺩﻗﻳﻘﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺩﺓ ﻣﻥ ﻧﺷﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﺣﺭﻳﻕ ﻓﺈﻥ "ﻛﻭﺏ ﻭﺍﺣﺩ" ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺎء ﻳﻛﻔﻲ ﻹﺧﻣﺎﺩ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺣﺭﻳﻕ‬
.‫ ﺑﻌﺩ ﻣﺭﻭﺭ ﺛﻼﺙ ﺩﻗﺎﺋﻕ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻓﻘﻁ ﺭﺟﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺣﺭﻳﻕ "ﺍﻟﺩﻓﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻣﺩﻧﻲ" ﺃﻭ ﺃﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﻣُﺩﺭﺑﻳﻥ ﻓﻘﻁ ﻫﻡ ﻣﻥ ﻳﻣﻛﻧﻬﻡ ﺇﺧﻣﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺣﺭﻳﻕ‬, ‫ﻹﺧﻣﺎﺩ ﺫﺍﻙ ﺍﻟﺣﺭﻳﻕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺣﺭﻳﻕ‬/‫ﺍﻟﻠﻬﺏ‬/‫" ﺗﻬﺩﻑ ﺇﻟﻲ ﻛﺷﻑ ﺍﻟﺩﺧﺎﻥ‬Pre-Planned Fire-Safety Strategy" ‫ﻭﻟﻠﺗﻌﺎﻣﻝ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺣﺭﻳﻕ ﻳﺟﺏ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻛﻭﻥ ﻫﻧﺎﻙ ﺧﻁﺔ ﻣﺳﺑﻘﺔ‬
Fire Alarm " ‫ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺣﺩﻭﺙ ﺣﺭﻳﻕ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻧﻅﺎﻡ‬, ‫ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻳﻕ ﺍﻟﺣﺳﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ُﺗﺭﻛﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺟﻣﻳﻊ ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻛﻥ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﻳﺗﻭﺍﺟﺩ ﺑﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻧﺎﺱ‬
‫ ﻭﻹﺧﻼء ﺍﻟﻣﺑﻧﻲ ﻻﺑﺩ ﻣﻥ ﺗﻭﺟﻳﻪ ﺍﻟﻧﺎﺱ ﺇﻟﻲ ﻣﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﻟﻁﻭﺍﺭﺉ‬, ‫" ﺳﻳﻘﻭﻡ ﺑﺈﺻﺩﺍﺭ ﺇﻧﺫﺍﺭ ﻟﺗﻧﺑﻳﻪ ﺍﻟﻧﺎﺱ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﺑﺩء ﻓﻲ ﺇﺧﻼء ﺍﻟﻣﺑﻧﻲ‬System
‫ ﻭﻟﻛﻥ ﻭﺟﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺩﺧﺎﻥ ﻗﺩ ﻳﻛﻭﻥ ﻋﺎﺋﻘﺎ ً ﺃﻣﺎﻡ ﺇﺧﻼء‬, "Exit Signs" ‫" ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻳﻕ ﺃﻧﻭﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﺭﺉ ﻭﻟﻭﺣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺧﺭﻭﺝ‬Escape Routes"
‫" ﻭﻟﻬﺫﺍ ﻳﺄﺗﻲ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﻬﻡ ﻟﻧﻅﺎﻡ ﺳﺣﺏ‬Exit Signs" ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺑﻧﻲ ﺟﻳﺙ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﺣﺟﺏ ﺍﻟﺭﺅﻳﺔ ﻓﻠﻥ ﻳﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻧﺎﺱ ﻋﻼﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺭﺷﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻭﺟﻬﻬﻡ ﻟﻠﺧﺭﻭﺝ‬
."Smoke extraction system" ‫ﺍﻟﺩﺧﺎﻥ‬
‫" ﻭﻳﺟﺏ ﺿﻣﺎﻥ ﺇﺳﺗﻣﺭﺍﺭﺍﻳﺔ ﻋﻣﻠﻬﺎ ﺃﺛﻧﺎء‬Life safety Systems" ‫ﻭﺗﻠﻙ ﺍﻷﻧﻅﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺑﺩﻭﻧﻬﺎ ﻻ ﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﺇﺗﻣﺎﻡ ﻋﻣﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻹﺧﻼء ﻭﺇﻧﻘﺎ ﺍﻟﻧﺎﺱ ﺗﺳﻣﻲ‬
.‫ﺍﻟﺣﺭﻳﻕ ﻭﺿﻣﺎﻥ ﺇﺳﺗﻣﺭﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﺗﻐﺫﻳﺗﻬﺎ ﻣﻥ ﻣﺻﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻛﻬﺭﺑﺎء ﻭﻳﺗﺣﻘﻕ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻳﻕ ﺇﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍﻡ ﻛﺎﺑﻼﺕ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺣﺭﻳﻕ‬
One minute after a fire ignites, it is generally said that only one water glass is needed to
extinguish it. After two minutes, one pail of water is needed, and after three minutes, the fire is
out of control. Only firefighters or well-trained people can act to contain the disaster. Bearing
this in mind, it is crucial to have the possibility of escaping the building as quickly as possible.
In this event, pre-planned fire-safety strategy is paramount. Flame, fire, smoke detectors can be
installed in all areas to alert people and allow their escape during the first stage of a fire. But for
a well-developed fire, smoke is released and can reduce visibility. To remedy this, EXIT signs are
used to help people find their way out. In addition, blinding and choking smoke is extracted via
smoke exhaust systems. In all cases, the devices will have to be connected to the electrical
system. The usual way is to use fire-resistant cable to enable electrical continuity even in
extreme fire conditions.
The reasons
behind concern for
cable surviability
are related to the
increased reliance
in modern
buildings on fire
safety engineering
solutions
Ref.: F. Gyppaz – Nexans Research Center – Lyon France

: ‫ ﺗﻛﻧﻭﻟﻭﺟﻳﺎ ﺗﺻﻧﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﻛﺎﺑﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺣﺭﻳﻕ‬6.2
.‫ﻭﻛﻣﺎ ﺫﻛﺭﻧﺎ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻬﺩﻑ ﻣﻥ ﺇﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍﻡ ﻛﺎﺑﻼﺕ "ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺣﺭﻳﻕ" ﻫﻭ ﺿﻣﺎﻥ ﺍﺳﺗﻣﺭﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻳﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻛﻬﺭﺑﻲ ﻭﺍﻹﺑﻘﺎء ﻋﻠﻲ ﺃﻧﻅﻣﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﺔ‬
Fire-resistant cables are often used to provide power, or to make connections between emergency equipment.
In this case, they function as “active” elements since they must maintain electrical continuity or transmit a
signal for an adequate amount of time.
:‫ﻭﻫﻧﺎﻙ ﺛﻼﺙ ﺃﻧﻭﺍﻉ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺗﻛﻧﻭﻟﻭﺟﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺻﻧﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﻛﺎﺑﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺣﺭﻳﻕ ﻭﻫﻲ‬
‫ ﺣﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺻﻝ‬MICA Tape ‫ ﺍﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻝ‬-1
‫ ﺣﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺻﻝ‬SILICON-RUBBER ‫ ﺍﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻝ‬-2
INFIT™ ‫ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻧﺳﻳﺔ ﻭﺗﺳﻣﻳﻪ‬Nexan ‫ ﻭﻫﻭ ﻣﻥ ﺇﻧﺗﺎﺝ ﺑﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﺷﺭﻛﺎﺕ ﻛﺷﺭﻛﺔ‬, ‫ ﺍﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍﻡ ﻣﺭﻛﺏ ﻳﺟﻣﻊ ﺑﻳﻥ ﺧﺻﺎﺋﺹ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﺩﺗﻳﻥ‬-3
.‫ ﻣﺛﺎﻝ ﻣﻥ ﺷﺭﻛﺔ ﺑﺣﺭﺓ ﻟﻛﺎﺑﻝ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻡ ﻟﻠﺣﺭﻳﻕ‬, MICA Tape ‫ﻭﺍﻷﻛﺛﺭ ﺷﻳﻭﻋﺎ ً ﻫﻭ ﺍﻝ‬
: ‫ ﺗﻘﻳﻳﻡ ﻭﺇﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻛﺎﺑﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺣﺭﻳﻕ‬6.3

‫ﻧﻅﺭﺍً ﻷﻫﻣﻳﺔ ﻭﺧﻁﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺣﺭﻳﻕ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻣﺅﺳﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻛﻭﺍﺩ ﻣﺎﺯﻟﺕ ﺗﻘﺩﻡ ﺃﺑﺣﺎﺛﺎ ً ﻭﺃﻛﻭﺍﺩﺍً ﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﻠﻛﺎﺑﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺣﺭﻳﻕ ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﻟﺿﻣﺎﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻛﺎﺑﻼﺕ ﻳﻣﻛﻥ‬
.‫ﺍﻹﻋﺗﻣﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻳﻬﺎ‬
As fire is of great concern, for many years,
standardization bodies (IEC, CENELEC as :‫ﺍﻹﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻫﻭ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻐﻳﻳﺭ ﻭﺍﺣﺩﺓ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻭﺍﻣﻝ ﺍﻟﺗﺎﻟﻳﺔ‬/‫ﻭﺍﻹﺧﺗﻼﻑ ﺑﻳﻥ ﻓﻠﺳﻔﺔ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﻛﻭﺍﺩ‬
well as national organizations) have been ‫ ﻣﺩﺓ ﺍﻹﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭ‬-1
dealing with it. They have proposed various ‫ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻠﻬﺏ‬-2
fire-resistant test protocols in order to assess .‫ ﻛﻣﺎ ﺳﻳﺄﺗﻲ ﺷﺭﺣﻪ‬-‫ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻕ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻳﻧﺎﺕ ﺃﺛﺗﺎء ﺍﻹﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭ‬- ‫ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺗﺣﻣﻳﻝ ﻣﻳﻛﺎﻧﻳﻛﻲ‬-3
cable reliability. The main differences consist ‫ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺭﺵ ﺍﻟﻣﺎء ﺃﺛﻧﺎء ﺍﻹﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭ‬-4
in modifying the test duration, the fire/flame
temperature, or adding mechanical stress and
water sprays. .‫ﻭﺗﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﻌﻭﺍﻣﻝ ُﺗﻭﺿﺢ ﺍﻟﺧﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻠﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻛﺎﺑﻼﺕ ﺃﻭ ﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔ ﺃﺩﺍﺋﻬﺎ ﺃﺛﻧﺎء ﺍﻟﺣﺭﻳﻕ‬
Moreover, two different philosophies were :‫ ﻣﺛﺎﻝ ﻟﻺﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻭﺿﺢ ﺍﻟﺧﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻠﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻛﺎﺑﻼﺕ‬-
used: either testing the intrinsic fire resistance Example of Intrinsic Fire Resistance protocols
of cables, or assessing the performance of
cables with their associated management -INTERNATIONAL:
systems. -IEC 60331 part 11 and associated part 21, 23 and 25
-EUROPEAN:
Example of tests on systems -EN 50200 / IEC 60331-2
- with water spray EN 50200 Annex E & BS 8434-2
-Germany: DIN 4102-12 -EN 50362 / IEC 60331-1
-Belgium: NBN 713020 -France NFC 32070 test n°3
-Europe and Future Construction Product Regulation: -Germany: DIN VDE 0472 part 814
EN50577 -UK:
‫ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻹﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺗَﺠﺮﻱ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺑﻞ ﻓﻲ ﻅﺮﻭﻑ ﺗﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬ -BS 8434-2 (see EN50200 with water spray)
‫ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺗﺠﺮﻱ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺇﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺰﻝ‬, ‫ﻟﺘﺒﻴﻦ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺑﻞ‬ -BS 6387 A, B, C, S
.‫ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ‬ -BS 6387 W
-BS 6387 X, Y, Z

Ref.: F. Gyppaz – Nexans Research Center – Lyon France :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺟﻊ‬


‫‪ 6.4‬ﻣﻠﺧﺹ ﺍﻹﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻟﻠﻛﺎﺑﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺣﺭﻳﻕ ‪:‬‬

‫"‪" IEC 60331 and BS 6387‬‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﺋﻳﺳﻳﻳﻥ ﻹﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻛﺎﺑﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺣﺭﻳﻕ ﻫﻣﺎ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻹﺧﺗﻼﻑ ﺑﻳﻥ ﻫﺎﺫﻳﻥ ﺍﻹﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭﻳﻥ ﻫﻭ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻐﻳﻳﺭ ﻭﺍﺣﺩﺓ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻭﺍﻣﻝ ﺍﻟﺗﺎﻟﻳﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﻣﺩﺓ ﺍﻹﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭ‬
‫‪ -2‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻠﻬﺏ‬
‫‪ -3‬ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺗﺣﻣﻳﻝ ﻣﻳﻛﺎﻧﻳﻛﻲ ‪-‬ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻕ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻳﻧﺎﺕ ﺃﺛﺗﺎء ﺍﻹﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭ‪ -‬ﻛﻣﺎ ﺳﻳﺄﺗﻲ ﺷﺭﺣﻪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -4‬ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺭﺵ ﺍﻟﻣﺎء ﺃﺛﻧﺎء ﺍﻹﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭ‬
‫‪ BS 6387‬ﻫﻭ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻲ ﻣﻥ ﺣﻳﺙ ﺍﻹﺷﺗﺭﺍﻁﺎﺕ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻁﺑﻘﻧﺎ ﺍﻝ ‪BS 6387 CWZ‬‬ ‫ﻭﻳﻌﺗﺑﺭ ﺍﻝ‬
‫‪Fire resistant cables are designed for maintaining circuit integrity during a fire. The IEC and the BS adopted‬‬
‫‪two different standards, namely the IEC 60331 and BS 6387.Comparatively speaking, the fire performance‬‬
‫‪requirement for BS6387 is more demanding.‬‬
‫ﻭﻓﻲ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ﺳﻧﺷﺭﺡ ﺍﻹﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺫﻛﻭﺭﺓ ﺃﻋﻼﻩ‬

‫‪ 6.4.1‬ﺇﺧــﺗـﺑـﺎﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻛﺎﺑﻼﺕ ﻟﻠﺣﺭﻳﻕ ﻁﺑﻘﺎ ً ﻟﻠﻛﻭﺩ ‪:IEC 60331‬‬

‫‪IEC 60331 Fire Resisting Characteristics of Electric Cables‬‬
‫‪Specifies test methods for circuit integrity cables under fire conditions‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻹﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭ ﻫﻭ ﻣﻥ ﺃﻫﻡ ﺍﻹﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ُﺗﺟﺭﻱ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻛﺎﺑﻼﺕ ﺍﻝ ‪ Fire resistance‬ﺣﻳﺙ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻛﺎﺑﻝ ﻻ ﻳﻌﺗﺑﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺎ ً ﻟﻠﺣﺭﻳﻕ ﺇﻻ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻁﺎﺑﻘﺎ ً ﻟﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻛﻭﺩ‬
‫ﻭﻧﺟﺢ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻹﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻬﺩﻑ ﺍﻹﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭ ﺇﻟﻲ ﻣﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﺃﺩﺍء ﺍﻟﻛﺎﺑﻝ ﺃﺛﻧﺎء ﺍﻟﺣﺭﻳﻕ ﻭﻫﻝ ﻳﻣﺭﺭ ﺍﻟﺗﻳﺎﺭ ﺑﺻﻭﺭﺓ ﻁﺑﻳﻌﻳﺔ ﺃﻡ ﻻ‪.‬‬
‫ﻛﺎﺑﻝ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻡ ﻟﻠﺣﺭﻳﻕ ‪ :‬ﻫﻭ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﻛﺎﺑﻝ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻳﺳﺗﻣﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻣﻝ ‪ -‬ﻛﻣﻭﺻﻝ ﻟﻠﺗﻳﺎﺭ ‪ -‬ﺑﺻﻭﺭ ﻁﺑﻳﻌﻳﺔ ﺃﺛﻧﺎء ﻭﺑﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﺣﺭﻳﻕ ﻭﻳﺗﻁﺎﺑﻕ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻛﻭﺩ ‪.IEC 60331‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺗﻌﺭﻳﻑ ﻻ ﻳﺧﺗﻠﻑ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺗﻌﺭﻳﻑ ﺍﻟﻣﺫﻛﻭﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻛﻭﺩ ‪: BS 7846:2009‬‬
‫ﻓﻛﺭﺓ ﺍﻹﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭ ﻫﻲ ﺗﺛﺑﻳﺕ ﻋﻳﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﻛﺎﺑﻝ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻣﺟﻣﻭﻋﺔ ﺣﻠﻘﺎﺕ ‪ -‬ﻋﺩﺩﻫﺎ ﻁﺑﻘﺎ ً ﻟﻠﻛﻭﺩ ‪ -‬ﻭﺗﻌﺭﻳﺿﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﻬﺏ ‪ -‬ﺑﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻁﺑﻘﺎ ً ﻟﻠﻛﻭﺩ ‪ -‬ﻭﻟﻣﺩﺓ ﻣﻌﻳﻧﺔ ﻭﻗﺩ ﻳُﻌﺭﺽ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻁﺭﻕ ‪ Mechanical Chock-‬ﻁﺑﻘﺎ ً ﻟﻠﻛﻭﺩ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺟﺗﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻛﺎﺑﻝ ﺍﻹﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﺳﺗﻣﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺇﻣﺭﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺗﻳﺎﺭ‪.‬‬
‫ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻹﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭ‪:‬‬
‫ﺗﺭﻛﻳﺏ ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻹﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭ ﻳﻌﺗﻣﺩ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﻛﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ "‪ "Which Part Of The Code‬ﻛﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺇﺟﺭﺍء ﺍﻹﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭ ﻁﺑﻘﺎ ً ﻝ ‪ Part1,2 or3‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻹﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭ ﻳﻛﻭﻥ ﻛﻣﺎ ﻫﻭ ﻣﻭﺟﻭﺩ ﻓﻲ ‪.Part1‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺇﺟﺭﺍء ﺍﻹﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭ ﻁﺑﻘﺎ ً ﻝ ‪ Part21,22,23, or25‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻹﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭ ﻳﻛﻭﻥ ﻛﻣﺎ ﻫﻭ ﻣﻭﺟﻭﺩ ﻓﻲ ‪.Part11‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﻋﺑﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻥ‪:‬‬

‫‪ -1‬ﺣﺎﻣﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻳﻧﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﻣﺻﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻠﻬﺏ ﻭﻫﻭ ﻋﺑﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻥ ﻧﻅﺎﻡ ﺇﺣﺗﺭﺍﻕ ﻳﻘﻭﻡ ﺑﺧﻠﻁ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻹﺣﺗﺭﺍﻕ "ﻛﺎﻝ‪ "propane gas‬ﻣﻊ ﻭﺳﻳﻁ ﺍﻹﺷﺗﻌﺎﻝ "ﻛﺎﻝ ‪ "air‬ﻭﺍﻟﻧﻁﺎﻡ ﻣُﺟﻬﺯ‬
‫ﺑﻛﺎﻓﺔ ﻣﺗﻁﻠﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻳﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻣﻁﻠﻭﺑﺔ ﻟﻘﻳﺎﺱ ﻣﻌﺩﻝ ﺗﺩﻓﻕ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻭﻭﺳﻁ ﺍﻹﺣﺗﺭﺍﻕ‪.‬‬

13T




‫ﻭﻓﻳﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ﻧﺟﺩ ﺗﻘﺭﻳﺭ ﻹﺣﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﺷﺭﻛﺎﺕ ﻟﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻹﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭ ﺗﻡ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻛﺎﺑﻝ ﺟﻬﺩ ﻣﻧﺧﻔﺽ ﻁﺑﻘﺎ ً ﻟﻠﻛﻭﺩ ‪: 60331-21‬‬

: BS6387 ‫ ﺇﺧــﺗـﺑـﺎﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻛﺎﺑﻼﺕ ﻟﻠﺣﺭﻳﻕ ﻁﺑﻘﺎ ً ﻟﻠﻛﻭﺩ‬6.4.2

BS 6387:2013 is applicable to cables of rated voltage not exceeding 600/1000V

and not exceeding 20mm in diameter. "for larger diameters follow BS 8491:2008
which is considered BS 6387's big brother.
Fire resistance (circuit integrity)

Will the circuit continue to operate as normal during a fire and for how long? Tests include furnace and ribbon
burner tests on power distribution cables, often including indirect or direct impact and/or the application of
water.
For example, the main test for cables to achieve compliance with BS 5839-1 fire alarm systems or BS 5266-1
emergency lighting (BS EN 50200 Annex E; BS 8434-2) applies a dry burner for up to two hours with impacts
every few minutes and then a water spray is applied half way through the test period.
Another key test for users is BS 6387, which has recently been updated. Circuit integrity tests are generally
performed on an energized cable at maximum operating voltage using a ribbon burner. Other national tests
may involve high temperature furnaces or other techniques. Measurement criteria are usually based on how
long the cable can continue to operate for a specific time period without failure.


‫ ﺇﺧﺗﻳﺎﺭ ﻭﺗﺭﻛﻳﺏ ﻛﺎﺑﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﺗﺣﻛﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺣﺭﻳﻕ ﻭﺍﻟﺗﻲ ُﺗﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ ﻷﻧﻅﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺎﻅ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺣﻳﺎﺓ‬6.4.3
: BS 8519 ‫ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﻭﻛﺫﻟﻙ ﻟﺗﻐﺫﻳﺔ ﻣﻌﺩﺍﺕ ﻣﻛﺎﻓﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﺭﻳﻕ ﻁﺑﻘﺎ ً ﻟﻠﻛﻭﺩ‬
BS 8519 :2010 :
Selection and Installation of Fire Resistant Power and Control Cable Systems for Life Safety
and Fire-Fighting Applications
:‫ ﺍﻟﻬﺩﻑ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻹﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭ ﻭﻓﻛﺭﺗﻪ‬-
‫ ﻭﻧﻅﺭﺍًﻷﻥ ﺗﻛﻧﻭﻟﻭﺟﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻣﺑﺎﻧﻲ ﺍﻟﺣﺩﻳﺛﺔ ﺗﻬﺗﻡ‬.‫ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻛﻭﺩ ﻳﻌﺩ ﻣﻥ ﺃﻫﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺍﺟﻊ ﻹﺧﺗﻳﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻛﺎﺑﻼﺕ ﻟﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺣﺭﻳﻕ ﻭﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﻛﻭﺩ ﺍﻹﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻁﺑﻘﺎ ً ﻟﻁﺑﻳﻌﺔ ﺍﻹﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍﻡ‬
‫ " ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺿﺭﻭﺭﻱ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﺍﻷﻧﻅﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺿﺭﻭﺭﻳﺔ ﺗﻌﻣﻝ ﺑﺻﻭﺭﺓ ﻣﺳﺗﻣﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﺧﻼء ﻭﺇﻁﻔﺎء‬Fire Safety Engineering" ‫ﺑﺻﻭﺭﺓ ﻣﺗﺯﺍﻳﺩﺓ ﺑﺎﻟـ‬
:‫ﺍﻟﺣﺭﻳﻕ ﻣﺛﻝ ﺍﻷﻧﻅﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﺎﻟﻳﺔ‬
Following systems are required to operate both in evacuation and fire –fighting phases:
– Smoke ventilation systems
– Electrically operated fire doors and curtains
– Pressurization fans
– Sprinklers and wet-riser pumps
:‫ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻛﻭﺩ ﻻ ُﻳﻐﻁﻲ ﺍﻷﻧﻅﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﺎﻟﻳﺔ‬
.‫ ﻣﻡ ﻟﻛﺎﺑﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻱ‬20 ‫ ﺍﻟﻛﺎﺑﻼﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﻗﻁﺎﺭ ﺍﻷﻗﻝ ﻣﻥ‬-1
‫ ﺍﻟﻛﺎﺑﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻣُﺭﻛﺑﺔ ﺩﺍﺧﻝ ﻣﻭﺍﺳﻳﺭ‬-2
‫ﺍﻟﻛﺎﺑﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﻧﻅﺎﻡ ﺇﻧﺫﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺣﺭﻳﻕ‬-3
‫ ﺍﻟﻛﺎﺑﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺈﺿﺎءﺓ ﺍﻟﻁﻭﺍﺭﺉ‬-4
:‫ﺃﻫﻣﻳﺔ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻛﻭﺩ‬

.‫ ﻳﻐﻁﻲ ﺍﻟﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﺑﺎﻧﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﻌﻘﺩﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺳﺗﻠﺯﻡ ﻣﻭﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﻋﺎﻟﻳﺔ ﻟﺷﺑﻛﺔ ﻭﻛﺎﺑﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻛﻬﺭﺑﺎء ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻐﻁﻲ ﺃﺣﻣﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻁﻭﺍﺭﺉ ﺍﻟﺭﺋﻳﺳﻳﺔ ﺑﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻣﺑﺎﻧﻲ‬-1
.‫ ﻳﺣﺩﺩ ﺍﻷﺯﻣﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺍﻟﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺄﻧﻭﺍﻉ ﻛﺎﺑﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺣﺭﻳﻕ ﻭﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﻳﺟﺏ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻅﻝ ﺍﻟﻛﺎﺑﻝ ﻳﻌﻣﻝ ﺑﺻﻭﺭﺓ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﺃﺛﻧﺎء ﺍﻟﺣﺭﻳﻕ‬-1
Fire Safety or Life Safety ‫ ﺍﻟﻛﻭﺩ ﻳﺣﺩﺩ ﺑﺩﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻕ ﺑﻳﻥ ﺍﻷﺣﻣﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ُﺗﻌﺩ‬-3
‫ ﺍﻟﻛﺎﺑﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺈﺿﺎءﺓ ﺍﻟﻁﻭﺍﺭﺉ‬-4
BS 8519 :2010 is a new Code of practice giving guidance and recommendations for the “Selection and installation of fire
resistant power and control cable systems for life safety and fire-fighting applications”:-
 It specifically covers high rise and complex buildings and recognises that the fire engineered solutions developed
for such buildings require a high level of performance from components of the building services including
electrical supplies.
 It is intended for designers, contractors, regulators and enforcers, fire authorities and inspectors.
 It identifies electrical loads defined as life safety or fire-fighting and recommends minimum categories for
particular applications.
 It identifies three categories of circuits (Categories 1, 2 and 3) with fire survival times of 30 min, 60 min and 120
min.
 It identifies appropriate cable tests for the categories.
 It aims to ensure that the level of circuit integrity of the cables is not compromised by other electrical system
components.
 It does NOT give recommendations for the wiring of fire detection and fire alarm systems which are covered by
BS 5839-1, BS 5839-6, BS 5839-8 and BS 5839-9 or emergency lighting systems covered by BS 5266-1.
Relationship between BS 7346-6 and the 2006 edition of Approved Document B of The
Building Regulations
BS 8519:2010 is a complete revision of BS 7346-6:2005 “Components for smoke and heat control systems - Part 6:
Specification for cable systems” which has been withdrawn. The new CoP "Code of Practice" has an expanded scope to
all life safety and fire-fighting systems except fire detection, fire alarm and emergency lighting.
Fire Survival Times

Three fire survival times are recognised in BS 8519, according to the specific life safety or fire-fighting application.
For life safety systems it is recommended that the system should be capable of remaining operational for 60 minutes
in large and/or complex buildings and 30 minutes in others.
For firefighting systems it is recommended that the system should be capable of servicing active systems for 60
minutes or 120 minutes depending on the specific application.
The fire survival times are allocated categories for ease of reference:
 Category 1 - 30 minute fire survival time "others = not large and/or complex buildings = single stage evacuation"
 Category 2 - 60 minute fire survival time "in large and/or complex buildings = phased evacuation"
 Category 3 - 120 minute fire survival time
"In general Life Safety system cables are required to have fire survival time of 30 minutes for single stage evacuation
and 60 minutes in case of phased evacuation. The cables for these systems would include fire protection systems,
smoke ventilator system etc."
"All Fire Fighting systems are required to function for 120 minutes. Cables for these systems would aid fire fighters in
carrying their role and shall include SHEVS (Smoke & Heat Exhaust Ventilation System), smoke curtains, sprinkler
system and fire-fighting lift."
Cable Selection and Test Methods

Cable requirements for the three categories are split between power cables (larger cables generally for 3 phase
circuits) and control cables (smaller cables with conductor sizes up to and including 4mm2 and excluding 3 phase
power circuits). Power cables would include supplies to plant (motors, fans etc.) whereas control cables would include
interconnections (often ELV) to associated alarm and detection systems providing signals.
Power cables of 20mm overall diameter and above should meet the required fire survival time (30 min, 60 min or
120 min) when tested to BS 8491. This is the same requirement as given in BS 7346-6 and is also the same as the
F30, F60 and F120 categories of BS 7846.
Prysmian FP600S high performance power cables meet the requirements for Category 1 (30 min), Category 2
(60 min) and Category 3 (120 min). Power cables that have overall diameter less than 20mm cannot currently
be tested to BS 8491, but their use is allowed provided that they can be demonstrated to give the same level of
resistance to fire, direct impact and water jet as required by BS 8519.
Control Cables of conductor size up to and including 4mm2 should meet the required fire survival time (30 min, 60
min or 120 min) when tested to BS EN 50200 together with an additional test for resistance to fire, impact and water
spray.
For Category 1, this additional test is to BS EN 50200 Annex E for 30 minutes and thus the requirement is the same as
for “standard” cables to the fire alarm standard BS 5839-1.
For Category 2, this additional test is to BS 8434-2 and thus the requirement is the same as for “enhanced” cables to
the fire alarm standard BS 5839-1.
For Category 3, this additional test is variant of BS 8434-2 with amended burning and water application times and the
details are given in BS 8519 Annex B.
Ref: FP Guide to BS 8519:2010 "A guide to the selection of cable types in accordance with the recommendations of BS
8519:2010"


‫‪:BS 8491 2008‬‬ ‫‪ 6.4.4‬ﺇﺧــﺗـﺑـﺎﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻛﺎﺑﻼﺕ ﻟﻠﺣﺭﻳﻕ ﻁﺑﻘﺎ ً ﻟﻠﻛﻭﺩ‬
‫‪BS 8491:2008‬‬
‫‪Method for assessment of fire integrity of large diameter power cables for use as‬‬
‫‪components for smoke and heat control systems and certain other active fire safety‬‬
‫‪systems‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻬﺩﻑ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻹﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭ ﻭﻓﻛﺭﺗﻪ‪:‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻹﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭ ﻳﻌﺩ ﻣﻥ ﺃﻫﻡ ﺍﻹﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ُﺗﺟﺭﻱ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻛﺎﺑﻼﺕ ﺍﻝ ‪ Fire Resistance‬ﻭﻳﻬﺩﻑ ﺍﻹﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭ ﺇﻟﻲ ﻣﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﺃﺩﺍء ﺍﻟﻛﺎﺑﻝ ﺃﺛﻧﺎء ﺍﻟﺣﺭﻳﻕ ﻭﻫﻝ ﻳﻣﺭﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﻳﺎﺭ ﺑﺻﻭﺭﺓ ﻁﺑﻳﻌﻳﺔ ﺃﻡ ﻻ ‪ ,‬ﻣﻣﺎ ﻳﺑﻳﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻛﺎﺑﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ُﺗﻐﺫﻱ ﻣﻌﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺳﻼﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﻟﺿﻣﺎﻥ ﺳﻼﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻧﺎﺱ ﺃﺛﻧﺎء ﺍﻟﺣﺭﻳﻕ ﺗﻌﻣﻝ ﺑﺻﻭﺭﺓ ﻣﻧﺎﺳﺑﺔ ﻹﻛﻣﺎﻝ ﻋﻣﻠﻳﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺧﻼء ﻭﺍﻹﻁﻔﺎء‪ ,‬ﻣﺛﻝ ﻣﻌﺩﺍﺕ ﺇﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺧﺎﻥ ‪ -Smoke Management Systems -‬ﻭﻛﺫﻟﻙ ﻣﺿﺧﺎﺕ ﻣﻛﺎﻓﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﺭﻳﻕ ‪. Fire Fighting Pump-‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻹﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭ ﻟﻪ ﺃﻫﻣﻳﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻷﻧﻪ ﻭﺳﻳﻠﺔ ﺍﻹﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻛﺎﺑﻼﺕ ﻁﺑﻘﺎ ً ﻟﻠﻛﻭﺩ ‪ BS 8519‬ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻳﺑﻳﻥ ﺇﺧﺗﻳﺎﺭ ﻛﺎﺑﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﻭﺍﺭﺉ ﻛﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺷﻛﻝ ﺍﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ‪.‬‬
‫‪BS 8519 2010 is a new Code of practice giving guidance and recommendations for the “Selection and installation of fire‬‬
‫”‪resistant power and control cable systems for life safety and fire-fighting applications‬‬
‫**ﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻕ ﺑﻳﻥ ﺍﻹﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭ ﻁﺑﻘﺎ ً ﻟﻠﻛﻭﺩ ‪ BS 8491‬ﻭﺍﻹﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭ ﻁﺑﻘﺎ ً ﻟﻠﻛﻭﺩ ‪ BS 6387‬؟؟‬
‫**ﺍﻹﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭ ﻁﺑﻘﺎ ً ﻟﻠﻛﻭﺩ ‪ BS 6387‬ﻫﻭ ﻟﻠﻛﺎﺑﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﻻ ﺗﺯﻳﺩ ﺃﻗﻁﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﻋﻥ ‪ 20‬ﻣﻡ ‪ ,‬ﻭﻟﻬﺫﺍ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻛﻭﺩ ‪ BS 8491‬ﻳﻌﺗﺑﺭ ﺍﻷﺥ ﺍﻷﻛﺑﺭ ﻟﻠﻛﻭﺩ ‪, BS 6387‬‬
‫ﻓ ُﻳﻠﺟﺄ ﻟﻪ ﻹﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻛﺎﺑﻼﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﻗﻁﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻛﺑﻳﺭﺓ‪.‬‬
‫‪BS 8491:2008‬‬
‫‪It is applicable to cables of rated voltage not exceeding 600/1 000 V and of overall diameter‬‬
‫‪greater than 20 mm.‬‬
‫ﻭﻓﻳﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ﺑﻳﺎﻥ ﺗﻭﺿﻳﺣﻲ ﻹﺧﺗﻳﺎﺭ ﻛﺎﺑﻼﺕ ﺍﻟـ ‪ Fire Resistant‬ﻁﺑﻘﺎ ً ﻟﻠﻛﻭﺩ‬

Ref: FP Guide to BS 8519:2010 "A guide to the selection of cable types in accordance with the recommendations of BS
8519:2010"
:‫ﻓﻛﺭﺓ ﺍﻹﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭ‬

- ‫ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻣﺋﻭﻳﺔ‬842 ‫ ﺑﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻁﺑﻘﺎ ً ﻟﻠﻛﻭﺩ‬- ‫ﻫﻲ ﺗﺛﺑﻳﺕ ﻋﻳﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﻛﺎﺑﻝ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻟﻭﺡ ﺍﻹﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭﻣﻊ ﺗﻭﺻﻳﻝ ﺍﻟﺗﻳﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻛﻬﺭﺑﻲ ﻟﻠﻔﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﻭﺗﻌﺭﻳﺽ ﺍﻟﻛﺎﺑﻝ ﻟﻠﻬﺏ ﺍﻟﻣﺑﺎﺷﺭ‬
.‫ ﻛﻣﺎ ﻳﻌﺭﺽ ﻟﺭﺵ ﺍﻟﻣﺎء ﻛﻣﺣﺎﻛﺎﺓ ﻟﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﻛﺎﻓﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﺭﻳﻕ‬-Mechanical Chock = 10N- ‫ ﻭﻳُﻌﺭﺽ ﻟﻠﻁﺭﻕ ﺍﻟﻣﻳﻛﺎﻧﻳﻛﻲ‬-‫ﺣﺳﺏ ﺗﺻﻧﻳﻑ ﺍﻟﻛﺎﺑﻝ‬- ‫ﻭﻟﻣﺩﺓ ﻣﻌﻳﻧﺔ‬
.‫ ﺩﻗﻳﻘﺔ ﻛﻣﺎ ﺳﻳﺄﺗﻲ ﺫﻛﺭﻩ‬120-60-30 ‫ ﻭﺯﻣﻥ ﺍﻹﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭ ﻳُﺣﺩﺩﻩ ﻧﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻛﺎﺑﻝ ﻭﻫﻲ‬.‫ﻭﻳﺟﺗﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻛﺎﺑﻝ ﺍﻹﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﺳﺗﻣﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺇﻣﺭﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺗﻳﺎﺭ‬
The test method in BS 8491:2008 includes subjecting the cable under test to radiation via direct
impingement corresponding to a constant temperature attack of 842 °C, to direct
mechanical impacts corresponding to a force of approximately 10 N, and to direct
application of a water jet simulating a water fire fighting jet.
The test method given in this standard includes three different test durations to allow testing of
cables intended for different applications.
It is emphasized that fire tests do not assess a fire hazard, nor can the results of fire tests alone
guarantee safety. They only provide information to assist in the assessment of the suitability of a
cable for a given application.
:‫ ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻹﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭ‬-2
:‫ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻹﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭ ﻛﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‬
.‫ ﻣﺗﺭ ﻣﻛﻌﺏ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺍﻷﻗﻝ ﻣُﺟﻬﺯﺓ ﺑﺎﻷﺗﻅﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﻟﺳﺣﺏ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻧﺎﺗﺟﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻹﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭ‬10 ‫ ﻏﺭﻓﺔ ﺑﺣﺟﻡ‬-1
.‫ ﺣﺎﻣﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻳﻧﺔ ﺑﻣﻠﺣﻘﺎﺗﻪ ﺍﻟﻣُﺑﻳﻧﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺻﻭﺭ‬-2




‫‪ ----‬ﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔ ‪ /‬ﺧﻁﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻹﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭ‪:‬‬
‫ﻳﺗﻡ ﺍﻹﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭ ﻋﻠﻲ ‪ 4‬ﻣﺭﺍﺣﻝ ﻛﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻲ ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺗﺣﻘﻕ ﻣﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺩﺍﺕ ﻣﺗﻭﺍﻓﻘﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻛﻭﺩ ﻭﻫﻲ ‪ 11‬ﺧﻁﻭﺓ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺛﺎﻧﻳﺔ ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺗﺣﻘﻕ ﻣﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻣﺻﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻠﻬﺏ ﻣﺗﻭﺍﻓﻕ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻛﻭﺩ ﻭﻫﻲ ‪ 5‬ﺧﻁﻭﺍﺕ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -3‬ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺛﺎﻟﺛﺔ ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺗﺣﻘﻕ ﻣﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻳﻧﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﺟﺭﺍﺋﺎﺕ ﻣﺗﻭﺍﻓﻘﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻛﻭﺩ ﻭﻫﻲ ‪ 9‬ﺧﻁﻭﺍﺕ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -4‬ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺑﻌﺔ ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺗﺣﻘﻕ ﻣﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺩﺍء ﺍﻟﻌﻳﻧﺔ ﻭﻧﺗﻳﺟﺔ ﺍﻹﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭ‪.‬‬


‫ﻭﻓﻳﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ﺗﻔﺻﻳﻝ ﻟﺗﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﺧﻁﻭﺍﺕ‪:‬‬

‫‪ 1.1‬ﻏﺭﻓﺔ ﺍﻹﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭ‪:‬‬
‫ﻳﺗﻡ ﺍﻟﺗﺄﻛﺩ ﻣﻥ ﺃﻧﻬﺎ ﻣُﻁﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﻛﻭﺩ ﺑﻧﺩ ‪4‬‬
‫ﻳﺟﺏ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻐﺭﻓﺔ ﻗﺑﻝ ﺑﺩء ﺍﻹﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭ ﺑﻳﻥ ‪ 40-10‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻣﺋﻭﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ 1.2‬ﺣﺎﻣﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻳﻧﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﻳﺗﻡ ﺍﻟﺗﺄﻛﺩ ﻣﻥ ﺃﻧﻬﺎ ﻣُﻁﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﻛﻭﺩ ﺑﻧﺩ ‪5.1‬‬

‫‪ 1.3‬ﺗﻭﺻﻳﻝ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺋﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻛﻬﺭﺑﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺟﻬﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ‪:‬‬
‫ﻳﺗﻡ ﺍﻟﺗﺄﻛﺩ ﻣﻥ ﺃﻧﻬﺎ ﻣُﻁﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﻛﻭﺩ ﺑﻧﺩ ‪ 5.2‬ﻣﻊ ﺍﻷﺧﺫ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻹﻋﺗﺑﺎﺭ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻠﻣﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﺔ ُﺗﻣﺛﻝ ﺣﻣﻝ ﻛﻬﺭﺑﻲ ﻭﻭﺳﻳﻠﺔ ﺑﻳﺎﻥ ﺇﺳﺗﻣﺭﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻭﺻﻳﻝ‪.‬‬

:‫ ﻣﺻﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻠﻬﺏ‬1.4
5.3 ‫ﻳﺗﻡ ﺍﻟﺗﺄﻛﺩ ﻣﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻣﺻﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻠﻬﺏ ﻣُﻁﺎﺑﻕ ﻟﻠﻛﻭﺩ ﺑﻧﺩ‬

‫‪ 1.5‬ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻕ ﺍﻟﻣﻳﻛﺎﻧﻳﻛﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﻳﺗﻡ ﺍﻟﺗﺄﻛﺩ ﻣﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻕ ﺍﻟﻣﻳﻛﺎﻧﻳﻛﻲ ﻣُﻁﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﻛﻭﺩ ﺑﻧﺩ ‪5.4‬‬

‫‪ 1.6‬ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺭﺵ ﺍﻟﻣﻳﺎﺓ‪:‬‬
‫ﻳﺗﻡ ﺍﻟﺗﺄﻛﺩ ﻣﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺭﺵ ﺍﻟﻣﻳﺎﺓ ﻣُﻁﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﻛﻭﺩ ﺑﻧﺩ ‪5.5‬‬
‫‪ 1.7‬ﺣﺎﺋﻁ ﺍﻹﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭ‪:‬‬
‫ﻳﺗﻡ ﺍﻟﺗﺄﻛﺩ ﻣﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺣﺎﺋﻁ ﺍﻹﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭ ﻣُﻁﺎﺑﻕ ﻟﻠﻛﻭﺩ ﺑﻧﺩ ‪ 5.6‬ﻭﻫﻭ ﻭﺳﻳﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺗﺣﻘﻕ ﻣﻥ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻣﺻﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻠﻬﺏ‬

‫‪ 1.8‬ﺍﻟﻭﺻﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺣﺭﺍﺭﻳﺔ‪:thermocouples-‬‬
‫ﻳﺗﻡ ﺍﻟﺗﺄﻛﺩ ﻣﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﺻﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺣﺭﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﻣُﻁﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﻛﻭﺩ ﺑﻧﺩ ‪ 5.7‬ﻛﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺷﻛﻝ ﺭﻗﻡ ‪7‬‬
‫‪ 1.9‬ﺍﻟﻣﺅﻗﺕ ﻟﻘﻳﺎﺱ ﻣﺩﺓ ﺍﻹﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭ‪:‬‬

‫ﻳﺗﻡ ﺍﻟﺗﺄﻛﺩ ﻣﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﺻﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺣﺭﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﻣُﻁﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﻛﻭﺩ ﺑﻧﺩ ‪5.8‬‬

‫‪ 1.10‬ﺍﻟﻣﺻﻬﺭﺍﺕ‪ Fuses -‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺍﻁﻊ ‪: Circuit Breaker‬‬
‫ﻳﺗﻡ ﺍﻟﺗﺄﻛﺩ ﻣﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟـ ‪ Fuses‬ﻣُﻁﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﻛﻭﺩ ﺑﻧﺩ ‪5.9‬‬
‫‪ 1.11‬ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺎﻣﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺩﻧﻳﺔ ﻭﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﺛﺑﻳﺕ‪:‬‬

‫ﻳﺗﻡ ﺍﻟﺗﺄﻛﺩ ﻣﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺎﻣﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺩﻧﻳﺔ ﻭﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﺛﺑﻳﺕ ﻣُﻁﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﻛﻭﺩ ﺑﻧﺩ ‪5.10‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺛﺎﻧﻳﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺗﺣﻘﻕ ﻣﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻣﺻﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻠﻬﺏ ﻣﺗﻭﺍﻓﻕ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻛﻭﺩ ﻭﻫﻲ ‪ 5‬ﺧﻁﻭﺍﺕ ﻭﺃﻳﺿﺎ ً ﺍﻟﺗﺣﻘﻕ ﻣﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺗﺻﻝ ﻟﻠﻘﻳﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻁﻠﻭﺑﺔ ﻭﻫﻲ ‪ 853‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺋﻭﻳﺔ ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﺑﺈﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍﻡ ﻟﻭﺡ ﺍﻹﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﺫﻛﻭﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻧﻘﻁﺔ ‪.1.7‬‬

‫‪ -3‬ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺛﺎﻟﺛﺔ ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺗﺣﻘﻕ ﻣﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻳﻧﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﺟﺭﺍﺋﺎﺕ ﻣﺗﻭﺍﻓﻘﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻛﻭﺩ ﻭﻫﻲ ‪ 9‬ﺧﻁﻭﺍﺕ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -3.1‬ﺇﻋﺩﺍﺩ ﻋﻳﻧﺔ ﺍﻹﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭ‪:‬‬
‫ﻳﺗﻡ ﻗﺹ ﻋﻳﻧﺔ ﻻ ﺗﻘﻝ ﻋﻥ ‪ 1500‬ﻣﻡ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻛﺎﺑﻝ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻳﺗﻡ ﺇﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭﻩ ‪ ,‬ﻭﻳﺗﻡ ﺇﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﻼﻑ ﺍﻟﺧﺎﺭﺟﻲ ‪ -outer sheath-‬ﻟﻣﺳﺎﻓﺔ ‪ 100‬ﻣﻡ ‪ ,‬ﺛﻡ ﻳﺗﻡ ﺗﻌﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺯﻝ ﺣﺗﻲ‬
‫ﻳﻅﻬﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺻﻝ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ ‪ ,‬ﺛﻡ ﻳﺗﻡ ﺗﻔﺭﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺻﻼﺕ ‪ -Cores -‬ﺣﺗﻲ ﻻ ﺗﺗﻼﻣﺱ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -3.2‬ﺗﻌﻠﻳﻕ ﻋﻳﻧﺔ ﺍﻹﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -3.3‬ﺛﻧﻲ ﻋﻳﻧﺔ ﺍﻹﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭ‪:‬‬
‫ﻳﺗﻡ ﺛﻧﻲ ﻋﻳﻧﺔ ﺍﻹﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺷﻛﻝ ﻗﻭﺱ ﺩﺍﺋﺭﻱ ﺑﻧﺻﻑ ﻗﻁﺭ ﻁﺑﻘﺎ ً ﻟﻣﺎ ﺃﻭﺭﺩﻩ ﺍﻟﻣُﺻﻧﻊ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺃﻧﻪ ‪minimum bending radius‬‬
‫‪ -3.3.1‬ﺍﻟﻭﺻﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻛﻬﺭﺑﻳﺔ‪:‬‬
1.3 ‫ ﻭﻛﻣﺎ ﺫﻛﺭﻧﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻧﻘﻁﺔ‬10 ‫ﻳﺗﻡ ﺍﻟﺗﺄﻛﺩ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﺻﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻛﻬﺭﺑﻳﺔ ﻛﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺷﻛﻝ ﺭﻗﻡ‬

‫‪ -3.4,3.5‬ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺩﺍﺕ‪:‬‬
‫ﻳﺗﻡ ﺍﻟﺗﺄﻛﺩ ﻣﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺩﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺗﺭﻛﻳﺑﺎﺕ ﻣﻁﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﻛﻭﺩ ﺑﻧﺩ ‪8.2‬‬
‫‪ -3.6‬ﺟﻬﺩ ﺍﻹﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭ‪:‬‬
‫ﻳﺗﻡ ﺍﻟﺗﺄﻛﺩ ﻣﻥ ﺟﻬﺩ ﺍﻹﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭ ﻭﻳﺟﺏ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺳﺎﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﺟﻬﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﻘﻧﻥ ﻟﻠﻛﺎﺑﻝ ‪U0/U‬‬

‫‪ -3.7‬ﺗﻁﺑﻳﻕ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻕ ﺍﻟﻣﻳﻛﺎﻧﻳﻛﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -3.8‬ﺯﻣﻥ ﺍﻹﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -3.9‬ﺭﺵ ﺍﻟﻣﺎء‪:‬‬
‫‪ -3.10‬ﺗﻘﻳﻳﻡ ﺃﺩﺍء ﺍﻟﻌﻳﻧﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -3.11‬ﺗﺳﺟﻳﻝ ﺍﻟﻧﺗﺎﺋﺞ ﻭﻋﻣﻝ ﺍﻟﺗﻘﺭﻳﺭ‪:‬‬



























‫‪ 6.4.5‬ﻛﻭﺩ ﺗﺻﻧﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﻛﺎﺑﻼﺕ ﺍﻝﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺣﺭﻳﻕ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﻠﺣﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺯﻭﻟﺔ ﺑﺎﻟـﺟﻭﺍﻣﺩ ﺍﻟﺣﺭﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﻗﻠﻳﻠﺔ ﺍﻹﻧﺑﻌﺎﺙ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ‪/‬ﺍﻷﺩﺧﻧﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺭﻏﻭﺓ ﻁﺑﻘﺎ ً ﻟﻠﻛﻭﺩ ‪:BS 7846 2009‬‬
‫‪BS 7846:2009‬‬
‫‪Electric cables. Thermosetting insulated, armoured, fire-resistant cables of rated‬‬
‫‪voltage 600/1000 V, having low emission of smoke and corrosive gases when affected‬‬
‫‪by fire. Specification‬‬
‫ﻟﻠﻨﺴﺨﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻜﻮﺩ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻲ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪http://doc.mbalib.com/v‬‬
‫‪iew/7655b790c05a6989‬‬
‫‪28c123fc0b557f06.html.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻬﺩﻑ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻛﻭﺩ‪:‬‬
‫ﻳُﻌﺩ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻛﻭﺩ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺟﻊ ﺍﻟﺭﺋﻳﺳﻲ ﻟﺗﺻﻧﻳﻊ ﻭﺑﻳﺎﻥ ﺃﺩﺍء ﻭﻣﻭﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﻭﺇﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﻛﺎﺑﻼﺕ ﺍﻝﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺣﺭﻳﻕ ‪ Fire Resistance‬ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺟﻬﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺧﻔﺽ‬
‫‪ 1000/600‬ﻓﻭﻟﺕ ﺍﻟﻣُﺳﻠﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺯﻭﻟﺔ ﺑﺎﻟـ ‪ ,LSOH‬ﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﺳﻧﺣﺎﻭﻝ ﺷﺭﺣﺔ ﺑﺻﻭﺭﺓ ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ُ -‬ﻣﻠﺧﺹ ﺍﻟﻛﻭﺩ‪:‬‬
‫ﻳﺑﺩﺍء ﺍﻟﻛﻭﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﻘﺩﻣﺔ ﺑﺑﻳﺎﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻛﻭﺩ ﻳﻭﺿﺢ ﺃﻧﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻛﺎﺑﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺣﺭﻳﻕ ﻭﺍﻟﺗﻲ ُﺗﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻏﺭﺍﺽ ﺍﻟـ ‪.Fire Fighting ,Life safety‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﻧﻭﺍﻉ ﻫﻲ ﻛﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪1) F2‬‬
‫‪2) F30‬‬
‫‪3) F60‬‬
‫‪4) F120‬‬
‫ﻭﺃﻗﻠﻬﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﻫﻭ ‪ F2‬ﻭﺑﺎﻗﻲ ﺍﻟﻛﺎﺑﻼﺕ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻣﻭﺍﺻﻔﺎﺗﻪ ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﺯﻳﺩ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺧﻭﺍﺹ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﺭﻳﻕ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻛﻣﺎ ﺫﻛﺭﻧﺎ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻛﻭﺩ ‪ BS 8491 & BS 8519‬ﻳﺣﺩﺩﺍﻥ ﺍﻷﺯﻣﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﺛﻼﺙ ﺍﻟ ُﻣﻣَﻳﺯﺓ ﻟﻠﻛﺎﺑﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺣﺭﻳﻕ ﻭﻫﻲ ‪ 120 , 60 , 30‬ﺩﻗﻳﻘﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻟﻛﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻛﻭﺩ ﻳُﺭﻣﺯ ﻟﺗﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﻛﺎﺑﻼﺕ ﻛﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪Fire survival time (30 min, 60 min or120 min) when tested to BS 8491. This is the same requirement as given in BS 8519‬‬
‫‪and is also the same as the F30, F60 and F120 categories of BS 7846.‬‬
‫‪F30= 30 min.‬‬
‫‪F60=60 min.‬‬
‫‪F120=120 min.‬‬
‫ﻭﻟﻠﺗﺫﻛﻳﺭ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻛﻭﺩ ‪ BS 8491‬ﻳﻭﺿﺢ ﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔ ﺇﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻛﺎﺑﻼﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﻗﻁﺎﺭ ﺍﻷﻛﺑﺭ ﻣﻥ ‪20‬ﻣﻡ ‪.F30,F60,F120‬‬
‫ﻭﺣﻳﺙ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻛﻭﺩ ﻳﺗﻧﺎﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻛﺎﺑﻼﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺯﻝ ﺍﻟﺧﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻧﻭﻉ ‪ LSOH‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺇﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﺎﻟﻳﺔ ُﺗﺟﺭﻱ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﻛﺎﺑﻝ ﻟﻠﺗﺄﻛﺩ ﻣﻥ ﺧﺻﺎﺋﺹ ﺍﻝ ‪: LSOH‬‬

‫ﻭﺳﺑﻕ ﺃﻥ ﺷﺭﺣﻧﺎ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻹﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭﺍﺕ‪.‬‬
‫** ﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻕ ﺑﻳﻥ ﺍﻝ ‪ F2‬ﻭ ﺍﻟـ ‪ F30,F60,F120‬؟‬

‫** ﻛﺎﺑﻼﺕ ﺍﻟـ ‪ُ F2‬ﺗﺧﺗﺑﺭ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻣﺭﺗﻳﻥ‪ :‬ﻣﺭﺓ ُﺗﺧﺗﺑﺭ ﻣﻥ ﺣﻳﺙ ﺍﻟﺣﺭﻳﻕ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻕ ﺍﻟﻣﻳﻛﺎﻧﻳﻛﻲ ﻭﻣﺭﺓ ﺃﺧﺭﻱ ُﺗﺧﺗﺑﺭ ﻣﻥ ﺣﻳﺙ ﺍﻟﺣﺭﻳﻕ ﻣﻊ ﺭﺵ ﺍﻟﻣﺎء ﻁﺑﻘﺎ ً ﻟﻠﻛﻭﺩ‬
‫‪ BS 6387‬ﻓﻳﺻﺑﺢ ﺍﻟﻛﺎﺑﻝ ﻣﻁﺎﺑﻘﺎ ً ﻟﻠﻣﻭﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ ‪ , CWZ‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﻛﺎﺑﻼﺕ ﺍﻟـ ‪ F30,F60,F120‬ﻓﻠﻬﺎ ﺇﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭﺍﺕ ُﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﺔ ﻁﺑﻘﺎ ً ﻟﻠﻛﻭﺩ ‪. BS 8491‬‬
‫** ﻣﺎ ﻫﻭ ﺗﻌﺭﻳﻑ ﺍﻟﻛﺎﺑﻝ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻡ ﻟﻠﺣﺭﻳﻕ ؟‬

‫ﻭﺍﻟﻛﻭﺩ ﻳﻭﺿﺢ ﺗﻌﺭﻳﻑ ﺍﻟﻛﺎﺑﻝ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻡ ﻟﻠﺣﺭﻳﻕ ﻛﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺗﻌﺭﻳﻑ ﻻ ﻳﺧﺗﻠﻑ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺗﻌﺭﻳﻑ ﺍﻟﻣﺫﻛﻭﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻛﻭﺩ ‪: IEC 60331‬‬
‫** ﻣﺛﺎﻝ ﻟﻛﺎﺑﻼﺕ ﺍﻟـ ‪: F120‬‬

‫ﻭﺍﻟﻛﻭﺩ ﻳﺑﻳﻥ ﺃﻧﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻹﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ُﺗﺟﺭﻱ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﻛﺎﺑﻝ ﻭﻫﻲ ﻛﺎﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪ُ -‬ﻣﺣﺗﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﻛﻭﺩ‪:‬‬

‫ﻭﺍﻟﻛﻭﺩ ﻳﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻷﺟﺯﺍء ﺍﻟﺗﺎﻟﻳﺔ ﻭﻫﻲ ‪ 18‬ﺟﺯء‪:‬‬

:‫ ﻣﺟﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻛﻭﺩ‬-
:‫ ﻁﺑﻘﺎ ً ﻟﺗﺄﻛﻳﺩ ﺃﺣﺩ ﺍﻟﻣُﺻﻧﻌﻳﻥ ﻛﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‬single core ‫ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻛﺎﺑﻼﺕ ﻻ ُﺗﺻﻧﻊ ﺏ‬:‫ﻣﻠﺣﻭﻁﺔ ﻣﻬﻣﺔ‬

:‫ﻭﺍﻟﺷﻛﻝ ﺍﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ ﻳﻭﺿﺢ ﺍﻷﻧﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻣُﺧﺗﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﺗﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﻛﺎﺑﻼﺕ ﻭﻁﺭﻕ ﺇﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭﻫﺎ‬










Design and Test of Power Cablesم.محمد سعد 20.6.2017

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Design and Test of Power Cablesم.محمد سعد 20.6.2017

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Technical paper#003-20.6.2017-M.

Saad Design and Test of Power Cables

Electrical Power Cables Engineering

Design and Test of Power Cables

‫ﺗﺻﻣﻳﻡ ﻭﺇﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭ ﻛﺎﺑﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻱ‬

‫ ﻣﺣﻣﺩ ﺳﻌﺩ ﺣﺎﻣﺩ‬.‫ ﻡ‬:‫َﺟﻣْ ﻊ ﻭﺗﺭﺗﻳﺏ‬

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‫ﻧﺳﺄﻝ ﷲ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺟﻌﻝ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﻣﻝ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻧﻔﻊ ﺍﻟﻧﺎﺱ‬ ‫‪7T‬‬

‫ﻣﺣﻣﺩ ﺳﻌﺩ ﺣﺎﻣﺩ‬ ‫‪7T‬‬

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‫ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺑﺣﺙ ﻳﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻣﻥ ﻋﺩﺩ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻷﺑﻭﺍﺏ ﻣ ً‬

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‫ﺃﻗـــﺴـــﺎﻡ ﺍﻟــﺒــﺤـــﺚ ‪:‬‬

‫‪Cover Page‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬

‫ﺗــﻌــﺮﻳــﻒ ﺍﻟــﻜــﺎﺑــﻼﺕ ﻭﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺑﻼﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‬ ‫‪7‬‬

‫ﺇﺧــﺘــﻴــﺎﺭ ﺍﻟــﻜــﺎﺑــﻼﺕ ﻭﺗــﺼــﻨــﻴــﻔــﻬﺎ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫‪17‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻨﻦ ‪Rated Voltage -‬‬ ‫‪3.1‬‬ ‫‪27‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ‪Metallic Layers/Shield -‬‬ ‫‪3.7‬‬ ‫‪38‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻐﻼﻑ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺟﻲ )ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻌـﺰﻝ ﺍﻟـﺨﺎﺭﺟﻲ(‬ ‫‪3.8‬‬ ‫‪40‬‬

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‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ ﺗــﺼــﻤــﻴــﻢ ﻛــﺎﺑــﻼﺕ ﺍﻟــﺠــﻬــﺪ ﺍﻟــﻤــﺘــﻮﺳــﻂ "‪"IEC60502-2 As Per‬‬ ‫‪45‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺑﻼﺕ ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻹﻧﺒﻌﺎﺙ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ‪/‬ﺍﻷﺩﺧﻨﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻏﻮﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ‬

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‫ ﺗــﻌــﺭﻳــﻑ ﺍﻟــﻛــﺎﺑــﻼﺕ ﻭﻣﻛﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻛﺎﺑﻼﺕ‬:‫ﺍﻟـﻔـــﺻـــﻝ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‬

Ref: electrical power cable engineering by "Williarn A. Thue".

:(‫ ﻣــﻛــﻭﻧــﺎﺕ ﺍﻟــﻛــﺎﺑــﻝ )ﺍﻟﺟﻬﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺧﻔﺽ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻭﺳﻁ‬1.2

‫)‪Insulation Screen (Non−Metallic part‬‬ ‫ﺳﺗﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺯﻟﺔ‬ ‫‪1.2.4‬‬

‫)‪Metallic Screen (Metallic Part‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﻼﻑ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺩﻧﻲ‬ ‫‪1.2.5‬‬

‫‪Assembly and Filling‬‬ ‫ﺣﺷﻭ ﻭﺑﻁﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫‪1.2.6‬‬

‫)‪Serving (outer Sheath/Jacket‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﻼﻑ ﺍﻟﺧﺎﺭﺟﻲ‬ ‫‪1.2.9‬‬

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Type A: Concentric Stranding: ‫ﺍﻟـﺟـﺩﻝ ﺍﻟـﻣـﺭﻛــﺯ‬

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Type D: Bunch Stranding:

Type E: Rope Stranding:

bunched or concentric stranded conductors assembled concentrically together. The U

Type F: Sector Stranding:

Type G: Segmental Conductors

Type H: Annular Conductors

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kcmil cables and above for lower frequencies such as 25 hertz.

Type I: Unilay Conductors

Class 1: Solid conductors

The classes apply to both single core and multicore cables.

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Ref: CIBSE Guide K "Electricity in buildings"

:‫ﻭﺗﻧﻘﺳﻡ ﺃﺷﻛﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺻﻼﺕ ﺇﻟﻲ‬

:‫ﻣﺛﺎﻝ ﻣﻥ ﺷﺭﻛﺔ ﺑﺣﺭﺓ‬

:Lapp Cables ‫ﻣﺛﺎﻝ ﻣﻥ ﺷﺭﻛﺔ‬

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‫‪ 1.2.2‬ﺳــﺗــﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟــﻣــﻭﺻــﻝ ‪:Semi-Conductor‬‬

‫"ﻅﺎﻫﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺟﺩﻝ"‪: Stranded Effect‬‬

‫‪conductor screen or conductor‬‬

‫‪An extruded layer of‬‬

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‫ﺃ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻠـﺩﺍﺋـﻥ ﺍﻟﺣـﺭﺍﺭﻳـﺔ‪Thermoplastic :‬‬

‫ﺏ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺟـﻭﺍﻣـﺩ ﺍﻟﺣـﺭﺍﺭﻳـﺔ‪Thermosetting :‬‬

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‫‪ 1.2.5‬ﺍﻟــﻐــﻼﻑ ﺍﻟــﻣــﻌــﺩﻧــﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺳــﺗــﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟــﻌــﺎﺯﻝ ﺍﻟــﻣــﻌــﺩﻧــﻳــﺔ‪:‬‬

‫‪ 1.2.9‬ﺍﻟﻐﻼﻑ ﺍﻟﺧﺎﺭﺟﻲ )ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻌـﺯﻝ ﺍﻟـﺧﺎﺭﺟﻲ(‬