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Mohammad Zakizadeh E-mail: Zakialfa90@yahoo.com TEL: 0281- 3666419
Cell-Phone: 0919 659 0207
. ﺑﺮاي ﺑﻴﺎن ﻛﺎرﻫﺎﻳﻲ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﺣﺎﻻ دارد اﻧﺠﺎم ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد:زﻣﺎن ﺣﺎل اﺳﺘﻤﺮاري
.اﺳﺖ ﺑﺮاي ﺑﻴﺎن ﻛﺎرﻫﺎﻳﻲ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻗﺒﻼ اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﺪه و اﺛﺮ آﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﻬﻢ ﺗﺮ از زﻣﺎن اﻧﺠﺎم آﻧﻬﺎ:زﻣﺎن ﺣﺎل ﻛﺎﻣﻞ
( yet, just, since, for, recently, lately, times : از$-
ر70 @
!
لI
ز
ن%90 )
اﻳﻢ- ام-
ﻓﺎﻋﻞ+ have / has + P.P. +…
اﻳﺪ- اي-
I have seen this film three times so far.
She hasn't left home yet. اﻧﺪ- اﺳﺖ-
He has written the letter since 9 o'clock.
Have you eaten your lunch?
Yes, I have. No, I have not.
.اﺳﺖ ﺑﺮاي ﺑﻴﺎن ﻛﺎرﻫﺎﻳﻲ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ از ﻗﺒﻞ ﺷﺮوع ﺷﺪه و ﻫﻨﻮز ﺗﻤﺎم ﻧﺸﺪه:زﻣﺎن ﺣﺎل ﻛﺎﻣﻞ اﺳﺘﻤﺮاري
ﻓﺎﻋﻞ+ have / has been + ﻓﻌﻞ+ ing
1
Mohammad Zakizadeh E-mail: Zakialfa90@yahoo.com TEL: 0281- 3666419
Cell-Phone: 0919 659 0207
ﺑﺮاي ﺑﻴﺎن ﻛﺎرﻫﺎﻳﻲ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻗﺒﻼ اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﺪه و ﺗﻤﺎم ﺷﺪه و در اﻳﻨﺠﺎ زﻣﺎن اﻧﺠﺎم ﻛﺎر ﻣﻬﻢ:زﻣﺎن ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ ﺳﺎده
.ﺗﺮ اﺳﺖ
ﺑﺮاي ﺑﻴﺎن ﻛﺎرﻫﺎﻳﻲ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ در زﻣﺎن ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ ﻗﺒﻞ از ﻛﺎر دﻳﮕﺮي اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﺪه و ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻ ﺑﺎ:زﻣﺎن ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ
.ﻳﻚ زﻣﺎن ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ ﺳﺎده ﻫﻤﺮاه اﺳﺖ
They had left the station when I went there. $ د- د-
Had they left the station when you went there?
$ د- د-
Yes, they had.
ﺑﺮاي ﺑﻴﺎن اﺳﺘﻤﺮار ﻛﺎرﻫﺎﻳﻲ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ در زﻣﺎن ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﺪه و ﻃﻮل زﻣﺎن:زﻣﺎن ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ اﺳﺘﻤﺮاري
.را ﻫﻢ ﺑﻴﺎن ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ
2
Mohammad Zakizadeh E-mail: Zakialfa90@yahoo.com TEL: 0281- 3666419
Cell-Phone: 0919 659 0207
Before the war start, we had been living there for five years.
. ﺑﺮاي ﺑﻴﺎن ﻛﺎرﻫﺎﻳﻲ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻗﺮار اﺳﺖ در آﻳﻨﺪه اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﻮد:زﻣﺎن آﻳﻨﺪه ﺳﺎده
ﺑﺮاي ﺑﻴﺎن ﻛﺎرﻫﺎﻳﻲ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻗﺮار اﺳﺖ در آﻳﻨﺪه اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﻮد و از زﻣﺎن دﻗﻴﻖ اﻧﺠﺎم آن:زﻣﺎن آﻳﻨﺪه اﺳﺘﻤﺮاري
.در آﻳﻨﺪه اﻃﻼع دارﻳﻢ
. ﺑﺮاي ﺑﻴﺎن ﻛﺎرﻫﺎﻳﻲ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻗﺮار اﺳﺖ درزﻣﺎن آﻳﻨﺪه ﻗﺒﻞ از ﻛﺎر دﻳﮕﺮي اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﻮد:زﻣﺎن آﻳﻨﺪه ﻛﺎﻣﻞ
. ﺑﺮاي ﺑﻴﺎن ﻛﺎرﻫﺎﻳﻲ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ درزﻣﺎن ﻣﺸﺨﺼﻲ در آﻳﻨﺪه ﻗﺮار اﺳﺖ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺷﻮد:زﻣﺎن آﻳﻨﺪه ﻛﺎﻣﻞ اﺳﺘﻤﺮاري
By the time we get home, I will have been driving for three hours.
By the end of this week, we will have been working here for six months.
3
Mohammad Zakizadeh E-mail: Zakialfa90@yahoo.com TEL: 0281- 3666419
Cell-Phone: 0919 659 0207
م:
+
+
ل+
=?
ت
1
. * دارا. 1$ ا67 ت دو289 ن: *ا-: < ; ) و$ = از ا:*و5//0 1
2
.(5و* ه5
as + (?= + as
not so + (?= + as
4
Mohammad Zakizadeh E-mail: Zakialfa90@yahoo.com TEL: 0281- 3666419
Cell-Phone: 0919 659 0207
.(5
وت ه1
. * دارا. 1$ ا67 ت دو289 ن: *ا-::(
) A? (?=
;:B$ C 1
2 + er
.(5
وت ه1
. * دارا. 1$ ا67 از دوE: ت289 ن: *ا-: :(>
) 4
0 (?=
The + ;:B$ C 1
2 + est
fat ق7 the fattest G-A ق7
5
Mohammad Zakizadeh E-mail: Zakialfa90@yahoo.com TEL: 0281- 3666419
Cell-Phone: 0919 659 0207
*و5//0 1
2 (-A) ;H
A 1
2 (G-A) ;? 1
2
Good/ well better The best
Bad/ ill worse The worst
little less The least
Much/ many more The most
far Farther The farthest
further The furthest
B
ت9"
ع اولB
ت9"
If Mary had studied hard, she would/could/might have passed the exam.
If you had gone to the station, you would/could/might have seen your friend.
If he had run all the way, he would have gotten there in time.
If I had known of your arrival, I would have met you.
If he had taken my advice, he would be a rich man now.
6
Mohammad Zakizadeh E-mail: Zakialfa90@yahoo.com TEL: 0281- 3666419
Cell-Phone: 0919 659 0207
-رت ز2 : <%: % داshould وwere, had ;L-% تB در-'• ا
:<(. ;
If I were rich, I would help him.
Were I rich, I would help him.
If Jack had come, we….
Had Jack come, we ….
If they should help, we …
Should they help, we …
:*-=9 تB
Now then
8
Mohammad Zakizadeh E-mail: Zakialfa90@yahoo.com TEL: 0281- 3666419
Cell-Phone: 0919 659 0207
Much, many, few, a few, little, a little, a lot of, a great deal of…..
.() ; S
< و$ ا: -رش% : ;$ا* ا-: -;. / ;. :Few/ a few
.() ; د-
< و$ ا: -رش% : -@ ;$ا* ا-: -;. / ;. :Little/a little
: -@ ;$ا* ا-: وS
< و$ ا: -رش% : ;$ا* ا-: -* ار زد:A lot of
.) ; د-
< و$ ا: -رش%
.) ; S
: -رش% : ;$ا* ا-: -* ار زد: Many
.) ; د-
: -رش% : -@ ;$ا* ا-: :Much
• I have a few friends.
• There are a few books on the table.
• There is only a little milk in the bottle.
• There are a lot of cars in the street.
• There is a lot of bread in the basket.
• He didn't eat much fruit.
• I don't have many friends here.
• She doesn't have much money.
.() ; ;
( تB در: neither & either
(
; اول, and + neither + 1=T ;P.
+
Alex can't drive a car, and neither can I.
Mary shouldn't go there, and neither should you.
(
; اول, and +
+ ;
( ;P.
+ either
Alex can't drive a car, and I can't either.
Mary shouldn't go there, and you shouldn't either.
9
Mohammad Zakizadeh E-mail: Zakialfa90@yahoo.com TEL: 0281- 3666419
Cell-Phone: 0919 659 0207
10
Mohammad Zakizadeh E-mail: Zakialfa90@yahoo.com TEL: 0281- 3666419
Cell-Phone: 0919 659 0207
… + very + adj + …
11
Mohammad Zakizadeh E-mail: Zakialfa90@yahoo.com TEL: 0281- 3666419
Cell-Phone: 0919 659 0207
:د-' ; the د% ار-PA ر در: Gا* دو-: * ا. -' ا
I bought a book; the book I bought is about war.
.) ; the ...ه-% ،$ ا،تZا،ره. ،; ر" ه$ = از ا
I live in Iran.
) ; the ... GP( دو-ا6،-: ،P-) "[ تZ; ا$ از ا: ;? و:P
.) ; the ...\ هو9 ،-ا6 ،" ه. ، روده، دره،$; ا$ از ا:
The Atlantic Ocean
The Caspian Sea
The Alps
) ;the <( و1:،" ،%ر9 T CA ;$= از ا
The moon is beautiful.
The sun rises every day.
) ;the ;H
A 1
2 = از دو
The bigger the box, the heavier it will be.
The more, the better.
:(. A - ارد ز:
The most interesting
The first / the second/ the third…
The opera/ the concert/ the theater/ the cinema
In the morning/ in the afternoon/ in the evening
All the students
All over the world
The teacher/ the professor
Gold is precious but: The gold which is found in Iran is precious.
He speaks English but: He speaks the English language.
12
Mohammad Zakizadeh E-mail: Zakialfa90@yahoo.com TEL: 0281- 3666419
Cell-Phone: 0919 659 0207
in / on / at / by / with / … P
*
وف اI ا> در رد5
:$-! "
ارد ز
In:
in January in 1980 in summer
in the afternoon in Iran/Tehran in the sky
in the morning in ink
in order to in my presence in my absence
in spite of in the end in front of
interested in believe in fall in love with
On:
on my birthday on Friday on foot
on bicycle on my vacation on the whole
on time on the contrary insist on
depend on based on spend on
rely on concentrate on congratulate on
on vacation on the phone on business
At:
at ten o'clock at night at play
at sunset at Christmas at first
at full speed at the table at the door
at war/peace at dawn at sunrise
smile at look at laugh at
13
Mohammad Zakizadeh E-mail: Zakialfa90@yahoo.com TEL: 0281- 3666419
Cell-Phone: 0919 659 0207
To:
lead to belong to complain to
grateful to apologize to next to
listen to related to invite to
owing to send to introduce to
For:
apply for a job search for ask for
wait for sorry for pay for
be used for
From:
away from absent from borrow from
escape from import from prevent from
protect from far from different from
Of:
proud of shy of ashamed of
found of instead of in spite of
in front of in search of at the end of
in need of
14
Mohammad Zakizadeh E-mail: Zakialfa90@yahoo.com TEL: 0281- 3666419
Cell-Phone: 0919 659 0207
and …………………both
My pen and book both have been lost.
both………………..and
Both my pen and book have been lost.
either………………….or
She plays either tennis or golf.
nether………………nor
Neither the driver nor the passengers knew what had happened.
whether……………….or
Whether you teach or your friend, it makes no different.
NO/ Not
He has no money, no friend. (…no + N….)
Peter has no black car. (…no + adj + N…)
I have no more money. (…no + comparative adj …)
Among / Between
The soldiers divided the food among themselves.
His car is between two trees.
15
Mohammad Zakizadeh E-mail: Zakialfa90@yahoo.com TEL: 0281- 3666419
Cell-Phone: 0919 659 0207
Affect / effect
Advise / advice
I advised him to continue his study abroad.
My advice didn't work.
Beside / besides
He sat beside me. ( (ر.)
A man besides his friends went into the club. ("وB :)
Leave / forget
I have left my bag at home. (; * در67 دن-. اش-
)
She always forgets my phone number. ( G* در ذه67 دن-. اش-
)
So that + N / so as + V
Please be quiet so that the baby can sleep. (N)
I went there so as to see him. (V)
I came here quietly so as not to wake the child. (V)
Remember / remind
I try to remember his name. (دن-a$ -L9 :)
Please remind me to take my pill. (دن-. *)د )ور
16
Mohammad Zakizadeh E-mail: Zakialfa90@yahoo.com TEL: 0281- 3666419
Cell-Phone: 0919 659 0207
Neither/ either
Neither of these two books is mine. (ام. b)ه
Either of those two students is ready to answer. (*A دو-)ه
Rather/ fairly
She is rather angry. (;
( 1
2)
She is fairy beautiful. (1=T 1
2)
Number/ amount
A large/ small number of students from other countries attended state university.
A large/ small amount of rain is expected tomorrow.
In / into
Bath / bathe
I will have a hot bath and go to bed. (N) ( !م/ 5%)
Bathe you eyes with hot water. (V) (G5%)
Cloth / clothe
I need a cloth to clean the table. (N) (7رQ PA)
Can you please bathe and clothe the baby? (V) (ن%Q )?=س
The cat always lies in front of the fire place. (ن. )دراز
He always lays his bag on the table. (ار دادن-)
17
Mohammad Zakizadeh E-mail: Zakialfa90@yahoo.com TEL: 0281- 3666419
Cell-Phone: 0919 659 0207
I think …
John is a doctor. I think that John is a doctor.
I want to know……..
Is jack a student? I want to know if/ whether Jack is a student.
Am, is, are, was, were, can, could, will, would, may, might, shall, should,
must, have, has, had, ought to …
:ه
ار$5
18
Mohammad Zakizadeh E-mail: Zakialfa90@yahoo.com TEL: 0281- 3666419
Cell-Phone: 0919 659 0207
I felt that it was important that John write to his family as soon as possible.
19
Mohammad Zakizadeh E-mail: Zakialfa90@yahoo.com TEL: 0281- 3666419
Cell-Phone: 0919 659 0207
He wants to go to London.
He wanted to go to London.
Entering the school, I saw my friend. (1$" ا% ر ه< زن ام. دو-)ه
Passing the street, she met her friend.
Having + PP + ……., @0
P + ……..
Having written the letter, he posted it. (* : ر. fa$ ،"% ر ام. C )اول
Having done her homework, she went to bed.
20
Mohammad Zakizadeh E-mail: Zakialfa90@yahoo.com TEL: 0281- 3666419
Cell-Phone: 0919 659 0207
@NP @ و0
P Rرا
:$ @ ?
دNP >N
* از$N
Somebody someone something
Anybody anyone anything
Nobody no one nothing
Everybody every one every thing
:) ; د-
-ت ز. از:
:) ; د-
وS <$ا-ت ز. از:
Both, few, a few, man, some, several, those, these, people, the rest
@0
P + have/ has/ get + لN? + @NP ز
ن 'م
@0
P + have/make + UV لN? + @NP #( '
د4
I
@0
P + get + UV لN? + to
ر$A
…. + that + @0
P + @NP #( '
د4
I
% ; 5: S 6'-< ; )( ه$ اC = از. ;A
2
Five hundred word composition
Ten year old boy
22
Mohammad Zakizadeh E-mail: Zakialfa90@yahoo.com TEL: 0281- 3666419
Cell-Phone: 0919 659 0207
;?! در، ; دهe: ه< ر: و دو را1$ اconjunction C as . (. A
:) ; <$ و = از ا1$ اpreposition C like .
;2
ا/:0
،(%: "% ا. e$A -N* د$ ا. ;AB در
:1$ا
Mr. Smith, with his wife and daughter, is returning from a vacation.
In respond to this question I should say that I enjoy modern art, classical music, and
literature. (To read literature)
:د% ; %&' )ن: ; و دوthat . would rather از: -'ا
:$5
.) ;
از: ( و. ; X2A
را. 1$ ا* ا.
$5 = (?= + -ly
23
Mohammad Zakizadeh E-mail: Zakialfa90@yahoo.com TEL: 0281- 3666419
Cell-Phone: 0919 659 0207
: ) ; 1
2 - از ا
ل ز: •
Feel ن% f! , look ن$ ر-g : , taste " دادن6 ,smell دادن: ,
Sound ا دادن2 , seem ن$ ر-g :
.<(. ; "
د$=; اA-A از اادhرA ن: در
.ر ; روP: در.A *ا-: did وdo, does ا ل
She does know him, even though she may say she doesn't.
Do sit down and rest for a while.
Do come back and stay with us.
He did receive a medal.
"
د$ اhow « » « از1
2 » و درwhat <« از$ در »اA ن: *ا-:
.<(. ;
24
Mohammad Zakizadeh E-mail: Zakialfa90@yahoo.com TEL: 0281- 3666419
Cell-Phone: 0919 659 0207
:ود-: رP: در )ن- ا ل ز-'( ا. "ر% )(" ا: اA ; "د$ زن !ل
ر7"
ل اNP اX
….. +( must, might, should, could) + have + PP+ ….
:" ;?" و% ; ام%&' د" در: -: . 1$ر* ا. ن: *ا-: :Should
:"; ام ادZ د: . 1$ر* ا. ا; در امA ن: *ا-: :Could
modal auxiliary : !
لNPا
25
Mohammad Zakizadeh E-mail: Zakialfa90@yahoo.com TEL: 0281- 3666419
Cell-Phone: 0919 659 0207
: > !
ت8" C
B
Book books
Watch watches (sh , ch , s , x , z , o )
City cities (Y ies)
Baby babies
Boy boys
Toy toys
F , fe ves
ff , oof , ief s
26
Mohammad Zakizadeh E-mail: Zakialfa90@yahoo.com TEL: 0281- 3666419
Cell-Phone: 0919 659 0207
(؟Z ?=
" وAdjective clause
"ر: (( در. ; X2A د را9 < = از$?; ; )( و ا2 -M از: . (5; هAB
.(* ; ده-: jMA )ن
[who, whom, which, whose, that]
.(. ; X2A < ; ) و)ن را$ اC ازfQ " و% وع-% ed ing C : . 1$; اA=ر
I saw the man living in your apartment.
(N) (adj-phrase)
I saw the man called Tom.
4=
*
((. ا- 7 [
2 : . jMA *ا-:)
that وwho, which % و-N:
د9 از: . (5?;
; ); ه2 -M
.(%: ;
I know the girl who/ that studies in this college.
(N) (adj – clause)
/ "ا- ه: ?;
; را2 -M G ا%: to be / ;
;?2 -M از: -'ا
%: مC -' ا:) ; EQ 1?! رت دو2 G در ا. <(. ; !&فto be
: : ;
2 =رت و%:
; ل2 و-'د و ا% وع-% ing C : : ;
2=رت و
.د% وع-% ed C
;
;?2 -M to be /
27
Mohammad Zakizadeh E-mail: Zakialfa90@yahoo.com TEL: 0281- 3666419
Cell-Phone: 0919 659 0207
(Adj-phrase)
د" و-. ?;
; را !&ف2 -M %= to be / ;
;?2 -M از: -'ا
:<5 ; ing P% )ن را
;
;?2 -M
28
Mohammad Zakizadeh E-mail: Zakialfa90@yahoo.com TEL: 0281- 3666419
Cell-Phone: 0919 659 0207
As a student he had lived on bread and water. (as a student = ;م داN() ه
As a married man he had to think of the future. (as a … =د: هP7 )
We had to walk all the way as we had no money for the fare. (as = P7 )
As you get older, your flexibility decreases. ( as = . ر7 -)ه
Need
He needs to go. (;P.
)
He needs not to go.
He doesn't need to go.
I need a book. (;2)
ا
I don't need a book.
Must
You must clean your own boots. (1$ف '(" ا-L )ا=ر از
You will have to clean your boots when you join the army. ((. ; )'(" =ر
May/ might
May/can I use your phone? (:)د
Might I use your phone? (-. 1=T اب1
)ا!ل در
You might post this for me. (ر او را ام ; ده. L` داردG "(')
Could you show me the way?
(1$ ا-A :دl ;? و1$اwould you -N دP% Could you)
I should like to have seen it. (but it wasn't possible) (" ))رزو* ام
We needn't to have hurried; now we are too early. (*ور-M -@ C ن:)
He must have come this way; here are his footprints. ((ج$ن ا:)
29
Mohammad Zakizadeh E-mail: Zakialfa90@yahoo.com TEL: 0281- 3666419
Cell-Phone: 0919 659 0207
Would you mind moving your car? ده؟1.-! (ن را% (P
Would you mind my moving your car? ده<؟1.-! (ن را% G (P
:اد$0ن ا$)ا
3713 = three thousand, seven hundred and thirteen
(year) 1957 = nineteen hundred and fiQy seven = nineteen, fifty seven
1500 BC (before Christ) = one thousand five hundred BC = fifteen hundred
2006 = two thousand (and) six
⅔ = two third
$ 100.99 = one hundred dollars ninety nine
000 = triple oh
0.8% = zero point eight percent
He is angry G
Ha must be angry 2 در95 ا!ل
He may be angry 2 در50 ا!ل
He might be angry 2 در35 ا!ل
:"
ا'
س در !
ت
'Education (N) )زش Edu'cation (V) )زش دادن
Just
"% مA "زA . ;
I just finished it.
30
Mohammad Zakizadeh E-mail: Zakialfa90@yahoo.com TEL: 0281- 3666419
Cell-Phone: 0919 659 0207
ل-
G
د" از ا$ن ا$) "را
:< دار1
2 دو ع
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/دن: ;-: اT (5 ه1 واC G= . ;A
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;=5 ; وا <$ا
;% ا
ل اG ا.1$ اout وon, off , up, back ) * دوم15 ا
لG ا-T.ا
.(5ه
:: <$ از ا: = اA ; 1$< ا$ اP% و;
?ن-1
31
Mohammad Zakizadeh E-mail: Zakialfa90@yahoo.com TEL: 0281- 3666419
Cell-Phone: 0919 659 0207
As long as: !
ز، !
دا
I will never go there, as long as I live.
As far as:!
As far as I am concern, they have changed their house.
In addition: #و90
They changed their house; in addition they bought a new car.
Contain: ن$ @
The library contains a number of valuable books.
32
Mohammad Zakizadeh E-mail: Zakialfa90@yahoo.com TEL: 0281- 3666419
Cell-Phone: 0919 659 0207
$?
ت و
ت09Bا
Make
Make an attempt: دن-. شBA Make friend: دن-. اQ 1$دو
Make a mistake: دن-. "=%ا Make money: دن-. S لQ
Make an appointment: G
-' 1: Make the most of: دن-.
د" را$ ا-T.! ا
Make a presentation: دن-. /0 Make the bed: دن-. A- `اب را9ر
Make progress: دن-. 1
-Q Make noise: دن-. ا2 و-$
Make a speech: دن-. ;ا-(`$ Make a gesture: دن-. "ر%اء و ا
Make a difference: دن-. ق-
/G% '&ا-rA Make a decision: G
-' <8A
Concern:
ا
Growing concern: % ر: ا; رو-N come about:
ق ا
دنAا
Major concern: ;2 ا/" ;ا-N come across: دن-. رد9-: ;
د8A ر0:
Express concern: دن-. ;ا-N از-:ا come back: G'-:
Concern about: دن: *67 ان-N come from: دن: ; اه
come out: ن% -(
Role contact
Have a role: G% داE close contact: Cد6 سA
Play a role: E دن-.
ا direct contact: <5 سA
Important role: س$ اE face to face contact: =ط رو در روAار
Key role: *. E in contact with: : سA در
Major role: " E keep in contact: دن: سA در
Central role: ;2 ا/*6.- E
In relation to: : =طAدر ار raise an issue: دن-. ح-0 ? ا* را5
In comparison to: : 5 در avoid an issue: دن-. ? ا* ا(ب5 از
In contrast to: : دHA در important/key/major issue: *. ،< ?5
In favor of: S
: complex issue: "tQ ?5
In accordance with: : /:0 political issues: ;$$ 5
In contact with: : سA در social issues: ; ا5
In spite of: <@; ر environmental issues: ;0[ 5
33
Mohammad Zakizadeh E-mail: Zakialfa90@yahoo.com TEL: 0281- 3666419
Cell-Phone: 0919 659 0207
In spite of = despite
They went to the beach in spite of rainy weather.
Despite our effort, they decided to close the school.
34
Mohammad Zakizadeh E-mail: Zakialfa90@yahoo.com TEL: 0281- 3666419
Cell-Phone: 0919 659 0207
35
Mohammad Zakizadeh E-mail: Zakialfa90@yahoo.com TEL: 0281- 3666419
Cell-Phone: 0919 659 0207
Hard/ hardly
Cause/ reason
Centre/ middle
Centre: ;( 0 6.- ;( :
Centre of the circle is shown by a dot.
Middle: 6.- اف-L در ا1$; ا0[ e$ (; و:
I stood in the middle of the room.
Shade/ shadow
Further/ farther
Further:«-: »;( :
I want to get further information.
Farther:«-A (;» دور
New York is farther than London.
Rarely/ scarcely
Lately/ late
Lately:«ا-9 (;»ا
I haven't been here lately.
Late:«- (;» د
Last night I went to bed late.
36
Mohammad Zakizadeh E-mail: Zakialfa90@yahoo.com TEL: 0281- 3666419
Cell-Phone: 0919 659 0207
Latter/ late
former : و در1$ ا67 (; » دو;« از دو: latter ;?« و-A- (; »د: Later
.ار دارد- (67 )او?; از دو
I have two friends, Mary and Jack, the former is a student and the latter is an engineer.
See you later.
37
Mohammad Zakizadeh E-mail: Zakialfa90@yahoo.com TEL: 0281- 3666419
Cell-Phone: 0919 659 0207
:
@
رش5
+
'ا
butter, meat, bread :@&اه •
iron, wood :ر ; رودP: ه67 -N د19$ در. *اد •
water, milk, oxygen, smoke : 'زه، ت •
rice, sugar :6ه* ر67 •
furniture, luggage, baggage, clothing : دارX` *ه6$ وP% . ;< ه$ا •
Arabic, English, Japanese ::; ز$ا •
beauty, ignorance, ugliness -ness, -ty, -nc : 5Q : رش% : -@ ;$ا •
ing : ;$ ا-: •
:-; ز$ا •
2'ا
@
رش5
@
رش5
+
work *-(ر ه. ر.
glass ?ان %
light zZ ر
time 1: ،ر: ،
د 1و
To
So as to +V رg( :
In order to
So that
In order that + N رg( :
(. 1$ا9 ق درE-mail ا )ن را ازA ; ،1$و" د ا6 G اPdf
38
Mohammad Zakizadeh E-mail: Zakialfa90@yahoo.com TEL: 0281- 3666419
Cell-Phone: 0919 659 0207
I we
Me // us
/
/
you you
you / / you
/
/
( ! '(
#$%) ( !
"! #$%)
My our
Mine )
ours
)
your your
yours )
yours
)
his his )
her their
* hers )
theirs
)
its its )
(
+
myself ,-. ourselves
-.
himself /-.
herself /-. themselves
0-.
itself /-.
# ز! زاد$< ، ز
ن ا#
ز،20 a9/ ، 31 Z! ،#
)
ن دا،>و.5 :درس
39