s.

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contents
i. Organic farming 1
ii. Defining organic 2
iii. Types of organic farming 4
iv. Methods of organic farming 5
v. Global share in organic farming 7
vi. Range of agricultural tools-product 9
vii. Irrigation system in organic farming 12
viii. Energy for irrigation 15
ix. Water sources for irrigation 17
x. Paramparagat krishi vikas yojna(PKVY) 18
xi. Organic area selection criteria 19
xii. Important government scheme and programmes in 21
agriculture
xiii. State wise farm area under organic farming 22
xiv. Scope of organic farming and profitable oppurtunities in 23
India
xv. Importance of organic farming 24
xvi. Advantages and disadvantages of organic farming 25
xvii. Conclusion 26

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 Organic Farming

2.Defining “Organic”
 Organic farming is a method of crop and livestock production
that involves much more than choosing not to use pesticides,
fertilizers, genetically modified organisms, antibiotics and
growth hormones.

Organic production is a holistic system designed to optimize the

productivity and fitness of diverse communities within the agro-
ecosystem, including soil organisms, plants, livestock and people.
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The principal goal of organic production is to develop enterprises that
are sustainable and harmonious with the environment.

The general principles of organic production, include the following:

 protect the environment, minimize soil degradation and

erosion, decrease pollution, optimize biological productivity
and promote a sound state of health
 maintain long-term soil fertility by optimizing conditions for
biological activity within the soil
 maintain biological diversity within the system
 recycle materials and resources to the greatest extent possible
within the enterprise
 provide attentive care that promotes the health and meets the
behavioural needs of livestock
 prepare organic products, emphasizing careful processing,
and handling methods in order to maintain the organic
integrity and vital qualities of the products at all stages of
production
 rely on renewable resources in locally organized agricultural
systems

Organic farming may be adopted, to…;

 increase genetic diversity.

 promote more usage of natural pesticides.

 make sure the right soil cultivation at the right time.

 keep and build good soil structure and fertility.

 control pests, diseases and weeds.

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3.TYPES OF ORGANIC FARMING.
 Pure organic farming
 It involves the use of organic manures and biopesticides with
complete avoidance of inorganic chemicals and pesticides.

 Integrated organic farming

 It involves integrated nutrients management and integrated pest
management. It is the type of farming where you grow crops from
natural resources. Further, having the complete nutritive value and
also manage to prevent the crop or plants from the pests.

In organic farming, we use the following techniques;

 CROP ROTATION: It is the technique to grow various kind of
crops in the same area, according to the different seasons, in a
sequential way.

 GREEN MANURE: It refers to the dying plants that are uprooted

and turned into the soil to make them act as a nutrient for the soil to
increase its quality

 BIOLOGICAL PEST CONTROL: With this method, we use

living organisms to control pests with or without the use of
chemicals.
recycled organic matter
 COMPOST: Highly rich in nutrients, it is a used as a
fertilizer in the agricultural farms.

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4.METHODS OF ORGANIC FARMING
1. Soil management
After cultivation of crops, the soil loses its nutrients and its quality deplete.
Organic agriculture initiates the use of natural ways to increase the fertility
of the soil. Hence, it focuses on the use of bacteria that is present in
animal waste. The bacteria helps in making the soil nutrients more
productive and fertile.

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2. Weed management
Weed is the unwanted plant that grows in agricultural fields. Organic
agriculture focuses on lowering weed and not removing it completely. The
two most widely used weed management techniques are;

● Mulching: A process where we use plastic films or plant residue on the

surface of the soil to block the growth of weed.

● Mowing or Cutting: Where there is a removal of weeds top growth

3. Crop diversity
Monoculture is the practice used in the agricultural fields where we harvest
and cultivate only one type of crop in a particular place. Recently,
polyculture has come in existence, where we harvest and cultivate kinds of
crops. To meet the increasing crop demand and produce the required soil
microorganisms.

4. Controlling other organisms

There are both useful and harmful organisms in the agricultural farm which
affect the field. So, we need to control the growth of such organisms to
protect the soil and the crops. We can do this by the use of herbicides and
pesticides that contain fewer chemicals or are natural.

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5.GLOBAL SHARE IN ORGANIC FARMING
Global Scenario of Organic Agriculture The popularity of organic
farming is gradually increasing and now organic agriculture is practiced
in almost all countries of the world, and its share of agricultural land and
farms is growing. The share of world‟s organic agricultural land of all
agricultural land is 0.9 percent. In the 27 countries of the European
Union, the share of organically managed land is 5.4 percent. In other
regions, the share of organically managed land is less than one percent.

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The area under organic management is continually growing. Although
production of organic crops is increasing across the globe, sales are
concentrated in the industrialized parts of the world. Methods of organic
farming vary. However, organic approaches share common goals and
practices. In addition to the exclusion of synthetic agrichemicals, these
include protection of the soil (from erosion, nutrient depletion, structural
breakdown) promotion of biodiversity and outdoor grazing for livestock
and poultry. Within this framework, individual farmers develop their
own organic production systems, determined by factors such as climate,
market conditions, and local agricultural regulations.

O NIFA’S IMPACT

o NIFA advances agricultural technology and ensures that the

nation’s agricultural industries are able to utilize it by supporting:

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 o Basic research and development in physical sciences, engineering,
and computer sciences

o Development of agricultural devices, sensors, and systems

o Applied research that assesses how to employ technologies

economically and with minimal disruption to existing practices

o Assistance and instruction to farmers on how to use new

technologies

6.RANGE AGRICULTURAL TOOLS - PRODUCT

 SICKLE
A sickle is a hand-held agricultural tool with a variously curved
blade typically used for harvesting grain crops or cutting succulent
forage chiefly for feeding livestock (either freshly cut or dried as hay). A
great diversity of types is used across many cultures. Between the dawn
of the Iron Age and present, hundreds of region-specific variants of this
basic forage-cutting tool were forged of iron, later steel.
One noteworthy feature of sickles is that their edges have been made in
two very distinct manners/patterns – smooth or serrated. While both can
(albeit with a different technique) be used for cutting either green grass
or mature cereals, it is the serrated sickle that still dominates the duty of
harvesting grain – with other words the “reaping”. Modern kitchen

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knives with serrated edges, as well as grain-harvesting machines use the
same design principle as prehistoric sickles.

 SHOVEL & SPADE

A shovel is a tool for digging, lifting, and moving bulk materials, such as
soil, coal, gravel, snow, sand, or ore. Shovels are used extensively in
agriculture, construction, and gardening. Most shovels are hand tools
consisting of a broad blade fixed to a medium-length handle.

 AXE
F M Exim is categorized amongst one of the sincere companies for
manufacturing, exporting and supplying a wide range of Axe for
agricultural purposes. Axe and our other agricultural tools are
manufactured and designed using finest quality material and are
commended for their perfect finish.
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  PICKAXE
A pickaxe or pick is a hand tool with a hard head attached perpendicular
to the handle. They are used as tools for landscaping, breaking up hard
surfaces and as farming implements. It consists of a handle and a head
made of metal that has both a pointed and blunt end. The pointed end
breaks up hard surfaces, while the blunt end can be used to pry things
up. A pickaxe can often break up soils that a shovel can’t. Dry, hardened
clay or rocky soils can be broken up using the sharp end of the axe.

 HOE

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A hoe is an ancient and versatile agricultural hand tool used to shape the
soil, control weeds, clear soil, and harvest root crops. Shaping the soil
can be piling soil around the base of plants (hilling), creating narrow
furrows (drills) and shallow trenches for planting seeds and bulbs. Weed
control with a hoe can be by agitating the surface of the soil or by
cutting foliage from the roots, and clearing soil of old roots and crop
residues. Hoes for digging and moving soil are used harvesting root
crops such as potatoes.

7.IRRIGATION SYSTEM IN ORGANIC FARMING

Irrigation supplies crops and other plants with necessary water
and sometimes nutrients may be applied as well. In organic farming,
conservation is important in irrigation practices, as is sustainability.
While you certainly can irrigate organic crops similar to conventional
ones, be sure to also focus on overall water usage and other factors, such
as energy usage, as you design an irrigation system for your organic
farm.

Although organic doesn't inherently mean environmentally friendly,

growers should try their best to use an irrigation method that helps
conserve water and energy. For example, a producer could use
wastewater or a solar-powered irrigation system, which can save money,
time and water.

Methods
Irrigation methods for all farms — organic and conventional —
obviously will differ depending on climate and the type of crops that
you're planning to grow. For example, the Congressional Research
Service (CRS) notes that:

"Producers who irrigate in arid areas are more likely to use irrigation
throughout the growing process (full irrigation), while producers in
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more humid areas may use irrigation to supplement rainfall and soil
moisture under drought conditions."

There are many kinds of irrigation methods in use on farms, including

organic farms:

 Drip systems deliver water to the roots of crops via low-pressure

pumps at ground level or below the soil surface.

 Surface methods use gravity to move water across the land

downhill, without a pump.

 Center-pivot systems, which require a pump, are where the water

flows from a series of sprinklers located on towers with wheels.
This type of irrigation is common on flat, large farms, and can
irrigate a 130-acre area.

 Manual methods, which is only practical for very small farms,

have workers move the water manually to the crops.

Meanwhile, the water itself can come from the local water utility
(assuming one is available), from on-site wells, from rainwater
collection, or even from treated wastewater. Farmers need to protect
their water source to make sure it's clean and to ensure there's enough to
keep the crops healthy.

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Application
Organic farms tend to be smaller on average, and so their irrigation
systems should match their scope. It's hard to beat the simplicity of
manual irrigation for a tiny organic farm — you can add water when and
where it's needed, and let the rain take care of the rest. But once your
farm gets a bit bigger, you'll almost certainly need to consider
alternatives to manual labor.

Drip irrigation systems, in particular, may be well-matched to the needs

of small organic farms. They require less water, and they allow the
application of nutrients along with water to crops. Also, they require less
energy, since the pumps used are low-power. However, drip irrigation
may cost more to install — some estimates indicate they cost up to
$1,200 per acre and they also may require more maintenance.

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Surface irrigation can also work well for organic farms, especially with
closely spaced crops that feature deep roots. Some farms use renewable
energy sources, such as a solar array or wind generators, to pump the
water uphill to storage tanks, and then release the water and let gravity
move it down the fields.

No one system is best for every application. Once you decide to install
an irrigation system, you must consider several important factors before
deciding which system is best for your situation. These factors include:

 crop

 fuel cost and availability

 initial cost

 labor requirements

 size and shape of field

 water source

In some situations, there may be additional considerations such as

whether you own the land or are leasing. You may also own some
equipment, such as a well or pumping unit, and wish to adapt the system
to this existing equipment. This publication is intended primarily for the
farmer who has made the decision to irrigate and is in the process of
deciding what type system will best fit into his or her operation.

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8.Energy for Irrigation

Most farmers in Georgia use either electricity or diesel engines to supply

power for their irrigation systems. A few use propane, natural gas, or
gasoline.

Large agricultural well with

electric motor.

Diesel powered pumping unit on

pond.

Some electric suppliers offer electricity for irrigation purposes at a

special rate. Most also require that the power source be interruptible.
This means that the power supplier can shut off power for a few hours
each day during peak demand periods. Some electricity providers offer

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time of day pricing with discounts for off-peak usage. This possibility
should be taken into account in the initial design of the system.

If electric power is being considered as a power source, be sure to take

into account all costs associated with it, such as line extension charges,
monthly minimum (standby) charges, and the rate you will pay for actual
electricity use. These costs vary from one power supplier to another, and
you should discuss these costs with the electric supplier before signing a
contract.

An additional consideration is whether or not three-phase power is

needed. Depending on where you are located on their distribution
system, most power suppliers will limit you to 10 or 15 horsepower on
single-phase lines. If more horsepower is required and three-phase
power is not available on or near the farm, the cost to construct power
lines may be prohibitive.

Many farmers choose electric power whenever possible because of the

low maintenance and quiet operation. However, if electric power is not
available, or if the cost is prohibitive, diesel powered engines are usually
the second choice, especially for systems requiring more than 30
horsepower.

9.Water Sources for Irrigation

 Surface Water

Surface water is available in two primary forms: ponds and streams

(rivers). Use of streams and rivers is limited in Georgia because they are
often not located near the farmland. This is especially true in the
southern half of the state, where many of the waterways are surrounded
by large swamps.

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Farm ponds make up a considerable portion of the irrigation water used
in the state.

The required size of an irrigation pond is based on the number of acres

to be irrigated. For most areas of Georgia, the general rule is 1 acre-foot
of water storage for each acre of land to be irrigated. A 10-acre pond
with an average depth of 10 feet would be needed to irrigate 100 acres.
This rule assumes no recharge to the pond from ground water or
underground springs. If you have a spring-fed pond, adjust the storage
capacity of your pond accordingly.

If you have an existing pond that is not adequate to supply all water
needs of your irrigation system, you may opt to install a well to pump
open discharge into the pond to maintain its water level. The size of the
capacity of the pond and the size of the irrigation system. well needed to
supplement the pond depends on the storage

Before constructing any new pond, check with appropriate local

authorities to determine if permits are required and to ensure that
wetlands regulations are not being violated.

 Ground Water

The use of ground water for irrigation increased dramatically in Georgia

during the 1970s and 1980s. In general, ground water is readily available
in the southern half of the state below a line running from Augusta to
Columbus. This section of the state is underlain by several aquifer
systems consisting of porous materials like limestone, sand, and gravel.
Depending on location and depth, wells in this part of the state may
yield as much as 3,000 gallons per minute.

The majority of the northern half of the state is underlain by igneous

rock such as granite and gneiss. These consolidated rock formations are
basically impermeable and water can only be obtained where the well
intersects cracks and fissures in the rock that contain water. Typical well
yields are from 5 to 10 gallons per minute, which is not adequate for
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most irrigation systems. Occasionally, a lucky landowner will get a well
that yields up to 100 gallons per minute, but this is rare. Most irrigators
in north Georgia use surface water as their water source.

Most wells in south Georgia that are 6 inches in diameter or larger will
require the owner to obtain a withdrawal permit from the state via GA
EPD.

Schemes for Organic Farming

10.Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojna (PKVY)

"Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojana (PKVY)” a sub- component of Soil
Health Management (SHM) scheme under National Mission of
Sustainable Agriculture (NMSA) aims at development of models of
excellence in organic farming through a mix of traditional wisdom and
modern science in value chain mode to install sustainability, ensure long
term soil fertility buildup, resource conservation and to offer safe and
healthy food grown through organic practices without the use of agro-
chemicals. PKVY also aims at empowering farmers through institutional
development through clusters for not only in farm practices
management, input production, quality assurance but also in value
addition and direct marketing through innovative means. Participatory
Guarantee System under PGS-India programme will be the key approach
for quality assurance under the PKVY.

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To access the guidelines of PKVY.

11.Organic Area Selection Criteria

Organic farming under PKVY will be promoted preferably in hilly,
tribal and rain-fed areas where utilization of chemical fertilizers
and pesticides is less and the area has good accessibility for
developing market linkages.
Cluster approach will be adopted in large patches of up to 1000 ha
area.
Cluster chosen shall be in contiguous patch, as far as possible, may
be extending over few adjacent villages (but not over large areas in
sparsely distributed villages).

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 Formation of Gram Panchayat based Farmer Producer
Organizations will be encouraged or already existing FPOs will be
promoted under the scheme
 The ceiling of subsidy a farmer is eligible will be for a maximum
of one hectare. In a cluster, there should be at least 65% of small
and marginal farmers. Women farmers/ SHGs should be given
preference

Guidelines
Realizing the potential of organic farming in the North Eastern Region
of the country Ministry of Agriculture and Farmer Welfare has launched
a Central Sector Scheme entitled "Mission Organic Value Chain
Development for North Eastern Region" for implementation in the states
of Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram,
Nagaland, Sikkim and Tripura, during the 12th plan period. The scheme
aims at development of certified organic production in a value chain
mode to link growers with consumers and to support the development of
entire value chain starting from inputs, seeds, certification, the creation
of facilities for collection, aggregation, processing marketing and brand
building initiative.

Mission Goals
 To create at least one to two replicable end- to-end organic value
chain models in each of the state with the integration of growers,
handlers,processors, and market facilitation agencies.
 To empower 30-50 thousand farmers of northeastern region
through the creation of about 100 farmer producer companies and
equip such companies with full value chain under its ownership.
 To convert subsistence farming to commercial organic farming
with end-to-end facilities.
 To make Northeastern states as major suppliers of organic
commodities for national and international markets.

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  To improve production system to ensure higher productivity with
better profitability.
 To enable states to evolve their own brand.

Salient features
 Realising the potential of organic farming in North Eastern Region
of the country Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare has
launched this Central Sector Scheme.
 Department promotes organic farming in North Eastern States
 North Eastern States of India will develop as organic hub of India.
 Farmers Interest Group (FIG)/ Farmers Producer Companies
(FPCs) will be equipped with collection, aggregation, post harvest
process and linking with market facilities.
 50,000 farmers will be benefitted through value chain production,
processing, marketing and value chain support agencies.
 To enable NE Region to evolve their own brand of organic
produce.
 Extremely rich Bio-diversity, valued options for wide range of
crops to explore.
 Essential scheme components for value chain development with
the final aim to develop commercial organic farming clusters with
end-to-end facilitates from production to processing marketing and
finally delivering to the customer

12.Important Government Schemes & Programmes in

Agriculture
 Soil Health Card Scheme

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  Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY)
 Neem Coated Urea (NCU)
 Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchai Yojana (PMKSY)
 National Agriculture Market (e-NAM)
 Micro Irrigation Fund (MIF)

13.state wise Farm area under Organic farming

S.No. State Name Organic Area (in
Ha)
1 Andaman & Nicobar 321.28
Islands
2 Andhra Pradesh 12325.03
3 Arunachal Pradesh 71.49
4 Assam 2828.26
5 Bihar 180.60
6 Chhattisgarh 4113.25
7 Delhi 0.83
8 Goa 12853.94
9 Gujarat 46863.89
10 Haryana 3835.78
11 Himachal Pradesh 4686.05
12 Jammu & Kashmir 10035.38
13 Jharkhand 762.30
14 Karnataka 30716.21
15 Kerala 15020.23
16 Lakshadweep 895.91
17 Madhya Pradesh 232887.36
18 Maharashtra 85536.66
19 Manipur 0
20 Meghalaya 373.13
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 21 Mizoram 0
22 Nagaland 5168.16
23 Odisha 49813.51
24 Pondicherry 2.84
25 Punjab 1534.39
26 Rajasthan 66020.35
27 Sikkim 60843.51
28 Tamil Nadu 3640.07
29 Tripura 203.56
30 Uttar Pradesh 44670.10
31 Uttaranchal 24739.46
32 West Bengal 2095.51
Total 723039.00

14.Scope of Organic Farming And Profitable

Opportunities In India

The scope of organic farming in India has been tremendously increasing.

This is mainly due to the new researches made in the field of agriculture.
It has facilitated the farmers with new measures for more production
eliminating the activity of bypass methods. New techniques which are
being innovated are purely related to soil health during organic farming.
Apart from these reasons, the discovery of various new diseases arising
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out of artificial production of fruits and vegetables have clearly set the
minds of people for a shift to organic farming.

Health conscious is another important factor for this huge

transformation. It could also be named as the race in the new lifestyle.
Consumption of organic products basically spreads from one person to
other. To make it clear, people have reshaped health into lifestyle. This
opens up opportunities for many new entrepreneurs in India with a huge
response from the consumers. The setup costs and maintenance is
extremely less since the method does not involve the use of artificial
products for farming.

15.IMPORTANCE OF ORGANIC FARMING

Organic farming is an important way of maintaining the natural habitat.
Through organic farming the environment remains pure and less
polluted and all the sources to maintain life on this planet remain less
threatened. Moreover, organic farming is imported to provide healthy
food to the people. When they consume the produce of organic farming
in the form of healthier food very less or no chemical enter in their body
through food and hence they become less prone to deadly diseases.
Moreover the soil remains in better condition and excessively fertile
because of the natural manures used in organic farming.

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16.

 ADVANTAGES OF ORGANIC FARMING

 Regenerating the degraded soil: Organic farming is the best way

to prevent environmental pollution as well as degradation of soil.
In some areas of the world where the soil has been degraded due to
excessive use of chemical fertilizers, organic farming is helping in
regenerating the soil by recharging it with necessary nutrients.
 Maintaining the optimal condition of soil: Since only Organic
manures are used in organic farming it helps in maintaining the
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 optimal condition of soil to gain higher production of good quality
of crops.
 No need to purchase chemical manures: The farmers use only
natural and organic manures in organic farming so the farmers are
not required to purchase any chemical manures which reduces the
expenses of the farmers considerably.
 Improves soil quality: Organic farming helps the soil regain its
fertility power, since this kind of farming supplies various
necessary nutrients in the soil and moreover it helps the soil in
retaining its nutrients.

 DISADVANTAGES OF ORGANIC FARMING

o Higher production costs: For organic farming the farmers
require more manpower to maintain various works associated
with it which increases the crop production costs.
o Crops yield become more expansive: Since the farmers do not
get much yield from their farms through organic farming in
comparison to the conventional farming their produce becomes
more expansive

17.Conclusion
If we take long term perspective, organic farming is necessary to sustain
life on the mother earth. Organic farming is necessary to recharge the
soil’s fertility in a natural way and to produce healthy food for the
people. Even though the farmers can be impacted by low crop yield,
organic farming is necessary for all to lead the life in a natural way with
maintaining ecological and environmental balance for the future
generations. Looking at the current scenario when the soil in our
agriculture fields are getting deteriorated due to excessive use of
chemical fertilizers, Organic farming can be the best way to recharge the
Mother Earth with all the natural nutrients so that human population may
lead more healthier life.
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28
 Bibliography

Parts of the project have been referred from the following websites;
www.google.com
www.makeinbusiness.com
www.pib.gov.in
www.krishijagran.com
www.vikaspedia.com
www.icid.org.in
www.agrifarming.in
www.agritech.mau.ac.in
www.researchgate.net.in
www.wikipedia.com

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