LIST OF EXPERIMENT

NO. TITLE OF EXPERIMENT

1 Determination of specific gravity of liquids using Measuring Beaker, Eureka Can, Density
Bottle and Hydrometer.
2 Viscosity of fluids
3 The accuracy of a Bourdon Pressure Gauge
4 The accuracy of Bernoulli’s Theorem for fluid flow in a horizontal tapered pipe.
5 The coefficient of discharge, Coefficient of velocity and Coefficient of contraction of an
orifice.
6 The coefficient of discharge for rectangular notch.
7 Validation of Reynolds Number
8 Co-efficient of conduits

EXPERIMENT 1

Determination of specific gravity of liquids using Measuring Beaker, Eureka Can, Density Bottle and
Hydrometer.

OBJECTIVE

To determine specific of liquids using Measuring Beaker, Eureka Can, Density Bottle and Hydrometer.

THEORY

Specific gravity also called Relative Density may be defined as the ratio of its mass density to the mass
density of water taken at atmospheric pressure at temperature of 4 °C. Since it is ratio, it has no unit. There
are various methods to measure the specific gravity of liquids, and each method has their own advantages
and disadvantages. So that, any measurement that regards to the methods must done with due care to
eliminate errors.

PROCEDURE

(A) Using Measuring Beaker

1. Weigh the empty measuring beaker and record the mass.

2. Fill the beaker with water and read the volume as accurately as possible. Record the volume.

3. Weigh the beaker plus water and record the mass. The mass of water can be calculated by
subtracting mass of empty beaker.

4. Determine mass density of water as

5. Calculate average mass density.

6. Repeat above steps using given liquids to replace water.

7. Calculate specific gravity of liquid as

No. Mass of empty Mass of Mass of water (kg) Volume of water Mass density of
beaker (kg) empty beaker (m3) water (kg/m3)
+ water (kg)
1
2
3
AVERAGE

No. Mass of empty Mass of Mass of syrup (kg) Volume of syrup Mass density of
beaker (kg) empty beaker (m3) syrup (kg/m3)
+ syrup (kg)
1
2
3
AVERAGE

Specific gravity of syrup = _______________________________

(B) Using Eureka Can

1. Take the solid object and accurately measure dimensions of the object, calculate its volume and
record the volume.

2. Place the Eureka can at the edge of the working table and fill it with water until it overflows.

3. Weigh the empty beaker, record its mass and place it under the spout of the Eureka can.

4. Carefully drop the object into the Eureka can and collect the displaced water in the beaker.

5. Weigh the beaker plus the collected water and record the mass. The mass of water can be
calculated by subtracting mass of empty beaker.

6. Calculate the mass density.

7. Repeat above steps using given liquids to replace water.

8. Calculate the specific gravity of the liquid.

Dimension of solid object: ____________________________________

No. Mass of empty Mass of Mass of water (kg) Volume of water Mass density of
beaker (kg) empty beaker (m3) water (kg/m3)
+ water (kg)
1
2
3
AVERAGE

No. Mass of empty Mass of Mass of syrup (kg) Volume of syrup Mass density of
beaker (kg) empty beaker (m3) syrup (kg/m3)
+ syrup (kg)
1
2
3
AVERAGE

Specific gravity of syrup = _______________________________

(C) Using Density Bottle

1. Dry the bottle and its stopper. Weigh the bottle and stopper and record the mass.

2. Fill the bottle fully with water and place the stopper. Carefully dry the outside of the bottle with
tissue paper and remove any excess water from the stopper such that the liquid in the hole is
level with the top of the stopper.

3. Volume of water is equal to the volume of the density bottle when the water is level with the top of
the stopper.

4. Weigh the bottle with stopper plus water. Record the mass. The mass of water can be calculated by
subtracting mass of empty bottle with stopper.

5. Calculate the mass density.

6. Repeat above steps using given liquids to replace water.

7. Calculate the specific gravity of the liquid.

No. Mass of empty Mass of Mass of water (kg) Volume of water Mass density of
bottle + lid (kg) empty bottle (m3) water (kg/m3)
+ lid + water
(kg)
1
2
3
AVERAGE

No. Mass of empty Mass of Mass of syrup (kg) Volume of syrup Mass density of
bottle + lid (kg) empty bottle (m3) syrup (kg/m3)
+ lid +
syrup(kg)
1
2
3
AVERAGE

Specific gravity of syrup = _______________________________

(D) Using Hydrometer

1. Place the tall glass cylinders on the flat working surface.

2. Fill the cylinder with a given liquids, allow air to rise to the top.

3. Carefully insert the Hydrometer and allow it to settle at the centre of the cylinder. Ensure that the
Hydrometer do not touch the side of the cylinder otherwise surface tension effects may cause
errors.

4. Read the scale of the Hydrometer after it has settle, at the bottom of the free water surface.

5. Record the reading and gently take out the Hydrometer.

6. Repeat the procedure (Step 3 to 5) three times. Calculate the average specific gravity.

7. Follow the above procedure for other given liquid also.

NO. WATER SYRUP OIL

1
2
3
AVERAGE
QUESTIONS

1. What maybe the reason for different methods giving different results?

2. Why Hydrometer sinks more in the lighter liquids than the heavier ones?

3. Would the specific gravity of mercury be same on the moon where gravity one sixth that on the
earth? Explain your answer.

4. Why it is easy to swim in sea water than swimming polls?

EXPERIMENT 2

Viscosity of fluids

OBJECTIVE

To determine the viscosity of given fluids

APPARATUS

Tall cylinder, fluids, balls or marbles, band marker, stopwatch, vernier caliper, balance

THEORY

PROCEDURE

1. Keep the tall cylinder on flat working surface and fill it with the given fluids (i.e. water, syrup, oil)

2. Set the upper timing band marker, approximately 1 cm below the top level of fluid. Set the lower
timing band marker, approximately 10cm above the bottom level of the fluid.

3. Measure the distance between the markers accurately and record it in the data table.

3. Take a ball. Accurately measure the diameter and weigh its mass using vernier caliper and a
balance, .Record the diameter and mass of the ball in the data table.

4. Drop the ball into the fluid. Note the time taken by the ball crossing the distance between the upper
and lower timing bands using a stopwatch.

5. Measure the temperature of the fluids. Record it in the data table.

6. Repeat step3 to 5 for three times using other balls.

7. Calculate the viscosity of the given fluids using equation given.

QUESTION

1. How will the velocity vary with,

a) diameter of the ball?

b) density of the ball?

c) viscosity of fluids?

2. How can you demonstrate variation in viscosity of different fluids?

 Liquid A: ______________ Density of liquid A: ______________________kg/m3

No. Distance Mass of Diameter Density Time Velocity Kinem Dynamic

between marble of of (s) ,u atic viscosity, μ
bends (kg) marble, d marble, σ (m/s) viscosi (Ns/m2)
(m) (m) (kg/m3) ty, ѵ
(m2/s)
1

Average

Liquid B: ______________ Density of liquid B: ______________________kg/m3

No. Distance Mass of Diameter Density Time Veloc Kinemati Dynamic

between marble of marble, of (s) ity, u c viscosity,
bends (kg) d marble, σ (m/s) viscosity μ
(m) (m) (kg/m3) ,ѵ (Ns/m2)
(m2/s)

Average

Liquid C: ______________ Density of liquid C: ______________________kg/m3

No. Distance Mass of Diameter Density Time Veloc Kinemati Dynamic

between marble of marble, of (s) ity, u c viscosity,
bends (kg) d marble, σ (m/s) viscosity μ
(m) (m) (kg/m3) ,ѵ (Ns/m2)
(m2/s)

Average
 ( )
( )

( )
EXPERIMENT 3

The accuracy of a Bourdon Pressure Gauge

OBJECTIVE

To calculate the accuracy of the Bourdon Pressure Gauge using dead weight tester

APPARATUS

Bourdon type pressure gauge (specification as follows):

Pressure range: 0 – 200 kN/m2

Area of piston: 246.0x10-6 m2

Mass of piston: 0.557 kg

Dead weight tester (0.25 kg, 0.5 kg, 1.0 kg and 2.0 kg)

PROCEDURE

1. Remove the piston from the unit and fill the cylinder with water.

2. Remove air trapped in the transparent tube by gently tapping the unit.

3. Top up with water and insert piston into cylinder. Allow piston to settle.

4. Record the initial pressure gauge reading which is corresponding to the piston mass.

5. Add available dead weight masses and record the pressure gauge reading along with masses added
to the piston and total mass (piston mass plus added mass).

6. Remove dead weight masses previously added and records the pressure gauge reading along with
the masses removed from the piston and total mass (piston mass plus added mass).

(Step 5 and 6 must be completed quickly within one continuous process because any leakage to the
system will make the piston sinks to the bottom of the apparatus. At this point no further mass may
be added or removed. If this occurs, you have to start again the experiment from the beginning)

7. Repeat the above procedure for five times.

DATA ANALYSIS

1. Calculate the actual pressure for each total mass using the following equation:

( ⁄ ) ( )
 ( )

2. Calculate the average measured pressure gauge for the increasing and decreasing pressures (make
sure to convert the unit into kN/m2).

3. Calculate the gauge % error.

4. Plot the graph Gauge pressure vs. Actual pressure (both increasing and decreasing, in the same
graph).

RESULTS

Mass Total Actual INCREASING PRESSURE % Error

added mass, M Pressure Gauge Reading (kN/m2)
to (kg) (kN/m2)
piston
(kg) Run 1 Run 2 Run 3 Average
0 0.557

Mass Total Actual DECSRAESING PRESSURE % Error

added mass, M Pressure Gauge Reading (kN/m2)
to (kg) (kN/m2)
piston
(kg)
0 0.557 Run 1 Run 2 Run 3 Average

QUESTION

1. How the increasing and deceasing pressure affected the accuracy of the Bourdon gauge pressure?

2. If the object of the same mass placed in the moon, how the pressure will (increase or decrease)?
Explain your answer.
EXPERIMENT 4

Bernoulli’s Theorem

OBJECTIVE

To determine the accuracy of Bernoulli’s theorem for fluid flow in a horizontal tapered pipe

THEORY
PROCEDURE

1. Prime the above apparatus with water. Remove all entrapped air from the system. Make sure all
connecting pipes are free from air.

2. Carefully adjust the inflow valve and the out flow valve to get such a combination of flow rate and system
pressure that gives maximum convenient different between the highest and lowest manometer levels (refer
figure above).

3. Record scale reading of each manometer level. Record also the volume and time to find the flow rate
through the system.

4. Repeat the experiment for three times by adjusting the outflow control valve to give high or low flow
rates at both high and low static pressure.

5. Record all readings in the data table.

RESULT
 No. Tube Cross- Volume Time Flow rate, Q Velocity, v=Q/A Velocity head, Manometer Total head,
tube diameter section (m3) (s) (m3/s) (m/s) v2/2g level, h (velocity head
(m) are of (m) (m) + manometer
tube, level)
A=πr2 (m)
(m2)
1 0.0250
2 0.0139
3 0.0118
4 0.0107
5 0.0100
6 0.0250
No. Tube Cross- Volume Time Flow rate, Q Velocity, v=Q/A Velocity head, Manometer Total head,
tube diameter section (m3) (s) (m3/s) (m/s) v2/2g level, h (velocity head
(m) are of (m) (m) + manometer
tube, level)
A=πr2 (m)
(m2)
1 0.0250
2 0.0139
3 0.0118
4 0.0107
5 0.0100
6 0.0250
No. Tube Cross- Volume Time Flow rate, Q Velocity, v=Q/A Velocity head, Manometer Total head,
tube diameter section (m3) (s) (m3/s) (m/s) v2/2g level, h (velocity head
(m) are of (m) (m) + manometer
tube, level)
A=πr2 (m)
(m2)
1 0.0250
2 0.0139
3 0.0118
4 0.0107
5 0.0100
6 0.0250

SAMPLE OF CALCULATION

QUESTION

1. How the velocities vary with the increasing of pressure head? Increase or decrease? Explain.

2. How the variation of total head of each tube for each test? Slightly constant, increase or decrease? Explain.
EXPRIMENT 5

Determination of orifice coefficient

OBJECTIVE

To determine the coefficient of discharge of an orifice under constant head

EXPERIMENT 6
Rectangular Notch

OBJECTIVE

To determine the coefficient of discharge for rectangular notch

RESULT

Z = ________________ m

L = ________________ m

No. D H Volume, V Time, t Actual Flow Coefficient Remarks

(m) (m) (m3) (s) rate, Q of discharge,
(m3/s) Cd
1
2
3
4
5
6
EXPERIMENT 7

Reynolds Number
RESULT

Temperature of water: ________ °C

Density of water: __________________ kg/m3

Viscosity of water: _________________ Pa.s

Diameter of tube, d: 0.010 m Cross-sectional area of tube, A: ____________ m2

No. Volume, Time, t Flow Velocity, Reynolds Types of Types of Remarks

V (m3) (s) rate, Q v = Q/A number, flow from flow from
(m3/s) (m/s) Re=ρvd/μ the Re observati
values on
1
2
3
4
5
6
EXPERIMENT 8

Co-efficient of conduits

OBJECTIVE

To determine friction coefficient for flow under turbulent conditions

PROCEDURE

1. Measure the length of the pipe section (l), which is the distance between the two tapping.
2. Measure the internal diameter (d) of the pipe section.
3. Connect the tubes to the two tapping accordingly and open the flow control valve as maximum as it
can. Remove all interrupted bubbles by tapping the valve that attach to the pressure reading.
4. Now start, observation, adjust flow control valve to the desired flow rate. For each flow rate, record
the pressure reading.
 5. Repeat the whole steps using other type of pipes to compare their friction coefficient.

TYPES OF PIPES
Pipes for measurement of friction are available as options as follow:
Type of pipes Length between pressure Internal diameter, d (mm)
tappings, l (cm)
PVC pipe 1 inch 125 28
PVC pipe ¾ inch 125 21
PVC roughened pipe ¾ inch 125 21
Steel pipe ¾ inch 125 21
PVC pipe ½ inch 125 16.3

RESULTS AND CALCULATION

DATA EXPERIMENT 8: FRICTION COEFFICIENT

PIPE TYPE: ______________________________________ LENGTH OF PIPE, (l): ____________________________ m

INTERNAL DIAMETER OF PIPE: ___________________ m AREA OF PIPE, (A): _____________________________ m2

No. Flow Flow rate, Q Velocity, Manometer Head loss, Friction coeff, Reynolds Remarks
rate (m3/s) v = Q/A reading, h hf = h÷1000 f = 2gdhf/4lv2 number, Re =
(gpm) (m/s) (mmH2O) (m) ρvd/μ
1

PIPE TYPE: ______________________________________ LENGTH OF PIPE, (l): ____________________________ m

INTERNAL DIAMETER OF PIPE: ___________________ m AREA OF PIPE, (A): _____________________________ m2

No. Flow Flow rate, Q Velocity, Manometer Head loss, Friction coeff, Reynolds Remarks
3 2
rate (m /s) v = Q/A reading, h hf = h÷1000 f = 2gdhf/4lv number, Re =
(gpm) (m/s) (mmH2O) (m) ρvd/μ
1

6
PIPE TYPE: ______________________________________ LENGTH OF PIPE, (l): ____________________________ m

INTERNAL DIAMETER OF PIPE: ___________________ m AREA OF PIPE, (A): _____________________________ m2

No. Flow Flow rate, Q Velocity, Manometer Head loss, Friction coeff, Reynolds Remarks
3 2
rate (m /s) v = Q/A reading, h hf = h÷1000 f = 2gdhf/4lv number, Re =
(gpm) (m/s) (mmH2O) (m) ρvd/μ
1