URBAN PLANNING

Sustainable development

Halima A Othman , Architect Engineer , Urban Planner , Assistant lecturer, University of Zakho , Petroleum Department
 Definition
History
Theory
Aspects
Practice
Impacts
Halima A Othman , Architect Engineer , Urban Planner , Assistant lecturer, University of Zakho , Petroleum Department
 By whom ??????
For whom ??????
Where ?????
When ?????
What for ?????

Halima A Othman , Architect Engineer , Urban Planner , Assistant lecturer, University of Zakho , Petroleum Department
 Which process ?????
Which scale ??????
How long duration??????

Halima A Othman , Architect Engineer , Urban Planner , Assistant lecturer, University of Zakho , Petroleum Department
 DEFINITION
Urban Planning:- design and regulation of the uses of space
that focus on the physical form, economic functions, and social
impacts of the urban environment and on the location of
different activities within it.
involving goal setting, data collection and analysis, forecasting,
design, strategic thinking, and public consultation.
Three actors have main role in urban planning
• The decision-makers
• The technicians
• The users

Halima A Othman , Architect Engineer , Urban Planner , Assistant lecturer, University of Zakho , Petroleum Department
 HISTORY

The first recorded description of urban planning

is described in the Epic of Gilgamesh, Designed
cities were characteristic of the Minoan,
Mesopotamian, Harrapan, and Egyptian
civilizations of the third millennium BC.

Halima A Othman , Architect Engineer , Urban Planner , Assistant lecturer, University of Zakho , Petroleum Department
 Classical and Medieval Europe followed by

Renaissance & Enlightenment

“Hippodamus invented the vision of cities"
Aristotle. therefore he was called the father of
Urban planning 5th century BC.
ideal cities centrally planned in the 15th century,
in 1876 the term urbanization posed by Ildefons
Cerdà due to re construction processes

Halima A Othman , Architect Engineer , Urban Planner , Assistant lecturer, University of Zakho , Petroleum Department
 Modern urban planning
Planning and architecture went through a paradigm shift at
the turn of the 20th century.

The industrialized cities of the 19th century had grown at a

tremendous rate, with the pace and style of building largely
dictated by private business concerns.

The evils of urban life for the working poor were becoming
increasingly evident as a matter for public concern

Halima A Othman , Architect Engineer , Urban Planner , Assistant lecturer, University of Zakho , Petroleum Department
 The Garden City by Ebenezer Howard

Howard wanted to design an alternative to the

overcrowded and polluted industrial cities of
the turn of the century, and his solution
centered on creating smaller “garden cities”
(with 32,000 people each) in the country
linked by canals and transit and set in a
permanent greenbelt.

Halima A Othman , Architect Engineer , Urban Planner , Assistant lecturer, University of Zakho , Petroleum Department
 Modernism, Le Corbusier’s Radiant City
Le Corbusier’s envisioned building up, not
out. His plan, also known as “Towers in
the Park,” proposed exactly that: numerous
high-rise buildings each surrounded by
green space.”)

Halima A Othman , Architect Engineer , Urban Planner , Assistant lecturer, University of Zakho , Petroleum Department
 The Street Grid, By Frank Lloyd Wright
The simple, rational street grid has been a
default choice of planners for industrial
centuries, By Frank Lloyd Wright in 1950s

Halima A Othman , Architect Engineer , Urban Planner , Assistant lecturer, University of Zakho , Petroleum Department
 The Megaregion
Planners increasingly talk today about issues involving
transportation, the economy and the environment not at
the scale of communities or cities, but within whole
regions where multiple metros link together.
Principles enforced like:-
• Setback principle so that daylight would still reach the
streets below.
• Transect used by planners as a visual tool to divide
landscapes into multiple uses

Halima A Othman , Architect Engineer , Urban Planner , Assistant lecturer, University of Zakho , Petroleum Department
 Reaction , New Urbanism
By the late 1960s and early 1970s, many planners felt that modernism's
clean lines and lack of human scale sapped vitality from the
community, blaming them for high crime rates and social problem.
Various current movements in urban design seek to create sustainable
urban environments with long-lasting structures, buildings and a great
livability for its inhabitants. The most clearly defined form of walkable
urbanism is known as the Charter of New Urbanism. reducing sprawl
and supporting sustainable transport. Mixing instead of separating uses
Creating Sustainable Places of lasting economic, social, cultural, and
environmental value and The public participation

Halima A Othman , Architect Engineer , Urban Planner , Assistant lecturer, University of Zakho , Petroleum Department
 Urban Sprawl

Halima A Othman , Architect Engineer , Urban Planner , Assistant lecturer, University of Zakho , Petroleum Department
 Slum, Informal settlements

Halima A Othman , Architect Engineer , Urban Planner , Assistant lecturer, University of Zakho , Petroleum Department
 Climate change , The Hockey Stick

“The idea that there’s a connection between the shape of cities and the patterns of settlement and their
climate impact is so powerful.” by climate scientist Michael Mann

Halima A Othman , Architect Engineer , Urban Planner , Assistant lecturer, University of Zakho , Petroleum Department
 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
Planners argue that modern lifestyles use too many natural
resources, polluting or destroying ecosystems, increasing
social inequality, creating urban heat islands, and causing
climate change. Many urban planners, therefore, advocate
sustainable cities
The term sustainable development came to represent an
ideal outcome in the sum of urban planning goals.
Sustainability refers to “development that meets the needs of
the present without compromising the ability of future
generations to meet their own needs.”
Halima A Othman , Architect Engineer , Urban Planner , Assistant lecturer, University of Zakho , Petroleum Department
 1. Compact
2. Efficient land use and recourses
3. Less automobile use, Better access
4. Less pollution & Less waste
5. Restoration of Ecosystem
6. Good housing and living environments
7. Healthy social ecology
8. Sustainable economy
9. Community participation, Involvement
10. Preservation of local culture & Wisdom

Halima A Othman , Architect Engineer , Urban Planner , Assistant lecturer, University of Zakho , Petroleum Department
 URBAN PLANNING THEORIES

Planning theory is generally 1. Rational planning

called procedural because it 2. Synoptic planning
generally concerns itself with 3. Participatory Planning
the process through which 4. Mixed scanning model
planning occurs and whether 5. Advocacy planning
or not that process is valid, 6. Bargaining model
they relate to public 7. Communicative approach
participation.

Halima A Othman , Architect Engineer , Urban Planner , Assistant lecturer, University of Zakho , Petroleum Department
 URBAN PLANNING PROCCESSES

TOP DOWN ?????

BOTTOM UP ???
Sustainable Urban Planning
Halima A Othman , Architect Engineer , Urban Planner , Assistant lecturer, University of Zakho , Petroleum Department
 URBAN PLANNING PROCCESSES

Halima A Othman , Architect Engineer , Urban Planner , Assistant lecturer, University of Zakho , Petroleum Department
 Rational planning Synoptic Planning

The rational planning Public participation was first

movement emphasized the introduced it focused in four
improvement of the built elements:-
environment based on key • goals and targets
spatial factors. Examples of • Quantitative analysis for env.
these factors include:- • Identify alternative policy
• Exposure to direct sunlight options
• Movement of vehicular • the evaluation of means ends
traffic
• Standardized housing units
• Proximity to green-space
Halima A Othman , Architect Engineer , Urban Planner , Assistant lecturer, University of Zakho , Petroleum Department
 Advocacy planning Bargaining Planning

Public participation is a central The most interesting part

tenet of this model. A plurality of this theory of planning
of public interests is assumed, is that makes public
and the role of planner is participation the central
essentially the one who either dynamic in the decision-
advocates directly for making process. Decisions
underrepresented groups are made first and foremost
directly or encourages them to by the public, and the
become part of the process. planner plays a more
minor role.
Halima A Othman , Architect Engineer , Urban Planner , Assistant lecturer, University of Zakho , Petroleum Department
Communicative approach
Participation plays a central role under this model. The model
seeks to include as a broad range of voice to enhance the
debate and negotiation that is supposed to form the core of
actual plan making. In this model, participation is actually
fundamental to the planning process happening. Without the
involvement of concerned interests there is no planning.
 URBAN PLANNING ASPECTS

• Aesthetics
• Safety and security • Slums
• Infrastructure • Decay
• Environmental factors • Reconstruction and renewal
• Green spaces • New master-planned cities
• Transport • Scope of zoning act

Halima A Othman , Architect Engineer , Urban Planner , Assistant lecturer, University of Zakho , Petroleum Department
 Aesthetics
The most beautiful are the result of
dense, long lasting systems of
prohibitions and guidance about
building sizes, uses and features.
These allowed substantial freedoms,
yet enforce styles, safety, and often
materials in practical ways. Many
conventional planning techniques
are being repackaged using the
contemporary term SMART
GROWTH.
Halima A Othman , Architect Engineer , Urban Planner , Assistant lecturer, University of Zakho , Petroleum Department
Safety and Security
Cities have often grown onto coastal and
flood plains at risk of floods and storm
surges. Urban planners must consider
these threats. Extreme weather, flood,
secure emergency evacuation routes and
emergency operations centers. Many cities
will also have planned, built safety
features, such as levees, retaining walls,
and shelters.
Some city planners try to control
criminality with designed structures.
 Infrastructure Environmental factors

Mainly represented by access:- Environmental protection and

• clean drinking water conservation are of utmost importance
• Swage system to many planning systems across the
• Disposal system world. Not only are the specific effects
• Electricity of development to be mitigated, but
The Smart Growth seeks to:- attempts are made to minimize the
• Improve quality overall effect of development on the
• Reduce the cost local and global environment. This is
• Reduce the co2 commonly done through the assessment
of Sustainable urban infrastructure and
microclimate.

Halima A Othman , Architect Engineer , Urban Planner , Assistant lecturer, University of Zakho , Petroleum Department
 Green spaces
Urban open space is often
appreciated for the recreational
opportunities it provides. Recreation
in urban open space may include
active recreation (such as organized
sports and individual exercise) or
passive recreation, which may
simply entail being in the open
space. Time spent in an urban open
space for recreation offers a reprieve
from the urban environment.
Halima A Othman , Architect Engineer , Urban Planner , Assistant lecturer, University of Zakho , Petroleum Department
Transportation
Transport within urbanized areas
presents unique problems. The density
of an urban environment increases
traffic, which can harm businesses and
increase pollution unless properly
managed. Parking space for private
vehicles requires the construction of
large parking garages in high density
areas. This space could often be more
valuable for other development.
 PRACTICE OF URBAN PLANNING
New master-planned cities
In the 21st Century, countries in Asia and the Middle-East have embarked on
plans to build brand new large cities. Masdar City, a new city in UAE, cost $18
billion.

Many of these new cities are built to use new technologies such as District cooling
and automatic waste collection in GIFT City or Personal Rapid Transit in Masdar
City.

Saudi Arabia is building 5 new cities to control congestion and sprawl in existing
cities. While India is building 7 new cities to provide space and facilities that are
missing in existing cities, such as cycling paths, parks and public transport within a
10 minute walk to every office and home
Halima A Othman , Architect Engineer , Urban Planner , Assistant lecturer, University of Zakho , Petroleum Department
 AL Masder City

Halima A Othman , Architect Engineer , Urban Planner , Assistant lecturer, University of Zakho , Petroleum Department
 Gujarat International Finance Tec‐City, GIFT City

Halima A Othman , Architect Engineer , Urban Planner , Assistant lecturer, University of Zakho , Petroleum Department
 URBAN PLANNING LEVELS
• National level
1. Policy making
2. Strategic objectives
• Regional level
1. Land act
2. Regional plans, Transportation
• Municipal level
1. Land development plan
2. Land use plan
3. Master plan

Halima A Othman , Architect Engineer , Urban Planner , Assistant lecturer, University of Zakho , Petroleum Department
 THE ISO INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ON CITY INDICATOR
This International Standard defines and establishes definitions
and methodologies for a set of indicators to steer and measure
the performance of city services and quality of life.
Quantitative, qualitative or descriptive sets of measurements
and metrics that provide a globally standardized set of
definitions and methodologies.
This International Standard is applicable to any city,
municipality or local government that undertakes to measure its
performance in a comparable and verifiable manner,
irrespective of size and location or level of development

Halima A Othman , Architect Engineer , Urban Planner , Assistant lecturer, University of Zakho , Petroleum Department
 Urban planning Impacts

Dose Smart cities make people happier ?

Person’s happiness needs to be more important than

achieving efficient and convenient smart city. An essential
issue for achieving human centered smart city.

Halima A Othman , Architect Engineer , Urban Planner , Assistant lecturer, University of Zakho , Petroleum Department
 Urban planning Impacts

Dose Smart cities make children smarter?

kids who cycled or walked to school, rather than traveling
by car or public transportation, performed measurably
better on tasks demanding concentration, such as solving
puzzles, and that the effects lasted for up to four hours
after they got to school. According to the results of a Danish study

Halima A Othman , Architect Engineer , Urban Planner , Assistant lecturer, University of Zakho , Petroleum Department
 Urban planning Impacts

Dose Smart cities control criminality?

Criminality control, theories say that an urban

environment can influence individuals' obedience to social
rules and level of power.

Halima A Othman , Architect Engineer , Urban Planner , Assistant lecturer, University of Zakho , Petroleum Department
1. HELSINKI — ASPECTS OF URBAN DEVELOPMENT AND PLANNING, Bernhard BUTZIN,
GeoJournal, Vol. 2, No. 1, Urban Development (1978), pp. 11-26
2.
3. Hippodamus and the Planned City, Alfred Burns, Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte, Published by:
Franz Steiner Verlag, Article Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/4435519
4.
5. Traditions and Transitions in Israel Studies: Books on Israel, Volume VI, Laura Zittrain Eisenberg, Neil
Caplan?, Naomi B. Sokoloff?, Mohammed Abu-Nimer
6.
7. AEA11 2013. Envisioning Architecture: Design, Evaluation, Communication, Eugenio Morello, Barbara
E.A. Piga, National-level Planning in Democratic Countries: An International Comparison, R. Alterman?

8. Spatial Development and Spatial Planning in Germany , Federal Office for Building and Regional
Planning Deichmannsaue 31-37 D-53179 Bon.

9. WCCD and ISO 37120 Indicators for city services and quality of life, Professor Patricia McCarney
President & CEO, World Council on City Data Director, Global Cities Institute, University of Toronto
10. urban planning -- Encyclopedia Britannica.htm
11. Planning - Sepro Technologies.htm
12. Resources on Urban Planning and Management.htm
13. Urban planning - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.htm
 THANK YOU

Halima A Othman , Architect Engineer , Urban Planner , Assistant lecturer, University of Zakho , Petroleum Department