Freedom Struggler

12 October 2019 14:34
List of freedom fighters TIME LINE
Name Birth Death Activity

 Maveeran Alagumuthu 1710 1759 Defeated by the British and Maruthanayagam's forces and executed in 1759.
Kone
 Puli Thevar 1715 Ruled Nerkattumseval and fought and defeated the British and Nawab of Arcot in 1755.[3][4]
 Jay i Rajaguru 1739 1806 He was a prominent figure of Indian independence movement in the state of odisha
 Pazhassi Raja 1753 1805 Used guerrilla warfare to fight British in Cotiote War (Kottayathu war) across a span of thirteen years from
1793 to 1806 to preserve the independence and unity of his kingdom and was killed in 1805 in a gun -fight at
Mavila Thodu in the present day Kerala-Karnataka border.
 Uyyalawada Narasimha 1805 1847 In 1846, he led an uprising in Andhra Pradesh. He was executed by the British by hanging.[5]
Reddy
 Tantia Tope 1814 1859 Tantia Tope was one of the Indian rebellions of 1857. He served as a general and led a group of Indian
soldiers against the British. He was an ardent follower of Nana Sahib of Bithur and continued to fight on his
behalf when Nana was forced to retreat by the British army. Tantia even forced General Windham to retreat
from Kanpur and helped Rani Lakshmi of Jhansi to retain Gwalior.
 Ahmadullah Shah 1787 1857 Leader of various battles for freedom like Battle of Chinhat, Siege of Lucknow, Capture of Lucknow, Chapati
Movement.
 Mangal Pandey 1827 1857 Early martyr of Indian rebellion. Pandey was a soldier of the British Indian army, but rebelled against it. He
was executed on 8 April 1857 in Barrackpore.
 V. O. Chidambaram Pillai 1872 1936 He launched the first indigenous Indian shipping service between Tuticorin and Colombo with the Swadeshi
Steam Navigation Company, competing against British ships.
 Vallabhbhai Patel 1875 1950 Founding father of Republic of India who played leading role in country's struggle towards independence
and integration of united India.
Actively participated in Civil Disobedience Movement and Quit India Movement

Unified India
 Subramania Bharati 1882 1921 Wrote many fiery songs kindling patriotism and nationalism during Indian Independence movement.
 Alluri Sitarama Raju 1897 1924 Leader of the Rampa Rebellion of 1922.
 Bhagat Singh 1907 1931 Worked with several revolutionary organisations and became prominent in the Hindustan Republican
Association (HRA).
most influential revolutionary
 Aruna Asaf Ali 1909 1996 She is widely remembered for hoisting the Indian National Congress flag at the Gowalia Tank maidan
in Bombay during the Quit India Movement, 1942.
 Shambhu Dutt Sharma 1918 2016 Joined Quit India Movement in 1942. Hon. General Secretary of GSB (Gandhian Satyagraha Brigade).
Founder of Transparency International India. Sharma's team was known as Gandhian Seva Brigade.
 Tanguturi Prakasam 1872 1957 Pantulu was an Indian politician and freedom fighter, chief minister of the Madras Presidency, and
subsequently became the first chief minister of the new Andhra state, created by the partition of Madras
State along linguistic lines. He was also known as Andhra Kesari (Lion of Andhra). The Andhra Pradesh
government declared his birth anniversary a state festival.
 Khudiram Bose 1889 1908 Bose planted bombs near British government officials and police stations. Due to his activities against the
British, he was arrested and hanged. At the time of his hanging, he was 18 years, 8 months 8 days old,
making him one of the youngest revolutionaries in India.
 Chandra Shekhar Azad 1906 1931 Azad ("The Free"), was an Indian revolutionary who reorganised the Hindustan Republican Association
under its new name of Hindustan Socialist Republican Association (HSRA) after the death of its founder,
Ram Prasad Bismil, and three other prominent party leaders, Roshan Singh, Rajendra Nath Lahiri and
Ashfaqulla Khan.
 18.. Chittaranjan Das 1869 1925 Das founded the Swaraj party in Bengal, became leader in Non-cooperation Movement in Bengal.
 Komaram Bheem 1901 1940 Bheem was a tribal leader who fought for the liberation of Hyderabad.
 Ram Prasad Bismil 1897 1927 Kakori conspiracy
 Udham Singh 1899 1940 Shooting in Caxton Hall.
 Hemu Kalani 1923 1943 Sabotage of railway track.
 Ashfaqulla Khan 1900 1927 Kakori conspiracy
 Sachindra Bakshi 1904 1984 Kakori conspiracy
 Manmath Nath Gupta 1908 2000 Kakori conspiracy
 Vasudev Balwant Phadke 1845 1883 Deccan Rebellion
 Matangini Hazra 1870 1942 Active member of Quit India Movement, shot dead by British at the age of 71.
 Anant Laxman Kanhere 1891 1910 Shooting of British officer Jackson.
 Vanchinathan 1886 1911 Shooting of British Collector/District Magistrate Robert William Escourt Ashe.
 Krishnaji Gopal Karve 1887 1910 Shooting of British officer Jackson.
 Ganesh Damodar 1879 1945 Armed movement against the British.
Savarkar
Vinayak Damodar 1883 1966 Father of Hindu Nationalism, was jailed at Cellular Jail in 1911.[6]
FREEDOM STRUGGLER Page 1

 Vinayak Damodar 1883 1966 Father of Hindu Nationalism, was jailed at Cellular Jail in 1911.[6]
Savarkar
 Bagha Jatin 1879 1915 The Howrah-Sibpur conspiracy case, Indo-German Conspiracy.
 Batukeshwar Dutt 1910 1965 Central Assembly Bomb Case 1929.
 Sukhdev Thapar 1907 1931 Central Assembly Bomb Case 1929
 Shivaram Rajguru 1908 1931 Murder of a British police officer J. P. Saunders.
 Roshan Singh 1892 1927 Kakori conspiracy, Bamrauli Action
 Prabhavati Devi 1906 1973 Gandhian leader. Wife of Jayaprakash Narayan.
 Pritilata Waddedar 1911 1932 Pahartali European Club attack
 Jatindra Nath Das 1904 1929 Hunger strike and Lahore conspiracy case
 Durgawati Devi 1907 1999 Running the bomb factory.
 Bhagwati Charan Vohra 1904 1930 Philosophy of the Bomb
 Madan Lal Dhingra 1883 1909 Assassination of Curzon Wyllie.
 Alluri Sitarama Raju 1897 1924 Rampa Rebellion of 1922
 Kushal Konwar 1905 1943 Train sabotage at Sarupathar.
 Surya Sen 1894 1934 President of Indian National Congress Chittagong Branch, mastermind of Chittagong armoury raid.
 Ananta Singh 1903 1979 Chittagong armoury raid
 Ganesh Ghosh 1900 1994 Chittagong armoury raid
 Sri Aurobindo 1872 1950 Alipore bomb case
 Rash Behari Bose 1886 1945 Indian National Army
 Ubaidullah Sindhi 1872 1944 Silk Letter Conspiracy
 Lokenath Bal 1908 1964 Chittagong armoury raid
 Jogesh Chandra 1895 1969 Kakori conspiracy
Chatterjee
 Baikuntha Shukla 1907 1934 Assassination of Phanindra Nath Ghosh, a British government approver.
 Ambika Chakrabarty 1892 1962 Chittagong armoury raid
 Badal Gupta 1912 1930 Attack at Writers Building
 Dinesh Gupta 1911 1931 Attack at Writers Building
 Benoy Basu 1908 1930 Attack at Writers Building
 Rajendra Lahiri 1901 1927 Kakori conspiracy
 Barindra Kumar Ghosh 1880 1959 Alipore bomb case
 Prafulla Chaki 1888 1908 The Muzaffarpur killing.
 Ullaskar Dutta 1885 1965 Alipore bomb case
 Bhupendra Kumar Datta 1892 1979 Member of Anushilan Samiti.
 Ramesh Chandra Jha 1925 1994 Sugauli police station robbery.
 Hemchandra Kanungo 1871 1951 Alipore bomb case
 Surendranath Tagore 1872 1940 Involved in the Swadeshi movement in Bengal, in opposition to the 1905 partition of Bengal.
 Basawon Singh (Sinha) 1909 1989 Lahore conspiracy case
 Bhavabhushan Mitra 1881 1970 Ghadar Mutiny
 Bina Das 1911 1986 Attempted to assassinate the Bengal Governor Stanley Jackson.
 Kalpana Datta 1913 1995 Indian Independence Movement, also part of the Chittagong armoury raid planning.
 Kartar Singh Sarabha 1896 1915 Most famous accused in the Lahore conspiracy trial.
 Shyamji Krishna Varma 1857 1930 Founded the Indian Home Rule Society, India House and "The Indian Sociologist" in London.
 Subhas Chandra Bose 1897 1945 Founded the Indian Legion and revamped the Indian National Army.
 Binod Bihari Chowdhury 1911 2013 Chittagong armoury raid
 Bhupendranath Datta 1880 1961 Indo-German Conspiracy, member of Anushilan Samiti.
 Amarendranath 1880 1957 Indo-German Conspiracy
Chatterjee
 Atulkrishna Ghosh 1890 1966 Indo-German Conspiracy
 Subodh Roy 1916 2006 Chittagong armoury raid, Tebhaga movement
 Maulvi Liaquat Ali 1812 1892 Captured Khusro Bagh in Allahabad and declared "independence" of India.
 Asaf Ali 1888 1953 Indian national movement
 Rani of Jhansi 19 18 June Rani Laxmi Bhai was one of the leading figures of the Indian Rebellion of 1857 and became a symbol of
November 1858, resistance to the British Raj for Indian nationalists.
1828, Gwalior
Varanasi
 Mohandas Karamchand 1869 1948 Was the preeminent leader of the Indian independence movement in British-ruled India.
Gandhi Employing non-violent civil disobedience, Gandhi led India to independence and inspired movements for
civil rights and freedom across the world.
Father of nation
Civil rights activist in South Africa
Champaran and Kheda Satyagraha

Nonviolence
Civil disobedience
Quit India movement
 Jawahar Lal Nehru 1889 1964 First prime minister of India, a paramount leader of Indian independence under the tutelage of M. K.
Gandhi
 S. Satyamurti 1887 1943 Mayor of Madras, President of the Madras District Congress Party Committee, Advocate of the High Court
of Madras, Senior Advocate of the Federal Court of India, Deputy leader of the Congress party, Member of
the Indian Legislative Assembly.[7]
 Shaukat Ali 1873 1938 Maulana, "Shaukat Ali", his brother "Mohammad Ali" and their mother "Bi Amman", played an incredible
role in the freedom movement of India against the British Imperialism.These brave freedom fighters were
unmitigated champions of Hindu-Muslim unity who endorsed the Hindus and the Muslims to fight together
in the struggle for independence from the British forgetting their religious feelings and thinking only they
are Indians, they were the ambassadors of Hindu-Muslim Unity. They were arrested and imprisoned from
1921 to 1923 for his support to Mahatma Gandhi and the Indian National Congress during the Non -
Cooperation Movement (1919–1922).
 Sushila Chain Trehan 1923 2011 Leading member of Arya Samaj who fought for women's rights.
 Bal Gangadhar Tilak 1856 1920 Tilak was one of the first and strongest advocates of Swaraj ("self-rule") and a strong radical in Indian
consciousness.
 Bipin Chandra Pal 1858 1932 Member of Swaraj
 Lala Lajpat Rai 1865 1928 Member of Swaraj
 Alekh Patra 1923 1999 Member of Congress, Sarvodaya, who participated in the freedom movement at the age of about 18.
 Dr. B R Ambedkar Father of Constitution
first Law Minister of India
 Dr. Rajendra Prasad first president of The Republic of India
Leader from Bihar
 Rani Gaidinliu Naga spiritual and political leader
 Pingali Venkayya Designed the national flag
 Veerapandiya Indian Rebellion of 1857
Kattabomman
 Bakht Khan Indian Rebellion of 1857
 Chetram Jatav Indian Rebellion of 1857
 Bahadur Shah Zafar Indian Rebellion of 1857
 Begum Hazrat Mahal Indian Rebellion of 1857
 Annie Besant Starting the Home Rule Movement
 Senapati Bapat leader of the Mulshi Satyagraha
 Bhikaji Cama Unfurled the Indian flag at the International Socialist Conference at Stuttgart in Germany, 1907.
 Kanaiyalal Maneklal Founder of Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan
Munshi
 Tirupur Kumaran founder of the Desa Bandhu Youth Association
 Lakshmi Sahgal officer of the Indian Army
 Parbati Giri Mother Teresa of Western Orissa.
 Kanneganti Hanumanthu Palnadu Rebellion
 Sucheta Kriplani Chief Minister of an Indian state (UP)
founder of the All India Mahila Congress 1940
she sang Vande Mataram in the Constituent Assembly on 15th August 1947.
FREEDOM STRUGGLER WITH TIME LINE

Hundreds and thousands left everything, and many sacrificed their life for one common goal - freedom of India from foreign rule! These freedom fighters, activists and
revolutionaries came from different backgrounds and philosophies to fight one common enemy - the foreign imperialists! While we are aware of several freedom fighters and
revolutionaries, many have remained unsung heroes. We have made best efforts to present some of the most prominent freedom activists and revolutionaries who made
immense contribution towards India’s struggle for freedom.
Tantia Tope (1814 – 18 April 1859)

1. Tantia Tope (1814 – 18 April 1859)
Tantia Tope was one of the Indian rebellions of 1857. He served as a general and led a group of Indian soldiers against the British. He was an ardent follower of Nana Sahib
of Bithur and continued to fight on his behalf when Nana was forced to retreat by the British army. Tantia even forced General Windham to retreat from Kanpur and helped
Rani Lakshmi of Jhansi to retain Gwalior.
2. Nana Sahib (19 May 1824 – 1857)
After leading a group of rebellions during the 1857 uprising, Nana Sahib defeated the British forces in Kanpur. He even killed the survivors, sending a hard-hitting message
to the British camp. Nana Sahib was also known as an able administrator and is said to have led around 15,000 Indian soldiers.
3. Kunwar Singh (November 1777 - 26 April 1858)
At the age of 80, Kunwar Singh led a group of soldiers against the British in Bihar. Using guerrilla warfare tactics, Kunwar bedazzled the British troops and managed to
defeat the forces of Captain le Grand near Jagdispur. Kunwar Singh is known for his bravery and was fondly called as Veer Kunwar Singh.
4. Rani Lakshmi Bai (19 November 1828 – 18 June 1858)
One of the key members of India's first war of independence, Rani Lakshmi Bai went on to inspire thousands of women to join the fight for freedom. On 23 March, 1858
Lakshmi Bai defended her palace and the entire city of Jhansi when it was threatened to be captured by British troops led by Sir Hugh Rose.
5. Bal Gangadhar Tilak (23 July 1856 – 1 August 1920)
Bal Gangadhar Tilak was one of the most prominent freedom fighters of India who inspired thousands with the slogan – “Swaraj is my birthright and I shall have it”. As a form
of protest against the British, Tilak established schools and published rebellious newspapers. He was famous as one of the trios – Bal, Pal and Lal. People loved him and
accepted him as one of their leaders and so, he was called Lokmanya Tilak.

6. Mangal Pandey (19 July 1827 – 8 April 1857)
Mangal Pandey is said to have played a key role in inspiring Indian soldiers to start the great rebellion of 1857. Working as a soldier for the British East India Company,
Pandey started firing at English officials and caught them unawares. His attack is regarded as the first step of the Indian rebellion that started in 1857.
7. Begum Hazrat Mahal (1820 – 7 April 1879)
Working along with leaders like Nana Saheb and Maulavi of Faizabad, Begum Hazrat Mahal rebelled against the British during the revolt of 1857. She was successful in
taking control of Lucknow after leading the troops in her husband’s absence. She rebelled against the demolition of temples and mosques before retreating to Nepal.
8. Ashfaqulla Khan (22 October 1900 – 19 December 1927)
Ashfaqulla Khan was a firebrand among the young revolutionaries, who sacrificed his life for the sake of his motherland. He was an important member of the Hindustan
Republican Association. Khan, along with his associates, executed the train robbery at Kakori for which he was arrested and executed by the British.
9. Rani Gaidinliu (26 January 1915 – 17 February 1993)
Rani Gaidinliu was a political leader who revolted against the British rule. She joined a political movement at the age of 13 and fought for the evacuation of British rulers from
Manipur and the neighbouring areas. Unable to withstand her protests, the British arrested her when she was just 16 years old and sentenced her to life imprisonment.

10. Bipin Chandra Pal (7 November 1858 – 20 May 1932)
Bipin Chandra Pal was one of the key members of the Indian National Congress and a prominent freedom fighter. He advocated the abandonment of foreign goods. He,
along with Lala Lajpat Rai and Bal Gangadhar Tilak, spearheaded many revolutionary activities. For this reason, he is called as the ‘Father of Revolutionary Thoughts.’
11. Chandra Shekhar Azad (23 July 1906 – 27 February 1931)
One of the close associates of Bhagat Singh, Chandra Shekhar Azad is credited for reorganizing Hindustan Republican Association. Azad, as he was popularly called, is
known as one of the bravest freedom fighters of India. At the time of being surrounded by British soldiers, he killed many of them and shot himself to death with the last
bullet of his Colt pistol. He did so, as he never wanted to be captured alive.
12. Hakim Ajmal Khan (11 February 1868 – 29 December 1927)
A physician by profession, Hakim Ajmal Khan founded the Jamia Millia Islamia University before participating in the fight for freedom. He joined the Khilafat movement along
with other famous Muslim leaders like Shaukat Ali and Maulana Azad. In 1906, Hakim Ajmal Khan led a group of Muslim men and women who gave a memorandum to the
Viceroy of India.
13. Chittaranjan Das (5 November 1869 – 16 June 1925)
Chittaranjan Das founded the Swaraj Party and was an active participant in the Indian National Movement. A lawyer by profession, Chittaranjan is credited for successfully
defending Aurobindo Ghosh when the latter was charged under a criminal case by the British. Popularly known as Deshbandhu, Chittaranjan Das is best known for

defending Aurobindo Ghosh when the latter was charged under a criminal case by the British. Popularly known as Deshbandhu, Chittaranjan Das is best known for
mentoring Subhas Chandra Bose.
14. Sidhu Murmu and Kanhu Murmu
In 1855, Sidhu Murmu and Kanhu Murmu led a group of 10,000 Santal people in order to revolt against British colonists in eastern India. The movement, which came to be
known as the Santhal rebellion, took the British by surprise. The movement was so successful that the British government had no choice but to announce a bounty of Rs.
10,000 to those who were willing to capture Sidhu and his brother Kanhu.
15. Birsa Munda (15 November 1875 – June 9 1900)
Principally a religious leader, Birsa Munda used the religious beliefs of his tribe in order to revolt against the government of British. He implemented guerrilla warfare
techniques to upset the rhythm of the British troops. In 1900, Birsa, along with his army, was arrested by the British soldiers. He was later convicted and was lodged in a jail
in Ranchi.
16. Tilka Manjhi (11 February 1750 – 1784)
Approximately 100 years before Mangal Pandey took up arms to fight against the British, Tilka Manjhi gave up his life trying to do exactly the same. Manjhi was the first
rebellion to fight for the Indian independence. He led a group of Adivasis to fight against the exploitation of the British.
17. Surya Sen (22 March 1894 – 12 January 1934)
Surya Sen is credited for planning and executing a raid that aimed at seizing the weapons of police forces from the Chittagong armoury of British India. He led a battalion of

Surya Sen is credited for planning and executing a raid that aimed at seizing the weapons of police forces from the Chittagong armoury of British India. He led a battalion of
armed Indians to carry out the task. He is known for turning youngsters into firebrand revolutionaries. Surya Sen is among thousands of young Indians who lost their lives,
battling for an independent India.
18. Subramania Bharati (11 December 1882 – 11 September 1921)
A poet by profession, Subramania Bharati used his literary skills to inspire thousands of Indians during the independence movement. His works were often impassioned and
patriotic in nature. In 1908, Bharati had to flee to Puducherry when the British government issued an arrest warrant against him. A prominent member of the Indian National
Congress, Bharati continued his revolutionary activities from Puducherry.
19. Dadabhai Naoroji (4 September 1825 – 30 June 1917)
Credited with establishing the Indian National Congress, Dadabhai Naoroji is remembered as one of the most prominent members to have participated in the independence
movement. In one of the books published by him, he wrote about the colonial rule of the British which was precisely aimed at looting wealth from India.
20. Jawaharlal Nehru (14 November 1889 – 27 May 1964)
Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru was one of the most important freedom fighters of India, who went on to become the first Prime Minister of free India. He was also the author of the
famous book – ‘Discovery of India’. Nehru was extremely fond of children and was fondly called as ‘Chacha Nehru’. It was under his leadership that India embarked on the
planned pattern of economic development.
21. Khudiram Bose (3 December 1889 – 11 August 1908)
Khudiram Bose was one of those young revolutionaries and freedom fighters whose deeds of bravery went on to become the subject of folklore. He was one of those brave
men who challenged the British rule and gave them a taste of their own medicine. At the age of 19, he was martyred, with ‘Vande Mataram’ being his last words.

men who challenged the British rule and gave them a taste of their own medicine. At the age of 19, he was martyred, with ‘Vande Mataram’ being his last words.
22. Lakshmi Sahgal (24 October 1914 – 23 July 2012)
A doctor by profession, Lakshmi Sahgal, popularly known as Captain Lakshmi, encouraged women to join the troop led by Subhas Chandra Bose. She took the initiative of
forming a women’s regiment and named it ‘Rani of Jhansi regiment’. Lakshmi fought vigorously for the Indian independence before she was arrested by the British
government in 1945.
23. Lala Har Dayal (14 October 1884 – 4 March 1939)
A revolutionary among Indian nationalists, Lala Har Dayal turned down a lucrative job offer and went on to inspire hundreds of non-resident Indians to fight against the
atrocities of the British Empire. In 1909, he served as the editor of Bande Mataram, a nationalist publication founded by the Paris Indian Society.
24. Lala Lajpat Rai (28 January 1865 – 17 November 1928)
One of the most important members of the Indian National Congress, Lala Lajpat Rai is often revered for leading a protest against the Simon Commission. During the
protest, he was assaulted by James A. Scott, the superintendent of police, which ultimately played a role in his death. He was a part of the famous triumvirate called ‘Lal Bal
Pal.’
25. Mahadev Govind Ranade (18 January 1842 - 16 January 1901)
Mahadev Govind Ranade was one of the key founding members of Indian National Congress. Apart from serving as Bombay High Court's judge, Mahadev Govind worked
as a social reformer, encouraging women empowerment and widow remarriage. He understood that India’s fight for freedom can never be successful without a social reform
which was the need of the hour.

26. Mahatma Gandhi (2 October 1869 – 30 January 1948)
• Mahatma Gandhi was born as Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi on October 2, 1869 at Porbandar, located in the present day state of Gujarat.
• His father Karamchand Gandhi was the Diwan (Prime Minister) of Porbandar and mother Putlibai was a pious lady and under her tutelage
Gandhi imbibed various principles of Hinduism at an early age.
• After completing his college education Gandhi left for England on September 4, 1888 to study law at University College, London.
• In 1893, went to South Africa as a legal adviser to an Indian firm in South Africa.
• As he descended in South Africa, Gandhi was left appalled at the rampant racial discrimination against Indians and blacks by the European
whites.
• Soon Gandhi found himself at the receiving end of such abuse (thrown away from first class bogie of the train) and he vowed to take up the
cudgels on behalf of the Indian community.
• He organized the expatriate Indians and protested against the injustices meted out by the African government.
• After years of disobedience and non-violent protests, the South African government finally conceded to Gandhi’s demands and an
agreement to this effect was signed in 1914.
• Later, Gandhi realized the war that was to be waged against the British awaits his arrival in India and he returned to India in 1915.
• After reaching India, Gandhi traveled across the length and breadth of the country to witness the atrocities of the British regime.
• He founded the Satyagraha Ashram and successfully employed the principles of Satyagraha in uniting the peasants of Kheda and
Champaran against the government. After this victory Gandhi was bestowed the title of Bapu and Mahatma and his fame spread far and
wide.
• In 1921, Mahatma Gandhi called for the non-cooperation movement against the British Government with the sole object of attaining
Swaraj or independence for India.
• Even though the movement achieved roaring success all over the country, the incident of mob violence in Chauri Chaura, Uttar Pradesh
forced Gandhi to call off the mass disobedience movement. Consequent to this, Mahatma Gandhi took a hiatus from active politics and
instead indulged in social reforms.
• The year 1930 saw Gandhi’s return to the fore of Indian freedom movement and on March 12, 1930 he launched the historic Dandi March
to protest against the tax on salt.
• The Dandi March soon metamorphosed into a huge civil disobedience movement.
• The Second World War broke out in 1939 and as the British might began to wane, Gandhi called for the Quit India movement on August 8,
1942.
• Post World War, the Labour Party came to power in England and the new government assured the Indian leadership of imminent
independence. The Cabinet Mission sent by the British government proposed for the bifurcation of India along communal lines which Gandhi
vehemently protested.
• Eventually Gandhi had to relent and on the eve of independence thousands lost their lives in communal riots.
• Gandhi urged for communal harmony and worked tirelessly to promote unity among the Hindus and Muslims.
• But Mahatma’s act of benevolence angered Hindu fundamentalists and on January 13, 1948 he was assassinated by Hindu fanatic
Nathuram Godse.
Philosophy of Mahatma Gandhi

Truth: Gandhi strictly maintained that the concept of truth is above and beyond of all other considerations and one must
unfailingly embrace truth throughout one’s life.
Satyagraha: In the context of Indian freedom movement, Satyagraha meant the resistance to the British oppression through
mass civil obedience.
Nonviolence: The principle of nonviolence or Ahimsa has been integral to many Indian religions and Mahatma Gandhi espoused
for total nonviolence in the Indian freedom struggle.
Khadi: Mahatma used the adoption of Khadi as a subtle economic tool against the British industrial might and also as a means of
generating rural employment in India.

27. Maulana Abul Kalam Azad (11 November 1888 – 22 February 1958)
Maulana Abul Kalam Azad was an active member of the Indian National Congress and a great freedom fighter. Maulana Azad took part in most of the important movements.
He presided over the special session of Congress in September 1923 and at the age of 35 he became the youngest man to be elected as the President of the Congress.
28. Motilal Nehru (6 May 1861 – 6 February 1931)
One of the most prominent leaders of the Indian National Congress, Motilal Nehru was also an important activist and member of Indian National Movement. Twice in his
political career, he was elected as the President of Congress. He actively participated in many protests including the Non-Cooperation Movement, during which he was
arrested by the British government.
29. Ram Manohar Lohia (23 March 1910 – 12 October 1967)
One of the founding members of the Congress Socialist Party, Ram Manohar Lohia was an active member of the Indian independence movement. Lohia was a key member
in organizing the Quit India Movement, for which he was arrested and tortured in 1944. He even worked for the Congress Radio which operated secretly, propagandizing
anti-British messages.
30. Ram Prasad Bismil (11 June 1897 – 19 December 1927)
Ram Prasad Bismil was one of those young revolutionaries who sacrificed his life for the sake of his motherland. Bismil was one of the most important members of the
Hindustan Republican Association and also a prominent member of the group that was involved in the Kakori train robbery. He was sentenced to death by the British
government for his involvement in the famous train robbery.

31. Ram Singh Kuka (3 February 1816 – 18 January 1872)
Ram Singh Kuka was a social reformer, who is hailed as the first Indian to have initiated the non-cooperation movement by refusing to use British merchandise and services.
Like Mahadev Govind Ranade, he too, understood the importance of social reforms in order to stand strong against the British rule. Hence Ram Singh Kuka gave much
importance to social reforms.
32. Rash Behari Bose (25 May 1886 – 21 January 1945)
Rash Behari Bose was one of the most important revolutionaries who tried to assassinate Lord Hardinge, the then Viceroy of India. Along with other revolutionaries, Bose is
credited for organizing Ghadar Mutiny and the Indian National Army. He was also involved in persuading the Japanese to help the Indians in their struggle for freedom.
33. Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel (31 October 1875 – 15 December 1950)
His brave deeds earned Vallabhbhai Patel the title, ‘the iron man of India.’ For his role in the Bardoli Satyagraha, Patel came to be known as Sardar. Though he was a
famous lawyer, Sardar Patel gave up his profession in order to fight for the freedom of the country. After the independence, he became the deputy Prime Minister of India
and played an important role in the integration of India by merging numerous princely states with the Indian Union.
34. Bhagat Singh (1907 – 23 March 1931)
The name Bhagat Singh is synonymous with sacrifice, courage, bravery and vision. By sacrificing his life at the age of 30, Bhagat Singh became an inspiration and a symbol
of heroism. Along with other revolutionaries, Bhagat Singh founded the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association. To remind the British government of its misdeeds,
Bhagat Singh hurled a bomb in the Central Legislative Assembly. By embracing death at a young age, Singh became a symbol of sacrifice and courage, thereby residing
forever in the hearts of every Indian.

forever in the hearts of every Indian.
35. Shivaram Rajguru (26 August 1908 – 23 March 1931)
A member of the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association, Shivaram Rajguru was a close associate of Bhagat Singh and Sukhdev. Shivaram is mainly remembered for
his involvement in the assassination of John Saunders, a young British police officer. With an intention of killing James Scott, the police superintendent who had assaulted
Lala Lajpat Rai just two weeks before his death, Shivaram mistook John for James and shot him to death.
36. Subhas Chandra Bose (23 January 1897 – 18 August 1945)
Popularly known as Netaji, Subhas Chandra Bose was a fierce freedom fighter and popular leader on the political horizon of pre-independent India. Bose was elected as the
President of the Indian National Congress in 1937 and 1939. He founded the Indian National Army and raised the famous slogans, ‘Delhi Chalo’ and ‘Tum Mujhe Khoon Do
main Tumhe Ajadi Doonga.’ For his anti-British remarks and activities, Bose was jailed 11 times between 1920 and 1941. He was the leader of the youth wing of Congress
Party.
37. Sukhdev (15 May 1907 – 23 March 1931)
One of the key members of Hindustan Socialist Republican Association, Sukhdev was a revolutionary and a close associate of Bhagat Singh and Shivaram Rajguru. He too,
was involved in the killing of John Saunders, a British police officer. Sukhdev was captured, along with Bhagat Singh and Shivaram Rajguru, and was martyred at the age of
24.
38. Surendranath Banerjee (10 November 1848 – 6 August 1925)
Founder of the Indian National Association and the Indian National Liberation Federation, Surendranath Banerjee is remembered as a pioneer of Indian politics. He founded
and published a newspaper called ‘The Bengalee’. In 1883, he was arrested for publishing anti-British remarks. Surendranath was elected as the President of Congress in
1895 and again in 1902.

39. Sri Alluri Sitarama Raju (1898 – 7 May 1924)
Alluri Sitarama Raju was a key revolutionary who killed many British army men. He, along with his followers, also raided several police stations and seized many guns and
ammunition. He also initiated the Rampa Rebellion of 1922, which was aimed at protesting against a law passed by the British government.
40. Vinayak Damodar Savarkar (28 May 1883 – 26 February 1966)
The founder of Abhinav Bharat Society and Free India Society, Vinayak Damodar Savarkar was an activist and was popularly known as Swatantryaveer Savarkar. Also an
eminent writer, Savarkar published a book titled ‘The Indian War of Independence’ that spoke about the struggles of the Indian mutiny of 1857.
41. Bhim Sen Sachar (1 December 1894 – 18 January 1978)
A lawyer by profession, Bhim Sen Sachar was inspired by other revolutionaries and freedom fighters and joined the Indian National Congress at a young age. He was
subsequently made as the Secretary of Punjab Congress Committee. Interestingly, Bhim Sen’s struggle for freedom continued even after 1947 as he got himself into trouble
by voicing against the authoritarianism of Indira Gandhi.
42. Acharya Kripalani (11 November 1888 – 19 March 1982)
Jivatram Bhagwandas Kripalani, best known as Acharya Kripalani, was a Gandhian socialist and independence activist. He was one of the most ardent followers of
Mahatma Gandhi and was actively involved in many protests led by the father of the nation, including Non-Cooperation Movement, Civil Disobedience, Salt Satyagraha and
Quit India Movement.

43. Aruna Asaf Ali (16 July 1909 – 29 July 1996)
An active independence activist and member of the Congress Party, Aruna Asaf Ali is remembered for her participation in various movements including Salt Satyagraha and
Quit India Movement. During the Quit India Movement, she risked being arrested by hoisting the INC flag in Bombay. She was arrested on many occasions for her
revolutionary activities and was lodged in jail until 1931 when political prisoners were released under the Gandhi-Irwin Pact.
44. Jatindra Mohan Sengupta (22 February 1885 – 23 July 1933)
A lawyer by profession, Jatindra Mohan Sengupta defended and saved many young revolutionaries from being sentenced to death. He even joined the Indian National
Congress and went on to actively take part in the Non-Cooperation Movement. He was arrested on several occasions before he eventually died while being held as a
prisoner in Ranchi.
45. Madan Mohan Malaviya (25 December 1861 – 12 November 1946)
An important participant of the Non-Cooperation Movement, Madan Mohan Malaviya served as the President of Indian National Congress on two different occasions. On 25
April, 1932, he was arrested for his participation in the Civil Disobedience Movement. Malaviya was also a central figure during the protests against the Simon Commission
in 1928.
46. Nellie Sengupta (1886 – 1973)
Born as Edith Ellen Gray, Nellie Sengupta was a British who fought for the independence of the Indians. She married Jatindra Mohan Sengupta and started living in India
post her wedding. During the struggle for freedom, Nellie actively participated in the Non-Cooperation Movement and was also imprisoned on many occasions.

47. Pandit Bal Krishna Sharma (8 December 1897 – 29 April 1960)
Pandit Bal Krishna Sharma was an important member of the Indian freedom movement, who was arrested on six different occasions. He was also an important revolutionary
as the British government had declared him a ‘dangerous prisoner.’ A journalist by profession, Pandit Bal Krishna Sharma was responsible in inspiring many Indians to stand
up and fight for their independence.
48. Sucheta Kriplani (25 June 1908 – 1 December 1974)
The founder of ‘All India Mahila Congress’, Sucheta Kriplani became an important associate of Gandhi during the Partition riots. Along with other freedom fighters like Aruna
Asaf Ali and Usha Mehta, Sucheta became an important member of the Quit India Movement. She was also active in politics post-independence and became the country’s
first woman Chief Minister.
49. Rajkumari Amrit Kaur (2 February 1889 – 6 February 1964)
A co-founder of the All India Women's Conference, Rajkumari Amrit Kaur was one of the most important members of Dandi March in 1930. After being imprisoned for her
participation in the Dandi March, Amrit Kaur went on to actively participate in the Quit India Movement for which she was once again jailed by the British authorities.
50. E.M.S. Namboodiripad (13 June 1909 – 19 March 1998)
A co-founder of Congress Socialist Party, Elamkulam Manakkal Sankaran Namboodiripad, simply known as EMS, was a communist who became Kerala's first Chief
Minister. He was a close associate of Mahatma Gandhi and called him a Hindu fundamentalist. During his college days, EMS was an active participant in the Indian
independence movement and was also affiliated with the Indian National Congress.

51. Pushpalata Das (27 March 1915 – 9 November 2003)
An active member of the Indian National Congress, Pushpalata Das started her revolutionary activities right from her childhood. She was even expelled from her school for
gathering a group of girls in order to protest against the death sentence of Bhagat Singh. She was later arrested for participating in Civil Disobedience Movement and Quit
India Movement.
52. Sagarmal Gopa (3 November 1900 – 4 April 1946)
The author of revolutionary books like ‘Azadi Ke Diwane’ and ‘Jaisalmer ka Gundaraj’, Sagarmal Gopa was a prominent freedom fighter who took part in the Non Co-
operation Movement. For protesting against the rulers of Jaisalmer, he was expelled from Hyderabad and Jaisalmer. At the age of 46, Sagarmal Gopa was torched to death
while being lodged in prison.
53. Madam Bhikaiji Cama (24 September 1861 – 13 August 1936)
Bhikhaiji Rustom Cama was one of the greatest women freedom fighters of India who promoted the cause of Indian freedom movement outside India as well. She was the
one who first unfurled India’s national flag at an international assembly. She discarded the life of luxury and lived in exile to serve her motherland.
Damodar Hari Chapekar (1870-1898)

54. Damodar Hari Chapekar (1870-1898)
During the bubonic plague that hit Pune in the year 1896, the British administration came up with a special committee to minimize the damage caused by the dreaded
disease. The committee was headed by an officer named W. C. Rand. Damodar Hari Chapekar, along with his brother Balkrishna Hari Chapekar, was arrested and
sentenced to death for killing W. C. Rand.
55. Balkrishna Hari Chapekar (1873 – 1899)
Balkrishna Hari Chapekar and his brother Damodar Hari Chapekar were sentenced to death for killing W. C. Rand, the officer in charge of a special committee that was
formed to fight against the spreading of a plague. Rand was killed as he misused his power by force stripping and examining women in public in the name of precautionary
measure.
56. Baba Gurdit Singh (25 August 1860 – 24 July 1954)
Baba Gurdit Singh understood that India must take its fight for freedom overseas as well in order to truly succeed. But a law prevented the entry of Asians into countries like
Canada and the United States. In order to change this law, Baba Gurdit Singh embarked on a journey to Canada and thus became actively involved in the ‘Komagata Maru
incident’.
57. Udham Singh (26 December 1899 – 31 July 1940)
Udham Singh was one of the most important and famous revolutionaries who took part in the Indian independence movement. He is remembered for avenging the
Jallianwala Bagh massacre by brutally murdering Sir Michael O'Dwyer on March 13, 1940. For his act, Udham Singh was convicted and was eventually sentenced to death.

58. Shyamji Krishna Varma (4 October 1857 – 30 March 1930)
Shyamji Krishna Varma was one of those revolutionaries who truly took the fight for freedom outside India. By establishing ‘The Indian Sociologist’, ‘Indian Home Rule
Society’ and ‘India House’ in London, he inspired a bunch of Indian revolutionaries who fought for the freedom of their motherland right in the heart of the United Kingdom.
59. Ganesh Shankar Vidyarthi (26 October 1890 – 25 March 1931)
A journalist by profession, Ganesh Shankar Vidyarthi was one of the most important leaders of the Indian National Congress. He was also a prominent member of many
important movements including the Non-Cooperation Movement. A close associate of revolutionaries like Chandra Shekhar Azad and Bhagat Singh, Ganesh was
imprisoned in 1920 for his revolutionary activities.
60. Bhulabhai Desai (13 October 1877 – 6 May 1946)
Bhulabhai Desai was a well-known independence activist. A lawyer by profession, Bhulabhai is widely remembered and acclaimed for defending three soldiers belonging to
the Indian National Army during World War II. He was arrested in the year 1940 for his participation in civil resistance, which was initiated by none other than Mahatma
Gandhi.
61. Vithalbhai Patel (27 September 1873 – 22 October 1933)
A co-founder of Swarajaya Party, Vithalbhai Patel was a fierce independence activist and elder brother of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel. Vithalbhai became a close associate of
Subhas Chandra Bose and even called Gandhi a failure. When his health was fast deteriorating, he bequeathed his property, which amounted to a whopping Rs. 120,000, to
Subhas Chandra Bose for his revolutionary activities.

62. Gopinath Bordoloi (6 June 1890 – 5 August 1950)
Gopinath Bordoloi’s fight for freedom began when he joined the Indian National Congress. He was then arrested for his participation in the Non-Cooperation Movement and
was jailed for more than a year. A firm believer in Gandhi and his principles, Gopinath went on to become the Chief Minister of Assam after the independence.
63. Acharya Narendra Dev (30 October 1889 – 19 February 1956)
One of the most prominent members of the Congress Socialist Party, Acharya Narendra Dev embraced non-violence and democratic socialism in his fight for the freedom of
India. A key figure in the Hindi language movement, Narendra Dev was arrested on several occasions throughout his fight for freedom.
64. Annie Besant (1 October 1847 – 20 September 1933)
Being a British, Annie Besant advocated Indian self-rule and eventually became a prominent freedom fighter. After becoming a part of the Indian National Congress, she
was made the President of INC in 1917. After acting as one of the key members in establishing ‘Home Rule League’, she even founded a Hindu school in Benares to
achieve her goal of freeing India from the clutches of her countrymen.
65. Kasturba Gandhi (11 April 1869 – 22 February 1944)
Best known as the wife of Mahatma Gandhi, Kasturba was an ardent freedom fighter. Alongside Gandhi, Kasturba actively participated in almost all the independence
movements, becoming one of the important activists. She was arrested on several occasions for her participation in nonviolent protests and Quit India movement.

66. Kamala Nehru (1 August 1899 – 28 February 1936)
Though she is widely remembered as the wife of Jawaharlal Nehru, Kamala was an eminent freedom fighter in her own right. She actively took part in the Non Co-operation
Movement by gathering a group of women and by protesting against the shops that were selling foreign goods. She was arrested by the British government on two
occasions.
67. C. Rajagopalachari (10 December 1878 – 25 December 1972)
A lawyer by profession, C. Rajagopalachari joined the Indian National Congress in the year 1906 and then successfully defended a revolutionary named P. Varadarajulu
Naidu. He went on to become an ardent follower of Mahatma Gandhi and actively participated in the Non-Cooperation Movement. Rajagopalachari was an important
representative of Congress in Tamil Nadu.
68. J. P. Narayan (11 October 1902 – 8 October 1979)
A close friend of a nationalist named Ganga Sharan Singh, Jayaprakash Narayan joined Indian National Congress in the year 1929 during which Gandhi himself became his
mentor. He then actively participated in Quit India Movement and civil disobedience for which he was jailed by the British government.
69. Chempakaraman Pillai (15 September 1891 – 26 May 1934)
Often a forgotten freedom fighter, Chempakaraman Pillai was one of those activists who fought for the freedom of India from a foreign territory. A close associate of Subhas
Chandra Bose, Pillai initiated his struggle for freedom in Germany. It was Chempakaraman Pillai who came up with the famous slogan ‘Jai Hind’ which is used even today.

70. Velu Thampi (6 May 1765 - 1809)
Velayudhan Chempakaraman Thampi, simply referred as Velu Thampi, was one of the most important and earliest rebels to have objected to the rising supremacy of the
British East India Company. In the famous Battle of Quilon, Velu Thampi led a battalion of 30,000 soldiers and attacked a local garrison of the British.
71. T Kumaran (4th October 1904 – 11 January 1932)
Tiruppur Kumaran was one of those young revolutionaries who lost his precious life while protesting against the atrocities of the British. Like many other revolutionaries,
Kumaran too, died young when he was assaulted by British soldiers while leading a protest against them. Kumaran refused to let go of the Indian Nationalist flag even at the
time of his death.
72. B. R. Ambedkar (14 April 1891 – 6 December 1956)
Fondly remembered as Baba Saheb, B. R. Ambedkar was a key figure in empowering Dalits. The British had used the Indian caste system to their advantage and were firm
believers in the divide and rule policy. Ambedkar understood this motive of the British and ensured their downfall by inspiring the Dalit Buddhist Movement among many
other movements.
V. B. Phadke (4 November 1845 – 17 February 1883)

73. V. B. Phadke (4 November 1845 – 17 February 1883)
Disturbed by the struggle faced by Indian farmers under the British rule, Vasudev Balwant Phadke decided to revolt against the rule by forming a revolutionary group. Apart
from launching raids on English businessmen, Phadke also managed to take control of Pune through his surprise attack on British soldiers.
74. Senapati Bapat (12 November 1880 – 28 November 1967)
After earning a scholarship to study engineering in Britain, Senapati Bapat focused on bomb-making skills instead of learning engineering. He returned to India with his
newly acquired skill and became one of the members who were involved in the Alipore bombing case. Senapati Bapat is also credited for educating his countrymen about
the British rule as many of them hadn’t even realized that their country was being ruled by the British.
75. Rajendra Lahiri (29 June 1901 – 17 December 1927)
A member of the Hindustan Republican Association, Rajendra Lahiri was a close associate of other revolutionaries, such as Ashfaqulla Khan and Ram Prasad Bismil. He
too, was involved in the Kakori train robbery for which he was later arrested. Lahiri was also involved in the famous Dakshineswar bombing incident. Lahiri was sentenced to
death at the age of 26.
76. Roshan Singh (22 January 1892 – 19 December 1927)
Yet another member of the Hindustan Republican Association, Roshan Singh was a young revolutionary who too, was sentenced to death by the British government.
Though he was not involved in the Kakori train robbery, he was arrested and was clubbed along with other revolutionaries who had taken part in the robbery.
77. Jatin Das (27 October 1904 – 13 September 1929)

Jatindra Nath Das died at the age of 25 after a hunger strike that lasted for 63 days. Jatindra Nath Das, also remembered as Jatin Das, was a revolutionary and was lodged
in jail along with other revolutionaries. He began his hunger strike when the political prisoners had a strikingly different environment when compared to that of their European
counterparts.
78. Madan Lal Dhingra (8 February 1883 – 17 August 1909)
One of the earliest revolutionaries who sacrificed his life for the sake of his motherland, Madan Lal Dhingra served as an inspiration to other important revolutionaries, such
as Bhagat Singh and Chandrasekhar Azad. When he was studying Mechanical Engineering in England, Dhingra murdered Sir William Hutt Curzon Wyllie for which he was
sentenced to death.
79. Kartar Singh Sarabha (24 May 1896 – 16 November 1915)
Kartar Singh Sarabha was one of the most famous revolutionaries who sacrificed his life at the age of 19. Sarabha joined the Ghadar Party, an organization formed to
protest against the British rule, at the age of 17. He, along with his men, was arrested when a member of the Ghadar Party betrayed them by informing the police about their
hiding place.
80. V.O. Chidambaram Pillai (5 September 1872 – 18 November 1936)
A barrister by profession, V.O. Chidambaram Pillai, often referred as V.O.C, was one of the leaders of Indian National Congress. Chidambaram Pillai is remembered for his
bravery as he became the first Indian to start a shipping service, competing against British ships. He was charged with sedition and was sentenced to life imprisonment.
81. Kittur Chennamma (23 October 1778 – 2 February 1829)
Kittur Chennamma, the Queen of a princely state in Karnataka, was one of the earliest female revolutionaries. She led a battalion of armed soldiers to fight against the East
India Company. Along with her lieutenant Sangolli Rayanna, Chennamma employed the guerrilla warfare technique and fought fiercely, taking many British soldiers by
surprise.

82. K. M. Munshi (30 December 1887 – 8 February 1971)
The founder of Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, Kanhaiyalal Maneklal Munshi was an important freedom fighter, who took part in Salt Satyagraha and Quit India Movement. He was
arrested on several occasions for his protests. An ardent follower of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, Mahatma Gandhi and Maharaja Sayajirao Gaekwad III, Munshi was an active
member of Swaraj Party and Indian National Congress.
83. Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay (3 April 1903 – 29 October 1988)
A social reformer who worked towards the betterment of socio-economic standard of women, Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay was an important member of Congress Socialist
Party. She later became the party’s president and was arrested for selling contraband salt in Bombay. She was also a prominent member who took part in Salt Satyagraha.
84. Garimella Satyanarayana (14 July 1893 – 18 December 1952)
A poet by profession, Garimella Satyanarayana inspired thousands to fight against the atrocities of the British through his songs and poems. He actively participated in the
civil disobedience movement by penning down fiery and revolutionary poems for which he was jailed on several occasions by the government of British.
85. N. G. Ranga (7 November 1900 – 9 June 1995)
After getting inspired by the freedom movement led by Mahatma Gandhi, Gogineni Ranga Nayukulu, commonly known as N. G. Ranga, started a protest of his own by
leading a group of farmers in an agitation in 1933. He is considered one of the most important freedom fighters to have revolutionized the Indian Peasant Movement.

86. U Tirot Sing (birth date not known – July 17 1835)
One of the important historical leaders of the Khasi people, Tirot Sing led a battalion of soldiers and employed guerrilla warfare techniques to combat the British troops who
were threatening to capture the Khasi Hills in its entirety. His attack on a British garrison gave rise to the famous Anglo-Khasi War.
87. Abdul Hafiz Mohamed Barakatullah (7 July 1854 – 20 September 1927)
A co-founder of Ghadar Party that operated from San Francisco, Abdul Hafiz Mohamed Barakatullah was one of those revolutionaries who fought for the freedom of India
from overseas. He was associated with a leading daily in England, through which he published fiery articles, propagating the idea of independent India.
88. Mahadev Desai (1 January 1892 – 15 August 1942)
Best known as Gandhi’s personal secretary, Mahadev Desai was an important independence activist. He accompanied Mahatma Gandhi in most of his protests, including
the Bardoli Satyagraha and Salt Satyagraha for which he was arrested. He was one of the members to have attended the Second Round Table Conference and the only
Indian to have accompanied the Mahatma when he met with King George V.
89. Prafulla Chaki (10 December 1888 – 2 May 1908)
Prafulla Chaki was a prominent revolutionary who was a part of the Jugantar group. The group was responsible in assassinating many British officials. Prafulla Chaki was
given the responsibility of killing famous British officers like Sir Joseph Bampfylde Fuller and Kingsford. While attempting to kill Kingsford, Prafulla Chaki, along with
Khudiram Bose, accidentally killed Kingsford’s wife and daughter.

Khudiram Bose, accidentally killed Kingsford’s wife and daughter.
90. Matangini Hazra (19 October 1870 – 29 September 1942)
Popularly known as ‘Gandhi Buri’, Matangini Hazra was a fierce revolutionary who was shot dead by the British soldiers for her indulgence in revolutionary activities. During
the Quit India Movement, a 71 year old Matangini famously led a group of 6000 volunteers with most of them being women. At the time of her death, she firmly held the
Indian National Congress flag and repeated the words, ‘Vande Mataram’.
91. Bina Das (24 August 1911 – 26 December 1986)
Bina Das was one of the bravest women revolutionaries who attempted to murder Stanley Jackson, the then Bengal Governor, by firing five rounds at him at the
Convocation Hall in the University of Calcutta. Unfortunately, she missed her target and was imprisoned for over nine years. She was once again arrested for participating in
the Quit India Movement.
92. Bhagwati Charan Vohra (4 July 1904 – 28 May 1930)
An associate of Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev and Chandrashekhar Azad, Bhagwati Charan Vohra too, was an important revolutionary. In 1929, he rented a house in Lahore and
turned it into a bomb factory. He planned to assassinate Viceroy Lord Irwin by blowing up the train he was travelling in. Lord Irwin escaped the attack unhurt.

93. Bhai Balmukund (1889 – 11 May 1915)
Bhai Balmukund was involved in the famous Delhi conspiracy case. The conspiracy was a planned assassination of Lord Hardinge. A group of revolutionaries, including
Bhai Balmukund, hurled a bomb at the Howdah that was carrying Lord Hardinge. Although Hardinge escaped the attack with injuries, his mahout was killed. Balmukund was
later arrested and was sentenced to death.
94. Sohan Singh Josh (12 November 1898 – 29 July 1982)
An eminent writer, Sohan Singh Josh played a critical role in publishing a revolutionary daily called ‘Kirti’. The daily was responsible in propagating Bhagat Singh’s ideas.
Sohan Singh also went on to become the editor of ‘Jang-i-Azadi’, a communist paper. For his revolutionary activities, Sohan Singh was arrested and imprisoned for three
years by the British government.
95. Sohan Singh Bhakna (1870–1968)
Sohan Singh Bhakna was an important member of the Ghadar Conspiracy and was also the party’s founding president. For his involvement in the Ghadar Conspiracy, which
was aimed at initiating a pan-Indian attack to end the British rule, he was sentenced to sixteen years of rigorous imprisonment. He also worked closely with the Communist
Party of India.

96. C. F. Andrews (12 February 1871 – 5 April 1940)
Charles Freer Andrews, who was a British missionary, played a key role in persuading Gandhi to return to India when the latter was fighting for the Indian civil rights in South
Africa. He eventually became a close friend of Mahatma Gandhi and played his part in the Indian Independence Movement.
97. Hasrat Mohani (1 January 1875 – 13 May 1951)
At the Ahmedabad Session of Indian National Congress, Hasrat Mohani became the first person to raise his voice against the British rule in India. An eminent writer and
poet, Hasrat was arrested on multiple occasions for propagating anti-British policies through his articles that were published in the magazine, ‘Urdu-e-Mualla’. He was also a
co-founder of Communist Party of India.
98. Tarak Nath Das (15 June 1884 – 22 December 1958)
Tarak Nath Das was a shrewd freedom fighter, who instead of getting himself involved in revolutionary activities, found a more profound way of fighting for the country’s
freedom. During a meeting in 1906, Tarak Nath Das, along with Jatindra Nath Mukherjee, decided to fly out to pursue higher education. But the real motive behind his act
was to learn military knowledge and to create sympathy among leaders of the Western countries in order to seek their support for a free India.
99. Bhupendranath Datta (4 September 1880 – 25 December 1961)
Bhupendranath Datta was arrested in 1907 for his involvement in the Jugantar Movement and for working as the editor of a revolutionary newspaper called ‘Jugantar
Patrika’. Post his release, he joined the Ghadar Party and went on to become the secretary of Indian Independence Committee. Bhupendranath Datta fought for Indian

Patrika’. Post his release, he joined the Ghadar Party and went on to become the secretary of Indian Independence Committee. Bhupendranath Datta fought for Indian
independence from outside the country.
100. Maruthu Pandiyar
At least 56 years before the Great Rebellion broke out in 1857, the Maruthu brothers, rulers of Sivagangai, Tamil Nadu, fought for the independence from the emerging
British rule. They waged a war and were successful in capturing three districts. But the British called upon additional troops from Britain and defeated the Maruthu brothers in
two successive battles.
101. Shambhu Dutt Sharma (9 September 1918 - 15 April 2016)
At the age of 24, Shambhu Dutt Sharma gave up on the respectable post of a gazetted officer to join Mahatma Gandhi in the famous Quit India Movement. Shambhu was
immediately arrested and was then jailed for his participation in the movement. Even after the Indian independence, Shambhu continued his fight against corruption among
other social evils.
102. Manmath Nath Gupta (7 February 1908 – 26 October 2000)
Manmath Nath Gupta was an acclaimed writer who fought for the independence through his revolutionary articles and books. He was also a part of the Hindustan
Republican Association and was involved in the Kakori train robbery, for which he was jailed for 14 years. Even after his release, he continued his revolutionary activities and
was once again jailed in 1939.

103. Batukeshwar Dutt (18 November 1910 – 20 July 1965)
Batukeshwar Dutt was a firebrand revolutionary who is often remembered for his association with Bhagat Singh. Batukeshwar was involved in the serial blast that took place
in the Central Legislative Assembly on April 8, 1929. A member of Hindustan Socialist Republican Association, Batukeshwar is also remembered for his hunger strike that
secured a few rights for the Indian political prisoners.
104. Pritilata Waddedar (5 May 1911 – 23 September 1932)
Pritilata Waddedar is remembered as one of the bravest women freedom fighters. She was involved in a host of revolutionary activities that were headed by Surya Sen.
Pritilata is best known for attacking Pahartali European Club which sported a derogatory sign board against the Indians. At the time of being arrested, she took her own life
by consuming cyanide.
105. Ganesh Ghosh (22 June 1900 – 16 October 1994)
A close associate of Surya Sen, Ganesh Ghosh was an important member in the group that took part in the Chittagong armoury raid. Also a member of the Jugantar party,
Ganesh Ghosh was eventually arrested by British soldiers. Post his release, he joined the Communist Party of India and continued his fight for freedom.
Jogesh Chandra Chatterjee (1895 – 1969)

106. Jogesh Chandra Chatterjee (1895 – 1969)
A co-founder of Hindustan Republican Association, Jogesh Chandra Chatterjee was another freedom fighter who was imprisoned for getting involved in the Kakori train
robbery. He was also a part of ‘Anushilan Samiti’, an organization that encouraged violent means to end the British rule. After the independence, he served as a member of
the Rajya Sabha.
107. Barindra Kumar Ghosh (5 January 1880 – 18 April 1959)
A key founding member of Jugantar Party, Barindra Kumar Ghosh carried out many revolutionary activities including the famous Alipore bombing. He even published a
weekly named ‘Jugantar’ that propagated anti-British and revolutionary ideas. He also formed a group that was responsible in making bombs and other ammunition in a
secret place.
108. Hemchandra Kanungo (1871 - 8 April 1950)
A close associate of Barindra Kumar Ghosh and Aurobindo Ghosh, Hemchandra Kanungo was instrumental in setting up the secret bomb factory that Barindra
Kumar was a part of. Kanungo went all the way to Paris just to learn the art of bomb making. He returned to India and taught other freedom fighters what he had learned
from his Russian friends in Paris.
109. Bhavabhushan Mitra (1881– 27 January 1970)
Bhavabhushan Mitra took part in many Indian independence movements including the famous Non Cooperation Movement and Quit India Movement. He was also a
prominent social worker who sought a few important changes in the Indian society in order to achieve complete independence from the British rule. He was also arrested for
his revolutionary activities.
110. Kalpana Datta (27 July 1913 – 8 February 1995)
Kalpana Datta was one of the most prominent members of the group that executed the Chittagong armoury raid under the leadership of Surya Sen. She was also involved in
the attack of the Pahartali European Club, along with Pritilata Waddedar. She was arrested on multiple occasions for her brave deeds.

111. Binod Bihari Chowdhury (10 January 1911 – 10 April 2013)
Binod Bihari Chowdhury too, was one of the important firebrand freedom fighters who was associated with Surya Sen. An active member of Jugantar Party, Binod is best
remembered for his heroic deeds during the Chittagong armoury raid. He eventually became the last surviving revolutionary from the famous raid that took the British by
surprise.
112. Liaquat Ali (1 October 1895 – 16 October 1951)
Moved by the ill-treatment of Indian Muslims by British officials, Liaquat Ali resolved to free them from the clutches of the British. He joined the All-India Muslim League which
was growing in prominence under the leadership of Muhammad Ali Jinnah. Eventually, Liaquat Ali became a key figure in acquiring a separate country for Indian Muslims.
113. Shaukat Ali (10 March 1873 – 26 November 1938)
One of the prominent Muslim leaders of the Khilafat Movement, Shaukat Ali was instrumental in forming the political policy of the Muslims by publishing revolutionary
magazines. He was arrested on several occasions for his revolutionary activities and for supporting Mahatma Gandhi. He was also an important member in the Non-
Cooperation Movement.
114. S. Satyamurti (19 August 1887 – 28 March 1943)
Sundara Sastri Satyamurti was an important member of the Indian National Congress. Satyamurti actively participated in the protests against the Jallianwala Bagh
massacre. For his revolutionary activities during the Quit India Movement, he was arrested and tortured by the British soldiers. Satyamurti is also remembered as the mentor
of K. Kamaraj, another freedom fighter who later became the Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu.

115. Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan (6 February 1890 – 20 January 1988)
Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan was one of those independence activists who opposed the partition of India at the time of its independence. Popularly known as Bacha Khan, he
advocated non-violence and wanted a secular country. In 1929, he initiated the ‘Khudai Khidmatgar’ movement, which gave the British a run for their money. Since his
principles were similar to that of Mahatma Gandhi’s, he worked closely with Gandhi in all his endeavours.
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Books by Freedom Struggler
Work Author
Causes of the Indian Mutiny: Sir Syyed Ahmed Khan
Ghulam Giri: Jyotiba Phule
To all fighters of freedom, Why Socialism: J.P. Narayan
Pakhtoon: Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan
Problems of the East: Lord Curzon
My Indian Years: Lord Hardinge II
Economic History of India: R.C. Dutt
Pather Panchali: Bibhuti Bhushan Banerjee
Precepts of Jesus: Raja Ram Mohan Roy
A Gift of Monotheists: Raja Ram Mohan Roy
Satyarth Prakash: Swami Dayanand Saraswati
Anand Math: Bankim C. Chatterjee
Devi Chaudharani: Bankim C. Chatterjee
Sitaram: Bankim C. Chatterjee
The Indian Struggle: S.C. Bose
Poverty & Un-British Rule in India: Dadabhai Naoroji
The Spirit of Islam: Syyed Ameer Ali
A Nation in the Making: S.N. Banerjee
Unhappy India: Lala Lajpat Rai
The Indian War of Independence: V. D. Savarkar
India Divided: Rajendra Prasad

The Discovery of India: Jawahar Lal Nehru
Neel Darpan: Dinbandhu Mitra
Hind Swaraj: M.K. Gandhi
What Congress and Gandhi have done to the untouchables: B.R. Ambedkar
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WOMEN IN FREEDOM STRUGGLE
The question of social reform remained alive in the nationalist debates during freedom struggle. Women’s consciousness
around social and national question grew simultaneously. Both men and women were leading the social reform movements
since the 1880s and among various debates ‘Personal is Political’ was the recurring theme.
Factors which helped in arousing women’s consciousness

• Gandhi, during the freedom movement in 1920, successfully managed to evolve his discourse on the position of women both within and
outside the domain of home. Issues such as child marriage and widow remarriage were simultaneously addressed.
• The late 19th century educational reforms produced a new variety of reading and writing public. Educational and political awareness through
newspapers influenced the educated. They discussed about radical ideas for women empowerment. E.g. In 1908, Rokeya Sakhawat wrote
‘Sultana’s Dream’ in which idea of women’s own governance system was introduced.
• 19th century women’s own organisation mushroomed all over India. Sarala Debi Chaudhurani organised ‘Bharat Stree Mahamandal’ in
1910. She combined Hindu revivalism with political protest
Role played by women in freedom struggle

• During Swadeshi campaign their activities were limited to boycott of foreign cloth and picketing of liquor shops. A nationalistic cult around
Bharat Mata (mother India) started to emerge which further necessitated the role of women.
• In the second phase of women participation, idea of Home Rule and constitutionalism became dominant. Some western women played
significant role in this. Annie Besant, who became the first woman president of Indian National congress, launched Home Rule movement.
• Margret Cousins drafted Indian women’s voting rights bill and launched Women’s India Association. Sarojini Naidu emerged as an important
national leader who later became the President of INC.
• In third phase, the women’s participation in Non Cooperation movement helped in incorporating women from all over India. Independent
bodies of women such as Rashtriya Stree Sanghas were fused with District Congress Committees. It also saw inclusion of women from all
sections – Hindu/ Muslim, widows, scheduled/marginalised sections.
• Bi Amma, the mother of Ali brothers addressed 6000 women to join men in picketing. In Andhra Pradesh, a vibrant Durgabai collected over
a thousand devadasi to hear Gandhi’s speech.
• Gandhi’s vision tried to transform widow’s personal renunciation into a political ideology. It was this politicized and idealized Hindu
widowhood which was used by Gandhi to motivate public consciousness towards a pacific but consistent struggle.
• The next stage of national movement saw mounted levels of scale and space of women’s participation. In a book called Mother India, the
writer Katherine Mayo criticised the Hindu men and slave like condition of women within the family. Nationalists and reformers were
compelled to focus on families and making the domestic space non-violent. Also this criticism bound Indian men and women together to
national honour.
• During Civil Disobedience, women volunteers participated in marches boycotts and prabhat pheris. Desh Sevika Sangh, patriotic groups
within their association, was formed for passive resistance. Sarojini Naidu, Muhtulaxmi Reddy, Margret Cousins were put in jail.
• In the event of men’s arrest, the women’s organisation took on the task of carrying on civil disobedience and organising meetings. Once the
women’s nationalist consciousness was awakened in varying degrees, they began exploring different methodologies of achieving political
freedom.
• Hindustan Socialist Republican Association (HSRA) saw contribution by Durgavati Devi who helped Bhagat Singh in his escape after the
Saunders killing. Kalpna Dutt of Indian Republican Army led the armed resistance along with Surya Sen. She was joined with Pritilata
Waddedar in 1931 in attacking the European club in Chittagong.
Conclusion:
The image and magnitude of participation of the Indian women within the national movement was drawn from the multi-layered nations of
Mother India and Victorian morality. The women who led nationalist campaign were mostly upper middle class. Yet in the recent year Dalit
and tribal women have been claiming participation in the nation’s history. Many such histories are waiting to be written.
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Summary of the Tribal Rebellions during British rule in India
Peasant movements and tribal uprisings in the 18th and 19th centuries have an important role in the freedom struggle
of India.
• Peasant movement is a social movement involved with the agricultural policy. Peasant movements have a long history
that can be traced to the numerous peasant uprisings that occurred in various regions of the world throughout human
history.

history.
• The Tribal population, being conservative, was interested in retaining the existing salient features of their society.Tribal
movements or rebellions or uprising in India were inspired by revolutionary tendencies. They wanted to make use of the
situation to fight and eliminate evils and ill-tendencies that existed in the contemporary tribal society.
A complete summary of the Tribal and peasant Rebellions during British rule in India is discussed below:
❖ The Uprising of the Bhills (1818-31 AD)
• The Bhills were mostly concentrated in the hill ranges of Khandesh.
• The British occupation of Khandesh in 1818 AD enraged the Bhills because they were suspicious of the outsider’s incursion
into their territory.
❖ The Rebellion at Mysore (1830-31 AD)
• It was started after the final defeat of Tipu Sultan; the British imposed subsidiary alliance on the Mysore rulers in which
they compelled the Mysore rulers to increase revenue.
• As a result, the Mysore rulers put financial pressure to increase revenue demands from the Zamindars which was
ultimately increased the burden of revenue on the cultivators.
• The peasants broke out against the despotic tendencies of the Zamindars in the province of Nagar under the leadership
of Sardar Malla (Son of a common ryot of Kremsi).
• The British force regained control of Nagar from the rebel peasants and suppressed the revolt.
❖ The Ramosi Uprisings (1822-29 AD)
• It took place in two phases- Fist in 1822 AD under the leadership of Chittu Singh in 1822 AD against the new pattern of
British administration. The second phase of revolt took place between 1825-26 and 1829 AD.
❖ Jatra Bhagat and Tana Bhagat Movement (1914 AD)
• This movement was started by Jatra Bhagat in 1914 AD.
• It was a movement for monotheism, abstention from meat, liquor and tribal dance.
• The Jatra Bhagat and Tana Bhagat movements stressed both anti-colonialism and internal reforms.
❖ Rangpur Dhing (1783)

• Rangpur uprising took place in Bengal
• It is called the first tough peasant rebellion against the rule of the East India Company.
• It evidently uncovered the evils like Ijaradari scheme related with the system of colonial exploitation.
• It paved the way for formulating a land settlement that would be permanent in nature
• The rebellion spread over a significant area, including Ranchi, Hazaribagh, Palamau and Manbhum.
• After two years of strong confrontation, they lost to modern weapons of the British.
❖ Kol Rebellion (1832)

• The Kols and other tribes enjoyed independence underneath their chiefs but the British entry threatened their
independence.

independence.
• The handover of tribal lands and the encroachment of moneylenders, merchants and British laws generated a lot of
pressure.
• The Kol tribal planned an insurgency in 1831-32 which was engaged primarily against Government officers and private
money-lenders.
❖ Mappila Rebellion in Malabar (1841-1920)
•Mappila uprising was sequences of rebellions by the Mappila Muslims of Malabar region of Kerala.
•The main causes were, increase in land tax, security of tenure and exploitation of the poor peasantry by the landlords.
•The revolt goes fell into the trap of Hindu-Muslim riot.
•During this period there was Khilafat movement was raised for the fulfillment of freedom for Muslims.
•The 1921 uprising was a manifestation of long-lasting agrarian dissatisfaction, which was only strengthened by the religious
and ethnic uniqueness and by their political alienation.
❖ Santhal Rebellion (1855)
• It was a native rebellion in present day Jharkhand against both the British colonial authority and zamindari system by the
Santhal people
• It was planned by four Murmu brothers -Sidhu, Kahnu, Chand and Bhairav
• The rebellion was suppressed thoroughly and largely shadowed by that of the other rebellions.
❖ Indigo Rebellion (1859-60)
•Indigo was recognized as a chief cash crop for the East India Company’s investments.
•It is also known as Nilbidroha
•All categories of the rural population, missionaries, the Bengal intelligentsia and Muslims.
•This indigo revolt gave birth to a political movement and stimulated national sentiment against the British rulers among
Indian masses.
❖ Deccan Uprising (1875)
• Along with the Permanent Settlement, British extended their presence beyond Bengal.
• Ryotwari Settlement was the revenue system that was introduced in the Bombay Deccan region
• The revolt started in Poona and henceforth it spread to Ahmednagar.
• This uprising also involved social boycott of the moneylender.
❖ Munda Ulgulan (1899- 1900)

• Birsa Munda-led this movement in the region south of Ranchi
• The Mundas conventionally enjoyed a special rent rate as the original clearer (Khuntkatti) of the forest. But this was eroded
by the jaghirdars and thikadars arrived as traders and moneylenders.
• As a result of this rebellion, government enacted Chhotanagpur Tenancy Act 1908, recognized Khuntkatti rights, banned
Beth Begari (forced labor)
The Tribal rebellion in India took place for social, cultural and political reasons, particularly against the acquisition of their
land and exerted their rights over forest resources.
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Important personalities and their contribution in Indian History

1. Annie Besant 1847-1933
• Founded the Theosophical Society in India and started the Home Rule League.
• Established Central Hindu School and College at Banaras (later Bill]).
• President of the Calcutta Session of INC, AD 1917.
• She did not attend the AD 1920 Session at Nagpur due to growing difference with Gandhiji as she felt that Government of India Act, 1919 were a means to free
India.
• Newspapers — New India and Commonweal.
• She prepared the Lotus Song, a translation of 'Gita' into English.

2. Acharya Narendra Dev 1889-1956
• He was a scholar, socialist, nationalist and a lawyer by profession. He gave up his practice and joined Non Co-operation Movement.
• He became the President of Patna's Socialist Conference in 1934 and a member of UP Legislation Assembly in 1937.
• He was appointed as the Principal of Kashi Vidyapeeth in 1925 and also became the Vice-Chancellor of Lucknow and Banaras Universities.
• He founded the Socialist Party in 1948.
3. Acharya Prafulla Chandra Ray 1861-1944
• He was a pioneer of chemical research in India. His book ‘History of Hindu Chemistry’ was published in 1902.
• Research work in Ayurveda with French Chemist Berthelot.
• President of Indian Science Congress in 1920.
4. Achyut S Patwardhan 1905-1971
• Founder member of Congress Socialist Party and an active participant in Quit India Movement.
• He left politics after independence.
5. Ajit Singh
• He was a revolutionary nationalist arrested in 1907 and deported to Mandalay.
• He founded the Bharat Mata Society and launched a journal, Peshwa.
• An active member of Ghadar Party.
6. AK Fazlul Haq
• Founder member of All India Muslim League and its member from 1916 to 1921.
• Represented the league in the three Round Table Conferences.
• Founded the Krishak Praja Party in 1937 and worked as Chief Minister of Bengal from 1938-43.
7. Amir Chand 1869-1915
• He was a revolutionary activist and associate of Lala Hardayal and Ras Behari Bose.
• He was arrested in connection with Lahore Bomb and Delhi Conspiracy cases.
• He was accused of throwing a bomb on Lord Hardinge and was sentenced to death.
8. Amritlal Vithalal Thakkar 1869-1951
• A social activist, founder of Bhil Seva Mandal and member of Bharatiya Adamjati Sangh (tribal welfare association).
• He also served as the Secretary of the Harijan Sevak Sangh.
9. Anand Mohan Bose 1847-1906
• Founder member of the Indian Association of Calcutta (1876), Indian National Conference (1883) and Indian National Congress (1885).
• Presided over the Madras Session of INC (1898).
10. Aruna Asaf Ali 1909-1996
• Nicknamed as Aruna Ganguli, she married to Asaf Ali, Indian’s first Ambassador of the USA.
• She was imprisoned during the Civil Disobedience Movement (1930, 1932) and for participating in Individual Satyagrah (1940).
• In 1942, she hoisted the Indian National Congress Flag tricolour at Mumbai’s Gowalia Tank Grounds.
• Elected as first Mayor of Delhi, 1958.
• She was awarded the International Lenin Prize in 1964.
• Newspapers (alongwith Edanta Narayana and AV Baliga) — Link and Patriot.
11. Bhagat Singh 1907-1931
• Member of Hindustan Socialist Republican Army.
• He started the Militant Naujawan Bharat Sabha in Punjab.

• He started the Militant Naujawan Bharat Sabha in Punjab.
• He killed British Official Saunders in 1928 and was involved in Lahore Conspiracy and bombed the Central Legislative Assembly.
• He was executed on March 23, 1931.
12. Badruddin Tyabji 1844-1906
• He was the first Barrister in Bombay.
• Appointed to the Bombay Bench in 1895 and in 1902 and also became the second Indian Chief Justice.
• He advocated Tilak’s case on seditious writings in new laters journal, Kesari.
• Founder member of Bombay Legislative Council (1882) and INC (1885).
• Presided over the third INC Session in Madras.
• He stressed upon modernization of Muslims and also served as President of the Bombay based Anjuman-i-Islam.
13. Baliram Keshav Rao Hedgewar 1899-1940
• He was a medical graduate and an active member of the Congress. He also participated in Tilak’s Home Rule Movement.
• He established the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh on September 27, 1925.
14. Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay 1833- 1894
• He was a great scholar best known for the composition or the hymn Bande Mataram.
• His first novel was Durgesnandini, published in 1864. and he started the journal Bangadarsan.
15. Barindra Kumar Ghosh 1880-1959
• He was a revolutionary activist and founder member of the secret organization. Anushilan Samiti, started in Calcutta in 1902.
• He also helped in launching the weekly, Yugantar.
• He was sentenced to life imprisonment in 190b but w released in 1919, and then he associated himself with The Statesman and Basumati.
16. Behramji M Malabari 1853-1912
• He was an eminent scholar and social reformer.
• He worked for the cause or women and by his efforts the Age of Consent Act (1891) was passed.
• He condemned child marriage and forced widowhood in his Notes on Infant Marnage and Enforced Widowhood (1884).
• He founded a social service organization known as Seva Sadan.
• His works include Nitivinod (1875), the Indian Muse in English Garb (1876), and Gujarat and Gujarati’s.
17. Bhulabhai Desai 1877-1946
• He participated in the Home Rule Movement (1916) and was imprisoned during Civil Disobedience Movement.
• He represented INC in the Central Legislative Assembly for nine years.
• He formulated the Desai-Liaqat formula in 1944 for negotiations with the League.
• He advocated from the prisoners sides during the INA trials
18. Chandra Shekhar Azad 1906-1931
• He was a famous revolutionary activist, member of the Hindustan Republican Association and leader of the Hindustan Social Republican Army.
• He gained his title “Azad” during the Non Co-operation Movement when he was arrested and the court asked his name, he repeatedly answered “Azad”.
• He was involved in Kakori Conspiracy of 1925, Second Lahore Conspiracy, the Delhi Conspiracy, the killing of Saunders in Lahore and Central Assembly bomb
episode.
• He shot himself while fighting with the police at Alfred Park in Allahabad.
19. Chhakravarti Rajagopalachari 1879-1972
• He was a politician and lawyer from Tamil Nadu.
• He gave up his practice during NCM.
• He held the post of the General-Secretary of the INC in 1921-1922 and was a member of Congress Working Committee from 1922 to 1924.

• He held the post of the General-Secretary of the INC in 1921-1922 and was a member of Congress Working Committee from 1922 to 1924.
• He hoisted the CDM in Tamil Nadu and was arrested for leading a Salt March from Trichinapoly to Vedaranniyam on the Tanjore coast.
• He was elected as the Chief Minister of Madras in 1937 Elections.
• He resigned from INC in 1942 for not accepting the Cripp’s Proposal.
• He prepared the CR Formula for Congress-League Co-operation.
• He served as the Governor of Bengal (August-November 1947) and was the first and last Indian Governor-General of India (1948-50).
• He became the Minister Home Affairs in the country’s first Cabinet.
• He founded the Swatantra Party in 1959.
• His rational ideas are reflected in the collection Satyameva Jayate.
• He was awarded the ‘Bharat Ratna' in 1954.
20. CR Das 1870-1925
• A lawyer by profession, he defended Aurobindo in the Alipur Bomb Conspiracy case.
• He was the member of the Congress Enquiry Committee set up to look into Jallianwala Bagh Massacre.
• He founded the All India Swaraj Party in 1923.
• He was elected as the first Mayor of the Calcutta Co-operation in 1924.
• He prepared the Das Formula for Hindu-Muslim Co-operation.
• He was nicknamed as Deshbandhu Chittaranjan.
• His works include Malancha in 1895 (poems), Mala in 1904, Antaryami in 1915, Kishore-Kishoree and Sagar-Sangit in 1913.
• Newspapers/Journal-Narayana (Bengali monthly) and Forward.
21. Dadabhai Naoroji 1825-1917
• First to demand ‘Swaraj” in the Calcutta Session of INC, 1906.
• Title — “Indian Gladstone”, “Grand Old Man of lndia’.
• First Indian to be selected to the “House of Commons” on Liberal Party ticket.
• He highlighted the draining of wealth from India by the British and its effect in his book “Poverty and un-British Rule in India “(1901).
22. Dr Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar 1891-1956
• Leader of the depressed class and an eminent jurist.
• He founded the Depressed Classes Institute (1924) and Samaj Samata Sangh (1927).
• He set up a network colleges in the name of Peoples Education Society.
• Participated in all the Three Round Table Conferences and signed the Poona Pact with Gandhiji in 1932.
• He was in the Governor General's Executive Council from 1942 to 1946 and organized the Indian Labour Party and Scheduled Caste Federation.
• Chairman of the Drafting Committee of Indian Constitution.
• As the first Law Minister of the Independent India, he introduced the Hindu Code Bill.
• He started ‘The Republican Party’ in 1956.
• Towards the end of his life, he embraced Buddhism.
23. Dr Rajendra Prasad 1884-1963
• Participated in Swadeshi Movement (established Bihari Students, Conference), Champaran Satyagrah, NCM, CDM and Quit India Movement.
• Founded the National College at Patna.
• Minister incharge or Food and Agriculture in the Interim Government (1946).
• President of the Constituent Assembly.
• First President of the Indian Republic.

• Honoured with ‘Bharat Ratna' in 1962.
• Newspaper — Desh (Hindi weekly).
24. Dr Zakir Hussain 1897-1969
• An educationist and nationalist from Hyderabad, Hussain was the student of Mohammedan Anglo-Oriented College at Aligarh.
• He was appointed as the Vice-Chancellor of Jamia University at the age of 29 year.
• In 1937, he participated in the National Conference on Education in Wardha.
• He was elected to the post of vice-Chancellor of the Aligarh Muslim University in 1948 and was selected to the executive board of the UNESCO.
• He served as the 3rd President of Indian Union and was honoured with Bharat Ratna in 1963.
• He translated Plato’s Republic and Edwin Cannan’s Elementary Political Economy, also wrote a book titled Die Botschaft des Mahatma Gandhi in
German. The Dynamic University contains his addresses during the convocation ceremonies. He also wrote a book on short stories for children,
named Ruquayya Rehana.
25. Dhondo Keshav Karve 1858-1962
• A social reformer and educationalist who worked for the upliftment of women.
• He founded the Vidhva Vivahottejak Mandali (society for the promotion of widow remarriage) in 1893 which was named as Vidhwa Vivaha Pratibandh Nivarak
Mandali in 1895.
• Other institutions include-Mahisasuramardini (home for widows) in 1898, Mahila Vidyalaya, Nishkam Karma Math Monastery of Disinterested Work in 1908,
Indian Women’s University in 1916 and Samata Sangh in 1944.
• He was awarded Padma Vibhushan' in 1955 and ‘Bharat Ratna in 1958.
26. Dinbandhu Mitra 1830-1873
• He was a Bengali writer who highlighted the cause of Indigo planters through his play ‘Neel Darpan Natakam’, published in 1860.
• The play was translated in English by Madhu Sudan Dutt.
27. Durgabai Deshmukh 1909-1981
• She was popularly known as “Iron Lady.”
• She organized Salt Satyagrah during CDM in Madras and was inprisoned.
• She was a member of the Constituent Assembly.
• She was awarded the Tamrapatra and Paul Hoffman Award after independence in recognition to her service to the society.
• Her social works include establishment of Andhra Mahila Sabha (1941), Andhra Education Society, Sri Venkateswar College in the Delhi University, Central Society
welfare Board and she also edited the journal Andhra Mahila.
28. Gopal Krishna Gokhale 1886-1915
• Gandhiji regarded him as his political guru.
• President or the Banaras Session of INC, 1905, supported the Swadeshi Movement.
• Founded the Servants of Indian Society in 1905, to train people who would work as national missionaries.
29. Gopal Hari Deshmukh ‘Lokahitwadi’ 1823-1892
• He was a social reformer from Maharashtra.
• He founded the Punar Vivah Mandal at Ahmedabad to incourage widow remarriage.
• He wrote articles in the Maharashtra weekly, Praphakar, under the pen name, Lokhitwadi.
• He helped in the launch of periodicals like Jhan Prakash, Indu Prakash and Lokhitwadi and also started a weekly ‘Hitechchhu’ in both Gujarati and English.
30. Govind Ballabh Pant 1889-1961
• He participated in the agitation against the Simon Commission, CDM and Quit India Movement.
• He was the first Chief Minister of UP and prepared the “Pant Report” on agrarian reforms in UP.
• He abolished Zamindari System in UP.
• He was elected as the Home Minister in 1955 and is a recipient of ’Bharat Ratna'.
31. Indulal Yagnik 1892-1972

31. Indulal Yagnik 1892-1972
• He was a social reformer freedom fighter and journalist from Gujarat.
• He participated in Home Rule Movement and Kaira Satyagrah.
• He was n member of Antyaj Seva Mandal and set up schools for tribal children.
• He presided over the Akhil Hindu Kisan Sabha in 1942.
• He founded the Gujarat Vidyapeeth and established Maha Gujarat Janta Parishad after independence.
• Newspapers/Journals—Navjivan Ane Satya (monthly), Nutan Gujarat (daily)
32. Jawaharlal Nehru 1889-1964
• General Secretary of INC in 1928 and its President in 1929.
• The Independence resolution was passed under his Presidentship at the Lahore Session.
• First Prime Minister of Republic India (from 1947 to 1964), also known as architect of Modern India.
• He authored the Doctrine of Panchseel and believed in the policy of non-Alignment.
• Books — ‘The Discovery or India', 'Glimpses of world, History’, 'A Bunch or old Letters', ‘The Unity of India’, ‘Independence and After', ‘India and the world’ etc.
• His autobiography was entitled as “Auto- biography".
33. Jamnalal Bajaj 1889-1942
• An industrialist and freedom fighter from Rajasthan, he was given the title of Rai Bahadur in 1921.
• He founded Gandhi Seva Sangha, Gau Seva Sangha, Sasta Sahitya Mandal and assisted in the establishment of Satyagrah Ashram at Wardha.
• He gave Seagon village to Gandhiji who renamed it as Sevagram.
• He remained as the treasures or INC throughout his life.
34. Jayaprakash Narayana 1902-1979
• A freedom fighter from Bihar, he is popularly known as Loknayak.
• He was a follower of Marxist philosophy and advocated for nationalization of heavy industries and abolition of Zamindari.
• He joined INC on Nehru’s offer and was jailed during CDM.
• He formed the All India Socialist Party in 1934.
• He actively participated in Quit India Movement and was imprisoned.
• He Joined the Bhoodan Movement of Vinoba Bhave.
• In 1975, he protested against the National Emergency and founded the Janata Party.
35. Jatindra Nath Das 1904-1929
• A revolutionary activist and freedom fighter from Bengal, he was arrested for his involvement in the Lahore Conspiracy Case.
• He died in imprisonment after observing 63 days fast, demanding better conditions of living for Indian prisoners.
36. Jyotiba Phule 1827-1890
• A social reformer from Maharashtra, he worked for the upliftment of the low castes.
• He was against the Brahmins’ organization like Prathana Samaj and Sarvajanik Sabha as they were concerned about the upper Varna only Phule wanted to replace
Hindu religion with the “Sarvajanik Ishwar Pranit Satya".
• He founded the Satyasadhak Samaj in 1873 for educating low caste people and authored the Sarvajanik Satyadharma Pustak.
37. Kalpana Dull 1913-1978
• A woman revolutionary from Bengal, she was influenced by Surya Sen, hence joined the Chittagong Republican Army.
• She was sentenced to transportation for life for participating in Chittagong Armoury Raids.
• After her release in 1936, she joined the Communist Party of India.
38. Kanahiyalal Manaklal Munshi 1887-1971
• A freedom fighter and lawyer from Gujarat, he participated in the Salt Satyagrah and CDM as Congress member.

• A freedom fighter and lawyer from Gujarat, he participated in the Salt Satyagrah and CDM as Congress member.
• He was appointed as Home Minister Bombay in 1937 elections.
• He was also arrested during individual Satyagrah (1940).
• He was a member of Constituent Assembly.
• He played a significant role in merging Hyderabad with the Indian Union.
• He served as Union Food Minister in 1952 Cabinet, and Governor of UP (1953-58).
• In 1960, he joined the Swatantra Party.
• Magazines/journals- Bhargava, Gujarat, Social Welfare, Journal.
• Books—’I Follow the Mahatma', ‘The Creative Art or Life', ‘Akhand Hindustan, and Pilgrimage to Freedom’.
39. Kasturba Gandhi 1869-1944
• A freedom fighter and wife of M K Gandhi, popularly known as “Ba”.
• She supported Gandhi in all his political programmes and was the first woman to be imprisoned by the British in Transvaal.
• She was arrested during Quit India Movement in 1942 and died in Poona jail two years later.
40. Khudiram Bose 1889-1908
• A revolutionary from Midnapore, he participated in the Swadeshi Movement and later joined the Revolutionary Party of Bengal.
• He was arrested for organizing a bomb attack on the carriage of Kingsford, the Session Judge at Muzaffarpur (Bihar) and was sentenced to death.
41. Khan Ahdul Ghaffar Khan 1890-1988
• Title — Frontier Gandhi, Badshah Khan or Sarhadi Gandhi, Fakhar-e-Afghan.
• Founded an organization of nonviolent revolutionaries known as ‘Red Shirts” or “Khudai Khidmatgars”. He opposed partition.
• Participated in NCM, CDM and Quit India.
• Newspaper — Pakhtoon (In Pushto), later published as Das Roza.
• Honoured with ‘Bharat Ratna’ in 1987.
42. Lakshminath Bezbarua 1868-1938
• A writer from Assam, he started his journal Janaki in 1889 and also wrote the Assamese state anthem.
43. Lala Hardayal 1884-1939
• A revolutionary from Delhi, he took up the cause of India's freedom to foreign land in order to win international support for the freedom movement
• He was the first President of the Ghadar Party founded in San Francisco in 1913.
• He founded the Indian Independence Committee in Germany and an Oriental Bureau to translate the writings in local language.
• Books – Wealth of Nations, and Hints for Self Culture.
44. Maulana Abul Kalam Azad 1890-1958
• Joined INC during Swadeshi Movement.
• President of Khilafat Committee. Presided over the Congress Special Session at Delhi in 1923, to become the youngest President. Also the longest serving President
of INC.
• He headed the Jamiat-ul-Ulema (1924), Nationalist Muslim Conference, Shimla Conference (1945) and negotiated with Cabinet Mission, 1946.
• Elected as the member of Constituent Assembly in 1946 and became Minister of Education and Arts in the Interim Government.
• First Education Minister of Independent India. Also given the portfolios of natural resources and scientific research.
• Contributed in the foundation of UGC, AICTE and IIT Kharangpur.
• Book – ‘India Wins Freedom’.
45. Mukhtar Ahmed Ansari 1880-1936
• A freedom fighter and surgeon from UP, he help in organizing the All-India Medical Mission to Turkey in 1912-13.
• He participated in Home Rule Movement, NCM and Khilafat Movement.

• He participated in Home Rule Movement, NCM and Khilafat Movement.
• He was elected as the General Secretary of Congress in 1927 and President over the All Parties Conference and convention in 1928.
• He also helped in the establishment of Jamia Millia Islamia in 1920.
46. Madam Bhikaji Cama 1861-1936
• She was a freedom fighter from Mumbai.
• She participated in the Socialist Congress at Stuttgart in 1907.
• She founded the Free India Society and the Bande Mataram.
47. Madan Lal Dhingra 1887-1909
• A revolutionary from Punjab, he was the member of Indian Home Rule Society, the Abhinav Bharata and the India Houses.
• He was sentenced to death for assassinating Sir William Curzon Wyllie, an Advisor to the Secretary of State of India during a public function in the Imperial
Institute, London.
48. Madan Mohan Malaviya 1861-1946
• A moderate leader and a lawyer by profession, he served the provincial and central legislature for many terms.
• Through his efforts a memorial was built at the Jallianwala Bagh site.
• He founded the Nationalist Party in 1926.
• He was appointed as the Vice-Chancellor of Banaras Hindu University.
• He served as the editor of Hindustan, Abyudaya and the Indian Union.
49. Margaret Elizabeth Noble (Sister Nivedita 1867-1911)
• An Irish lady, Elizabeth met Vivekananda in 1890 and inspired by him, she joined the Ramakrishna Mission and became a nun.
• She worked as a social-it reformer for the upliftment of women.
• She organized relief works during the plague epidemic in 1899 and during the Bengal famine of 1905.
• She wrote the articles—The Master as I Saw Him and The Web of Indian Life.
50. Motilal Nehru 1861-1931
• A lawyer by profession, Motilal became an active supporter of the Home Rule Movement in 1916 and started the journal ‘The Independent'.
• He headed the Congress Commission looking into the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre.
• He gave up his practice during NCM and was arrested while following the visit of Prince Wales.
• He founded the Swarajya Party along with CR Das.
• He had renamed Anand Bhawan as the Swaraj Bhawan and gifted it to the Congress.
51. Muhammad Iqbal 1873-1938
• He was a renowned poet and a lawyer by profession.
• He joined Muslim League and presided over its Allahabad Session in 1930.
• He was the first person to give the idea of a separate Muslim State.
• He composed the song, “Share Jahan Se Achha.”
52. Mohammad All Jinnah 1876-1948
• He was inspired by the ideas or Gopal Krishna Gokhale.
• In 1906, he signed a memorandum against separate electorates for Muslims.
• Joined the All-India Muslim League in 1913 and played a major role in signing or Lucknow Pact.
• In 1917, joined the Home Rule Movement of Annie Besant.
• His differences with Congress began after the entry of Gandhiji in Congress. He opposed the NCM of Gandhiji.
• In 1929, he proposed his Fourteen Point Demands.
• Lahore Session of Muslim League (194o) passed the “Pakistan Resolution” demanding for separate state for Muslims. Jinnah stuck to League's demand in all the
negotiations with Britain, and finally Pakistan was formed.

negotiations with Britain, and finally Pakistan was formed.
• He became the first Governor-General of Pakistan.
53. Pherozeshah Mehta 1845-1915
• He was a moderate leader from Bombay.
• He had denounced the Ilbert Bill in 1883.
• He was appointed as the Vice-Chancellor of the Bombay University in 1915.
• He presided over the Lahore Session of Congress (1907) after the Surat Split.
• He was given the title of “The uncrowned king of Bombay”.
• He started a newspaper, ‘The Bombay Chronicle’ and founded the Central Bank of India.
54. Rabindranath Tagore 1861-1941
• He was a poet, philosopher, educationist, internationalist and a patriot.
• He has his elder brother, Satyendranath Tagore, the first Indian to become an ICS.
• His first poem was published in the 'Amrit Bazar Patrika' and then he wrote 'Banaphul' (story and ‘Bhanusinher Padavali’ (series of lyrics).
• He founded Shantiniketan near Bolpore on December 22, 1901.
• He wrote 'Gitanjali', which fetched him the Nobel Prize in 1913.
• He innaugrated Raksha Bandhan festival to oppose the Partition of Bengal (1905).
• He founded the Vishva Bharati University.
• In 1915, British Crown granted him a ‘knighthood’ which he renounced after the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre.
• His compositions were chosen as National Anthem by two nations
(i) India — Jana Gana Mana
(ii) Bangladesh — Amar Shonar Bangla
55. Raikumari Amrit Kaur 1889-1964
• A freedom fighter from Punjab, she participated as a Congress activist in the Satyagrah of 1930. She was arrested during the Quit India Movement.
• She was appointed as the first Health Minister of India, after independence.
• She founded the Indian Council of Child Welfare and was the founder member of the All India women's Conference.
56. Ram Manohar Lohia 1910-1968
• He was the founder member or the Congress Socialist Party (1934) and edited the journal, The Congress Socialist’.
• He played a major role in building the foreign relations of the Congress Party.
• He founded the Socialist Party of India after Independence and worked for the development of Hindi as the National Language.
57. Ram Prasad Bismil 1897-1927
• A revolutionary from Uttar Pradesh, he was a member of the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association
• He was sentenced to death in the Kakori Mail Dacoity Case (August 9, 1925).
• His most famous composition is “Sarforoshi ki tamanna ab hamare dil mein hai”.
58. Rani Gaidinliu 1915-1981
• She was a nationalist leader from Nagaland.
• She organised tribal revolts against the Britishers in Manipur. She was arrested in 1932 and was released only after independence.
• JL Nehru gave her the title of “Rani of the Nagas”.
59. Ras Behari Bose 1886-1945
• A revolutionary from Bengal, Bose organized several clandestine activities in UP, Delhi and Punjab at an early age.
• He was associated with Hardinge Bomb Case and Lahore Conspiracy Case after which he managed to escape to Japan.

• He founded the Indian Muslim League and organized its first session at Bangkok in 1942.
• He also served as the President of the Council of Action for the formation of INA, and later handed it over to Subbash Chandra Bose.
• Bose died in Tokyo on January 21, 1945.
60. Sachindra Nath Sanyal 1895-1945
• An associate of Ras Behari Bose, Sanyal organized a revolt by the soldiers of 7th Rajput Regiment in the United Provinces.
• He was the founder member of Hindustan Republican Association and was sentenced to life imprisonment in the Kakori Conspiracy Case in 1925.
61. Sachidananda Sinha 1871-1950
• A lawyer and educationist from Bihar, Sinha joined Congress in 1899 as a moderate leader.
• He participated in the Home Rule League Movement and served as member of Executive Council of Government of Bihar and Orissa in 1921.
• He held the post of Vice-Chancellor of Patna University from 1936 to 1944.
• He was the Interim President of the Indian Constituent Assembly.
• He published the journal, ‘Indian Nation’ and edited ‘Hindustan Review’.
62. Subhash Chandra Bose 1897-1945
• He passed the Indian Civil Services Examination in 1920 in England but left it on Gandhiji's call of NCM.
• Founded the Independence for India League with JL Nehru.
• Elected as the President of INC at its Haripura Session (1938) and Tripuri Session (1939) hut resigned from Tripuri due to differences with Gandhiji.
• He founded the Forward Block (1939) and Kisan Sabha.
• He escaped to Berlin in 1941 and met Hitler. He took the charge of Indian Army (Azad Hind Fauz) in 1943 in Singapore and set up Indian Provisional Government
there.
• He addressed Mahatma Gandhi as the “Father of the Nation.”
• He supposedly died in a plane crash in 1945.
• Slogans — “Dilli Chalo” and “Jai Hind”.
• Autobiography — ‘The Indian Struggle’.
63. Sarojini Naidu 1879-1949
• Popularly known as the “Nightangale of India”, she was a nationalist and poetess from Uttar Pradesh.
• She was married to Dr Govindarajulu Naidu in 1893.
• Under the guidance of Gopal Krishna Gokhale, she became the first woman to participate in the India's struggle for independence.
• She participated in the Dandi March with Gandhiji and presided over the Kanpur Session of Congress in 1925.
• She was the first woman to become the Governor of Uttar Pradesh State.
• Her famous poetries include -
The Golden Threshold (1905),
The Feather of the Dawn; The Bird of Time (1912)
The Broken Wing (1917).
64. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan 1888-1975
• An educationalist from Tamil Nadu. Radhakrishnan was associated with many educational institutions in India.
• He served as the Vice-Chancellor of Andhra University (1931) and Banaras Hindu University (1942).
• He gave lectures on theology and philosophy in the universities of Chicago, Manchester, London and Oxford, among others.
• He was the leader of Indian delegation to UNESCO from 1946-50, its chairman in 1948 and President of UNESCOs University Education Commission in 1952.
• He was also appointed as the Vice-President of international PEN.
• In 1962, he represented the Calcutta University at the Congress of Philosophy in Harvard University.
• He was twice elected as the Vice-President of India (1952-56 and 1957-62) and served as the President of the nation from 1962 to 1967.

• He was twice elected as the Vice-President of India (1952-56 and 1957-62) and served as the President of the nation from 1962 to 1967.
• His birthday (5th September), is celebrated as ‘Teacher’s Day'.
• His works include —
The Ethics of the Vedanta and its Material Presupposition (1908);
The Philosophy of Rabindranath Tagore (1918): Idealistic view of Life (1932);
Eastern Religion and western Thought: Indian Philosophy and Kalki on the Future of Civilization.
65. Vinayak Damodar Savarkar 1883-1966
• He was a poet, scholar, social worker, historian, and one of the earliest revolutionaries from Maharashtra.
• He founded the Mitra Mela (Assembly of friends) in 1889 and renamed it as the Abhinav Bharat, Society (New India Society) in 1904.
• He founded the Free India Society in London in 1906.
• He described the Revolt of 1857 as the first war or independence in his book, ‘Indian war of Independence’.
• He was arrested for his involvement in Nasik Conspiracy Case.
• He was elected as the President of the Hindu Mahasabha in 1937.
66. Vallabhbhai Patel 1875-1950
• Vallabhbhai Patel was born on October 31, 1875 in Gujarat to Zaverbhai and Ladbai.
• He completed his law studies in 1913 and came back to India and started his law practice.
• For his Excellencies in Law, Vallabhbhai was offered many lucrative posts by the British Government but he rejected all.
• Later, inspired by Gandhi’s work and philosophy Patel became a staunch follower of him.
• In 1917, Sardar Vallabhbhai was elected as the Secretary of the Gujarat Sabha. The next year, when there was a flood in Kaira, the British
insisted on collecting tax from the farmers. Sardar Vallabhbhai led a massive “No Tax campaign” that urged the farmers not to pay their land.
• The peaceful movement forced the British authority to return then land taken away from the farmers. His effort to bring together the
farmers of his area brought him the title of ‘Sardar’ to his name.
• In 1928, the farmers of Bardoli faced a similar problem of “tax-hike”. After prolonged summons, when the farmers refused to pay the extra
tax, the government in retaliation seized their lands. Under the leadership of Vallabhbhai Patel the agitation took on for more than six
months and after a deal struck between the government and farmer’s representatives, the lands were returned.
• In 1930 Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel was imprisoned for participating in the famous Salt Satyagraha called by Mahatma Gandhi.
• His inspiring speeches during the “Salt Movement” transformed the lives of numerous people, who later played a major role in making the
movement successful.
• Sardar Patel was freed in 1931 following an agreement signed between Mahatma Gandhi and Lord Irwin, the then Viceroy of India. The
treaty was popularly known as the Gandhi-Irwin pact.
• In 1931 Patel was elected as the president of Indian National Congress Party for its Karachi session.In the Karachi session, the Indian
National Congress Party committed itself to the defence of fundamental rights and human rights and a dream of a secular nation. An
agreement regarding this was also sanctioned.
• In 1934, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel led the all-India election campaign for the Indian National Congress. Though he did not contest a seat for
himself, Sardar Patel helped his fellow party mates during the election.
• At the time of independence, Indian territory was divided into three parts. First, the territories under the direct control of the British
government, second were the territories over which the hereditary rulers had suzerainty. The regions, which had been colonized by France
and Portugal, formed the last. India, without the integration of these different territories under one roof, could not be considered as a
unified and total country. Vallabhbhai Patel played a crucial role during the freedom struggle of India and was instrumental in the integration
of over 565 princely states into the Indian Union.
67. Vithalbhai Patel
• A freedom fighter from Gujarat and elder brother of Vallabhbhai Patel, Vithalbhai rebelled against the leadership or Gandhiji over the abortion of the NCM and
formed the Swarajya Party.
• He was elected for the Central Legislative Assembly in 1923.
• He re-joined Congress upon the declaration of Poorna Swaraj but after the end of Salt Satyagrah, he became a fierce critie of Gandhi and a strong ally of Subhas
Chandra Bose.
IMPORTANT
68. JAWAHARLAL NEHRU
• Jawaharlal Nehru was born on 14 November 1889, to a wealthy Kashmiri Brahmin family in Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh.
• His father Motilal Nehru was a renowned advocate and also an influential politician.
• For higher education, young Nehru was sent to Harrow school and then later to Cambridge University in England. After spending two years
at the Inner Temple, London, he qualified as a barrister.
• During his stay in London, Nehru was attracted by the ideas of liberalism, socialism and nationalism.
• In 1912, he had returned to India and joined the Allahabad High Court Bar.

• In 1912, he had returned to India and joined the Allahabad High Court Bar.
• In 1916, Nehru participated in the Lucknow Session of the Congress. There, after a very long time, member of both the extremist and
moderate factions of the Congress party had come. All the members equivocally agreed to the demand for “swaraj” (self rule). Although the
means of the two sections were different, the motive was “common” – freedom.
• In 1921 Nehru was imprisoned for participating in the first civil disobedience campaign as general secretary of the United Provinces
Congress Committee. The life in the jail helped him in understanding the philosophy followed by Gandhi and others associated with the
movement. He was moved by Gandhi’s approach of dealing with caste and “untouchablity”.
• In 1922, some of the prominent members including his father Motilal Nehru had left the congress and launched the “Swaraj Party”. The
decision, no doubt upset Jawahar but he rejected the possibility of leaving the Congress party.
• He was elected as the president of the Allahabad municipal corporation in 1920.
• In 1926, he traveled to the flourished European nations like Germany, France and the Soviet Union. Here, Nehru got an opportunity to
meet various Communists, Socialists, and radical leaders from Asia and Africa.
• Nehru was also impressed with the economic system of the communist Soviet Union and wished to apply the same in his own country.
• In 1927, he became a member of the League against Imperialism created in Brussels, the capital city of Belgium.
• During the Guwahati Session in 1928, Mahatma Gandhi announced that the Congress would launch a massive movement if the British
authority did not grant dominion status of India within next two years. It was believed that under the pressure of Nehru and Subhash
Chandra Bose, the deadline was reduced to one year.
• Jawaharlal Nehru criticized the famous “Nehru Report” prepared by his father Motilal Nehru in 1928 that favored the concept of a
“dominion status for India within the British rule”.
• In 1930 Mahatma Gandhi advocated Nehru as the next president of the Congress. The decision was also an attempt to abate the intensity
of “communism” in the Congress. The same year, Nehru was arrested for the violation of the Salt Law.
• In 1936, Nehru was re-elected as the president of the Indian National Congress.
• Fifteen years after the Guwahati Session, on 15 August, 1947, the congress succeeded to overthrow the influential British Empire. Nehru
was recognized as the first Prime Minister of independent India.
• In the year 1949, Jawaharlal Nehru made his first visit to the United States, seeking a solution to India’s urgent food shortage.
• In 1951, Jawaharlal Nehru launched the country’s “First Five-Year Plan” emphasizing on the increase in the agricultural output.
• He was also the chief framer of domestic and international policies between 1947 and 1964.
• Nehru played a predominant roles in substantiating India’s role in the foundation of NAM. He advocated the policy of Non-Alignment
during the cold war and India, subsequently, kept itself aloof from being in the process of “global bifurcation”.
• In 1964, Jawaharlal Nehru suffered a stroke and a heart attack and on 27 May 1964, Nehru passed away.
• Nehru was cremated at the Shantivana on the banks of the Yamuna River, Delhi
69. BAL GANGADHAR TILAK
• Bal Gangadhar Tilak was a social reformer and freedom fighter and was one of the prime architects of modern India and strongest
advocates of Swaraj (Self Rule).
• He was a great reformer and throughout his life he emphasized on the concepts of women education and women empowerment.
• To inspire a sense of unity, he introduced the festivals like ‘Ganesh Chaturthi’ and Shivaji Jayanti’. In present times Ganesh Chaturthi is
considered as the prime festival of the Marathis.
• Bal Gangadhar Tilak launched two newspapers called ‘Mahratta’ (English) and ‘Kesari’ (Marathi). Both the newspaper stressed on making
the Indians aware of the glorious past and empowered them to be self-reliant. The newspaper actively propagated the cause of national
freedom.
• Bal Gangadhar Tilak joined the Indian National Congress Party in 1890.
• Realizing that the constitutional agitation in itself was futile against the British, Tilak opposed the moderate views of the party. This
subsequently made him stand against the prominent leaders like Gopal Krishna Gokhale.
• His movement was based on the principles of Swadeshi (Indigenous), Boycott and Education. But his methods also raised bitter
controversies within the Indian National Congress Party and the movement itself.
• As a result, Tilak formed the extremist wing of Indian National Congress Party. Tilak was well supported by fellow nationalists Bipin Chandra
Pal in Bengal and Lala Lajpat Rai in Punjab. The trio was referred to as the Lal-Bal-Pal.
• A massive trouble broke out between the moderate and extremist factions of the Indian National Congress Party in the 1907 session of the
Congress Party. As a result of which, the Congress split into two factions.
• During 1908-1914, Bal Gangadhar Tilak spent six years rigorous imprisonment in Mandalay Jail, Burma. He was deported because of his
alleged support to the Indian revolutionaries, who had killed British people.
• Tilak returned to India in 1915 when the political situation was fast changing under the shadow of World War I.
• Tilak decided to re-unite with his fellow nationalists and founded the All India Home Rule League in 1916 with Joseph Baptista, Annie
Besant and Muhammad Ali Jinnah.
• In mid-July 1920, his condition worsened and on August 1, he passed away.
70. GOPAL KRISHNA GOKHALE
• Gopal Krishna Gokhale was one of the pioneers of the Indian Independence Movement and was a senior leader of the Indian National
Congress.
• He was a leader of social and political reformists and one of the earliest and founding leaders of the Indian Independence Movement and
was respected widely in the Indian intellectual community.
• In 1884, after the completion of his graduation in arts at the Elphinstone College, Bombay, Gokhale joined as professor of history and
political economy at the Fergusson College, Poona. He remained on the staff, finally as principal, until 1902.
• Becoming actively identified with the National Congress movement, he was for some years the joint secretary and in 1905 president at the
Benares session.

Benares session.
• The higher education made Gokhale understand the importance of liberty, democracy and parliamentary system of the government.
• In 1985-86, Gopal Krishna Gokhale met a great scholar and a social reformer Mahadev Govind Ranade. Ranade was a great leader, judge,
scholar and above all social reformer. Gokhale regarded Mahadev Govinda Ranade as his “Guru”.
• Ranade helped Gokhale in establishing the “Servants of India Society” in 1905. The main objective of this society was to train Indians to
raise their voices and serve their country.
• Gokhale also worked with Ranade in a quarterly Journal, called “Sarvajanik”. The Journal wrote about the public questions of the day in
frank and fearless manner.
• Gokhale was the secretary of the “Reception Committee” of the 1895 Poona session of Indian National Congress and from this session,
Gokhale became a prominent face of the Indian National Congress.
• For a while Gokhale was a member of the Bombay Legislative Council where he spoke strongly against the then Government.
• In 1905, Gokhale was sent by the Congress on a special mission to England to spread India’s constitutional demands among the British
leaders.
• Gokhale was instrumental in the formation of the Minto-Morley Reforms of 1909, which was tabled. The Reforms Act became law in 1909
but it was disappointing that despite Gokhale’s efforts, the people were not given a proper democratic system.
• However, Gokhale’s efforts were clearly not in vain and Indians now had access to seats of the highest authority within the government,
and their voices were more audible in matters of public interest.
• Gokhale, during his visit to South Africa in 1912, met Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi.
• Gokhale made him aware of the issues confronting common people back in India.
• In his autobiography, Gandhi calls Gokhale his “mentor and guide”.
• Not only Gandhi, Gokhale also guide Muhammad Ali Jinnah, the founder of Pakistan. Jinnah.
71. SUBHASH CHANDRA BOSE
• Subhash Chandra Bose was born into an affluent Bengali family on January 23, 1897 in Cuttack, Orissa.
• During the period of civil disobedience movement called by Mahatma Gandhi Bose resigned from the ICS in April 1921 to join the freedom
struggle.
• He joined the youth wing of the Congress Party and soon rose up the party hierarchy by virtue of his eloquence and leadership skills.
• At an early stage of his life Subhas Bose accepted Deshbandhu Chittaranjan Das as his political guru.
• Over a span of 20 years, Bose was imprisoned eleven times by the British, the first one being in 1921. In 1924, after a brief period of
incarceration, Bose was exiled to Mandalay in Burma.
• Subhash Bose was imprisoned again in 1930 and deported to Europe. During his stay in Europe from 1933 to 1936, Subhash Bose zealously
espoused the cause of Indian freedom while meeting a number of prominent European statesmen.
• In 1937, Bose married Emilie Schenkl who was his secretary.
• Subhash Bose was twice elected president of the Indian National Congress (1938 and 1939) but following his disagreements with Mahatma
Gandhi he relinquished his post and formed a progressive group known as the Forward Block.
• The principles and the philosophy of Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose were instrumental factors in his embracing of armed revolution in the
later part of his political career.
• Initially Bose was a follower of the Gandhian way of freedom movement but years of travel in European countries during exile and the
ripening of mental faculties with age made him disenchanted with the ways of the Indian National Congress.
• Disappointed with the leniency shown by some Congress leaders towards the British, Bose became increasingly convinced that the goal of
achieving freedom would remain a pipedream as long as the British held sway over the land and peaceful protests would never be able to
throw the British out.
• While outlining his vision for a free India, Subhash Chandra Bose proclaimed that socialist authoritarianism would be required to eradicate
poverty and social inequalities from a diverse country like India.
• He openly espoused for an authoritarian state on the lines of Soviet Russia and Kemal Atatürk’s Turkey.
• Bose was also an exponent of socialism and opined that industrialization and Soviet-style five-year plans held the key to a vibrant Indian
nation.
• The Second World War broke out in 1939 and Bose launched a campaign of mass civil disobedience to protest against the Viceroy’s
decision to declare war on India’s behalf.
• Bose was placed under house arrest. Taking advantage of the laxity of the house guards and aided by his cousin Sishir Bose, Subhash
managed to escape and traversing through enemy territories he reached Moscow.
• Bose tried to garner the help Nazi Germany but due to the indifferent attitude of Hitler and other German leaders he left for Japan and
soon assumed the leadership of Indian National Army (INA) founded by Rash Behari Bose.
• Bolstered by material assistance from the Japanese forces, the INA attacked the British forces in Manipur and Nagaland in northeastern
India and hosted the National Flag in the town in Moirang, in Manipur.
• But with the defeat of Japan, the invasion by the INA soon petered out and Netaji was forced to retreat to Malaya.
• Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose allegedly died in a plane crash over Taiwan, while flying to Tokyo on August 18, 1945.
72. LALA LAJPAT RAI
• Lala Lajpat Rai immensely contributed in attaining independence the nation and helped to establish the nationalistic Dayanand Anglo-Vedic
School and became a follower of Dayanand Saraswati.
• In 1888 and 1889 he was a delegate to the annual sessions of the National Congress.
• In 1895 Rai helped found the Punjab National Bank, demonstrating his concern for self-help and enterprise.
• In 1897 he founded the Hindu Orphan Relief Movement to keep the Christian missions from securing custody of these children.
• In the National Congress in 1900 he stressed the importance of constructive, nation-building activity and programs for self-reliance.
• In October 1917, he founded the Indian Home Rule League of America in New York.
• In 1920, after his return from America, Lajpat Rai was invited to preside over the special session of the Congress in Calcutta, (now Kolkata).
• He plunged into the non-cooperation movement, which was being launched in response to the Rowlatt Act, in principle.

• He plunged into the non-cooperation movement, which was being launched in response to the Rowlatt Act, in principle.
• The movement was led by Lajpat Rai’s in Punjab and he soon came to be known as “Punjab Kesri” (The Lion of Punjab).
• Lala Lajpat Rai was also a noted writer. The United States of America: A Hindu’s impressions and a study, History of the Arya Samaj, Swaraj
and social change, England’s Debt to India: India, The Problems Of National Education In India were among the books, he had written.
• On October 30, 1928 he died after the police lathi-charged on the activists, protesting the arrival of Simon Commission.
73. MAULANA ABUL KALAM AZAD
• Maulana Abul Kalam Azad was one of the foremost leaders of Indian freedom struggle. He was also a renowned scholar, and poet.
• Imbued with the pan-Islamic spirit, he visited Afghanistan, Iraq, Egypt, Syria and Turkey.
• In Iraq he met the exiled revolutionaries who were fighting to establish a constitutional government in Iran. In Egypt he met Shaikh
Muhammad Abduh and Saeed Pasha and other revolutionary activists of the Arab world.
• He had a firsthand knowledge of the ideals and spirit of the young Turks in Constantinople. All these contacts metamorphosed him into a
nationalist revolutionary.
• On his return from abroad, Azad met two leading revolutionaries of Bengal- Aurobinto Ghosh and Sri Shyam Shundar Chakravarty, and
joined the revolutionary movement against British rule.
• Azad observed that the revolutionary activities were restricted to Bengal and Bihar, and within two years, Maulana Abul Kalam Azad helped
set up secret revolutionary centers all over north India and Bombay.
• During that time most of his revolutionaries were anti-Muslim because they felt that the British government was using the Muslim
community against India’s freedom struggle. Maulana Abul Kalam Azad tried to convince his colleagues to shed their hostility towards
Muslims.
• In 1912, Maulana Abul Kalam Azad started a weekly journal in Urdu called Al-Hilal to increase the revolutionary recruits amongst the
Muslims.
• Al-Hilal played an important role in forging Hindu-Muslim unity after the bad blood created between the two communities in the aftermath
of Morley-Minto reforms. Al-Hilal became a revolutionary mouthpiece ventilating extremist views. ‘The government regarded Al- Hilal as
propagator of secessionist views and banned it in 1914.
• Maulana Abul Kalam Azad started another weekly called Al-Balagh with the same mission of propagating Indian nationalism and
revolutionary ideas based on Hindu-Muslim unity. In 1916, the government banned this paper too and expelled Maulana Abul Kalam Azad
from Calcutta and put him in jail at Ranchi from where he was released after the First World War 1920.
• After his release, Azad roused the Muslim community through the Khilafat Movement. The aim of the movement was to re-instate the
Khalifa as the head of British captured Turkey. M
• aulana Abul Kalam Azad supported Non-Cooperation Movement started by Gandhiji and entered Indian National Congress in 1920.
• He was elected as the president of the special session of the Congress in Delhi (1923).
• Maulana Azad was again arrested in 1930 for violation of the salt laws as part of Gandhiji’s Salt Satyagraha. He was put in Meerut jail for a
year and a half.
• Maulana Abul Kalam Azad became the president of Congress in 1940 (Ramgarh) and remained in the post till 1946.
• He was a staunch opponent of partition and supported a confederation of autonomous provinces with their own constitutions but common
defense and economy. Partition hurt him greaty and shattered his dream of an unified nation where Hindus and Muslims can co-exist and
prosper together.
• Maulana Abul Kalam Azad served as the Minister of Education (the first education minister in independent India) in Pandit Jawaharlal
Nehru’s cabinet from 1947 to 1958.
• He was appointed as India’s first Minister for Education and inducted in the Constituent Assembly to draft India’s constitution.
• Under Maulana Azad’s tenure, a number of measures were undertaken to promote primary and secondary education, scientific education,
establishment of universities and promotion of avenues of research and higher studies.
• For his invaluable contribution to the nation, Maulana Abul Kalam Azad was posthumously awarded India’s highest civilian honor, Bharat
Ratna in 1992.
74. RAJENDRA PRASAD
• Rajendra Prasad was a great leader of the Indian Nationalist Movement and also one of the architects of the Indian Constitution.
• He was elected as the first President of Republic of India.
• In 1911, during his stay in Calcutta (now Kolkata) as a legal practitioner, Rajendra Prasad joined the Indian National Congress Party and was
subsequently elected to the AICC.
• During the Champaran movement, Mahatma Gandhi asked Rajendra Prasad to visit Champaran along with the other volunteers and
partisans of the Indian National Congress.
• Initially Rajendra Prasad was not impressed with Gandhiji’s appearance and conversation but deeply moved by the dedication, conviction
and courage of Gandhi.
• Rajendra Prasad also responded to the call of Mahatma Gandhi to boycott Western education.
• He asked his son Mrityunjaya Prasad, a brilliant student to leave the University and enroll himself in Bihar Vidyapeeth.
• He wrote articles for magazines like “Searchlight” and “Desh”.
• Rajendra Prasad was elected as the President of the Bombay session of the Indian National Congress Party in October 1934.
• In July 1946, when the Constituent Assembly was established to frame the Constitution of India, Dr. Rajendra Prasad was elected its
President. And, eventually he was also elected as the first President of Republic of India.
• He was also awarded with Bharat Ratna, India’s highest civilian award.
• Following a brief illness, he passed away in 28 February, 1963.
75. SAROJINI NAIDU
• Sarojini Naidu was known by the sobriquet “The Nightingale of India” and her contribution was not confined to the fields of politics only
but she was also a renowned poet.

but she was also a renowned poet.
• Sarojini Naidu was moved by the partition of Bengal in 1905 and decided to join the Indian freedom struggle.
• She met regularly with Gopal Krishna Gokhale, who later introduced her to the stalwarts of the Indian freedom movement. She met
Mahatma Gandhi, Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, C. P. Ramaswami Iyer and Muhammad Ali Jinnah.
• Sarojini later moved on to become leader of the Indian National Congress Party. She traveled extensively to the United States of America
and many European countries as the flag-bearer of the Indian Nationalist struggle.
• During 1915, Sarojini Naidu travelled all over India and delivered speeches on welfare of youth, dignity of labor, women’s emancipation
and nationalism.
• In 1916, she took up the cause of the indigo workers of Champaran in the western district of Bihar.
• Mahatma Gandhi organized the Non-Cooperation Movement to protest against Rowlatt Act and Naidu was the first to join the movement.
• Sarojini Naidu also actively campaigned for the Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms, the Khilafat issue, the Sabarmati Pact, the Satyagraha Pledge
and the Civil Disobedience Movement.
• In 1919, she went to England as a member of the all-India Home Rule Deputation.
• In January 1924, she was one of the two delegates of the Indian National Congress Party to attend the East African Indian Congress.
• In 1925, she was elected as the President of the Indian National Congress Party.
• In 1905, her collection of poems was published under the title “Golden Threshold”. Later, she also published two other collections called
“The Bird of Time”, and “The Broken Wings”.
• Sarojini Naidu was the first woman Governor of Uttar Pradesh. Her chairmanship of the Asian Relations Conference in 1947 was highly-
appraised.
• On 02 March 1949, Sarojini Naidu died at Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh.
76. LAL BAHADUR SHASTRI
• Lal Bahadur Shastri (2 October 1904 – 11 January 1966) was the third Prime Minister of the Republic of India and a leader of the Indian
National Congress party.
• Shastri joined the Indian independence movement in the 1920s. Deeply impressed and influenced by Mahatma Gandhi, he became a loyal
follower, first of Gandhi, and then of Jawaharlal Nehru.
• During the “Salt Movement” Lal Bahadur lead a door-to-door campaign, urging people not to pay land revenue and taxes to the British
authority.
• He was one of the leading and prominent faces that continued the Quit India movement, called by Mahatma Gandhi.
• Lal Bahadur, in 1937, was elected to the UP Legislative Assembly.
• After Independence, he became the Minister of police in the Ministry of Govind Vallabh Panth in Uttar Pradesh. His recommendations
included the introduction of “water-jets” instead of sticks to disperse the unruly mob.
• Impressed with his efforts in reforming the state police department, Jawaharlal Nehru, invited Shastri to join the Union cabinet as a
Minister for railways.
• He was a responsible man and known for his ethics and morality. In 1956, Lal Bahadur Shastri resigned from his post, following a train
accident that killed around 150 passengers near Ariyalur in Tamil Nadu.
• Nehru, had once said, “No one could wish for a better comrade than Lal Bahadur, a man of the highest integrity and devoted to ideas”.
• In 1961, he became Minister for Home and formed the “Committee on Prevention of Corruption” headed by of K. Santhanam.
• Jawaharlal Nehru was succeeded by a mild-mannered and soft-spoken Lal Bahadur Shastri on 9 June, 1964.
• He was a follower of Nehruvian socialism. Shastri tackled many elementary problems like food shortage, unemployment and poverty. To
overcome the acute food shortage, Shastri asked the experts to devise a long-term strategy. This was the beginning of famous “Green
Revolution”.
• Apart from the Green Revolution, he was also instrumental in promoting the White Revolution. The National Dairy Development Board was
formed in 1965 during Shastri as Prime Minister.
• The 1965 Indo-Pak war took place during the tenure of Shastri which ended on 23 September 1965 after the United Nations passed a
resolution demanding a ceasefire.
• The Russian Prime Minister, Kosygin, offered to mediate and on 10 January 1966, Lal Bahadur Shastri and his Pakistan counterpart Ayub
Khan signed the Tashkent Declaration.
• Lal Bahadur Shastri, who had earlier suffered two heart attacks, died of the third cardiac arrest on 11 January, 1966.
• He is the only Indian Prime Minister, to have died in office, overseas.
• Lal Bahadur Shastri was the first person to be posthumously awarded the Bharat Ratna, (India’s highest civilian award).
77. CHANDRASEKHAR AZAD
• Chandrasekhar Azad waged a valiant battle against the British and inspired the youth of the nation with his heroics.
• Chandrashekhar was deeply troubled by the Jalianwalabagh massacre in Amritsar in 1919 and at an age of 15, got involved in the
revolutionary activities.
• He was caught by the British police while participating in the non-cooperation movement and sentenced to whip-lashes as punishment.
• When the magistrate asked him his name, he said “Azad” (independence). From that point onwards, Chandrashekhar assumed the title of
Azad and came to be known as Chandrashekhar Azad.
• After the suspension of the non-cooperation movement by Mahatma Gandhi, Azad, along with Bhagat Singh distanced themselves from
the paths of Gandhi. They were more attracted by the aggressive and violent revolutionary ideals and means.
• They formed the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association and trained the revolutionaries like Sukhdev, Batukeshwar Dutt, and Rajguru.
• Azad was instrumental in carrying out numerous acts of violence which included the Kakori Train Robbery in 1926, assassination of John
Poyantz Saunders in 1928 at Lahore to avenge the killing of Lala Lajpat Rai.
• On February 27, 1931, surrounded by police in the Alfred Park, Allahabad and all escape routes sealed, Azad fought and ultimately took his
life with the last bullet of his pistol.
78. BHAGAT SINGH

78. BHAGAT SINGH
• Bhagat Singh joined the Hindustan Republican Association, a radical group, later known as the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association.
• He established contact with the members of the Kirti Kisan Party and started contributing regularly to its magazine, the “Kirti”.
• In March 1926, the Naujawan Bharat Sabha was formed with Bhagat Singh, as its secretary.
• As an avenge to the death of Lala Lajpat Rai, Bhagat Singh and his associates plotted the assassination of Scott, the Superintendent of
Police, believed to have ordered the lathi charge.
• The revolutionaries, mistaking J.P. Saunders, an Assistant Superintendent of Police, as Scott, killed him instead. Bhagat Singh quickly left
Lahore to escape his arrest.
• In response to the formulation of Defence of India Act, the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association planned to explode a bomb inside
the assembly premises, where the ordinance was going to be passed.
• On April 8, 1929 Bhagat Singh and Batukeshwar Dutt threw a bomb onto the corridors of the assembly and shouted ‘Inquilab
Zindabad!’.The bomb was not meant to kill or injure anyone and therefore it was thrown away from the crowded place. Following the blasts
both Bhagat Singh and Batukeshwar Dutt courted arrest.
• Bhagat Singh along with other revolutionaries found responsible for the Assembly bombing and murder of Saunders.
• On March 23, 1931, Bhagat Singh was hanged in Lahore with his fellow comrades Rajguru and Sukhdev.
79. ANNIE BESANT
• Annie Besant (1 October 1847 – 20 September 1933) was a prominent British socialist, theosophist, women’s rights activist, writer and
orator and supporter of Irish and Indian self-rule.
• In 1890 Besant met Helena Blavatsky and became a member of the Theosophical Society and a prominent lecturer on the subject. As part
of her theosophy-related work, she travelled to India.
• In 1898 she helped establish the Central Hindu College and in 1922 she helped establish the Hyderabad (Sind) National Collegiate Board in
Mumbai, India.
• In 1907 she became president of the Theosophical Society, whose international headquarters were in Adyar,Madras, (Chennai).
• She also became involved in politics in India, joining the Indian National Congress.
• In 1916 Besant launched the Home Rule League along with Lokmanya Tilak, once again modelling demands for India on Irish nationalist
practices.
• This was the first political party in India to have regime change as its main goal. Unlike the Congress itself, the League worked all year
round. It built a structure of local branches, enabling it to mobilise demonstrations, public meetings and agitations.
• In June 1917 Besant was arrested and interned at a hill station, where she defiantly flew a red and green flag. The Congress and the Muslim
League together threatened to launch protests if she were not set free; Besant’s arrest had created a focus for protest.
• The government was forced to give way and to make vague but significant concessions. It was announced that the ultimate aim of British
rule was Indian self-government, and moves in that direction were promised.
• Besant was freed in September 1917, and in December 1917 she took over as president of the Indian National Congress for a year.
• She continued to campaign for Indian independence and for the causes of theosophy, until her death in 1933.
80. BHIMRAO RAMJI AMBEDKAR
• Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar (14 April 1891 – 6 December 1956), popularly known as Babasaheb, was an Indian lawyer, politician and
academic who inspired the Dalit Buddhist movement and worked for equal rights for the Dalit.
• As independent India’s first law minister, he was principal architect of the Constitution of India.
• Ambedkar opined that there should be separate electoral system for the Untouchables and lower caste people.
• He also favored the concept of providing reservations for Dalits and other religious communities.
• Ambedkar began to find ways to reach to the people and make them understand the drawbacks of the prevailing social evils.
• He launched a newspaper called “Mooknayaka” (leader of the silent).
• In 1936, Ambedkar founded the Independent Labor Party.
• In the 1937 elections to the Central Legislative Assembly his party won 15 seats.
• Ambedkar oversaw the transformation of his political party into the All India Scheduled Castes Federation, although it performed poorly in
the elections held in 1946 for the Constituent Assembly of India.
• Ambedkar was appointed on the Defence Advisory Committee and the Viceroy’s Executive Council as Minister for Labor.
• His reputation as a scholar led to his appointment as free India’s first, Law Minister and chairman of the committee responsible to draft a
constitution.
• Ambedkar emphasized on the construction of a virtual bridge between the classes of the society. According to him, it would be difficult to
maintain the unity of the country if the difference among the classes were not met.
• After his return from Sri Lanka after attending a convention of Buddhist scholars and monks in 1950 converted himself to Buddhism. I
• n his speeches, Ambedkar lambasted the Hindu rituals and caste division.
• Ambedkar founded the Bharatiya Bauddha Mahasabha In 1955.
• His book “The Buddha and His Dhamma” was published posthumously.
• Ambedkar was posthumously awarded the Bharat Ratna, India’s highest civilian award, in 1990.
81. ACHARYA VINOBA BHAVE
• Acharya Vinoba Bhave was a freedom fighter and a spiritual teacher.

• He is best known as the founder of the ‘Bhoodan Movement’ (Gift of the Land).
• The reformer had an intense concern for the deprived masses.
• Vinoba Bhave had once said, “All revolutions are spiritual at the source. All my activities have the sole purpose of achieving a union of
hearts.”
• In 1958, Vinoba was the first recipient of the international Ramon Magsaysay Award for Community Leadership.

• In 1958, Vinoba was the first recipient of the international Ramon Magsaysay Award for Community Leadership.
• He was also conferred with the Bharat Ratna (India’s highest civilian awards) posthumously in 1983.
• Bhoodan Movement
In 1951, Vinoba Bhave started his peace-trek on foot through the violence-torn region of Telangana.
• On April 18, 1951, the Harijans of the Pochampalli village requested him to provide them with around 80 acres of land to make a living.
• Vinoba asked the landlords of the village to come forward and save the Harijans. A landlord, responded to the call and offered the required
amount of land.
• This incident added a new chapter in the history of sacrifices and non-violence and was the beginning of the Bhoodan (Gift of the Land)
movement.
• Following this, Vinoba Bhave traveled all across the country asking landlords to consider him as one of their sons and so give him a portion
of their land. He then distributed those portions of land to the landless poor.
• He always followed the path of truth and Non-violence, as shown by Mahatma Gandhi.
82. SRI AUROBINDO
• Sri Aurobindo was a revolutionary, poet, philosopher, writer, and spiritual master, during the course of his life.
• He became one of the primary leaders fighting for Indian independence, from British rule.
• With time, Aurobindo drifted from his political career and found a new motive in life – bringing a new spiritual consciousness amongst
people.
• Yoga and meditation became his primary concerns in life and thus, emerged the development of a new spiritual path, which he termed as
Integral Yoga. It was during this time that Sri Aurobindo Ashram, also known as The Mother, was formed. Started as a small unit, the
organization soon grew is size as well as reach and is operational till date.
• In 1906 that Sri Aurobindo joined the Indian Nationalist Movement in Calcutta.
• Working as an editor in the newspaper Bande Mataram, he brought forward the idea of independence from British.
• He was also one of the founders of the Jugantar party, an underground revolutionary group.
• Sri Aurobindo’s spiritual mission commenced when he became a prominent figure in the world of politics. It was, thence, that he came
across Lele Maharaj, a teacher of meditation, who taught him the art of controlling his thoughts and beliefs. A
• urobindo was arrested for the possession of weapons in 1908 and was held in jail for a year. It was during this time only that he became
conscious about his inner self.
• He practiced meditation in his cell, read about the ancient principles of yoga and realized the omnipresence of God.
• Becoming aware of a divine inner guidance, Sri Aurobindo listened to his inner command, which instructed him to leave politics and work
for the renewal of sanatana dharma, ‘the eternal religion’.
• After coming out of the jail, he came in contact with Sister Nivedita, a disciple of Swami Vivekananda. Thereafter, he changed his abode,
from Calcutta, to Pondicherry and devoted himself completely towards spiritual disciplines.
• Sri Aurobindo also became a prolific writer, producing many articles, writings and poetry. Eventually, Pondicherry became a mecca for
spiritual seekers.
• Sri Aurobindo believed that every religion was right in its own way.
• A poet, philosopher, writer and spiritual master, he offered a new vision of yoga and a spiritual path that could be followed by his disciples.
• Out of his many works, one of the most praiseworthy is ‘The Life Divine’, a comprehensive explanation of his integral yoga.
83. RABINDRANATH TAGORE
• Rabindranath Tagore, the brilliant poet and eminent educationist was born on 6th may 1861 in Calcutta.
• In 1878 he went to London and studied law for two years, but returned to India without a degree.
• On the way over to England he began translating, for the first time, his latest selections of poems, Gitanjali, into English.
• According to him the prevailing schooling system was defective and cannot favourable influence on his life. So he founded an educational
institution based on his own philosophy of life and education at Santiniketan near Bolepur in West Bengal.
• He participated in the movement on Bengal division in 1905.
• His literary excellence, outstanding Educational philosophy and broad cultural outlook made him popular and famous.
• In 1913 he was awarded with the prestigious Nobel Prize for his great literary work “Gitanjali”. He was the first non-westerner to be so
honored.
• In 1915 he was knighted by the British King George V. In 1919, following the Amritsar massacre of 400 Indian demonstrators by British
troops, Sir Tagore renounced his Knighthood.
• Although a good friend of Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, most of the time Tagore stayed out of politics.
• He was opposed to nationalism and militarism as a matter of principle, and instead promoted spiritual values and the creation of a new
world culture founded in multi-culturalism, diversity and tolerance.
• Although Tagore is a superb representative of his country – India – the man who wrote its national anthem – his life and works go far
beyond his country.
• He is truly a man of the whole Earth, a product of the best of both traditional Indian, and modern Western cultures.
84. DADABHAI NAOROJI
• Dadabhai Naoroji (4 September 1825 – 30 June 1917), known as the Grand Old Man of India, was a Parsi intellectual, educator, cotton
trader, and an early Indian political and social leader.
• He was a Member of Parliament (MP) in the United Kingdom House of Commons between 1892 and 1895, and the first Asian to be a British
MP.
• Naoroji is also credited with the founding of the Indian National Congress, along with A.O. Hume and Dinshaw Edulji Wacha.
• He was also member of Second International along with Kautsky and Plekhanov.
• He viewed that the intervention of into India by foreigners were clearly not favorable for the country.
• R.C. Dutta and Dadabhai Naoroji first cited the drain of wealth theory.

• R.C. Dutta and Dadabhai Naoroji first cited the drain of wealth theory.
• Naoroji’s book ‘Poverty and Un-British Rule in India’ brought attention to the draining of India’s wealth into Britain. R C Dutt blamed the
British policies for economic ills in his book “Economic History of India”.
• Drain of wealth refers to the portion of national product of India, which was not available for consumption of Indians.
• Drain of wealth began in 1757 after the Battle of Plassey when the Company’s servants began to extort fortunes from Indian rulers,
zamindars, merchants and common people and send home.
• In 1765, the Company acquired the Diwani of Bengal and began to purchase the Indian goods out of the revenue of Bengal and exported
them. These purchases were known as Company’s investments. Duty free inland trade provided British merchants a competitive edge over
their Indian counterparts.
• The actual drain, as a part of the salaries and other incomes of the English officials and the trading fortunes of English merchants, was even
more.
• The drain of wealth stunted the growth of Indian enterprise and checked and retarded capital formation in India.
85. MUHAMMAD ALI JINNAH
• Muhammad Ali Jinnah (25 December 1876 – 11 September 1948) was a lawyer, politician, and eminent leader during national movement.
• Jinnah began political life by attending the Congress’s twentieth annual meeting, in Bombay in December 1904.
• Born in Karachi and trained as a barrister at Lincoln’s Inn in London, Jinnah rose to prominence in the Indian National Congress in the first
two decades of the 20th century.
• He was a member of the moderate group in the Congress, favouring Hindu–Muslim unity in achieving self-government, and following such
leaders as Mehta, Naoroji, and Gopal Krishna Gokhale.
• In these early years of his political career, Jinnah advocated Hindu–Muslim unity, helping to shape the 1916 Lucknow Pact between the
Congress and the All-India Muslim League, a party in which Jinnah had also become prominent.
• Jinnah became a key leader in the All India Home Rule League, and proposed a fourteen-point constitutional reform plan to safeguard the
political rights of Muslims should a united British India become independent.
• In 1920, however, Jinnah resigned from the Congress when it agreed to follow a campaign of satyagraha, or non-violent resistance,
advocated by the influential leader, Mohandas Gandhi.
• In 1940, the Muslim League, led by Jinnah, passed the Lahore Resolution, demanding a separate nation.
• During the Second World War, the League gained strength while leaders of the Congress were imprisoned, and in the elections held shortly
after the war, it won most of the seats reserved for Muslims.
• Ultimately, the Congress and the Muslim League could not reach a power-sharing formula for a united India, leading all parties to agree to
separate independence for a secular India, and for a Muslim-majority state, to be called Pakistan.
• Jinnah served as leader of the All-India Muslim League from 1913 until and as Pakistan’s first Governor-General from independence until
his death.
86. KHAN ABDUL GHAFFAR KHAN
• Khân Abdul Ghaffâr Khân (6 February 1890 – 20 January 1988) was an independence activist of Pashtun descent.
• He was a political and spiritual Gandhian, leader known for his non-violent opposition to the British Rule in the sub-continent, and a lifelong
pacifist and devout Muslim.
• A close friend of Mahatma Gandhi, Khân Abdul Ghaffâr Khân has been nicknamed Frontier Gandhi.
• In 1910, he opened a mosque school at his hometown Utmanzai, and in 1911 joined the freedom movement of Haji Sahib of Turangzai.
However in 1915, the British authorities banned his mosque school.
• Having witnessed the repeated failure of revolts against the British Raj, he decided that social activism and reform would be more
beneficial for the Pashtuns. This led to the formation of Anjuman-e Islâh al-Afghân (“Afghan Reform Society”) in 1921, and the youth
movement Paxtûn Jirga (“Pashtun Assembly”) in 1927.
• After he returned from the Hajj in May 1928, he founded the Pashto language monthly political journal Paxtûn.
• In November 1929, Khan founded the Khudai Khidmatgar (“Servants of God”) movement, whose success triggered a harsh crackdown by
the British Empire against him and his supporters and they suffered some of the most severe repression of the Indian independence
movement.
• In 1962, he was named the Amnesty International Prisoner of Conscience of the Year.
• In 1987, he became the first non-Indian to be awarded Bharat Ratna, India’s highest civilian award.
• Khan is a Pashtun national hero and a key figure of Pashtun nationalism.
• Khan strongly opposed the All-India Muslim League’s demand for the partition of India.
• After partition, he pledged allegiance to Pakistan and demanded an autonomous “Pashtunistan” administrative unit within the country.
87. CHAKRAVARTI RAJAGOPALACHARI
• Chakravarti Rajagopalachari (10 December 1878 – 25 December 1972) was a lawyer, independence activist, politician, writer and
statesman.
• Rajagopalachari was the last Governor-General of India.
• He joined the Indian National Congress and participated in the agitations against the Rowlatt Act, joining the Non-Cooperation movement,
the Vaikom Satyagraha, and the Civil Disobedience movement.
• In 1930, Rajagopalachari risked imprisonment when he led the Vedaranyam Salt Satyagraha in response to the Dandi March.
• In 1937, Rajagopalachari was elected Premier of the Madras Presidency and served until 1940, when he resigned due to Britain’s
declaration of war on Germany.
• He later advocated co-operation over Britain’s war effort and opposed the Quit India Movement.
• He favoured talks with both Muhammad Ali Jinnah and the Muslim League and proposed what later came to be known as the C. R.
Formula.
• In 1946, Rajagopalachari was appointed Minister of Industry, Supply, Education and Finance in the Interim Government of India, and then

• In 1946, Rajagopalachari was appointed Minister of Industry, Supply, Education and Finance in the Interim Government of India, and then
as the Governor of West Bengal from 1947 to 1948, and Governor-General of India from 1948 to 1950.
• He also served as Minister for Home Affairs of the Indian Union and Chief Minister of Madras state.
• Rajagopalachari founded the Swatantra Party and was one of the first recipients of India’s highest civilian award, the Bharat Ratna.
• He vehemently opposed the use of nuclear weapons and was a proponent of world peace and disarmament.
88. PANDIT MADAN MOHAN MALAVIYA
• Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya (1861–1946) was an Indian educationist and politician notable for his role in the Indian independence
movement and his espousal of Hindu nationalism (being one of the initial leaders of the far-right party Hindu Mahasabha).
• Later in life, he was also addressed as ‘Mahamana’.
• He was the President of the Indian National Congress on four occasion.
• He founded the largest residential university in Asia and one of the largest in the world, Banaras Hindu University (BHU) at Varanasi in
1916, of which he also remained the Vice Chancellor from 1919 till 1938.
• Pandit Malviya was one of the founders of Scouting in India.
• He also founded a highly influential, English-newspaper ‘The Leader’ published from Allahabad in 1909.
89. RAM MANOHAR LOHIA
• Ram Manohar Lohia, a socialist political leader as well as a noted freedom fighter of India was born in the village of Akbarpur, Uttar
Pradesh on 23rd March, 1910.
• Ram Manohar was highly influenced by Mahatma Gandhi ideas which instigated the feeling of Swaraj (freedom) into him.
• ‘Salt Satyagraha’ was his subject in the PhD thesis paper.
• Though he had a good affinity with Jawaharlal Nehru but dissented with him on many political issues.
• His first contribution as a nationalist leader was organizing a ‘hartal’ on Bal Gangadhar Tilak’s death.
• In 1928, he joined protests against the Simon Commission.
• In Europe he organized ‘Association of European Indians’ .
• Joined Indian National Congress and established Congress Socialist Party,1934.
• He was elected the Secretary of All India Congress Committee (1936).
• He was arrested on 7th June, 1940 and sentenced to two years imprisonment for writing an article ‘Satyagraha Now’ in Gandhiji’s
newspaper Harijan.
• He published and circulated posters and pamphlets on ‘Do or Die’ during the ‘Quit India Movement’, 1942.
• He along with Aruna Asaf Ali edited a Congress Party monthly newspaper called ‘Inquilab’.
• Post-independence Lohia took the leadership of building a dam on river Paniyari called ‘Lohia Sagar Dam’.
• He founded ‘Hind Kisan Panchayat’ to provide solution to the farmers after independence.
• He also set up World Development Council and World Government to retain peace.
90. ARUNA ASAF ALI
• Aruna Asaf Ali played a leading role during Quit India Movement; elected as Delhi’s first Mayor; awarded the Lenin Prize for peace in 1975
and the Jawahar Lal Nehru award for International understanding for 1991; honored with Bharat Ratna in 1998.
• Her first major political action was during the Salt Satyagraha in 1930 when she addressed public meetings and led processions.
• In 1942 she attended the Bombay Congress Session, where the historic Quit India resolution was passed on 8th August.
• When the Congress leaders were arrested on the day after this resolution was passed, Aruna presided over the flag-hoisting ceremony at
Gowalia Tank Maidan in Bombay.
• Her moment of reckoning came in 1942 during Quit India Movement and she rose to the occasion. She provided the spark that ignited the
movement. She became a full-time activist in the Quit India movement.
91. MAHADEV GOVIND RANADE
• Mahadev Govind Ranade, (18 Jan, 1842 – 16 Jan, 1901), a Citpavan Brahmans of Maharashtra who was a judge of the High Court of
Bombay, a noted historian, and an active participant in social and economic reform movements.
• During his seven years as a judge in Bombay, Ranade worked for social reform in the areas of child marriage, widow remarriage, and
women’s rights.
• After his appointment as instructor of history at Elphinstone College, Bombay (1866), he became interested in the history of the
Marathas.The publication of his ‘Rise of the Maratha Power’ followed in 1900.
• Ranade has been called the father of Indian economics for urging (unsuccessfully) the British government to initiate industrialization and
state welfare programs.
• He was an early member of the Prarthana Samaj (“Prayer Society”), which sought to reform the social customs of orthodox Hinduism.
• He regularly voiced views on social and economic reform at the annual sessions of the Indian National Social Conference, which he founded
in 1887.
• Ranade inspired many other Indian social reformers, most notably the educator and legislator Gopal Krishna Gokhale, who carried on
Ranade’s reform work after his death.
92. CHITTARANJAN DAS
• Chittaranjan Das (5 November 1870 – 16 June 1925) was a politician and leader of the Swaraj (Independence) Party in Bengal under British
rule.
• He was a leading figure in Bengal during the Non-Cooperation Movement of 1919-1922, and initiated the ban on British clothes, setting an
example by burning his own European clothes and wearing Khadi clothes.

example by burning his own European clothes and wearing Khadi clothes.
• He brought out a newspaper called Forward and later changed its name to Liberty to fight the British Raj.
• When the Calcutta Corporation was formed, he became its first Mayor.
• He resigned his presidency of the Indian National Congress at the Gaya session after losing a motion on “No Council Entry” to Gandhi’s
faction.
• He then founded the Swaraj Party, with veteran Motilal Nehru and young Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy, to express his immoderate
opinions.
• He was a believer of non-violence and constitutional methods for the realisation of national independence, and advocated Hindu-Muslim
unity, cooperation and communal harmony and championed the cause of national education.
• His legacy was carried forward by his disciples, and notably by Subhas Chandra Bose.
• He is generally referred to by the honorific Desh Bandhu.
93. JAYAPRAKASH NARAYAN
• Jayaprakash Narayan (11 October 1902 – 8 October 1979), popularly referred to as JP or Lok Nayak , was an Indian independence activist,
social reformer and political leader, remembered especially for leading the mid-1970s opposition against Prime Minister Indira Gandhi.
• Narayan joined the Indian National Congress on the invitation of Jawaharlal Nehru in 1929; Mahatma Gandhi became his mentor in the
Congress.
• He actively participated in non-cooperation movement and Quit India Movement.
• After independence, Narayan kept distance from active politics. Instead, he continue with the struggle for social reforms and joined Vinoba
Bhave’s Bhoodan movement.
• He once again actively participated in politics against Indira Gandhi’s Emergency tenure.
• In 1999, he was posthumously awarded the Bharat Ratna, India’s highest civilian award, in recognition of his social work.
• Other awards include the Magsaysay award for Public Service in 1965.
94. PANDIT DEENDAYAL UPADHYAY
• Pandit Deendayal Upadhyay (25 September 1916 – 11 February 1968) was an Indian philosopher, economist, sociologist, historian,
journalist, and political scientist.
• He was one of the most important leaders of the Bharatiya Jana Sangh, the forerunner of the present day Bharatiya Janata Party.
• Upadhyaya conceived the political philosophy Integral Humanism.
• The philosophy of Integral Humanism advocates the simultaneous and integrated program of the body, mind and intellect and soul of each
human being.
• His philosophy of Integral Humanism, which is a synthesis of the material and the spiritual, the individual and the collective, bears eloquent
testimony to this.
• He visualised for India a decentralised polity and self-reliant economy with the village as the base.
95. M.N. ROY
• Manabendra Nath Roy (21 March 1887 – 26 January 1954), born Narendra Nath Bhattacharya, was an Indian revolutionary, radical activist
and political theorist, as well as a noted philosopher in the 20th century.
• Roy was a founder of the Mexican Communist Party and the Communist Party of India.
• He was also a delegate to congresses of the Communist International and Russia’s aide to China.
• Following the rise of Joseph Stalin, Roy left the mainline communist movement to pursue an independent radical politics.
• In 1940 Roy was instrumental in the formation of the Radical Democratic Party, an organisation in which he played a leading role for much
of the decade of the 1940s.
• Roy later moved away from Marxism to become an exponent of the philosophy of radical humanism.
96. ERODE VENKATA RAMASAMY
• Erode Venkata Ramasamy (17 September 1879 – 24 December 1973), commonly known as Periyar also referred as E. V. R. or Thanthai
Periyar, was a social activist, and politician who started the Self-Respect Movement and Dravidar Kazhagam.
• E.V. Ramasamy was born in Erode, Madras Presidency to a wealthy family of Balijas and at a young age, he witnessed numerous incidents
of caste and gender discrimination.
• E.V. Ramasamy joined the Indian National Congress in 1919, but resigned in 1925 when he felt that the party was only serving the interests
of the Brahmins.
• He questioned the subjugation of Dravidian race as the Brahmins enjoyed gifts and donations from them but opposed and discriminated
them in cultural and religious matters.
• In 1924, E.V. Ramasamy participated in a non-violent agitation (satyagraha) in Vaikam, Kerala.
• In 1939, E.V. Ramasamy became the head of the Justice Party, and in 1944, he changed its name to Dravidar Kazhagam.
• The party later split and one group led by C. N. Annadurai formed the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK) in 1949.
• While continuing the Self-Respect Movement, he advocated for an independent Dravida Nadu (Dravidistan).
• E.V. Ramasamy propagated the principles of rationalism, self-respect, women’s rights and eradication of caste.
• He opposed the exploitation and marginalisation of the non-Brahmin Dravidian people of South India and the imposition of what he
considered Indo-Aryan India.
• His work has greatly revolutionised the Tamil society and has significantly removed caste-based discrimination.
• He is also responsible for bringing new changes to the Tamil alphabet.
• The citation awarded by the UNESCO described E.V. Ramasamy as “the prophet of the new age, the Socrates of South East Asia, father of
social reform movement and arch enemy of ignorance, superstitions, meaningless customs and base manners.”

QUESTIONS
1) Write a note on the contribution of important personalities from the North East to fight against British
colonialism in India.

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12 October 2019 14:34

List of freedom fighters TIME LINE

Name Birth Death Activity

Actively participated in Civil Disobedience Movement and Quit India Movement

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FREEDOM STRUGGLER WITH TIME LINE

Tantia Tope (1814 – 18 April 1859)

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2. Nana Sahib (19 May 1824 – 1857)

3. Kunwar Singh (November 1777 - 26 April 1858)

4. Rani Lakshmi Bai (19 November 1828 – 18 June 1858)

5. Bal Gangadhar Tilak (23 July 1856 – 1 August 1920)

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7. Begum Hazrat Mahal (1820 – 7 April 1879)

8. Ashfaqulla Khan (22 October 1900 – 19 December 1927)

9. Rani Gaidinliu (26 January 1915 – 17 February 1993)

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11. Chandra Shekhar Azad (23 July 1906 – 27 February 1931)

12. Hakim Ajmal Khan (11 February 1868 – 29 December 1927)

13. Chittaranjan Das (5 November 1869 – 16 June 1925)

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14. Sidhu Murmu and Kanhu Murmu

15. Birsa Munda (15 November 1875 – June 9 1900)

16. Tilka Manjhi (11 February 1750 – 1784)

17. Surya Sen (22 March 1894 – 12 January 1934)

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18. Subramania Bharati (11 December 1882 – 11 September 1921)

19. Dadabhai Naoroji (4 September 1825 – 30 June 1917)

20. Jawaharlal Nehru (14 November 1889 – 27 May 1964)

21. Khudiram Bose (3 December 1889 – 11 August 1908)

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22. Lakshmi Sahgal (24 October 1914 – 23 July 2012)

23. Lala Har Dayal (14 October 1884 – 4 March 1939)

24. Lala Lajpat Rai (28 January 1865 – 17 November 1928)

25. Mahadev Govind Ranade (18 January 1842 - 16 January 1901)

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Philosophy of Mahatma Gandhi

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28. Motilal Nehru (6 May 1861 – 6 February 1931)

29. Ram Manohar Lohia (23 March 1910 – 12 October 1967)

30. Ram Prasad Bismil (11 June 1897 – 19 December 1927)

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32. Rash Behari Bose (25 May 1886 – 21 January 1945)

33. Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel (31 October 1875 – 15 December 1950)

34. Bhagat Singh (1907 – 23 March 1931)

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35. Shivaram Rajguru (26 August 1908 – 23 March 1931)

36. Subhas Chandra Bose (23 January 1897 – 18 August 1945)

37. Sukhdev (15 May 1907 – 23 March 1931)

38. Surendranath Banerjee (10 November 1848 – 6 August 1925)

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40. Vinayak Damodar Savarkar (28 May 1883 – 26 February 1966)

41. Bhim Sen Sachar (1 December 1894 – 18 January 1978)

42. Acharya Kripalani (11 November 1888 – 19 March 1982)

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44. Jatindra Mohan Sengupta (22 February 1885 – 23 July 1933)

45. Madan Mohan Malaviya (25 December 1861 – 12 November 1946)

46. Nellie Sengupta (1886 – 1973)

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48. Sucheta Kriplani (25 June 1908 – 1 December 1974)

49. Rajkumari Amrit Kaur (2 February 1889 – 6 February 1964)

50. E.M.S. Namboodiripad (13 June 1909 – 19 March 1998)

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