Mod 4 - 1 PDF

Diploma in Telecommunications
Management Studies (DTMS)
Module 4: Planning and Designing of Fixed and Wireless

Networks
Krish Raghunundhun
Email: raghunk@telkomsa.net
Cell: +27 81 765 4733
Okwenza
Technologies
21-23 November 2016 Okwenza Technologies Propriety Information 1

Module 4: Objectives
The learner, on completion of this module, will obtain

insight into the following topics:
• Key components of fixed and mobile networks
• Strategic planning and network design
• Fixed network optimisation
• Planning of telecom nodes and transmission centres
• Spectrum planning and optimisation
• Spectrum management and pricing
• Call management and mobility management
• Quality of Service monitoring
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Module 4: Topics
• Key components of fixed and mobile networks

• Strategic planning and network design
• Fixed network optimisation
• Planning of telecom nodes and transmission
centres
• Spectrum planning and optimisation
• Spectrum management and pricing
• Call management and mobility management
• Quality of Service monitoring
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Module 4: Topics
• Power control in mobile communications

• Mobile networks and standards: GSM and CDMA
• Mobile data networks: GPRS, EDGE, EV-DO and
HSDPA
• Mobile network deployment and expansion
• Value Added Service Providers (VAS) and Mobile
Virtual Network Operators (MVNOs)
• Wi-Fi, WiMAX, 4G, LTE, and future trends in
mobile communications
• Global telecom standards
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Module 4-1: Topics
• Overview of network planning

• Network architectures and technologies
• Fixed Network Optimisation
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4.1: Overview of
network planning
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Introduction
• Telecommunication networks architectures are changing

to meet new requirements for a number of
services/applications (Broadband, IP, Multimedia, mobile,
etc.).
• New equipment (soft switches, databases, service
controllers, new protocols and interfaces, etc.) and new
call/mix traffic cases are going to be introduced in the
networks.
• Different solutions/network architectures can be taken
into account for a smooth transition from existing network
infrastructures (PSTN/PLMN) towards New Generation
Network (NGN) as a result of the convergence process
leading to different applications/services sharing network
infrastructures.
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Overview of network planning
• Network planning activities evolve with the proper

evolution of the network, the services, the technologies,
the market and the regulatory environment.
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Overview of network planning
• Services demand, associated traffic and revenues are

evolving
• New network capabilities are due to the technologies
(NGN, 2G to 4G.
• xDSL, FTTx, WDM, etc., new regulation and competition
(market share, service promotion,, etc.) new services in
the market (VoIP, VOD, UMS, MMS, etc.),
service/platforms convergence through different
technologies and pending communication coverage (Geo
areas not covered, population not served, network
expansion, etc.)
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Requirements to the planners
• Under the previous evolutionary context, the planner is

confronted to a number of requirements in order to
provide answers to the following needs:
• Business Oriented Needs
– What are the best customer segments to address in multimedia?
– Which new services have to be introduced through time?
– What is the best service bundling per customer type?
– How to increase market share?
– How to maximize revenues?
– How to reduce capital expenditure?
– How to reduce operational expenditure?
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• Network Oriented Needs

– How to forecast multimedia services and related traffic
demands?
– How many nodes to install, especially for NGN?
– What is best location for new systems and related
communication media?
– What is the best network architecture and routing in NGN?
– Best balance between built and lease for infrastructure?
– How to plan capacity evolution and solutions migration towards
NGN and towards 4G
– How to converge service applications and platforms through
– different access technologies?
– How to ensure SLA and protection level?
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• Operation Support Needs

– How to evaluate alternatives for direct operation and
outsourcing?
– How to organize and engineer the new operation processes?
– Which IT applications ensure an efficient support to operation?
– How to train labour force on the new operational activities?
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Typical network planning tasks
• The most typical tasks that the planner has to perform:

– Initial situation analysis for economy, customers, services and
network
– Problem partitioning
– Data gathering
– Definition of alternatives per scenario
– Mapping solutions per scenario
– Design, dimensioning, location and costing
– Optimization
– Sensitivity analysis to uncertain variables
– Plan selection and consolidation
– Reporting
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Network planning processes
• Network Planning Processes and relation with other

network activities
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Network planning processes
• Iterative Planning Sub-Processes for Competition

Scenarios
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Planning activities
• Three different planning activities:

• Long-term planning (LTP)
– objectives are to define and dimension the network parts which
are characterised by a long lifetime and large investments for
their deployment
• Medium-term planning (MTP)
– whose framework should emphasise the behaviour and the
relationships among the sets of entities (nodes, links,
subnetworks) and the list of planning actions and procedures
which are involved when planning a network to guarantee the
convergence towards the established long term plans.
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Planning activities
• Three different planning activities:

• Short Term Planning (STP)
– that determines the routes and the telecommunications systems
that support a demand. That is, the network has to satisfy the
current telecommunications demands with the already installed
capacities without additional capital investments objectives are
to define and dimension the network parts which are
characterised by a long lifetime and large investments for their
deployment
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Planning activities
• Long-term planning (LTP):
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Planning activities
• Long-term planning (LTP):

LTP process is performed for getting the LTP target network
– This first step uses the demand forecasts and the installed plant
– Second step, the MTP process calculates the different steps for
reaching the LTP target network
– This second process uses as inputs the MTP multi-period
demand forecasts, the installed plant and the LTP plan
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Planning activities
• Medium-term planning (MTP):

In case of strong variations of the demand forecasts, the
LTP target may change in each planning period. In this
situation, the MTP plan (steps) calculated each year goes
towards different targets; something like performing steps
towards a “moving” target.
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Overall plans per network layer and
technology
• Network Layer Modeling for Planning and Design
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Relation among technical, business and
operational plans
• High interrelation among decisions at each level of the
organization: Financial, Technical and Operation
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Service definition and forecasting
• Next Generation Service Architecture will support a wide

variety of services, introduction of a variety of new
services and applications will be possible because of the
open interfaces that are typical for NGN.
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4.2: Network
architectures
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Multiple Services Network
• Multiple services - one network, various terminals and

many types of access
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Broadband access
• Independent of the access technology (DSL, FTTx,

Cable, WiMax or Wi-Fi) and the core network architecture
(VPLS, MPLS, Ethernet, NG SDH, or WDM), the
converged network must guarantee the QoS to support
data, voice and video streams.
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Broadband access
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Core Transport
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Core Transport
Ethernet over NG-SDH
(a) customer switching – simple; the transport network is just a link between the
customer switches
(b) Network switching – more flexible; one step forward towards a more
sophisticated service based on MPLS.
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Optical Transport Network
Architecture
Optical Transport Networking (OTN) covering the core, metro, and high-capacity
access domains
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IMS architecture
The proxy CSCF (P-CSCF) is the first contact point for user equipment within the IMS.
The P-CSCF is a SIP proxy that forwards SIP messages between the user equipment and
the right nodes in the IMS.
The serving CSCF (S-CSCF) is the function that provides services to subscribers. The
S-CSCF behaves like a SIP registrar.
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IMS architecture
HSS (Home Subscriber Server) stores users’ identities along with their
subscription information, including services
The IMS hosts services in application servers (ASs).
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Long-term Evolution of 3GPP Networks
• Independent of the access technology (DSL, FTTx,
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4.3: Fixed Network
Optimisation
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Objectives:
• The Learner, on completion of this lesson, will have

an understanding of Fixed Network Optimisation
i.t.o the following:
• Network Planning and Dimensioning
• Traditional Planning Process
• The Fuel of Network Planning: Data
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Network Planning
• Large investments require careful planning to minimize

financial risk.
• There are three distinct phases:
 strategic network planning
 high-level network planning
 detailed network planning.
• These steps are briefly characterised as follows:
 Strategic network planning has two main outputs:
– Business case decision whether and, if positive, to what extent
FTTH should be rolled out.
– What architecture will be implemented, and which cable and duct
technologies will be used.
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Network Planning
 High-level network planning is the phase when structural

decisions for a particular geographical planning area are made.
– These include the placement of network functions and connectivity
decisions and a preliminary bill of materials, including the
installation lengths of cables and ducts as well as quantities for the
various types of hardware.
– The aim is to generate the lowest cost network plan within the
boundaries of the strategic decisions made in the previous planning
phase.
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Network Planning
 Detailed network planning is – as the final planning step – when

the “to build” plan is generated.
– Further results of this planning phase include detailed connection
information such as a splicing plan, the labelling scheme, or micro-
duct connections.
– In general, the three phases of the planning process follow each
other sequentially over time.
– Some early decisions, however, may need to be reviewed in light of
new information.
– For example, the assumed location for a POP may have to change
after the detailed plans have been generated.
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Network Planning
• In such cases, it is important to be able to go back to

earlier steps in the process and review the earlier
decisions
• Ideally with software tools which provide a high degree of
automation and optimisation.
• Interplay between the planning levels is thus important by
enabling a smooth and constant feed-back loop between
high-level and detailed network planning.
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Why Network Planning and Dimensioning?
The purpose of dimensioning a

Telecommunications network is to ensure that the
expected needs will be met in an economical way
both for subscribers and operators.
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Network Planning in a Stable
Environment
Traditional planning situation:
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Environment
• Traffic aspects
 Data collection (current status)
– traffic measurements
– subscriber amounts and distribution
• Forecasting
• Service scenarios
• Traffic volumes and profiles
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Environment
• Economical aspects
• Technical aspects
• Network optimisation and dimensioning
– hierarchical structure and topology
– traffic routing and dimensioning
– circuit routing
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Traditional Planning Process
• As with any decision process, network planning

relies on external information
– Forecast of demand for services over some planning
horizon
– Economic information concerning the cost structure of
the network elements and maintenance
– Knowledge about the technical capabilities of the
available systems
• The planning problem can now be stated as
follows:
– to implement the first four layers of the OSI model
– to provide the required physical support
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• Assuming that all the protocol issues have been settled

and the transmission technology is known, what
remains is a complex, distributed and dynamic capacity-
augmentation problem
– only feasible solution approach: decomposition and iteration
• Stages of the planning process:
– Topological design
– Network-synthesis problem
 Traffic routing
 Dimensioning
– Network-realisation (circuit-routing) problem
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• These four stages are interrelated

– the planning process is iterative (at many levels)
• Different planning horizons at various stages
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Network Planning and Dimensioning
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Topological design:
• Determine where to place components and how to
interconnect them
• By methods of topological optimisation and graph
theory
– Input:
 information about transmission network summarised into a fixed
interconnection cost per unit length between offices
 switch costs depending just on the switching technology
– Output:
 connectivity matrix
 optimal location of switches or concentrators (optionally
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The Fuel of Network Planning: data
• To generate a good network plan, every decision should

be based on solid information.
• It is crucial to have accurate input data, particularly geo-
referenced data about the project's target area.
• Software tools can then use this information to model
different network topologies under different assumptions
• There are also software tools to support construction and
documentation of a detailed "to build" plan.
• The type and the accuracy of the required data will vary
according to the planning stage.
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The Fuel of Network Planning: data
The most important types of planning data can be

subdivided into three categories:
• geo-referenced data
• hardware specifications and
• cost
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Geo‐Referenced data
• In all planning phases the features of the geographic

area must be taken into account.
• Two main types of geo-referenced data are required for
a planning exercise:
 street topology information, including sidewalks, crossings,
etc.; and
 building locations, ideally including the number of living units
and/or businesses per fibre termination.
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Sample Image from OpenStreetMap.
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Increasing Planning Accuracy
The accuracy of the planning results can be increased by

using additional data, such as:
• The surface type of a street can help provide a better
estimate of the cost of digging;
• Availability of existing and reusable infrastructure such
as poles (for aerial deployments), or existing ducts with
spare capacity, are helpful to decrease the respective
deployment cost.
• Information about the existing gas, electricity, copper
infrastructure in the streets can be used to determine
potential routes
• Suitable locations for a point of presence (POP) or fibre
concentration point (FCP).
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Hardware Specifications
• The hardware used in a network deployment will

be taken into account and dimensioned during all
phases of the planning process.
• It is important to take a detailed view of the
hardware
• Starting from the equipment specifications, a set of
rules needs to be defined – as a planning decision
– describing how the hardware can be used and in
what network configuration.
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Hardware Specifications
• This includes:
– what cables and ducts can be installed in the feeder,
distribution and drop areas;
– which (inner) cables and ducts fit into which outer ducts
(depending on the outer and inner diameter of the
associated link components or on design rules);
– what equipment, e.g. splitters, can be installed in buildings,
distribution points and POPs;
– what testing should be carried out before a connection
goes live.
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Costs
• One of the main planning objectives is cost control

within a given set of constraints and requirements.
• It is necessary to have a clear view on the costs of
deploying and maintaining the fixed network. These
include:
– labour cost for civil works
– material cost per hardware type
– installation, test and measurement service costs
– network maintenance costs
– the energy cost for active equipment
– costs related to creating and maintaining POPs, FCPs
– costs related to rights of way
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Costs
• The cost areas are often distinguished according to

whether they are capital expenditure (CAPEX) or
operational expenditure (OPEX).
• Other important categorisations are: active equipment
and passive components; outside plant and in-building
cabling; homes passed and homes connected.
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The Engine of Network Planning:
Tools
• In the early days, network plans were generated
manually by drawing objects on top of maps.
• First on paper, and later within CAD (Computer-
Aided Design) software packages.
• However, the planning itself was fully manual and
was therefore both time-consuming and prone to
errors.
• As a result, the early stages of the planning
process were often ignored or only treated in a
theoretical or statistical way
• The planner would focus directly on the detailed
planning phase.
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Tools
• Another drawback was that the plan contained
little or no intelligent data about the components of
the network because there was no database
behind it
• This made it difficult to use these plans efficiently
during later stages of the network lifetime, for
example, for maintenance.
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Tools
• Nowadays many of these issues are solved by using
GIS-based software to document the network.
• The software links the objects on the map with
database objects, thus keeping track of all kinds of data
about the network components.
• Planning tools make the network planning process
much more efficient
• Each of the three stages in the network planning
process has particular requirements in terms of speed
versus complexity that available software tools are
supporting.
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Tools
• Strategic network planning has the lowest level of
detailed requests from a software tool.
• Since it is used to analyse various network concepts,
the software has to run fast enough to allow scenario
comparisons.
• Due to the considerable impact of strategic decisions
on the business case, the quality of the computations
needs to be accurate enough to draw valid
conclusions.
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Tools
• High-level network planning has similar
requirements.
• However, the level of detail needs to be high
enough to generate a reliable bill of materials and
to serve as a starting point for detailed network
planning.
• Detailed network planning has fewer
requirements around automation.
• At this stage the planner must produce the to-
build plan.
• Therefore the tools must support the handling of
very accurate and detailed network specifications.
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Strategic Network Planning
• Major business decisions are made in this first

planning stage.
• The key question is whether to make the
investment in the network.
• To answer this question the planner needs
accurate costs for:
– Deploying the network
– For activating customers
– Maintaining the network during its lifetime
– Some realistic predictions for customer adoption of
services and the related revenues.
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Strategic Network Planning
• There can be big differences between different

geographical areas – even those with similar
population densities.
• Extrapolations and benchmarking should be
avoided where possible.
• If the decision is made to proceed with the project,
there will be additional questions such as:
– Where will the network be deployed? (Define the
geographical scope of the project.)
– Which order to deploy the sub-areas of the network?
(Define the geographical order.)
– What methods and technologies will be used? (Identify
design rules, components, technologies.)
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Where will the Network be deployed?
• By comparing different regions in terms of

expenditure and revenues, a decision can be
made on:
– Where to deploy the network.
• Private investors will put more emphasis on
financial performance
• Public investors have to serve all potential
customers equally, sometimes over huge areas,
with nationwide deployment being considered.
• Ideally, both commercial interests and service
availability are taken into consideration.
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Which order will the sub‐areas of the
network be deployed?
• When a FTTH project covers a large geographical
area, the construction can easily take several
years.
• The longer the deployment timeframe, the more
important the optimal order for rolling out the
network in a series of sub-areas.
• The selection of this order is usually based on a
combination of cost and revenue estimates.
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What Methods, Components and Technologies
will be used to build the network?
• There are many possible technologies and component

choices for building FTTH networks.
• The most cost-effective option can only be determined by
applying the different engineering rules and constraints.
• Each project will have a different optimal selection of
technologies:
– It depends on the local situation
– Includes local geography,
– Regulatory obligations
– Market situation
– And other factors.
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Possible Options
• Possible options that can be considered:

– Different architectures,
– Different active technologies
– Different levels of fibre concentration
– Different cable deployment methods
– Different splitter architectures
– Different in-house cabling methods
– Different infrastructure sharing strategies
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High‐level Network Planning
High-level network planning relies on the results of

the strategic network planning phase. It starts with
the following inputs:
– a defined planning area
– a budget
– an architecture (P2P, PON, or hybrid)
– a type of cabling
– a building connection strategy (number of fibres per
building, etc.)
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Other Questions to be Answered in the
High-level Planning Phase are:
• Where will the POPs be located?
• How many POP locations should be used,
• Where the ODFs and active equipment will be placed.
• Which customers should be served by which POP
location.
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How many fibre concentration
points?
• Decide where to place fibre concentration points
(FCPs).
• Which customer locations will be connected to
which FCP, and the fibre-optic management
solution in each FCP.
• These decisions will be subject to constraints
imposed by the technical specifications.
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Which cable routes serve which
distribution and feeder areas?
• Cable routes, which provide connectivity between
POPs, distribution points, and customer premises,
must be decided.
• Digging and laying out cables and ducts is still
very expensive, and so the selection of the routes
is one of the most business-critical decisions.
• It is important to maximise the use of existing
infrastructure such as empty ducts, so as to avoid
digging and the associated cost.
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What is the expected bill of
materials?
• Having made decisions about connectivity, it must
also be decided which cable and duct installations
should be used on which routes.
• Together with the hardware requirements (such as
closures, splitters, active switches, etc.),
• This information can be used to generate a high-
level bill of materials, and used to provide quantity
indication to the hardware suppliers.
• The final bill of materials – which includes all items
in details – is generated during the detailed
planning phase.
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Result of high-level planning – colour-coded
distribution locations and areas
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Detailed network planning
• The planning process, the results from high-level

planning are converted into "tobuild“ plans and the
process up to the ‘as-built’ network is supported.
• There is one major conceptual change between high-
level and detailed network planning.
• The former creates a network which should be
realizable
• In contrast, the high-level network planning creates a
network plan which must be accurate and detailed.
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Detailed network planning
This conceptual change implies that:

• even more emphasis on the quality of the geo-
referenced data is needed
• software tool support is indispensable for graphical
manipulation
• database support is required for documentation,
network operation, change management,
troubleshooting, customer care, marketing and network
registration
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Detailed Data
Also the structural decisions made in the high-level

planning should be used as starting point, including:
– the number and the geographical location of the POPs and
FCPs
– the serving areas of each POPs and FCP
– the used routes including cable and duct installations
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Generating the 'to‐build' plans
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Documentation
The documentation of the “as-built” network also

contains information for each section and cable:
• name and address of the installation company
• laying system documentation
• scanned permissions under building law
• manufacturer and date of the used cable
• scanned approval documents
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Documentation Cont…
Eventually, scanned documents for each building

connected should be included in the documentation:
• landlord's permission
• access ("walk in") protocols
• finishing information
• test and measurement data
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Workflow Management
After all planning phases are complete, the basic

workflow for connecting a customer to an FTTH
network is:
• civil engineering
• blowing in/pulling the cable
• fibre splicing
• test and measurement
• activation
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Diploma in Telecommunications

Management Studies (DTMS)

Module 4: Planning and Designing of Fixed and Wireless

21-23 November 2016 Okwenza Technologies Propriety Information 1

The learner, on completion of this module, will obtain

21-23 November 2016 Okwenza Technologies Propriety Information 2

• Key components of fixed and mobile networks

21-23 November 2016 Okwenza Technologies Propriety Information 3

• Power control in mobile communications

21-23 November 2016 Okwenza Technologies Propriety Information 4

• Overview of network planning

21-23 November 2016 Okwenza Technologies Propriety Information 5

21-23 November 2016 Okwenza Technologies Propriety Information 6

• Telecommunication networks architectures are changing

21-23 November 2016 Okwenza Technologies Propriety Information 7

• Network planning activities evolve with the proper

21-23 November 2016 Okwenza Technologies Propriety Information 8

• Services demand, associated traffic and revenues are

21-23 November 2016 Okwenza Technologies Propriety Information 9

• Under the previous evolutionary context, the planner is

21-23 November 2016 Okwenza Technologies Propriety Information 10

• Network Oriented Needs

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• Operation Support Needs

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• The most typical tasks that the planner has to perform:

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• Network Planning Processes and relation with other

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• Iterative Planning Sub-Processes for Competition

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• Three different planning activities:

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• Three different planning activities:

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• Long-term planning (LTP):

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• Long-term planning (LTP):

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• Medium-term planning (MTP):

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• Next Generation Service Architecture will support a wide

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• Multiple services - one network, various terminals and

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• Independent of the access technology (DSL, FTTx,

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• Independent of the access technology (DSL, FTTx,

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• The Learner, on completion of this lesson, will have

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• Large investments require careful planning to minimize

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