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PURINE PYRIMIDINE
FUNGSI DNA (DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID)
- DNA adalah polymer panjang, yang terdiri dari unit-unit nukleotida serta dihubungkan
dengan backbone gula dan grup fosfat
- Penyimpan informasi genetic seumur hidup dan dari generasi ke generasi
- Bersifat sebagai blueprint/cetakan informasi tetapi tidak mengeksekusi langsung
- Menyandi asam-amino dan protein
- Selain berfungsi sebagai Gen, area antar gen berfungsi sebagai pendukung structural
dan mengatur ekspresi informasi genetik
CENTRAL DOGMA
DALAM BIOLOGI MOLEKULER
DNA • Duplikasi
REVERSE
mRNA
TRANSKRIPSI
Protein
TRANSLASI
STRUKTUR DNA
SEJARAH PANJANG DNA:
IDE AWAL, PENEMUAN & APLIKASINYA
1859 - Charles Darwin publishes The Origin of Species
1866 - Gregor Mendel discovers the basic principles of genetics
1869 - Friedrich Miescher identifies "nuclein"
1900 – Mendel's theories are rediscovered by researchers
1902 - Sir Archibald Edward Garrod is the first to associate Mendel's theories with a human disease
1944 - Oswald Avery identifies DNA as the 'transforming principle'
1950 - Erwin Chargaff discovers that DNA composition is species specific
1952 - Rosalind Franklin photographs crystallized DNA fibres
1953 - James Watson and Francis Crick discover the double helix structure
of DNA
1953 - George Gamow and the “RNA Tie Club”
1959 - An additional copy of chromosome 21 linked to Down's syndrome
1965 - Marshall Nirenberg is the first person to sequence the bases in each codon
1977 - Frederick Sanger develops rapid DNA sequencing techniques
1983 - Huntington's disease is the first mapped genetic disease
1990 - The first gene associated with increased susceptibility to familial breast and ovarian cancer is identified
1990 - The Human Genome Project begins
1995 - Haemophilus Influenzae is the first bacterium genome sequenced
1996 - Dolly the sheep is cloned
1996 - 'Bermuda Principles' established
1999 - First human chromosome is decoded
2000 – Genetic code of the fruit fly is decoded
2002 – Mouse is the first mammal to have its genome decoded
2003 – The Human Genome Project is completed
2013 – DNA Worldwide and Eurofins Forensic discover identical twins have differences in their genetic makeup
LOKASI DNA PADA PROKARIOTIK DAN EUKARIOTIK
DNA : DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID
1. Basa nitrogen:
• Adenine (A)
• Cytosin (C)
• Guanine (G)
• Thymone (T)
2. Gula @5 Carbon
• Ribose (RNA)
• Deoxy-ribose
(DNA)
3. Fosfat (P)
UNIVERSALITAS KODE GENETIK
EUKARYOTIK
PROKARYOTIK
KROMOSOM
RNA: RIBONUCLEIC ACID
JENIS RNA:
- Messenger RNA (mRNA) : 5% total RNA
- Transfer RNA (tRNA) : 15% total RNA
- Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) : 80% total RNA
DNA vs RNA
DNA RNA
KARAKTERISTK RNA DNA
Basa nitrogen Adenine, RNA, Uracyl, Adenine, RNA, Thymine,
Cytosinean & GUanine Cytosinean & GUanine
Fungsi :
- Merupakan ikatan penting karena membentuk backbone pada asam nukleat
- Menghubungkan nucleotida secara berturut-turut pada asam nukleat, dari 3’ C satu gula ke 5’ C pada gula yang lain
BAGAIMANA DNA DIANALISIS ?
1. EKSTRAKSI/ISOLASI DNA
2. PENGUKURAN KONSENTRASI DNA
3. ELEKTROFORESIS DNA
4. VISUALISASI DNA
5. PCR & REAL TIME PCR (SESI TERSENDIRI)
6. DNA SEQUENCING
7. ANALISIS SEQUENCE
PRINSIP EKSTRAKSI/ ISOLASI DNA
• Semua sampel
biologis/klinis
SAMPEL
• Penghancuran
dinding/membrane sel
LISIS
• Penghancuran
dinding/membrane sel
LISIS