I.

INTRODUCTION

“Topographic surveying” encompasses a broad range of surveying and mapping

products, ranging from aerial mapping to ground and underground surveys. “Control
surveying” likewise can cover wide area geodetic surveys to construction stakeout.
The following definitions from the Florida Administrative Code (FAC 2003) illustrates
how topographic and control surveying falls under the overall “surveying and
mapping” field: “Surveying and Mapping: a process of direct measurement and analysis
specifically designed to document the existence, the identity, the location, and the
dimension or size of natural or artificial features on land or in the air, space or
water for the purpose of producing accurate and reliable maps, suitable for
visualization if needed, of such documentation.”

“Topographic Survey: a survey of selected natural and artificial features of a

part of theearth’s surface to determine horizontal and vertical spatial relations.”
“Control Survey: a survey which provides horizontal or vertical position data for
the support or control of subordinate surveys or for mapping.”

Anderson and Mikhail 1998 define topographic surveys as follows: “A topographic

map shows, through the use of suitable symbols, (1) the spatial characteristics of
the earth’s surface, with such features as hills and valleys, vegetation and rivers,
and (2) constructed features such as buildings, roads, canals, and cultivation. The
distinguishing characteristic of a topographic map, as compared with other maps, is
the representation of the terrain relief.”
II. EQUIPMENTS

Stadia rod

Transit

Tripod

Traingle

Plumb bob

Marking chalk

III. PROCEDURE

IV. DATA AND RESULTS

V. DETAILED COMPUTATIONS

VI. SET UP OR CONTOUR MAP

VII. OBESERVATION

Control and topographic surveys are performed to determine the planimetric

location and/or elevation of surface or subsurface features, facilities, or utilities.
These surveys are normally used to prepare highly detailed site plan maps (and digital
databases) of a project site, facilities, or utility infrastructure; for future design,
on going construction, or as-built condition. Engineering drawing scales are typically
large--ranging between 1 inch = 30 ft and 1 inch = 100 ft. These surveys are performed
over relatively small project sites using tripod-mounted, manually operated,
terrestrial survey equipment, such as transits, tapes, levels, plane tables,
electronic total stations, and GPS receivers. This manual covers the field survey
techniques, instrumentation, and electronic data collection systems that are used in
performing these ground-based field surveys, and transferring observed data into
facility management or design databases. Also included are methods for extending
geodetic control needed for supplemental topographic mapping work on a military
installation or civil works project site
VIII. SIGNIFICANCE AND USE

Topographic survey is simply the recording of coordinates and height data for a
particular survey area. This data can be used to create spot height maps, contour maps,
or more complex terrain models of the surveyed area.

Boundaries It is important in topographic surveys to record the boundaries of your

survey, both so that the data can be spatially located, but also, for the management
of point collection. More often than not, survey boundaries are defined by field
boundaries, and it is good practice to record these immediately after instrument setup
and orientation.

Features Often the survey area will have buildings, standing remains, or
archaeological features which you don’t want to include with the topographic data.
Points associated with these features should be recorded separately and assigned point
IDs which are different from the ID of Topographic points.
IX. CONCLUSION

Topography is a field of geoscience and planetary science and is concerned with

local detail in general, including not only relief but also natural and artificial
features, and even local history and culture. This meaning is less common in the
United States, where topographic maps with elevation contours have made "topography"
synonymous with relief. Topography maps are very useful for engineers when planning
and locating a faciltiy
X. REFERENCES

-http://www.ce.memphis.edu/1101/notes/surveying/Surveying_5_topo_modeling.pdf

-https://www.york.ac.uk/media/archaeology/documents/undergraduatedegrees/guid
es/ts.pdf

-https://ocw.upc.edu/sites/all/modules/ocw/estadistiques/download.php?file=39
0209/2011/1/53971/entire-4511.pdf