1. Coal Mining – extracting coal from the ground.

Coal is valued for its energy content

and has been widely used to generate electricity.
2. Steel and cement industries use coal as a fule extraction of iron from iron ore and for
cement production. In UK & South africa – coal mining is referred as colliery and the
above grounf structures – a pit head
3. Surface mining : when coal seam are near the surface, it may be economical to extract
the coal using open cut (also referred to as open cast, openpit, mountaintop removal or
strip) mining methods. Types of mining : Strip mining (removing earth above each
coal seam and is often necessary to fragment the overburden by use of explosives),
Contour mining, Mountaintop removal mining (surface mining practice involving
removal of mountaintops to expose coal seams, and disposing of associated mining
overburden in adjacent "valley fills) and Underground mining.
4. Coal is mined commercially in over 50 countries. Brown coal (lignite). Coal reserves
are available in almost every country worldwide, with recoverable reserves in around
70 countries. Crrent productio, proven coals reserves are estimated to last 147 years.
However, production levels are by no means level, and are in fact increasing and
some estimates are that peak coal could arrive in many countries such as China and
America by around 2030. Coal reserves are usually stated as either (1) "Resources"
("measured" + "indicated" + "inferred" = "resources", and then, a smaller number,
often only 10-20% of "resources", (2) "Run of Mine" (ROM) reserves, and finally (3)
"marketable reserves", which may be only 60% of ROM reserves.[clarification
needed] The standards for reserves are set by stock exchanges, in consultation with
industry associations. For example, in ASEAN countries reserves standards follow the
Australasian Joint Ore Reserves Committee Code (JORC) used by the Australian
Securities Exchange.
5. Coal is a nonrenewable resource known as fossil fuel. It's the most abundant fossil
fuel we have. The four types of coal include peat, lignite, bituminous, and anthracite,
with anthracite being most desirable due to its high heat content.
6. Calorific value or Heating value – the most important parameter that determines the
economics of the power plant operation (t indicates the amount of heat that is released
when the coal is burned. The Calorific Value varies on the geographical age,
formation, ranking and location of the coal mines. It is expressed as kJ/kg in the SI
unit system. Power plant coals have a Calorific Value in the range of 9500 kJ/kg to
27000 kJ/ kg)
7. Coal- a solid carbon rich material that is usually brown or black and most often occurs
in stratified sedimentary deposits. Different Varieties of coal arise because of
differences in the kind of plants material (Coal type), degree of coalification )coal
rank) and range of impurities (coal grade). Although most coals occur in stratified
sedimentary deposits, the deposits may later be subjected to elevated temperatures and
pressures caused by igneous intrusions or deformation during orogenesis (i.e.,
processes of mountain building), resulting in the development of anthracite and even
graphite. Although the concentration of carbon in Earth’s crust does not exceed 0.1
percent by weight, it is indispensable to life and constitutes humankind’s main source
of energy.
8. Coal is an abundant natural resource that can be used as a source of energy, as a
chemical source from which numerous synthetic compounds (e.g., dyes, oils, waxes,
 pharmaceuticals, and pesticides) can be derived, and in the production of coke for
metallurgical processes. Coal is a major source of energy in the production of
electrical power using steam generation. In addition, gasification and liquefaction of
coal produce gaseous and liquid fuels that can be easily transported (e.g., by pipeline)
and conveniently stored in tanks. After the tremendous rise in coal use in the early
2000s, which was primarily driven by the growth of China’s economy, coal use
worldwide peaked in 2012. Since then coal use has experienced a steady decline,
offset largely by increases in natural gas use.
9. In general, coal can be considered a hydrogen-deficient hydrocarbon with a hydrogen-
to-carbon ratio near 0.8, as compared with a liquid hydrocarbons ratio near 2 (for
propane, ethane, butane, and other forms of natural gas) and a gaseous hydrocarbons
ratio near 4 (for gasoline). For this reason, any process used to convert coal to
alternative fuels must add hydrogen (either directly or in the form of water).
10.