GERUND AND INFINTIVE

TODAY : DECEMBER 14th, 2018

GROUPS : TWELVE (12)

MEMBER OF GROUP : 1. DESY KURNIASARI (18050534009)

2. EZRA DIMAS PRATAMA (18050534016)

CREATION DATE : SEPTEMBER 15th, 2018

DATE OF SUBMISSION : SEPTEMBER 17th, 2018

ASSISTING : Ir. NURHAYATI ARITONANG, S.T., M.T.

DEPARTEMENT

OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

STATE UNIVERSITY OF SURABAYA

2018
 Preface

Thank you to the god who has given His love and grace to us, also His guidance to
finish this paper timely. We thank to to our lecturer, Ir. Nurhayati Aritonang M.T. who helped
and give much her knowledge about gerund and infinitive.

Hopefully all the reader and people who read this paper will get more knowledge to
make us be professional in what our activity by using English.
 Table of Content
Preface..................................................................................................................1
Table of Content...................................................................................................2
Chapter I Preliminary
1. Background.................................................................................................3
2. Formulation problem..................................................................................3
3. Purpose.......................................................................................................4
Chapter II
1. Gerund........................................................................................................5
1.1 Description of The Gerund.................................................................5
1.2 Classification of The Gerund...............................................................5
a. Gerund as a subject...............................................................
b. Gerund as object of certain verb.................................................
c. Gerund as an object of Preposition.............................................
d. Gerund as a subjective complement.............................................
e. Gerund as a Noun Modifier vs Active Participle..........................
f. Gerunds with their subjects...............................................
g. Go + Gerund...............................................................
h. Gerund as a short prohibition.....................................................
2. Infinitive ....................................................................................................5
2.1 Description of Infinitive.................................................................5
2.2 Classification of Infinitive...............................................................5
a. To infinitive as a subject
b. To infinitive as an Object of certain verb
c. To infinitive as a modifier of a noun
d. To infinitive as a modifier of an adjective
e. To infinitive as a modifier of question word
f. To infinitive an objective complement
g. The Bare Infinitive after modal axiliary
h. The Bare Infinitive after causative verb
3. Exercise.............................................................................................24
4. Answer and Explanation...................................................................30
Chapter III
1. Conclusion...............................................................................................31
2. Suggestion...............................................................................................31
3. Reading List............................................................................................32
4. Power Point.............................................................................................33
5. Attachment..............................................................................................79
 Chapter I

Preliminary

1. Background

Gerund and Infinitive are important for everyone to compile the right word in a sentence
that contain two verbs . So there are no mistake in writing about the a sentence that contain two
verbs.

2. Formulation Problems
a. Description of gerund
b. Gerund as a subject
c. Gerund as object of certain verb
d. Gerund as an object of Preposition
e. Gerund as a subjective complement
f. Gerund as a Noun Modifier vs Active Participle
g. Gerunds with their subjects
h. Go + Gerund
i. Gerund as a short prohibition
j. To infinitive as a subject
k. To infinitive as an Object of certain verb
l. To infinitive as a modifier of an adjective
m. To infinitive as a modifier of question word
n. To infinitive an objective complement
o. The Bare Infinitive after modal axiliary
p. The Bare Infinitive after causative verb
3. Purpose
From the identification of the problems mentioned above, the authors certainly
aimed to clarify or explain these points, according to the knowledge we have obtained, either
from books or from the source of our teachers.
 Chapter II

GERUND AND INFINITIVE

1. GERUND
1.1 Description of The Gerund

Gerund is a sentence that contain two verbs. One verb is used as a verb. The other verb
is used as a noun. The verb is used as a noun use Verb that is added –ing (V-ing).

1.2.Classification of The Gerund

A. Gerund as a Subject
Gerund as a subject is verb-ing form is used as a noun that is placed at the beginning
of sentence.
Examples :
Assembling steel of concrete is Dimas’s favourite activity.
Past Perfect Continuous Tense
Assembling steel of concrete had been being Dimas’s favourite activity.
Simple Future Tense
Assembling steel of concrete will be Dimas’s favourite activity.
B. Gerund as an Object of Certain Verb
Gerund is verb-ing form that function as object after certain verb.
 Examples :
Al and Fian practice making the waterways in plumbing laboratory.
Past Perfect Continuous Tense
V : Al and Fian had been practicing making the waterways in plumbing laboratory.
N : Al and Fian had been being the practicer of making the waterways in plumbing laboratory.
Simple Future Tense
V : Al and Fian will practice making the waterways in plumbing laboratory.
N : Al and Fian will be the practicer of making the waterways in plumbing laboratory.
C. Gerund as an Object of Preposition
Gerund as an object of preposition is verb-ing form that function as object after preposition.
Preposition is form that is placed before noun or pronoun.
Examples :
Baskara and Luqman give up counting the vehicles in Jalan Ketintang.
Past Perfect Continuous Tense
V : Baskara and Luqman had been giving up counting the vehicles in Jalan Ketintang.
N : Baskara and Luqman had been being the loser of counting the vehicles in Jalan Ketintang.
Simple Future Tense
V : Baskara and Luqman will give up counting the vehicles in Jalan Ketintang.
 N : Baskara and Luqman will be the loser of counting the vehicles in Jalan Ketintang.
D. Gerund as a Subjective Complement
Gerund as a subjective complement is a verb-ing form that complete or explain a subjective.
This gerund can also function a object after to be (is, are, am, were, was and the other)
Examples :

Fiton’s ambition is being a contractor.

Past Perfect Continuous Tense

Fiton’s ambition had been being a contractor.

Simple Future Tense

Fiton’s ambition will being a contractor.

E. Gerund as a Noun Modifier vs Active Participle

Gerund as noun modifier and active participle use v-ing before noun. And v-ing form explain
a noun.
• Gerund as a noun modifiers
gerund as noun modifier is a verb-ing form that explain a noun.

Examples :

Rendis draws a house plan in the drawing room.

Past Perfect Continuous Tense

V : Rendis had been drawing a house plan in the drawing room.

N : Rendis had been being the drawer of a house plan in the drawing room.

Simple Future Tense

V : Rendis will draw a house plan in the drawing room.

N : Rendis will be the drawer of a house plan in the drawing room.

• Active participle
Active participle is a verb-ing form that explain a
noun that do action.
Examples :
The standing boys measure the heights land for semester final assignment.
 Past Perfect Continuous Tense
V : The standing boys had been measuring the heights land for semester final
assignment.
N : The standing boys had been being the measurer of heights land for semester final
assignment.
Simple Future Tense
V : The standing boys will measure the heights land for semester final assignment.
N : The standing boys will be the measurer of heights land for semester final
assignment.
F. Gerunds with their subjects
Gerunds with their subjects is verb-ing form that is owned a subject. Gerunds with
their subjects is verb-ing form after Posesseive (kata ganti orang). This gerund can also
function as either subject or object.

Examples :

Erindra repairs a car with his father’s helping.

Past Perfect Continuous Tense

V : Erindra had been repairing a car with his father’s helping.

N : Erindra had been being the repairer of a car with his father’s helping.

Simple Future Tense

V : Erindra will repair a car with his father’s helping.

N : Erindra will be the repairer of a car with his father’s helping.

G. Go + Gerund
Go + Gerund is verb-ing after “go” form that express activities. The most of Go +
verb-ing express activities recreational.
Examples :
Surya and Tsamara go hiking after making a concrete.
Past Perfect Continuous Tense
V : Surya and Tsamara had been going hiking after making a concrete.
N : Surya and Tsamara had been being the climber after making a concrete.
Simple Future Tense
 V : Surya and Tsamara will go hiking after making a concrete.
N : Surya and Tsamara will be the climber after making a concrete.
H. Gerund as a short prohibition
Gerund as a short prohibition is verb-ing form that express Prohibition or warning.
Verb-ing is placed after “No”.
Examples :
No Smoking!
No Parking!
No fire lighting!

2. Infinitive
2.1 Description of infinitive
Infinitive is a sentence that contain two verbs. One verb is used as a main verb. The other
verb is used as either a noun, adjective or adverb. The intifinitive use Verb-1.Infinitive is
devided into 2, To Infinitive and Bare Infinitive
a. To Infinitive
Verb-1 form on infinitive that is added To before Verb-1.
Example
Uci buys a helmet to use in the employment.
Past Perfect Continuous Tense
V : Uci had been buying a helmet to use in the employment.
N : Uci had been being the buyer of a helmet to use in the employment.
Simple Future Tense
V : Uci will buy a helmet to use in the employment.
N : Uci will be the buyer of a helmet to use in the employment.

b. The Bare Infinitive (Infinitive Without To)

Verb-1 form on infinitive that without is added To.
Example
Dita will write an article about the plumbing.
Past Perfect Continuous Tense
V : Dita had been writing an article about the plumbing.
N : Dita had been being the writer an article about the plumbing.
Simple Future Tense
 V : Dita will write an article about the plumbing.
N : Dita will be the writer an article about the plumbing

2.2 Classification of infinitive

A. To Infinitive as a Subject
To Infinitive as a subject is to + verb-1 form is used as a noun that is placed at the
beginning of the sentence.
Examples
To learn calculus differensial is hard work.
Past Perfect Continuous Tense
To learn calculus differensial had been being hard work.
Simple Future Tense
To learn calculus differensial will be hard work.
B. To Infinitive as an Object of Certain Verb
To infinitive as an object of certain verb is to + verb-1 that is used as a noun. To +
verb-1 is placed after certain verb.
Common verbs followed by infinitive :
 Examples :
Jessica learns hydrology to research water content.
Past Perfect Continuous Tense
V : Jessica had been learning hydrology to research water content.
N : Jessica had been being the learner of hydrology to research water content.
Simple Future Tense
V : Jessica will learn hydrology to research water content.
N : Jessica will be learner of hydrology to research water content.
C. To Infinitive as a Modifier of a Noun
To infinitive as a modifier of a noun is to + verb-1 form that explain function of a noun in the
sentence.
Examples :
Ayu buys a hydrology book to study it.
Past Perfect Continuous Tense
V : Ayu had been buying a hydrology book to study it.
N : Ayu had been being the buyer of a hydrology book to study it.
Simple Future Tense
V : Ayu will buy hydrology book to study it.
N : Ayu will be buyer of hydrology book to study it.
D. To Infinitive as Modifier of an Adjective
To infinitive as Modifier of an Adjective is a to + verb-1 that explain a result of that adjective.
Examples :
Yan is shock to see the result of his slump test is bad.
Past Perfect Continuous Tense
Yan had been being shock to see the result of his slump test is bad.
Simple Future Tense
Yan will be shock to see the result of his slump test is bad.
E. To Infinitive as Modifier of a Question word
To Infinitive as Modifier of a Wh- word is a to + verb-1 that express a action verb is done by
subject with adding wh- word (what, when, where, who, which, why and how) after object,
before to+verb-1.
Examples :
Dodik shows me how to make table.
Past Perfect Continuous Tense
 V : Dodik had been showing me how to make table.
N : Dodik had been being the tutor for me how to make table.
Simple Future Tense
V : Dodik will show me how to make table.
N : Dodik will be the tutor for me how to make table.
F. To Infinitive as an objective complement
To Infinitive as objective complement is to + verb-1 that explain an action that is
asked by subject to object
Examples :
Gusti advises me to make the car without pollution.
Past Perfect Continuous Tense
V : Gusti had been advising me to make the car without pollution.
N : Gusti had been being advisor for me to make the car without pollution.
Simple Future Tense
V : Gusti will advise me to making the car without pollution.
N : Gusti will be advisor for me to make the car without pollution.
G. The Bare Infinitive after modal auxiliary
Modal auxiliary verb (kata kerja bantu) is a word that placed before main verb (kata
kerja utama) to modify the meaning of the main verb. The main verb is called
Infinitive.
Examples :
Can
Risqi and his friends can draw a house plan with autocad.
PPCT
V : Risqi and his friends had been drawing a house plan with autocad.
N : Risqi and his friends had been being the drawer of a house plan with autocad.
SFT
V : Risqi and his friends will draw a house plan with autocad.
N : Risqi and his friends will be the drawer of a house plan with autocad.
May
This assignment may take a long time.
PPCT
V : This assignment had been taking a long time.
N : This assignment had been being the taker of a long time.
 SFT
V : This assignment will take a long time.
N : This assignment will be the taker of a long time.
Must
Suci must work the hydrology today.
PPCT
V : Suci had been working the hydrology.
N : suci had been being the worker of the hydrology.
SFT
V : Suci will work the hydrology.
N : Suci will be the worker of the hydrology today
Shall
We shall buy a hammer in the material shop.
PPCT
V : We had been buying a hammer in the material shop.
N : We had been being the buyer a hammer in the material shop.
SFT
V : We shall buy a hammer in the material shop.
N : We shall be the buyer a hammer in the material shop.
Will
Indra will go to the plumbing laboratory.
PPCT
V : Indra had been going to the plumbing laboratory.
N : Indra had been being the go to the plumbing laboratory.
SFT
V : Indra will go to the plumbing laboratory.
N : Indra will be the go to the plumbing laboratory.
H. The Bare Infinitive after Causative Verb
Causative verb is verb that used to show that the subject not doing that action, but the
objek of the sentence that doing the action. But the subject responsible the action.
That action is called infinitive.
Examples :
Let
The owner let the worker enter the water laboratory.
 PPCT
V : The owner had been letting the worker enter the water laboratory.
N : The owner had been being the loser of the worker enter the water laboratory.
SFT
V : The owner will let the worker enter the water laboratory.
N : The owner will be the loser of the worker enter the water laboratory.
Make
Lala make me work her homework.
PPCT
V : Lala had been making me work her homework.
N : Lala had been being the maker of me work her homework.
SFT
V : Lala will make me work her homework.
N : Lala will be the maker me work her homework.
Help
Anisa help Riska clean the plumbing laboratory.
PPCT
V : Anisa had been helping Riska clean the plumbing laboratory.
N : Anisa had been being the helper of Riska clean the plumbing laboratory.
SFT
V : Anisa will help Riska clean the plumbing laboratory.
N : Anisa will be helper of Riska clean the plumbing laboratory.
3. The verb followed by either a gerund or an infinitive
A sentence have two verbs, one verb is used as a verb, and the other verb can use either a
gerund or an infinitive. Two sentences (gerund and infinitive) with the same verb,
sometimes, with no difference in meaning, but sometimes, with difference in meaning.
a) With No Difference in Meaning

Examples :
 (a) Dini start to draw a house plan with autocad = dini mulai untuk menggambar
rencana rumah dengan autocad
(b) Dini start drawing a house plan with autocad = dini mulai menggambar rencana
rumah dengan autocad
(sama – sama memulai menggambar rencana rumah dengan autocad
b) With a Difference In Meaning

Examples :
(a) Ezra stop studying in Unesa = Ezra berhenti belajar di unesa (sudah tidak
belajar lagi di unesa)
(b) Ezra stop to studying in Unesa = Ezra berhenti untuk belajar di Unesa (dia
belajar di unesa dikarenakan berhenti dari
sesuatu)
3. Exercise

1. Where did you learn _____ a concrate ?

a. To make
b.Making
c. Make
d. Made
2. She asked _____ with the supervisior.
a. to talk
b. talking
c. talk
d. Talked
3. Because of the on going dispute, the politicians rests the president’s ………. for
hearing the session on a cabinet reshuffles .
a. to call
b. calls
c. called
d. calling
4. Lina is working hard for her bridge competition. He avoids ____ too much.
a. going out
b. to go out
c. go out
d. goes out
5. I was interested in ____ more about hydrology.
a. learn
b. to learn
c. learning
d. learnt
6. The teacher …. the task ….
a. Makes – Done
b. To make – Do
c. Make – Do
d. Making – Doing
7. The porter’s house is too small. They’re considering_____a bigger house.
 a. to buy
b. buying
c. buy
d. to buying
8. I don’t feel like ___________________ calculus today
a. study
b. studying
c. to study
d. to studying
9. My parent are happy about ____ the prize in the essay contest
a. My winning
b. I win
c. Me winning
d. That I win
10. She hopes _____ to Europe for a big project.
a. to go
b. going
c. Goes
11. Suci promises _____ with me to the material shop tonight.
a. goes
b. going
c. to go
12. My father chooses _____ the promotion from his boss rather than finding a new
job.
a. accepting
b. to accept
c. accept
13. Both doesn’t like her job. She’s talking about______a different job
a. to move
b. moving
c. moved
d. move
14. Do you mind _____ that job?
 a. take
b. taking
c. to take
d. taked
15. She asked _____ with the supervisior.
a. to talk
b. talking
c. talk
d. talked
16. Sometimes the student of PTB 2018 put off____their homework
a. do
b. To do
c. Doing
d. Done
17. I can’t bear ___________________ so much happiness with my friends.
a. Have
b. Has
c. Had
d. Having
18. Uci enjoys ___________________ the wall.
a. Painting
b. Paint
c. Paints
d. To paint
19. Ayu suggested ___________________ by train
a. Travel
b. To travel
c. To travelling
d. Travelling
20. Just avoid ___________________ too many mistakes
a. To make
b. Make
c. Makes
d. Making
4. Answer and Explanation

1. A. To Make, Because the verb “learn” is followed by to infinitive.

2. A. To Talk, Because the verb “asked” is followed by to infinitive
3. D. Calling, because there is a verb which is put after the possessive adjective in the form
of "the president's", then the answer is to use gerund(v-ing)
4. A. Going out, The use of verbs followed by Gerund, including the verb "avoid". So, the
answer is "going out".
5. C. Learning, The Use of Gerund after prepositions “in”
6. A. Makes – Done, The above is a causative verb. Bare infinitve is used for this causative
passive, which is in the make section but also depends on the subject. Because the subject
is the teacher, the bare infinitive cannot be used in the sentence above
7. B. Buying, (Considering) verb is followed by gerund.
8. B. Studying, (Like) verb is followed by gerund.
9. C. Me winning, After about is gerund. And use Me because object.
10. A. to go, After hope is to infinitive.
11. C. to go, Promises is verb that is followed by to infinitive.
12. B. to accept, After choose is to infinitive
13. B. Moving, After about (preposition) is gerund.
14. C. to take, After mind is to infinitive.
15. A. to talk, After ask is to infinitive.
16. C. doing, Gerund after preposition (off).
17. D. Having, Gerund as object of certain verb (can’t bear).
18. A. painting, Gerund as object of certain verb (enjoy).
19. D. Travelling, Gerund as object of certain verb (suggest).
20. D. making, Gerund as object of certain verb (avoid).
 Chapter III
1. Conclusion

1. A GERUND is Gerund is a sentence that contain two verbs. One verb is used as a verb.
The other verb is used as a noun. The verb is used as a noun use Verb that is added –
ing (V-ing).
2. The Gerund can function as Subject, Object, Complement and Modifiers.
3. Infinitive is usually called VERB-1 .
4. Infinitive is devided into 2, To Infinitive and Infinitive Without To (Bare Infinitive).
5. The functions of infinitive are as a subject, object, and complement of the sentences.
6. Some verbs may be followed by either an infinitive or a gerund, sometimes with no
difference unmeaning and sometimes with a different in meaning.

2. Suggestion

Through this paper we made, it can be expected that readers can better
understand the use of gerund and infinitive.
3. Reading List
4. Power Point