Term Paper Topic: Computer Hardware

Course Name: Fundamentals of Computer System

Course ID: CIS101

Submitted by: Saddam Hossain

ID: 1510116
Submitted to: Monzurul Islam (Senior Lecturer, IUB)
Date of Submission: 30th November, 2017
 Table of Content

No. Description Page

1  Computer Hardware 3
2  History of Computer 3
3 Z3Hardware
(1941) 3
4 UNIVAC I (1951) 4
5 IBM System / 360 (1964) 4
6 Apple I (1976) 5
7 Apple II (1977) 5
8 ZX 80 (1980) 6
9 Atari ST (1985) 6
 Modern Computer Hardware
10 7
Motherboard Motherboard
11 7
Central processing
Central Unit (CPU)
processing Unit (CPU)
12 7
Random Access Memory (RAM)
13 8
Power supply Power supply
1
14 8
Power supply
Video Card
15 9
Hard Disk
16 9
CD-ROM drive
17 CD-ROM drive 10
Network Interface Card
18 10
Random Access Memory (RAM)
 References
19 11
  Computer Hardware
A computer system consist two major elements hardware and software. Computer hardware is the
physical parts or components of a computer, such as the monitor, keyboard, computer data storage,
graphic card, sound card and motherboard. By contrast, software is instructions that can be stored
and ran by hardware.

 History of Computer Hardware

Z3 (1941)

Konrad Zuse (German, 1910–1995) was a German civil engineer, inventor and computer pioneer.
His greatest achievement was the world's first functional program-controlled Turing-complete
computer, the Z3, which became operational in May 1941.

Z3 was a binary 22-bit floating point calculator featuring programmability with loops but without
conditional jumps, with memory and a calculation unit based on telephone relays. The telephone
relays used in his machines were largely collected from discarded stock.
UNIVAC I (1951)

The UNIVAC I (Universal Automatic Computer I) was the second commercial computer produced
in the United States. It was designed principally by J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly, the
inventors of the ENIAC. In the years before successor models of the UNIVAC I appeared, the
machine was simply known as "the UNIVAC".

IBM System / 360 (1964)

The IBM System/360 (S/360) was a mainframe computer system family announced by IBM on
April 7, 1964, and delivered between 1965 and 1978. It was the first family of computers designed
to cover the complete range of applications, from small to large, both commercial and scientific.
The design made a clear distinction between architecture and implementation, allowing IBM to
release a suite of compatible designs at different prices.
Apple I (1976)

The original Apple Computer, also known retroactively as the Apple I, orApple-1, is a personal
computer released by the Apple Computer Company (now Apple Inc.) in 1976. They were
designed and hand-built by Steve Wozniak.Wozniak's friend Steve Jobs had the idea of selling the
computer. The Apple I was Apple's first product, and to finance its creation, Jobs sold his only
means of transportation, a VW Microbus and Wozniak sold his HP-65 calculator for $500. It was
demonstrated in July 1976 at the Homebrew Computer Club in Palo Alto, California.

Apple II (1977)
The Apple II is an 8-bit home computer, one of the first highly successful mass-produced
microcomputer products, designed primarily by Steve Wozniak, manufactured by Apple Computer
(now Apple Inc.) and introduced in 1977. It is the first model in a series of computers which were
produced until Apple II production ceased in November 1993.
ZX 80 (1980)

The Sinclair ZX80 is a home computer brought to market in 1980 by Science of Cambridge Ltd.
(later to be better known as Sinclair Research). It is notable for being the first computer available
in the United Kingdom for less than a hundred pounds. It was available in kit form for £79.95,
where purchasers had to assemble and solder it together, and as a ready-built version at £99.95.
The ZX80 was very popular straight away, and for some time there was a waiting list of several
months for either version of the machine.

Atari ST (1985)
ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer) was a modular computer, composed of
individual panels to perform different functions. Twenty of these modules were accumulators,
which could not only add and subtract but hold a ten-digit decimal number in memory. Numbers
were passed between these units across several general-purpose buses, or trays, as they were called.
In order to achieve its high speed, the panels had to send and receive numbers, compute, save the
answer, and trigger the next operation—all without any moving parts.
  Modern Computer Hardware

Motherboard

A motherboard (sometimes alternatively known as the mainboard, system board, baseboard,

planar board or logic board, or colloquially, a mobo) is the main printed circuit board (PCB) found
in general purpose microcomputers and other expandable systems. A motherboard is one of the
most essential parts of a computer system. It holds together many of the crucial components of a
computer, including the central processing unit (CPU), memory and connectors for input and
output devices.

Central processing Unit (CPU)

A central processing unit is the electronic circuitry within a computer that carries out the
instructions of a computer program by performing the basic arithmetic, logical, control and
input/output operations specified by the instructions. The computer does its primary work in a part
of the machine we cannot see, a control center that converts data input to information output. This
control center, called the central processing unit (CPU), is a highly complex, extensive set of
electronic circuitry that executes stored program instructions.
Random Access Memory (RAM)

RAM (is an acronym for random access memory, a type of computer memory that can be accessed
randomly; that is, any byte of memory can be accessed without touching the preceding
bytes. RAM is the most common type of memory found in computers and other devices. The
more RAM a CPU has access to, the easier its job becomes, which enables a faster computer.

Power supply

A power supply is an electrical device that supplies electric power to an electrical load. The
primary function of a power supply is to convert electric current from a source to the correct
voltage, current, and frequency to power the load. The power supply converts a 110-115 or 220-
230 volt alternating current (AC) into a steady low-voltage direct current (DC) usable by the
computer and rated by the number of watts it generates.
Video Card

A video card is an expansion card which generates a feed of output images to a display. Frequently,
these are advertised as discrete or dedicated graphics cards, emphasizing the distinction between
these and integrated graphics. The memory on a video card is very similar to the regular random-
access memory (or RAM) on a motherboard. A video card connects to the motherboard of a
computer system using a slot, typically an Accelerated Graphics Port (AGP) or a Peripheral
Component Interconnect Express (PCIe) connection.

Hard Disk

The hard disk drive is the main, and usually largest, data storage hardware device in a computer.
The operating system, software titles, and most other files are stored in the hard disk drive. The
hard drive is sometimes referred to as the "C drive" due to the fact that Microsoft Windows
designates the "C" drive letter to the primary partition on the primary hard drive in a computer by
default.
CD-ROM drive

A CD-ROM is a pre-pressed optical compact disc which contains data. The name is an acronym
which stands for "Compact Disc Read-Only Memory". Computers can read CD-ROMs, but cannot
write to CD-ROMs, which are not writable or erasable. Although the disc media and the drives of
the CD and CD-ROM are, in principle, the same, there is a difference in the way data storage is
organized. Two new sectors were defined, Mode 1 for storing computer data and Mode 2 for
compressed audio or video/graphic data.

Network Interface Card

A network interface controller also known as LAN adapter is a computer hardware component that
connects a computer to a computer network. Early network interface controllers were commonly
implemented on expansion cards that plugged into a computer bus. It is a computer hardware
component that connects a computer to a computer network.
 References
 http://www.webpages.uidaho.edu/art370-
pini2553/Project2/KyleRichards_LaciPinion_Timeline/index
.html
 http://www.streetdirectory.com/travel_guide/124907/hardw
are/types_of_computer_hardware.html
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page
 https://web.stanford.edu/class/cs101/hardware-1.html
 http://wifinotes.com/computer-hardware-components/types-
of-computer-hardware.html