FUEL OIL SYSTEM

The fuel oil system for a diesel engine can be considered in two parts which is the fuel
supplyand the fuel injection systems. Fuel supply deals with the provision of fuel oil suitable for
use by the injection system. Fuel injection system is to provide the right amountof fuel at the
right moment and in a suitable condition for thecombustion process.

FUEL SUPPLY SYSTEM

A slow-speed two-stroke diesel is usually arranged to operate continuously on heavy

fuel and have available a diesel oil supply for maneuvering conditions.In the system shown in
figure the oil is stored in tanks in thedouble bottom from which it is pumped to a settling tank
and heated.
Flowchart of the fuel system;
oil in tanks at double bottom
pumped to a settling tank and
heated
cleaned, heated oil pumped to
daily service tank
Functions for each components;
Components
double bottom
fuel oil transfer pump – motor driven
Fuel Oil Settling Tanks
Centrifuge pump
fuel pumps will discharge high-
pressure fuel to their respective
injectors
Booster pumps are used to pump
the oil throuh heaters and
viscosity regulator to the engine-
driven fuel pump
oil flows through a three-way
valve mixing tank
Functions
The space in between the two bottoms is often
used as storage tanks for fuel or ballast water
1. Discharge of fuel oil from filling stations to
all tanks.
2. Transfer of fuel oil from any storage tank
to the settling tanks.
3. Transfer fuel oil in either direction
between port and starboard inboard,
outboard or centerline inner-bottom
tanks.
4. Discharge fuel oil to filling stations from
any fuel oil tank.
reduce the possibility of contaminated oil reaching
the burners, any water that may have been
introduced into the oil during storage or transfer
should be allowed to settle out before the fuel is
used
pushes the liquid outward from the eye of the
impeller where it enters the casing
Centrifuge separates solids from liquids
Daily service tank store and supply treated oil to main engine,
auxiliary engine and boilers
Mixing Tank collect recirculated oil and also acts as a
buffer or reserve tank as it will supply fuel when
the daily service tank is
empty
Viscosity regulator controls the fuel oil temperature in order to
provide the correct viscosity for combustion
FUEL INJECTION SYSTEM

The function of the fuel injection system is to provide the right amount of fuel at the right
moment and in a suitable condition for the combustion process. There must therefore be some
form of measured fuel supply, a means of timing the delivery and the atomisation of the fuel.
The injection of the fuel is achieved by the location of cams on a camshaft. This camshaft
rotates at engine speed for a two-stroke engine and at half engine speed for a four-stroke.

 There are two basic systems in use, each of which employs a combination of mechanical
and hydraulic operations. The most common system is the jerk pump the other is the
common rail.

Jerk Pump System

In jerk pump system;

The barrel and plunger of

The injector pump is usually
a separate injector pump the injector pump are
operated once every cycle
exists for each cylinder dimensiod to suit the engine
by a cam on the cam shaft
fuel requirements

the needle valve in the

Ports in the barrel and slots
Each injector pump supplies injector will lift at a pre-set
in the plunger or adjustable
the injector or injectors for pressure which ensures that
spill valves serve to regulate
one cylinder the fuel will atomise once it
the fuel delivery
enters the cylinder.

There are two particular types of fuel pump in use, the valve controlled discharge type and the
helix or helical edge pump.Valve-controlled pumps are used onslow-speed two-stroke
enginesandthe helix type for allmedium- and high-speed four-stroke engines
Valve-controlled pumps

This type of pumps exist in vary form. For example, two forms is taken from different
type of engine

MAN B&W engines Sulzer engines

governor output shaft is the controlling parameter
Two linkages are
actuated by the regulating shaft of the governor
 upper control linkage changes the
injection timing by raising or lowering the
plunger in relation to the cam
 The lower linkage rotates the pump
plunger and thus the helix in order to vary
the pump output
governor output is
connected to a suction valve and a spill valve
 The closing of the pump suction valve
determines the beginning of injection.
 Operation of the spill valve will control the
end of injection by releasing fuel pressure.
No helix is therefore present on the pump plunger.

*Variable injection timing (VIT) pump

Helix-type injector pump

The injector pump is operated by a cam which drives the plunger up and down. The timing of
the injection can be altered by raising or lowering the pump plunger in relation to the cam. The
pump has a constant stroke and the amount of fuel delivered is regulated by rotating the pump
plunger which has a specially arranged helical groove cut into it.
fuel is supplied to plunger moves up,
plunger moves ports B closed and
the pump through
down, fuel enters fuel will pressurised
ports or openings at thus deliver to
the cylinder
B injector nozzle

non-return valve valve edge of the helix at

on the delivery side of
fuel delivery to the C uncovers the spill
the pump closes to
stop fuel oil returning injector stops A port D pressure is
from the injector lost

Fuel will again be

drawn in on the
plunger downstroke
and the process will
be repeated

*Detailed view of helix-type injector pump(This type of pump, with minor variations, is used on
many four-stroke diesel engines)
COOLING SYSTEM

SEA WATER COOLING SYSTEM

The various cooling liquids which circulate the engine are themselves cooled by sea water. The
usual arrangement uses individual coolers for;
 Lubricating oil system
 Jacket water system
 Cooling system
 Piston cooling system
This individual system is cooled by circulated seawater cooling system.

Flowchart of sea water cooling system works;

seawater will enter from
the sea suction

a pair of sea-water
circulating pumps
provides sea water to
divided to two ways

1) circulating cooling of;

•lubricating oil cooler
•jacket water cooler
•piston water cooler

2)directly cool the charge

air (for a direct-drive two-
stroke diesel)

sea water discharged

overboard

Central Cooling System

 Some modern ships use what is known as a 'central cooling system' with only one large
sea-water-circulated cooler.This cools a supply of fresh water, which then circulates to theother
Individual coolers. With less equipment in contact with sea water the corrosion problems are
much reduced in this system.

In the central cooling system;

 Sea water enters by high and low suctions, usually oneither side of the
machinery space, suction strainers and several seawater pumps.
 sea water is circulated through the central coolers andthen discharged
overboard
 low-temperature and high-temperaturecircuit exist in the fresh water system
1. The fresh water in thehigh-temperature circuit circulates the main engine
and may, ifrequired, be used as a heating medium for an evaporator
2. Thelow-temperature circuit circulates the main engine air coolers,
thelubricating oil coolers and all other heat exchangers
 A regulating valvecontrols the mixing of water between the high-temperature
andlow-temperature circuits
 A temperature sensor provides a signal to the control unit which operates the
regulating valve to maintain the desired temperature setting