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2.1 Understanding the Causes of Kick
2.2 Early Warning Signs of Kick
2.3 Positive Signs of Kick
2.4 Kick While Drilling
2.5 Kick While Tripping
If the formation pressure gradient is above 0.465 psi per feet, we call the
formation to be abnormally pressured.
If the mud density of the drilling fluid in use is not in accordance to the
formation pressure, the pressure exerted by the drilling fluid column will be
less than the formation pressure.
Gas cut mud occurs due to one the following three actions:
a. Drilling a gas bearing formation with correct mud density (drilled gas)
b. Trip or connection gas
c. Influx of gas from formation having higher pore pressure than the
pressure exerted by drilling fluid column.
The presence of gas in mud reduced the overall density of mud, which
may lead to reduction in hydrostatic pressure.
The early warning signs are indications which suggests that the well may
have taken a kick.
a. ROP Trends
b. Drilling Break
c. Increase in torque or drag
d. Change in cutting size or shape
e. Change in mud property
f. Increase in flow-line temperature
This may increase the torque while drilling and the drag during picking up
the string.
The may be other reasons for increase in torque and drag too, eg: higher
dogleg, poor hole cleaning, caving etc.
Cuttings from normal pressured formations are small in size, with round
edges and flat.
Cuttings from abnormal pressured formations are long and splintery with
angular edges.
When the formation pressure approaches the mud hydrostatic, the bit
generates large amount of cutting.
Positive signs of kick are different from the early warning signs.
They indicate that the kick has already been taken in wellbore.
When the pump is running a fixed rate, the return at surface is nearly
constant.
The decrease in return flow indicates the loss of drilling fluid in the
formation.
When the pumps are off, the drilling mud in the well becomes static.
The mud from active pit enters the wellbore and exits through the flow
line, gets treated on solid control equipment and returns back to the
active pit.
There are chances of slight loss of mud in wellbore and on solid control
equipment.
In no way the volume of active pit will increase until unless some
additional fluid is added into pit from surface or through wellbore.
Thus, increase in pit level indicates that some additional fluid has
entered the wellbore system.
The circulating pressure exerted on pumps reduces if the driller does not
make any throttle adjustment.
The old pump pressure can only be regained by increasing the pump
SPM.
While Drilling:
• Hole Depth
• Hook Load
• Trip tank volume
• Return Flow Percent
During POOH, the driller should immediately make a flow check and run
the string to as bottom as possible if he observes an inappropriate
decrease trip tank volume compared to the scheduled decrease due to
POOH.
If a situation arises that the kick has reached the surface, he should
immediately close the BOP as the situation demands.