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By
Fazli Manan

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In this course we will cover the

following topics
 Basics Of Computer
 Introduction & history Of Computer
 Introduction to I.T
 Types of computer
 Computer Organization
 Computer Software
 Software Introduction
 Types of software
 PC Platform
 Computer Virus
 Data Processing & Storage
 Data Processing Techniques
 Data Storage(Bit, Byte, RAM, ROM,
Cache Memory, Secondary Storage)
 The Processor
Bus, Port
• Computer Motherboard
Microprocessor
Math Co-processor
Memory Chip
Support Chip
Built-in Programs
Expansion Slots
 Input & Output Devices
 Input Devices
 Keyboard & its types
 Point & Draw Devices
 Scanner, Digital Camera, Speech
recognition System & Multimedia
 Output Devices
 Monitor ( Graphic Adopter, Size, Resolution
& Types of Monitors)
 Printers & Types(Dot matrix, inkjet & Laser)
 Plotters(Raster & Pen)
 Presentation Graphics & Special function
terminals( ATMs POSs)
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Introduction and History Of

Computer
 Defination Of computer :-
Computer is an electronic device
that accepts input data &
instructions with the help of
input devices, stores them until
needed, processes it and then
produces the output as a result
with the help of output devices

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History Of Computer
 the term computing device is
used for all such machines that
can perform calculations
 The first computing device was
Abacus, which emerged about
5,000 year ago in Asia
 This device allow users to make
computations using a system of
sliding beads arranged on a rack

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Development of analytical Engine

 the real beginning of computer
was laid by Charles Babbage
(Founder Of Computer)
 In 1822 Babbage proposed a
machine to perform differential
equations, called a Difference
Engine
 After working on the Difference
Engine for 10 years Babbage begin
work on the first General Purpose
Computer which he called the
Analytical Engine
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Mark I & ENIAC

 Howard H Aiken, a Harvard
engineer working with IBM
succeeded in producing Mark I in
1944
 Mark I also known as Harvard-
IBM Automatic Sequence
Controlled Calculator
 After some time John Eckert and
John Mauchly developed
Electronic Numerical Integrator &
Computer (ENIAC) which was a
General Purpose Computer &
1000 times faster than Mark I
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EDVAC & UNIVAC

 Von Neumann designed the Electronic Discrete Variable
Automatic Computer (EDVAC) in 1945
 In 1951 Remington built UNIVAC (Universal Automatic
Computer) which was the first commercially available
computer

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Modern Computers
 The invention of transistor greatly changed the computer
development and reduce computer size and cost
 The development of integrated circuits(Ics) in 1958 by
Jack Kilby had completely revolutionized the computing
devices in term of processing speed, memory and
peripheral supporting capabilities
 The development of Microprocessor took the IC one step
further by locating all the components of computer(CPU,
input & output controls) on a single chip.

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Continued…
 In 1981 IBM introduce its Personal Computer (PC) for use
in home, office and schools. Computing devices continued
their trend toward smaller size working their way down
from desktop to laptop computers to palmtop or tablet PCs
which can fit inside a pocket.

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Basic Concepts
 Data: The Raw facts and figure is called data
 Information: the Organized and Processed form of
data is called information
 Technology: The Application Of Scientific knowledge
for practical purposes is called Technolgy for example
Machinery and devices developed from scientific
knowledge

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Introduction to information
Technology
 Information Technology ( I.T ):
The Scientific method Of storing,
protecting, processing, transmitting, receiving and
retrieving information is called Information
Technology
 Examples
 Computer, Fax Machine, Cell Phone, internet, CDs,
T.V etc

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Continued…
 These devices help us to transmit information in the
form of sounds, written shape or pictures
 These device have made the world as global village
 These devices are the powerfull sources of
communication

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Types Of Computer
Computers are classified into
Four basic types such as
I. Microcomputer.
II. Mainframe Computer.
III. Minicomputer.
IV. Supercomputer.
Let’s know one by one…
I. Microcomputer:-
 Microcomputer are more
commonly known as
personal computers(PCs)
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 Smallest & inexpensive
 Design for individual user,
but now it become
powerful tool for many
businesses.
It have the following types
 Desktop computer
 Notebook computer
 Laptop computer
 Handheld computer
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II. Mainframe Computer
 Mainframe computers are
the second powerful &
expensive computers than
supercomputer
 Have power processors
which can process billion
of instruction per second
(BIPS).
 Used by large organization
for critical Application
such as
 Census
 Enterprise resource planning
 Financial resource transaction
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 These are used by Airline
companies, government
department and banks
 Automated Teller Machine
(ATM) is an example of
mainframe computer.
 Airline companies use
mainframe system for
flight scheduling,
reservation, ticketing &
meeting a range of
customer service needs
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III. Minicomputer
 Minicomputers are used by small businesses & firms. Minicomputers
are also called as “Midrange Computers”. These are small machines and
can be accommodated on a disk with not as processing and data
storage capabilities as super-computers & Mainframes. These
computers are not designed for a single user. Individual departments of
a large company or organizations use Mini-computers for specific
purposes. For example, a production department can use Mini-
computers for monitoring certain production process.
 Popular Minicomputers are
 K-202
 Texas Instrument TI-990
 SDS-92
 IBM Midrange computers
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IV. Super Computer

 Supercomputers are the most  These computers are
powerful & the most designed for scientific,
expensive computers engineering and business
 These computers can process applications.
billion to trillions of  Examples of supercomputer
instruction per second.  Cray-I
 Perform one task at a time  Deep blue
such as  Sequoia etc
 world wide weather
forecasting
 weapon research
Can supercomputer act fast
 special effects for movies etc
Than human mind
it perform it in an accurate Or not?
and efficient way

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First computer to defeat a world champion!!

Garry Kasparov

Deep Blue
In February 1996, IBM’s Deep Blue defeated grandmaster Garry Kasparov. It was
then assigned to predict the weather in Atlanta, Georgia, during the 1996
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Computer Software
 Computer software is a set of instruction that tell the
computer what to do and how to do. Software convert
data into information that makes computer a useful
machine
 There are two types of software
 System software
 Application software

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Continue…
 System software:
 System software are set of
programs that operate and control
computer system
 It can do one or more jobs such as
 Support the development of other
application software
 Support the execution of other
application software
 Monitors the efficient use of various
hardware resources
 Examples of System software
 Operating system
 file management utilities
 Device drivers
 Language processor
 Application software:
 Application software can be used for
variety of tasks
 It helps to solve problems in the real
world
 they enable the user to complete
tasks such as…
 creating documents,
 spreadsheets,
 Databases
 publications,
 doing online research,
 sending email etc
 So Enterprise software, accounting
software, graphics software and
media players are application
software

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What is computer virus?

Computer virus refers to a
program which damages
computer systems and/or
destroys or erases data files

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Types of Computer Virus

Time Bomb
Logical Bomb
Worm
Boot Sector Virus
Macros Virus
Script Virus
Trojan Horse
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Actions to prevent virus infection

Always update your anti-virus
software at least weekly.
Back up your important files and
ensure that they can be restored.
Change the computer's boot
sequence to always start the PC
from its hard drive
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Data processing Techniques
 Data processing :
 Data processing is,
generally, "the collection and
manipulation of items of data
to produce meaningful
information."
 Data processing Techniques
 Manual data processing
 Automatic data processing
 Electronic data processing
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Manual data processing:-
The manual collection of data
In which machine take less
Part than human e.g use of
Calculator while making Invoice
Automatic data processing:-
operations performed by
means of unit record e.g
Use of punch card
Electronic data processing:-
Computerized data
Processing
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Before Data Storage Look it…

 1. Inside a PC
 2. The Motherboard the 'brains'
 3. RAM
 4. ROM
types of memory
 5. Cache Memory
 6. The CPU
 7. Expansion Slots the processor
 8. Booting the Computer

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Inside a PC
CD-ROM
Power drive
supply
Hard disk
drive
Mother
board Floppy
disk drive

Sound/network
cards
Wires and
ribbon cables

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Data Storage (Bit, Byte, RAM, ROM, Cache Memory, Secondary Storage)
Bit:-  RAM is used to hold programs while
an abbreviation of Binary Digit they are being executed, and data
the smallest unit of information in while it is being processed.
computer is bit  RAM is volatile, meaning that
information written to RAM will
its value is either 1 0r 0. disappear when the computer is
turned off.
Byte:-  ROM:-
The combination of eight  ROM stands for Read Only Memory
Bits form a byte  the contents of ROM can only be
read
RAM:-  Data cannot be written into read-
RAM stand for Random Access only memory
Memory which is primary Storage  ROM may contain the information
area on how to start the computer
RAM  ROM is permanent memory of
computer
ROM
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Types of ROM
 PROM EEPROM
PROM stands for Programmable EEPROM stands for
Read Only Memory. It is non- Electrically Erasable
volatile memory and may be Programmable Read Only
rewritten only once.
Memory. In EEPROM new
 EPROM
data can be written without
EPROM stands for Erasable
Programmable Read Only
deleting the previous one.
Memory. We can read and write
data electrically in it, but before
writing, all the previous data
must be washed out (deleted).
The EPROM can be altered
multiple times
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Cache Memory: Secondary Memory:

 an auxiliary memory from Secondary memory are
which high-speed retrieval permanent memory of
is possible.
 Cache memory lies b/w the Computer.
CPU and Main Memory It is non volatile memory.
 There are three levels of used for the storage of large
cache memory amounts of data.
 L1 (Level) cache
Examples: Large storage
 L2 (Level) cache
 L3 (Level) cache
Hard disk(HDD), device(GB to TB)&
can fit internal or
Flopy disk(FDD), external in any PC
It’ve small storage
Compact disk (CD) used in old days
CD is a small plastic disc on which for data storage
music or other digital information is
stored usually in MBs
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Processor
A part of a computer, such as
the central processing unit, that
performs calculations or other
manipulations of data.
Bus:
A bus is a collection of wires
and connectors through which
the data is transmitted.
Bus = address bus + data bus
 Data bus: transfers actual data.
 Address bus: transfers
information about data and
where it should go.
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Computer Port
 a place where we can connect
an external or internal device
to computer is c/d port
 Internal ports may connect
such devices as hard drives &
CD ROM or DVD drives &
external ports may connect
modems, printers, mice, USB
and other devices.
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The Motherboard
 The most important part of a PC is the
motherboard. It holds:
 the processor chip
 memory chip
 Support chip
 Built in programs chip
 the expansion slots for connecting peripherals
 Some chips are soldered onto the
motherboard(permanent), and some are
removable (so they can be upgraded).

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Motherboard
Read-only
Random Access
Memory
Memory (RAM)
(ROM)
chips.
chips

Expansion slots
Processor chip
(the CPU)

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Continue…
Microprocessor
 an integrated circuit that
contains all the functions of a
central processing unit of a
computer.
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Math Co-processor
 A mathematical circuit that
performs high-speed floating
point operations. Also called
a "floating point unit" (FPU)
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Memory Chip
 A chip that holds programs
and data either temporarily or
permanently. RAM chips are
the computer's temporary
workspace, while flash
memory chips are used like
disk drives (permanent until
erased)
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Support Chip
 Support Chip contain peripheral
device drivers and definition files
 Also known as Chip
Support Package (CSP)
Built-in Programs
 It’s Pre-defined Programs
 available automatically when
the computer is switched ON.
Example:
word processors, spreadsheets &
graphics programs that are built
into most desktop terminals
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Expansion Slots
a place in a computer where
an expansion card can be
inserted.

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Expansion Slots
Expansion slot containing
an expansion card.
Most expansion cards
contain a port.
Data
originates
in RAM

The expansion bus A connector cable plugs

transports data through into the port, and leads
the motherboard. to a peripheral.

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Input & Output Devices

Input Devices:-
Input devices are those devices through which we can
communicate with computer
Output Devices:-
Output devices are those devices through which
Computer communicate with us.

Now let explain both the functionality of I/O devices

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Input devices
 Keyboard  Keyboard
 Point & Draw Devices  a panel of keys that
 Scanner operate a computer by
 Digital Camera entering data
 Speech recognition  Types Of keyboard
 QWERTY keyboard
System &
 ERGONOMIC Keyboard
 Multimedia  multimedia keyboard
 Internet keyboard
 wireless keyboard etc

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QWERTY Keyboard - Standard Keyboard Layout

• A standard computer keyboard has about 80-110 keys.

• Most keyboards use the QWERTY layout, named for

the first six keys in the top row of letters.

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ERGONOMIC KEYBOARD

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multimedia keyboard

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Internet keyboard

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wireless keyboard

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Point & Draw Devices

The devices through
Which we can point,
Click, drag and
Drop an object is c/d
Point & draw
Devices. Such as
 Mouse
 Touch paid
 Touch screen
 Joystick
 Light pen etc

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What Is a Mouse?

 The mouse is a pointing device. You use it to move a

graphical pointer on the screen.

 The mouse can be used to issue commands, draw, and

perform other types of input tasks.

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Touch pad:-
 A touchpad or track pad is a flat surface that can
detect finger contact
 It is a stationary pointing device
 used on laptop computers.

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Touch Screen:-
 Users interact with the device by physically pressing
items shown on the screen
 A touch screen is a device embedded into the screen of
the TV monitor, or system LCD monitor/Laptops or
mobiles

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Joystick:-
 consist of a stick that pivots on a base and reports its
angle or direction to the device it is controlling
 often used to control video games

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Light pen:-
 A light pen is a device similar to a touch screen
 but uses a special light-sensitive pen instead of the
finger which allows for more accurate screen input
 it can work with any CRT display

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What is scanner
Scanner
 Scanner is an input device
 It convert printed or hand
written text documents or
images into digital file format
 Scanner convert hardcopy
document to softcopy
document
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Types of scanner
 Handheld scanner
 Flat-bed scanner
 Optical scanner etc
Let explain one by one
i. Handheld scanner:
There are two forms of
handheld scanner
 Document scanner
 3D Scanner
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Continue…
Document Scanner
 Document Scanner are
dragged across the surface of
the image to be scanned
3D Scanner
 Used for producing three
dimensional model of object
 More expensive
 Used in industrial design
medical application etc

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Flat-bed Scanner Optical Scanner

 Consist of a glass pane which  it use optical light to read
illuminates due to bright light text, illustration & translate
 Images to be scanned are information by digitizing the
placed face down on the glass image
 The sensor array & light  Then it display on screen
source move across the pane
reading the entire area
 And scanned the concern
docs/images due to light it
reflect

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Digital Camera Speech recognition System

 a digital camera is an input
device  It’s human computer interface
 Takes photos, videos or both  the process of enabling a
computer to identify and
 It has an electronic image
respond to the sounds
sensor which helps in
produced in human speech.
recording images or videos
digitally  Then the pattern of sounds
 It is incorporated in mobile, is matched
laptop, PDAs etc

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Multimedia
 Multimedia mean multiple media
 the combined use of media
such as television, slides etc

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Output Devices
 Monitor
 Graphic adapter
 Size
 Resolution
 Types of monitor
 Printers
 Dot matrix printer
 inkjet printer
 Laser printer
 Plotters
 Raster & Pen
 Presentation Graphics & Special function terminals( ATMs POSs)

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Monitor Size of monitor:-

 Monitor is an electronic output  The size of monitor is
device measured diagonally.
 It display the result of the user  Standard size is 15 to 19
activities inches
 The output produced by
monitor is softcopy output Resolution:-
 The number of pixels or dots per
 Graphic Adaptor:-
square inch is called resolution
 it provide a graphic interface to
the user to view content of data.
 the display of monitor is visible
through graphic adaptor
 for example VGA (Video
Graphic adopter) etc

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Type of Monitor
 There are two common types
I. CRT (Cathode Ray Tube)
 It is same as of standard TV because they
of monitor contain cathode ray tube
I. CRT (Cathode Ray Tube) &  Cathode ray tube is a vacuum tube
containing an electron gun & phosphors
II. LCD (Liquid Crystal coated screen
Display)  The electron gun fire beam of electrons
on phosphors coated screen which glow
for a fraction of second
 The phenomena is repeated so whole
screen become visible and give a display
 In color CRT monitor three electron gun
CRT are used
 While phosphors atom are in three
different colors Red, Green & Blue (RGB)
& by the combination of these color,
other colors can also be produced
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Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)

 Liquid Crystal Display
(LCD) is a thin and light
weight monitor
 It contains a substance
called liquid crystal b/w
sheets
 LCD provide sharper
image than CRT
 Emit less radiation
 LCD are more reliable,
less expensive, portable ,
light weight and easier on
eyes than CRT monitors

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PRINTERS AND ITS TYPES

 Printer:-
 printer are output devices which are used to produce output on physical
media such as paper
 Output produce by printers is c/d hardcopy output
There are two types of printer
1. Impact printers
1. Dot Matrix printer
2. Drum printer
3. Chain printer
2. Non-impact printers
1. Inkjet printer
2. Laser printer
We will discuss here Dot Matrix, Inkjet and Laser Printer so let’s
explain…

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Dot Matrix printer Inkjet printer
 A type of impact printer that
produces text and graphics by
striking pins against an ink
ribbon then on appropriate
shape to be printed
 Different characters are
printed by using different
pins combination
 The printer receives the data
from computer and translates
it to identify which character
is to be printed
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 a type of non impact printer
 It sprays tiny drops of ink onto a
page to create an image
 In this operation magnetic
plates used
 The tiny drops of ink passes
from magnetized plates which
direct the inks path onto the
desired pattern
 Produce high quality print
 It has a resolution of 300 to 600
dots per inch (dpi)
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DOT Matrix printer Inkjet printer

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Laser Printer
 Laser printer utilizes a laser beam to produce an image on a
drum
 The drum is then rolled through a toner (containing dry
ink)
 The charge portion of drum pick up ink
 Using combination of heat and pressure the ink on the
drum is transferred onto the page
 Laser printers print very fast
 Produce very high quality print
 Its resolution range from 300 dpi
to 1200 dpi

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Plotter
 Definition:
 Plotters are hard copy output
devices
 they are mainly used by
architects, engineer and other
who need to generate high
precision graphical output of
large sizes on paper
 it is more expensive than
printer
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Types of Plotter
 Raster plotter
 Pen plotter
Let explain each …
 Raster plotter:-
 some time c/d drum plotter
 the paper on which the
design has to be made is
placed over the drum
 Can rotate in any direction
 During rotation the desired
image created
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Pen plotter
 pen plotter plots design on a sheet in such a way that
the sheet is spread and fixed over a rectangular table
 a pen used in such plotter
 Such pin holding mechanism provide all types of
motions under computer control and draw desired
pattern

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Presentation Graphics
 Presentation graphics software are tools that let people
make slideshows of charts, diagrams and graphics on the
computer that can be show to a group using a projector.
Examples:
 Microsoft PowerPoint.
 Apple Keynote
 Open Office Impress
 Corel Presentations

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Special function terminals
Point Of Sales (POS)
 the place at which a retail
transaction is carried out.
 Two bodies active in this system
a merchant and customer
 Merchant make bill in printed
format to customer using bar
code scanner or other computer
based techniques
 The customer pay it using credit
card via swapping machine or
other alternate sources
 So it’s a part of especial function
terminal
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Automated Teller Machine(ATM)
 An automated teller
machine (ATM) is an electronic
telecommunications device that
enables the clients of a financial
institution to perform financial
transactions without the need
for a cashier, human clerk or
other
 Consist of two input and four
output
 Input are keyboard, card read
 Output are speaker, display
screen, Receipt printer, cash
dispenser
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