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Chapter 3.4

Layer 4

Transport Layer
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3.4. Transport Lay

Think about…

• How do MAC addresses differ from that of the

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network layer?
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• What is flat and what is hierarchical addressing?

• Who defines the IP Address of a device?
• What is the decimal and binary range of the first
octet of class B IP addresses?
• Which octet(s) represent the network portion of a
class C IP address?
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• Which octet(s) represent the host portion of a class

3.4. Transport Lay

A IP address?
• How many Host addresses can be used in a Class C
Network?
• I it possible to have different Layer 3 Protocols
2 using the same Layer 2 System?

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Content

• Introduction Layer 4
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• TCP Protocol

• UDP Protocol

• Sockets
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3.4. Transport Lay

Protocol aspect of the OSI-Model

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Endsystem 1 Endsystem 2
Layer 7 protocol
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7 Layer 6 protocol 7
6 6
Transit-
5 system 5
4 4
3 3 3
2 2 2
1 1 1
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3.4. Transport Lay

transmission-system

Protocols are defined between the same layers of two systems.

They define rules and formats of message/information exchange.

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 TCP/IP Referencemodel
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Process / Application
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Application
FTP

Port
Transport
TCP UDP

IP Internet
IP-Address
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3.4. Transport Lay

Network-
N t k
Ethernet interface
MAC-Address
Hardware

Ethernet cable Transceiver

Why we need a transport layer?

• Layer 1 allows bit streams to be created and

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to travel.
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• Layer 2 packages those data packets into

frames to be converted to bit streams and
makes data-link delivery possible.
• Layer 3 packages data from upper layers in
packets and makes routing and network
delivery possible.
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3.4. Transport Lay

But they made no provision

for assuring our data reliably
travels end-to-end across
the often vast network path.
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Purpose of the transport layer

• Transport and regulate the flow of

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information from source to destination,

reliably and accurately
accurately.
• The end-to-end control:
– Sliding windows.
– Sequencing numbers.
– Acknowledgments.
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– Segmentation.
Segmentation
3.4. Transport Lay

– Multiplexing.

TCP and UDP

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3.4. Transport Lay

• The TCP/IP protocol of the OSI model Layer 4

(transport layer) has two protocols - TCP and UDP.

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3.4. Transport Lay
TCP/IP

Port
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• Both TCP and UDP use port (or socket) numbers to

pass information to the upper layers.
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Range of ports

• 2 bytes: 0 – 65535.
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– Numbers below 255 : for public applications.

– Numbers from 255 - 1023 : assigned to companies for
marketable applications.
– Numbers above 1023 : are unregulated.

• End systems use port numbers to select

proper applications.
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3.4. Transport Lay

• Originating source port numbers are

dynamically assigned by the source host;
usually, it is a number larger than 1023.

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Telnet port number

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3.4. Transport Lay

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Content

• Introduction Layer 4
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• TCP Protocol

• UDP Protocol

• Sockets
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3.4. Transport Lay

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TCP
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• TCP supplies a virtual circuit between end-

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user applications.
pp These are its
characteristics:
– connection-oriented.
– reliable.
– divides outgoing messages into segments.
– reassembles messages at the destination station.
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– re
re-sends
sends anything not received.
received
3.4. Transport Lay

– reassembles messages from incoming segments.

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3.4. Transport Lay
TCP Header format

• Protocol that provides reliable

full-duplex data transmission.
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TCP Header format: Port number

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• Source Port 16 bits.

• Destination Port 16 bits.
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3.4. Transport Lay

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TCP Header format: Sequence

• Sequence Number: 32 bits

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– The sequence number of the

first data octet in this segment
(except when SYN is present).
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TCP Header format:

Acknowledgment
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• Acknowledgment Number: 32 bits

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3.4. Transport Lay

– This field contains the value of the

next sequence number the sender of
the segment is expecting to receive.

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TCP Header format: Code bits

• Control Bits: 8 bits

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3.4. Transport Lay

– ACK:
ACK A
Acknowledgment
k l d t field
fi ld significant
i ifi t
– RST: Reset the connection
– SYN: Synchronize sequence numbers
– FIN: No more data from sender
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TCP Header format: Window

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• Window: 16 bits
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3.4. Transport Lay

– The number of data octets beginning

with the one indicated in the
acknowledgment field which the sender
of this segment is willing to accept.
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3.4. Transport Lay
TCP: Three way handshaking

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TCP: Simple acknowledgment

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3.4. Transport Lay

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3.4. Transport Lay
TCP: Sliding acknowledgment

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TCP: Sliding Acknowledgement

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Principle
– Data-Packet includes Number of the first byte
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– Acknowledgement: ACK –Flag and Number of the next expected databyte

Packet 1 Packet 2 Packet 3 Packet 4 Packet 5

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32

S: Packet 1 (Seq.-No=0+1)
R: ACK, (Ack.-No=0+7)

S: Packet 2 (Seq.-No=0+7)
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R: ACK,
ACK (Ack
(Ack.-No=0+13)
-No=0+13)
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S: Packet 1 (Seq.-No=0+13)
R: ACK, (Ack.-No=0+19)

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TCP: ACK and „sliding window“

Packet 1 Packet 2 Packet 3 Packet 4 Packet 5

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32
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S: Packet 1 (Seq.-Nr=0+1)
S: Packet 2 (Seq
S (Seq.-Nr=0+7)
Nr 0+7)
R: ACK, (Ack.-Nr=0+7)

Paket 1 Paket 2 Paket 3 Paket 4 Paket 5

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32

S: Packet 3 (Seq.-Nr=0+13)
R: ACK, (Ack.-Nr=0+19)

Paket 1 Paket 2 Paket 3 Paket 4 Paket 5

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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32
3.4. Transport Lay

S: Paket 4 (Seq.-Nr=0+19)
S: Packet 5 (Seq.-Nr=0+25)

Timeout ACK Paket 4: S: Packet 4 (Seq.-Nr=0+19)

R: ACK, (Ack.-Nr=0+31)
time

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TCP: Sequence and

acknowledgment
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3.4. Transport Lay

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TCP: disconnect

Process 1 Process 2

Send FIN,
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sequence = n

Send ACK n+1 Receive FIN

Receive ACK
Inform Application

Send FIN, ACK n+1

Sequence m
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3.4. Transport Lay

Receive FIN

Send ACK m+1 Receive ACK

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Content
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• Introduction Layer 4
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• TCP Protocol

• UDP Protocol

• Sockets
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3.4. Transport Lay

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UDP

• UDP transports data unreliably between

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hosts. Following are the characteristics:

– Connectionless.
– Unreliable.
– Transmit messages (called user datagrams).
– Provides no software checking for message delivery
(unreliable).
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– Does not reassemble incoming messages

messages.
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– Uses no acknowledgements.

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UDP Header format

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• UDP is a simple protocol that

exchanges datagrams, without
acknowledgments or guaranteed
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delivery.

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Review

• Transport layer regulates information flow to

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ensure end-to-end connectivity between host

applications reliably and accurately.
• TCP and UDP port numbers.
• Three way handshaking and sliding
windows.
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3.4. Transport Lay

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Content
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• Introduction Layer 4
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• TCP Protocol

• UDP Protocol

• Sockets
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3.4. Transport Lay

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Ports and Sockets

• Port: 16 Bit , Process/Application

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– well known p
ports: e.g..:
g FTP 20, 21
– ephemeral

• Sockets
– API: Application Programming Interface
– socket: { tcp, 193.44.234.3, 4711}
– connection
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3.4. Transport Lay

{TCP, source IP, source port, destination IP,

destination Port}

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TCP- interfaces
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OPEN (a/p) Process 2

Process 1
SEND
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RECEIVE
STATUS
CLOSE
ABORT

.... port m ... .... port n ...

Timeout
Flags, Daten
TCP TCP
reliable
snd TCP connection
rcv
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3.4. Transport Lay

IP IP
unreliable
IP connection

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TCP Connection states

ABORT

OPEN CLOSED disconnection ok

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disconnect
connect
Flags
Flags snd
snd connected rcv
rcv
SEND,
„Three-Way“
RECEIVE,
Handshake
STATUS
ok
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Flags,Data
3.4. Transport Lay

Timeouts CLOSE
snd
rcv

connection = Socket pair

{TCP, source IP, source port} {TCP, destination IP, destination Port}

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Connection states
ABORT
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snd RST, delete TCB

CLOSED
OPEN (active)
OPEN (passive) Create TCB,
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CLOSE
snd SYN
Create TCB delete TCB

rcv SYN
LISTEN SEND
snd SYN, ACK
snd SYN

SYN rec SYN

RCVD SYN rcv ACK of FIN
snd ACK
rcv ACK of SYN rcv SYN, ACK
SENT delete TCB
CLOSE
ESTAB snd ACK
snd FIN
Timeout=2MSL
CLOSE rcv FIN CLOSE
delete TCB FIN snd FIN
snd ACK
WAIT
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WAIT 1 CLOSE
CLOSING
3.4. Transport Lay

rcv FIN snd FIN

rcv ACK of FIN
snd ACK
rcv ACK of FIN LAST
FIN ACK
rcv FIN
WAIT 2
snd ACK TIME
WAIT

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TCP: Header Format

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31

Source Port Destination Port

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Sequence Number

Acknowledgment Number

Data U A P R S F
Reserved R C S S Y I Window
Offset G K H T N N

Checksum Urgent Pointer

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Options Padding
3.4. Transport Lay

data

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TCP: Pseudo Header

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0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
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Source Address

Destination Address

zero PTCL TCP Length

PTCL: Protokoll-Code
6: UDP
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7: TCP
3.4. Transport Lay

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