Heat and Work

First Law of Thermodynamics

Heat
9.1
Heat and Work
Thermodynamic Processes Work

Thermodynamics is the science of heat and work

Heat is a form of energy Calorimetry

Mechanical equivalent of heat

Mechanical work done on a system produces a rise 1calorie =4.184 J

in temperature like heat added to the system.

Work First Law of Thermodynamics

The change in the internal energy of a system U, is equal to the heat
Heat input into a system can input Q minus the work done by the system.
produce work

∆ W = F∆ x ∆U = Q − W
∆W = PA∆x = P∆V Heat
Q Internal
For the case of Energy
thermal expansion U
Heat input Work
work is done by
Q W
the system.
System
The internal energy is the energy stored in the system.
For an ideal gas the internal energy is the kinetic energy of the gas

1
 Thermodynamic processes in an
PV diagram
ideal gas T1 T2

U1 U2

P • State 2
State 1 (P1, V1, T1) State 2 (P2, V2, T2 )

•
State 1
• The state of the ideal gas is determined by the three parameters,
PVT. V
• A thermodynamic process is the transition between states with input
or output of heat and work with changes in internal energy. Each point in the diagram represents a State of the system
• The internal energy U is a property of the state. ∆U determined by The temperature T is not plotted but is not an independent variable.
the initial and final state and is independent of path T can be calculated from P and V using the ideal gas law.
• The heat absorbed and work done in the process depend on the The points of constant temperature on the PV diagram are hyperbola
path.
P=
nRT For constant T
V

Work can be calculated if the

Thermodynamic processes process is reversible.
x x
State 2 (T2, P2, V2) State 2 (T2, P2, V2)
Path A Path A

P
P Path B

x x
State 1 (T1, P1, V1) State 1 (T1, P1, V1)

V V
The change in U going from 1 to 2 is the same for the We can calculate the work done in going from 1 to 2 if
two paths. ∆UA =∆UB the change is a reversible process. i.e. it goes slowly
The change in Q and W going from 1 to 2 is different through well defined states that are in quasi-equilibrium.
between the two paths. QA ≠ QB , WA ≠ WB

Work cannot be calculated for

Reversible process an irreversible process.
x
State 2 (T2, P2, V2)
Path A
T is increased
slowly from 0 to 100o C P
?

x
State 1 (T1, P1, V1)

The temperature is changed very slowly so that
the gas sample is at a uniform temperature.
V
We cannot calculate the work done in going from 1 to 2 if
the process is irreversible. i.e. goes rapidly through states
that are not well characterized and not in quasi-equilibrium.
However, we can determine ∆U, since this is a state property.

2
 Irreversible process
Work done in a process

V2
dW = PdV W= ∫ Pdv
V1
The gas is not in a well defined thermodynamic
The work is the area under the
state as it is heated.
PV curve.

Some thermodynamic processes

expansion of ideal gas Thermodynamic processes
T constant
T1 T2
1. Constant Temperature process- heat Increasing T
Isothermal Constant T bath
Constant T
P constant Constant P
Constant V
2. Constant Pressure process – Adiabatic
Isobaric. e.g heating a balloon P (Q=0)
T changes
at constant P

3. Constant Volume process. Heating V constant

a gas thermometer
T changes at
constant V
4. Adiabatic process – no heat V
Q=0
exchange. Rapid compression or
expansion of a gas T changes No contact
with V with heat bath

Isothermal volume change Constant Volume

T is constant U is constant At constant volume
∆U = 0 W=0 P2 , T2
All the heat goes
W=Q into work ∆U = Q
• no work is done all the heat goes
P Q
Q =W
Work into internal energy P1 , T1
V2 V2
nRT • We can use this to find ∆U
W= ∫ PdV = ∫ V
dV
V1 V1
Q = nc V ∆T V
nRT
P=
V ∆U = nc V ∆T This is true for all processes since U is a State
function and only dependent on T.
W = nRTln V2 − nRTln V1
specific heat at constant volume
V2 work is positive
Expansion >1 ∆U the specific heat of the gas cV depends
V2 V1 work is done by the gas cV =
W = nRTln n∆T on the structure of the gas molecule.
V1 V2
Compression < 1 work is negative
V1 work is done on the gas Units J / mole ⋅ K

3
 Constant Pressure Adiabatic Process
Constant Pressure Heat input Q=0
Work ∆U= -W Work is done at the
V2 expense of internal energy
W= ∫ PdV = P(V2 − V1) = P∆V
V1 Q=0
Define “Adiabatic exponent” γ
Heat input c c +R R
γ = P = V = 1+
Q = ∆U + P∆V cV cV cV
Q = nc V ∆T + P∆V = nc V ∆T + nR∆T γdepends on the nature of the gas,
γ =1.40 for air.
Q = nc P ∆T
γ γ
PV relationship 1 1 = P2V2
PV PV γ = cons tan t
Specific heat at constant pressure, cP
TV relationship TV
1 1
γ −1
= T2V2γ −1 TV γ −1 = cons tan t
the specific heat at constant P is larger
cP = c V + R than the specific heat at constant V.
1 1 − P2V2
W = PV
because work is done by the gas
γ −1

Adiabatic compression Adiabatic compression

The air (γ=1.40) in an automobile engine is compressed quickly so that The air (γ=1.40) in an automobile engine is compressed quickly so that
appreciable heat exchange does not occur. For a compression ratio appreciable heat exchange does not occur. For a compression ratio
V1/V2 =10. Find the temperature of the gas compressed from an initial V1/V2 =10. Find the work done in compressing a gas from 1atm if the
temperature of 20o C. capacity is 2.8 l.
Work
Temperature PV − P2V2
W = 1 1
γ −1
γ −1
TV
1 1 = T2V2γ −1 1x105 Pa(2.8x10−3 m3 ) − 25x105 Pa(0.28x10−3 m3 )
W=
γ−1
1.4 − 1
⎛V ⎞
T2 = ⎜ 1 ⎟ T1 W = −1.05x103 J work is done on the gas
⎝ V2 ⎠
Pressure

T2 = (10 )
0.40
(293) = 736K = 463o C P1V1γ = P2 V2 γ
γ
⎛V ⎞
P2 = ⎜ 1 ⎟ P1
⎝ V2 ⎠
P2 = (10 ) 1.0x105 Pa = 25x105 Pa
1.4

Santa Anna Conditions

T= 20o C

P= 85 kPa
P = 100 kPa
T=?

High Desert. Coast

Santa Ana winds originate in the high desert region of California

and is heated by adiabatic compress during the rapid descent to the
coast. For the above conditions what would the temperature at the coast
be? T
= cons tan t
TV γ−1 = cons tan t γ−1
γ
P
PV γ = cons tan t γ−1 1.4 −1
γ−1 ⎛P ⎞ γ
⎛ 100 ⎞ 1.4 o

P γ
V γ−1 = cons tan t T2 = T1 ⎜ 2 ⎟ = 293 ⎜ ⎟ = 307K = 93 F
⎝ P1 ⎠ ⎝ 85 ⎠