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Chapter 1

Electric Charges and Fields

Solutions

SECTION - A
School/Board Exam. Type Questions
Very Short Answer Type Questions :
1. An electrostatic field line cannot be discontinuous. Why?

Sol. An electrostatic line is a continuous curve, because tangent to it at any point represents the direction in which
a test charge kept at that point will experience force. It cannot have sudden breaks, because no abrupt force
acts on a test charge.

2. The distance of the point on the equatorial plane of a small electric dipole is halved. By what factor will the
electric field due to the dipole at the point charge?

Sol. E ∝ 1 . Since distance is halved so electric field E will become 8 times.


r3
3. In an electric field an electron is kept freely. If the electron is replaced by a proton, what will be the relationship
between the forces experienced by them?
   
Sol. F = qE, so force on electron Fe = – eE and force on proton Fp = eE
 
∴ Fe = – Fp

4. Which orientation of an electric dipole in a uniform electric field would correspond to stable equilibrium?
 
Sol. When p and E are parallel, dipole remains at stable equilibrium.

5. Figure shows three point charges, +2q, –q and +3q. Two charges +2q and –q are enclosed within a surface S.
What is the electric flux due to this configuration through the surface ‘S’?

+2q
+3q
–q S

q
Sol. Electric flux = (charge enclosed)/ε0 =
ε0

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2 Electric Charges and Fields Solutions of Assignment (Set-1)

6. A metallic sphere is placed in uniform electric field as shown in the figure. Which path is followed by electric field
lines and why?

a
b
c
d

Sol. Line d is correctly drawn, because it is not passing through conductor and it is perpendicular to the surface
from where it starts or meets the conductor.

7. When two electrically charged particles having charges of different magnitude are placed at a distance d from
each other, they experience a force of attraction F. These two particles are put in contact and again placed at the
same distance from each other. What is the nature of new force between them?

Sol. In such cases final force will always be repulsive.

8. Can a charged body attract an uncharged body?

Sol. Yes. By induction.

  
9. An electric dipole of dipole moment p is placed in a uniform electrostatic field E . For what angle between p and

E will the potential energy of the electric dipole be half of its maximum value?

pE
Sol. = – pE cos θ ∴ θ = 120º
2

10. What is the line of symmetry of a dipole field?

Sol. About axial line.

11. Find the value of electric field that would exactly balance the weight of electron.

mg
Sol. E = = 5.67 × 10–11 N/C (m = 9.1 × 10–31 kg and e = 1.6 × 10–19 C)
e

12. A small test charge is released at rest at a point in an electrostatic field. Will it travel along the field line
passing through that point?

Sol. If electric line is straight, then it will move on the line. If line is curved then charge will move tangential to it.

1
dependence ⎛⎜ instead of 2 ⎞⎟ , where r is distance between two point changes
1
13. If Coulomb’s law involved
r3 ⎝ r ⎠
would Gauss’s law still be true?

Sol. No

14. A glass rod is rubbed with silk. Will its mass increase or decrease?

Sol. Mass will decrease because it loses electrons.

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Solutions of Assignment (Set-1) Electric Charges and Fields 3
15. Repulsion is the sure test of electric charge. Explain
Sol. Because if two bodies repel, then they surely have charges and that too of similar nature.

Short Answer Type Questions :

16. A system has two electric charges qA = 2.5 × 10–7C and qB = –2.5 × 10–7 C located at points A(0, 0, –15 cm)
and B(0, 0, +15 cm) respectively. Calculate the electric dipole moment of the system. What is its direction?

Sol. Magnitude of dipole moment p = ql = (2.5 × 10–7C)(30 × 10–2 m).


= 7.5 × 10–8 Cm

Its direction is from –ve to +ve charge i.e., along positive z-axis.

17. Three point charges of +2 μC, –3 μC and –3 μC are kept at the vertices A, B and C respectively of an
equilateral triangle of side 20 cm as shown in figure. What should be the sign and magnitude of the charge
to be placed at the mid-point (M) of side BC so that the charge at A remains in equilibrium?
A 2 μC

B C
–3 μC M –3 μC

Sol. It should be positive. Resultant force on A by charges at B and C are along AM . Force by charge at M should
have a repulsive force on A along MA.

18. The flux of the electrostatic field through the closed spherical surface S′ is found to be four times that through
the closed spherical surface S. Find magnitude of charge Q. Given : q1 = 1μC, q2 = –2 μC and q3 = 9.854 μC

Q
q1
1m
S q2
S′ q3
2m

q1 + q2 + q3 1
Sol. Q + q + q + q = 4
1 2 3

⇒ Q = 3(q1 + q2 + q3)

19. A charge of 17.7 × 10–4C is distributed uniformly over a large sheet of area 200 m2. Calculate the electric
field intensity at a distance 20 cm from it in air.

σ Q
Sol. E = =
2ε0 2 Aε0

17.7 × 10 –4
=
2 × 200 × 8.85 × 10 –12

= 5 × 105 N/C
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4 Electric Charges and Fields Solutions of Assignment (Set-1)

20. Two similar and equally charged identical metal spheres A and B repel each other with a force of 2 × 10–5 N.
A third identical uncharged sphere C is touched with A and then placed at the mid-point between A and B.
Calculate the net electric force on C.
  Q2 A B
Sol. F1 = F2 ⇒ F = F1
d
F2
4πε 0 d 2 Q Q

⎡ ⎛ Q ⎞2 Q ⎤
   ⎢⎜ ⎟ Q· ⎥ 2 Q
1 ⎢⎝ 2 ⎠ 2 ⎥ = –Q Q/2 F4 Q/2 F3
F ′ = F3 + F4 = – F1 F2
4πε0 ⎢ ⎛ d ⎞2 ⎛ d ⎞2 ⎥ 4πε0 d 2 A d/2 C d/2 B
⎢⎜ ⎟ ⎜2⎟ ⎥
⎢⎣ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎥⎦

= | F ′ |= F = 2 × 10–5 N

21. Four point charges of qA = 2 μC, qB = –5 μC, qC = 2 μC and qD = –5μC are located at the corners of a square
ABCD of side 10 cm. Find the force on a charge of 1 μC placed at the centre of the square.
qA qB

q = 1 μC

qD qC
Sol. By symmetry, net force on central charge will become zero.

22. A charged wire AB of length l is placed inside a sphere, as shown in figure. Linear charge density of wire is
λ = kx, where x is the distance measured along the wire from end A and K is constant. Calculate the flux
through the sphere.

A l
B
x

l l
Q kl 2
Sol. φ = where Q = ∫ λdx = ∫ kx dx =
ε0 0 0 2

Q kl 2
∴ φ= =
ε0 2ε0

23. Two plane sheets of charge densities +σ and –σ are kept in air, as shown in figure. What are the electric
field intensities at points A and B?
A

B
–σ
Sol. Consider vertically upward direction as positive y-axis
 σ ˆ σ ˆ A
E at A = j– j= 0 +σ
2ε0 2ε0
B
 σ ˆ σ σ –σ
E at B = –
2ε0
j+
2ε0
(– ˆj ) =
ε0
( )
– ˆj

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Solutions of Assignment (Set-1) Electric Charges and Fields 5
24. A charge particle of charge +q, mass m and moving with a velocity of uiˆ enters a uniform electric field of

strength E = Ejˆ . Find magnitude of velocity and magnitude of displacement of the particle after time t.

Sol. Initial velocity of the charge u = uiˆ
 
 F qE qE ˆ
acceleration of the charge a = = = j
m m m
velocity at time t
  
v = u + at

qEt ˆ
= uiˆ + j
m

2
⎛ qEt ⎞
∴ Magnitude of velocity = V = u 2 + ⎜ ⎟
⎝ m ⎠
Displacement at time t,

  1
S = ut + at 2
2

1 qE 2 ˆ
= (ut )iˆ + t j
2 m

2
⎛ 1 qEt 2 ⎞
(ut )
2
∴ Magnitude of displacement = S = +⎜ ⎟
⎝2 m ⎠

25. A uniformly charged conducting sphere of 2.5 m in diameter has a surface charge density of 100μ C/m2.
Calculate the
(i) Charge on the sphere.
(ii) Total electric flux coming out a Gaussian surface just enclosing the outer surface of the sphere.

Q
Sol. (i) Surface charge density σ = ⇒ Q = σ·4πR2
4πR 2
C 22
= 100 × 10–6 2
×4× × (2.5)2
m 7

= 7.9 × 10–3C = 7.9 mC

charge enclosed Q
(ii) Net flux coming out of the sphere = ⇒ φ=
ε0 ε0

26. A positive point charge (+q) is kept in the vicinity of an uncharged conducting plate. Sketch electric field lines
originating from the point on to the surface of the plate.

Conducting
plate
Sol. +q

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6 Electric Charges and Fields Solutions of Assignment (Set-1)

27. A spherical conducing shell of inner radius r1 and outer radius r2 has a charge Q. Another charge q is placed
at the centre of the shell.
(a) What is the surface charge density on the
(i) Inner surface?
(ii) Outer surface of the shell?
(b) Derive the expression for the electric field at a point x > r2 from the centre of the shell.
Sol. (a) (i) Let the charge on the inner surface of spherical shell is q0. Applying Gauss law to Gaussian surface
S1, intermediate to outer and inner surface.
  q + q
∫
s1
E·ds = 0
ε0 S2
S1
 q0 r1
q0 + q
⇒ 0= [ E = 0 because S1 is inside metal] q
ε0 r2 q1

⇒ q0 = –q
x
–q
∴ Surface charge density on inner surface σ1 =
4πr12

(ii) Let the charge on the outer surface is q1


Applying conservation of charge q1 + q0 = Q
⇒ q1 = Q – q0 = Q + q

Q+q
∴ Surface charge density on outer surface σ2 =
4πr22

  Q + q
(b) Applying Gauss law to the Gaussian surface S2 at distance x from centre ∫
S2
E·ds =
ε0

Q+q
⇒ E·4πx2 =
ε0

Q+q
⇒ E =
4 πε 0 x 2

 σ
28. Show that the electric field at the surface of a charged conducting sphere is given by E = nˆ , where σ is
ε0
the surface charge density and n̂ is a unit vector normal to the surface in the outward direction.
Sol. If σ is the surface charge density on the sphere, then charge on the sphere,
Q = σ × 4πR2 = 4πR2σ
Consider a Gaussian surface S coincident with the outer ––––
– –+++++ – E ds
surface of metal sphere. –+–+++ +
S
–+–++++++++– –

– ++
+

+
– –++++++++

Applying Gauss law to the surface R


–––––

––––––

  Q
∫
S
E·ds = in
ε0
–+

++ +

– –++ +–+–
Q –+ ++++
∫ E ds cos0 = ε
––– –

S 0

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Solutions of Assignment (Set-1) Electric Charges and Fields 7

Q
∫
⇒ E ds =
S
ε0

Q
⇒ E 4πR 2 =
ε0

Q σ
⇒ E= =
4πR 2 ε0 ε0

Electric field is directed radially outward so

 σnˆ
E=
ε0

29. Two small identical electric dipoles AB and AC, each of dipole moment p are kept at an angle of 120º as
shown in figure. What is the resultant dipole moment of this combination? If this system is subjected to electric

( )
field E directed along +x direction, what will be the magnitude and direction of torque acting on this?
y
B

120º
x
A
C

Sol. Resultant dipole moment


y
   B
p = p1 + p2

Using parallelogram law of vector addition, resultant dipole moment p1 p


D
 30º E
p is directed along 30º with positive x-axis (∵ ∠BAD = ∠DAC = 60º) A x
30º
p2
 C
Magnitude of p = p12 + p22 + 2 p1p2 cos120

⎛ 1⎞
= p2 + p2 + 2p2 ⎜ – ⎟
⎝ 2⎠

=p
Electric field is acting along positive x-axis
 
So angle between E and p = 30º

  
Torque on the dipole, τ = p × E = pEsinθ (Normally into the paper (i.e., along negative z-axis))

= pEsin30

pE
= normally into the paper or along negative z-axis.
2

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8 Electric Charges and Fields Solutions of Assignment (Set-1)

30. Charges of magnitudes 2Q and –Q are located at points (a, 0,0) and (4a, 0, 0). Find the ratio of the electric
flux due to these charges through concentric spheres of radii 2a and 5a centered at the origin.
Sol. Electric flux through sphere S1 of radus 2a
 
φ1 = ∫
S1
E·ds

S2

Qin 2Q S1
= =
ε0 ε0
x = –2a 2Q x = 2a –Q
Electric flux through sphere S2 of radius 5a x = –5a x=0x=a x = 4a x = 5 a
 
∫
φ2 = E·ds
S1

Qin 2Q – Q Q
= = =
ε0 ε0 ε0

Long Answer Type Questions :


31. (i) State Coulomb’s law and write the formula of electrostatic force between two charges, separated by certain
distance. Under which condition this formula is applicable?

(ii) Two positive point charges which are 0.1m apart repel each other with a force of 18 N. If the sum of the
charges be 9 μC, calculate their separate values of charges.

Sol. (i) Scalar form:

Coulomb’s law is a quantitative statement about the force between two point charges. Coulomb measured
the force between two point charges and found that it varied inversely as the square of the distance between
the charges and was directly proportional to the product of magnitude of the two charges and acted along the
line joining the two charges.

If two point charges Q1 and Q2 at rest are separated by a distance r in vacuum, the magnitude of force

k Q1Q2 1
between them is given by F = . The constant k is usually put as k = , where ε0 is called the
r 2
4πε0

permittivity of free space and has the value ε0 = 8.854 × 10–12 C2/Nm2. For all practical purposes we will take

1
≈ 9 × 109 Nm2 / C2 . The choice of k determines the size of the unit of charge. SI unit of charge is
4πε0

defined to be 1C. So 1C is the charge that when placed at a distance of 1 m from another charge of the same
magnitude in vacuum experience an electrical force of repulsion of magnitude 9 × 109 N.

Coulomb’s law is strictly applicable for point charges.

kQ1Q2
(ii) Using Coulomb’s law, F =
r2

9 × 109 × Q1Q2 × 10 –12


or, 18 =
(0.1)2
⇒ Q1Q2 = 20, again Q1 + Q2 = 9
∴ Q1 = 4 μC and Q2 = 5 μC

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Solutions of Assignment (Set-1) Electric Charges and Fields 9
32. (i) Express Coulomb’s law in vector form.
(ii) Two point charges q1 = 5 × 10–6 C and q2 = 3 × 10–6 C are located at (3, 5, 1) m and (1, 3, 2) m. Find
 
F12 and F21 using vector form of Coulomb’s law.

Sol. (i) Coulomb’s law in vector form


Since force is a vector, Coulomb’s law in the vector notation will be written as follows. Let the position vector
  
of charges q1 and q2 be r1 and r2 respectively (figure). We denote force on q1 due to q2 by F12 and force or

q2 due to q1 by F21 .
y
F12 q1 r
2 =r
2 –r
1

q2 F21
r1 r2

x
O
The two point charges q1 and q2 have been numbered 1 and 2 and the vector leading from 1 to 2 is denoted by
       
r21, i .e., r2 – r1 . In the same way, the vector leading from 2 to 1 is denoted by r12 . So, r12 = r 1 – r2 = – r21 . The
 
magnitude of the vectors r21 and r12 is denoted by r21 and r12, respectively and they are equal, i.e., r12 = r21.
To denote the direction from 1 to 2 (or from 2 to 1), we define the unit vectors:
 
r21 r12
rˆ21 = and rˆ12 = where rˆ21 = – rˆ12
r21 r12

 
So Coulomb’s force law between two point charges q1 and q2 located at r1 and r2 is then expressed as
 1 q1q2
F21 = · rˆ21 .
4πε0 r212

The equation above is valid for any sign of q1 and q2 whether positive or negative. If q1 and q2 are of the same

sign (either both positive or both negative), F21 is along rˆ21 , which denotes repulsion, as it should be for like

charges. If q1 and q2 are of opposite signs, F21 is along –rˆ21 ( = rˆ12 ) , which denotes attraction, as expected
for unlike charges. Thus, we do not have to write separate equations for the cases of like and unlike charges.
Above equation takes care of both cases correctly

q1 r21 q2
(Like charges i.e., q1q2 > 0)
F12 F21

r21
(Unlike charges i.e., q1q2 < 0)
F12 F21

Also note that the force F12 on charge q1 due to charge q2 is obtained from above equation by simply
 1 q1q2 
interchanging 1 or 2, i.e., F12 = 2
rˆ12 = – F21
4πε0 r12

Thus, Coulomb’s law agrees with the Newton’s third law.

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10 Electric Charges and Fields Solutions of Assignment (Set-1)

  
(ii) r12 = r1 – r2

( ) (
= 3iˆ + 5 jˆ + kˆ – iˆ + 3 ˆj + 2kˆ )
= 2iˆ + 2 jˆ – kˆ

 kq q
F12 = 12 2 rˆ12
r12

kq1q2 
=  3 ( r12 )
r12

9 × 109 × 5 × 10 –6 × 3 × 10 –6 × (2iˆ + 2 jˆ – kˆ )
3
N
= 2 2 2 2
(2 + 2 + 1 )

27 × 5 × 10–3 ˆ
=
27
(
2i + 2 ˆj – kˆ N )
(
= 10iˆ + 10 jˆ – 5kˆ N )
 
Again F12 = – F21


(
∴ F21 = – 10iˆ + 10 jˆ – 5kˆ N )
33. (i) Show that path of a charge particle projected normal to an uniform electrostatic field is a parabola.
(ii) A particle of mass m and charge +q is thrown at a speed u against a uniform electric field E. How much
distance will it travel before coming to rest?
Sol. (i) Consider a charge +q of mass m is projected with speed u normal to uniform electric field as shown in
figure.
 y
Electric field, E = – Ejˆ


Initial velocity, u = uiˆ +q u
m x
90º
 – qE ˆ
acceleration, a = j
m
E
Instantaneous position of charge, is

  1
r = ut + at 2
2

1 ⎛ – qE ⎞
= (ut )iˆ + ⎜ jˆ ⎟ t 2
2⎝ m ⎠

⎛ qEt 2 ⎞
= (ut )iˆ – ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ jˆ
⎝ 2m ⎠

= xiˆ – yjˆ

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Solutions of Assignment (Set-1) Electric Charges and Fields 11

x
x-co-ordinate of position x = ut ⇒ t =
u

qEt 2
y-co-ordinate of position y =
2m

2
qE ⎛ x ⎞
2m ⎜⎝ 4 ⎟⎠
=

qE
⇒ y= x2
2mu 2

y ∝ x2

Above equation represent equation of parabola, so path of the charge is a parabola.

v=0 u m
(ii) E
S +q


Initial velocity of charge u = – uiˆ

 qE qEiˆ qEiˆ 
acceleration of charge a = = = , displacement S = –Siˆ
m m m

Instantaneous velocity v at displacement S
 
v 2 = u 2 + 2a · S

⎡ qE ˆ ⎤
⇒ 0 = u2 + 2 ⎢ i ·(–Siˆ)⎥
⎣ m ⎦

2 ⎛ qES ⎞
⇒ 0 = u + 2⎜ –
⎝ m ⎟⎠

mu 2
⇒ S=
2qE

34. (i) Derive an expression for electric field due to a point charge at a distance r from the charge and express
it in vector form.

(ii) Four identical point charges of 4 μC each are placed at the corners of a square of each side 0.1m.
Calculate the electric field at the centre of the square.

(iii) Calculate the electric field intensity at the centre, when one of the corner charges is removed.

Sol. (i) Consider a charge Q at orgin O, as shown in figure

Q r P E
q0 F
O

Electric field at point P, at position vector r due to charge Q at origin.

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12 Electric Charges and Fields Solutions of Assignment (Set-1)

 F
E= (q0 = test charge at P)
q0

⎛ Qq0 ⎞
⎜ rˆ
2 ⎟
4
⎜ πε0 r ⎟ = Qrˆ
= ⎜ q0 ⎟ 4πε r 2
0
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ ⎠

rˆ indicates the electric field is radially outward from charge Q.


   
(ii) EA , EB , EC and ED are electric fields by charges at corners A, B, C and D respectively. O is equidistant
from all charges
So EA = EB = EC = ED A 0.1 m 4μC
4μC B
   
and E A = –EC and EB = –ED EC ED

Net electric field at O, 0.1 m EB 0.1 m


0 EA
     
E = E A + EB + EC + ED = 0
D 4μC
(iii) If all charges are present 0.1 m C
4μC
    
E A + EB + EC + ED = 0
   
⇒ E A + EB + EC = –ED

If charge at D is absent, then electric field will be


   
E A + EB + EC = –ED

 Q 
⇒ EB = along OD
4πε0 r 2

9 × 109 × 4 × 10 –6
=
⎛ 0.1 ⎞
⎜ ⎟
⎝ 2⎠

= 36 2 × 10–4 N/C

35. (i) Two charges of a dipole –4 μC and +4 μC are placed at the points A(1, 0, 4)m and B(2, –1, 5)m located

in an electric field E = 0.20iˆ V/cm . Calculate the torque acting on the dipole.

(ii) A Gaussian surface is shown in figure. Charges q1 and q2 are inside and charge q3 is outside the surface.
  q
Indicate the charges which contributes the electric field appearing in the formula ∫ E · ds = in .
ε0

q2

q1
q3

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Solutions of Assignment (Set-1) Electric Charges and Fields 13

 3 4
(iii) The electric field in a region is given by E = E0 iˆ + E0 ˆj with E0 = 2 × 103 NC –1. Find the flux of this field
5 5
through a rectangular surface of area 0.2 m2 parallel to y-z plane.
Sol. (i) Dipole moment
 
p = q × 2l

–6
= 4 × 10 C × AB ( )
= 4 × 10 C ⎡⎣(2 – 1)iˆ + (–1– 0) ˆj + ( 5 – 4 ) kˆ ⎤⎦
–6

= 4 × 10 ⎣⎡iˆ – ˆj + kˆ ⎦⎤ Cm
–6


⇒ p = 4 ⎡⎣ iˆ – ˆj + kˆ ⎤⎦ × 10 Cm
–6


Electric field E = 0.2iˆ V/Cm, 0.2iˆ × 102 V/m

  
( )
∴ τ = p × E = 4 × 10 iˆ – ˆj + kˆ × (0.2 × 10 )iˆ Nm
–6 2

= 8 × 10 ⎡⎣kˆ + ˆj ⎤⎦ Nm
–5

(ii) E is due to all the charges q1, q2 and q3.

 3 4
(iii) E = E0 iˆ + E0 ˆj
5 5

A = 0.2m 2 iˆ (Area vector is normal to surface)
 
φ = E·A

3
= E0 × 0.2
5

3
= × 0.2 × 2 × 103 Vm
5

= 240 Vm
36. Derive an expression of electric field due to uniformly charged infinite plane sheet.

Sol. Z

E E
1 2
Y

Let σ be the uniform surface charge density on the sheet.

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14 Electric Charges and Fields Solutions of Assignment (Set-1)

We take the X axis normal to the given plane. By symmetry the electric field will not depend on Y and Z
coordinates and its direction is always parallel to the X-coordinate. We can take the Gaussian surface to be
a rectangular parallelopiped of cross-section area A. The electric flux is non zero for surface 1 and 2 as shown
in figure and for other surfaces the flux is zero.

qin
Flux = , by Gauss’s law
ε0

σA
So 2 EA = ε
0

σ
E = 2ε
0

37. Three charges of same magnitude q are placed at the corners of an equilateral triangle of side length a. Find
the net force on any one of charges.
q

Sol. Net force on charge is = F02 + F02 + 2F02 cos 60°


a a

1 q2
where F0 = 60°
4πε0 a 2
F0 q
q a
3 q2 F F0
net force F = 3 F0 = 4πε 2
0 a

38. Find electric field inside a uniformly charged thin spherical shell having charge Q. If a charge q is placed at
the centre of this shell, how the electric field will change?
Sol. For thin spherical shell charge is always on the outer surface.

+ + +
Q
+ + +

+ + +

O r
+ +
+

Consider a Gaussian spherical surface at distance r

qin
∫ E · dS = ε 0

2 qin
⇒ E 4πr = ε
0

but qin = 0
E=0
but when we put a charge at the centre
qin = q

qin
∴ E=
4πr 2 ε 0

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Solutions of Assignment (Set-1) Electric Charges and Fields 15

39. Derive an expression for torque acting on a dipole of dipole moment p , when it is placed in uniform external
field E .
Sol. Electric field is in upward direction as shown in figure force on positive charge is in upward direction and that
on negative charge is in downward direction.
qE
E
+q
a
θ
a

–q
qE

Magnitude of torque = qE × 2a sinθ = 2qaE sinθ


Its direction is normal to the plane of the paper coming out
of it.

The magnitude of p × E is also pEsinθ and its direction is


normal to the paper, coming out of it
Therefore, in vector form the torque can be given as

∴ τ = p ×E

40. (a) Explain the invariant property of charge.


(b) Draw the electric field lines for a dipole.
Sol. (a) The magntidue of charge on a body is independent of its velocity, it is invariant for all frames of reference
in relative motion. This is not always true for every scalar.

+q –q
(b)

41. Derive an expression for electric field inside a solid non-conducting sphere of charge Q, when the charge is
distributed uniformly. Also calculate electric field at the centre of sphere and electric field on the surface of
sphere.

Sol. R is radius of sphere and we want to calculate field at r. Consider a spherical Gaussian surface at distance r
from the centre. By symmetry electric field at this closed surface is always radially outwards.

Flux through this surface is

q in
+
E 4πr 2 = + +
+ +r+ +
ε0 ...(1)
+
+ O +
charge Q is distributed uniformly + + + +
+ R
+ +
Q +
charge per unit volume =
4
πR 3
3
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16 Electric Charges and Fields Solutions of Assignment (Set-1)

charge in sphere of radius r is

Q 4 3
qin = πr
4 3
πR 3
3

Qr 3
qin =
R3
Put value of qin in equation 1

Qr 3
E4πr2 =
ε0R 3

1 Qr
E=
4πε0 R 3

At the centre r = 0 ∴E=0

Q
On the surface, r = R ∴ E=
4πε 0 R 2

42. Derive the expression for electric field on the axis of an electric dipole.
Sol. Let the point P be at distance r from the centre of the dipole on the side of the charge q as shown in figure.
Then
2a
P
r
–q p +q

 –q
E– q = pˆ
4πε 0 (r + a )2

where p̂ is the unit vector along the dipole axis (from –q to +q). Also

 q
E +q = pˆ
4πε 0 (r – a )2

Total field

E = E+q + E– q

q 4ar
= pˆ
4πε 0 ( r 2 – a 2 )2

For r >> a

 4qa
E = pˆ
4πε 0 r 3

⎛ 2p ⎞
=⎜ 3⎟

⎝ 4πε0 r ⎠

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Solutions of Assignment (Set-1) Electric Charges and Fields 17
43. What is meant by the statement that the electric field of a point charge has spherical symmetry whereas that
of a linear charge of large length is cylindrically symmetrical?
Sol. Consider a charge q at the centre of a sphere of radius r. The magnitude of electric field at all points on the
surface of the sphere is given by

1 q
E= .
4πε 0 r 2
So the electric field due to a point charge is spherically symmetric.
In the case of a line charge of large length the magnitude of electric field at a distance r from the line is given
by

λ
E= , where λ is linear charge density.
2πε0 r
Now, imagine a cylinder of radius r drawn with the line charge as axis. The electric field, due to the line charge,
at all points on the surface of the cylinder will be the same. So the electric field due to the linear charge has
cylindrical symmetry.
44. (a) A copper sphere of mass 2 g contains nearly 2 × 1022 atoms. The charge on the nucleus of each atom is
29 e. What fraction of the electrons must be removed from the sphere to give it a charge of +2.9 μC?
(b) What is an electric line of force? What is its importance?
Sol. (a) Total number of electrons = 29 × 2 × 1022

2.9 × 10 –6
The number of electrons removed =
1.6 × 10 –19

2.9 × 10 –6
∴ Fraction of electrons removed = = 3.125 × 10–11
1.6 × 10 –19 × 29 × 2 × 10 22

(b) An electric line of force is an imaginary straight or curved line drawn in such a way that the tangent on it
gives the direction of electric force experienced by a positive charge at all points.
The tangent at a point on an electric line of force also gives the direction of the electric field at that point.
The relative closeness of electric lines of force in a certain region provides us an estimate of the electric
field strength in that region.
45. (a) Two infinite parallel planes have uniform charge densities +σ and –σ. What is the electric field between
the planes?
(b) How can you charge an ‘uncharged insulated conductor’ negatively by electrostatic induction?
Sol. (a) At a point P between the two planes, the electric fields due +ve and –ve charged planes are respectively
σ σ
E+ = ; E– =
2ε 0 2ε 0 both are in the same direction.

σ –σ
P

σ σ σ
∴ Net field = 2ε + 2ε = ε .
0 0 0

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18 Electric Charges and Fields Solutions of Assignment (Set-1)

(b) First of all, bring a positively charged glass rod near the given conductor AB. The end A of the conductor
will be charged negatively while the end B will be charged positively as shown in figure.

+
–– +
––
– +
+
++ A + B
++

Keeping the glass rod near the conductor, the conductor is earthed as shown in figure.

– –– – – ––
++ – – ––
++ – – –––
++ A A – B

Finally, the glass rod and earth-connection are removed. The conductor AB acquires a negative charge.

SECTION - B
Model Test Paper
1. Is the force between two point electric charges q1 and q2 kept at some distance apart in air, attractive or repulsive
when (i) q1q2 > 0, (ii) q1q2 < 0?
Sol. (i) Repulsive, like charges repel each other.
(ii) Attractive, unlike charges attract each other.
2. Name the physical quantity which has its S.I. unit volt-metre
Sol. Electric flux, φ = EA

V
= × m2 = Vm
m
3. If F is the magnitude of force experienced by a charge of 2μC at a distance of 1 cm from an infinitely large charged
sheet, then what will be the force experienced by the same charge placed at a distance of 2 cm from the same
sheet?

  σ
Sol. Same force, F = qE = q nˆ . It is independent of distance.
2ε0

4. A charge Q is placed at the centre of a cube. What is the electric flux coming out from any one face?

Q
Sol. Total flux through cube = 6(flux through each surface) =
ε0

Q
⇒ 6φ =
ε

Q
⇒ φ=
6ε 0

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Solutions of Assignment (Set-1) Electric Charges and Fields 19
5. What is the angle between the directions of electric fields due to a dipole, at a point on axial line and a point on
equatorial line?

  
2p  –p
Sol. 180º ; as, Ea = and Ee =
4πε0 r 3 4πε0 r 3

6. What is an electric field line? sketch field lines due to two equal positive charges placed at a small distance
in air.
Sol. It is an imaginary line drawn in electric field such that tangent drawn to it at a point represent the direction
of electric field at that point or tangent drawn to it at a point represent the direction of force on a positive test
charge at that point

7. An electric dipole is free to move in a uniform electric field. Explain its motion when it is placed (i) parallel to the
field, and (ii) perpendicular to the field.

Sol. (i) –qE qE


E
–q +q

  
When the dipole is placed parallel (θ = 0º) to electric field as shown in figures then net force = qE – qE = 0

Net torque τ = pE sin θ

=0
So the dipole will remain stationary.

+q qE

(ii) E
90º
–qE –q

When dipole is kept perpendicular (θ = 90º) with electric field, as shown in figure
 
Net force = qE + (– qE )0
 
But the forces qE and –qE produce a couple as a result it start rotate clockwise about axis normal to
 
E and P as shown in figure.

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20 Electric Charges and Fields Solutions of Assignment (Set-1)

8. Two point charges of +10 μC and +40 μC respectively are placed 12 cm apart. Find the position of the point, where
electric field is zero.

10 μC E E1 40 μC
2
Sol. 1 2
x 12 – x
12 cm
    
E1 electric field due to 10 μC and E2 is due to 40 μC. At equilibrium E1 + E2 = 0
 
⇒ E1 = E2

10 40
2
=
x (12 – x )2

12
⇒ x= cm
3

∴ x = 4 cm
9. Four point charges are placed at the four corners of a square in two ways (i) and (ii) as shown in figure. Will the
electric field at the centre of the squares be the same or different in the two configurations and why?

–q –q –q +q

–q +q +q –q
(i) (ii)

     –q
Sol. (i) E0 = E A + EB + EC + ED –q
A B
EA
    EC
= E A + EC + EB + ED( ) O
EB

   ED
(
= 2E A · EB = – ED ) D
–q
C
+q
    
(ii) E0 = E A + EB + EC + ED
–q +q
    A B
( ) (
= E A + EC + EB + ED ) EA
ED
EB O
     
(
= 0 + 0 E A = – EC and EB = – ED ) D
EC
C
+q –q

= 0
10. Calculate the total charge enclosed by a closed surface, if the number of electric field lines entering it is 10,000
and leaving is 20,000.
Sol. Flux = Net number of lines leaving = 20,000 – 10,000 = 10,000
∴ Q = ε0(10,000) = 104 × 8.854 × 10–12C = 8.854 × 10–8C

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Solutions of Assignment (Set-1) Electric Charges and Fields 21
11. Three charges are placed on the vertices of an equilateral triangle of side length l. Find the sign and magnitude of
charge q placed at centroid so that system of charges will be in equilibrium.
+Q

+Q +Q
Sol. For system of charges to be equilibrium net force on all individual charges q and Q are zero.
From symmetry force on the charge q, C
Q
   
= FA + FB + FC = 0

(as FA = FB = FC and angle between them are 120º each)


so, q is at equilibrium. FB FA
q 0
Consider the charge at corner B
Force on charge at corner B = 0 FC
Q Q
    A B
⇒ FA + FC + F0 = 0

  
(
∴ F0 = – FA + FC )
∴ q should be negative
 
Now F0 = FA + FC
CQ

kQ | q |
⇒ 2
= 2FA cos30
⎛ l ⎞
⎜ ⎟
⎝ 3⎠ O
F0
q FA
Q
3kQ | q | 2kQ 2 3 30
⇒ = AQ B 30 º
l2 l2 2 º
FA + FC
FC
Q
⇒ | q |=
3

–Q
⇒ q=
3

12. Write two basic properties of charge.

Sol. (i) Additivity of charges


If a system contains two point charges q1 and q2, then the total charge of the system is obtained simply by
adding algebraically q1 and q2, i.e., charges add up like real numbers or they are scalars like the mass of a
body. Charge has magnitude but no direction, similar to the mass. However there is one difference between
mass and charge. Mass of a body is always positive whereas a charge can be either positive or negative.
Proper signs have to be used while adding the charges in a system.

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22 Electric Charges and Fields Solutions of Assignment (Set-1)

(ii) Charge is conserved


The total charge of the isolated system is always conserved. It is not possible to create or destroy net charge
carried by any isolated system although the charge carrying particles may be created or destroyed in a
process. For example, a neutron is unstable and after few minute it turns into a proton and an electron. The
proton and electron thus created have equal and opposite charges and the total charge is zero before and
after the creation.
(iii) Quantization of charge
All experiments so far have shown that all free charges are integral multiples of a basic unit of charge
denoted by e. Thus charge Q on a body is always expressed by Q = ne, where n is any integer, positive or
negative.
This basic unit of charge is the charge that an electron or proton carries. By convention, the charge on an
electron is taken to be negative, therefore charge on an electron is written as –e and that on a proton as +e.
The fact that electric charge is always an integral multiple of e is termed as ‘quantization of charge’. The
quantization of charge was first suggested by the experimental laws of electrolysis discovered by Michael
Faraday. It was experimentally demonstrated by Millikan in 1912. In the international system (SI) of units, a
unit of charge is called a ‘coulomb’ and is denoted by the symbol C.
13. What is the relation between electric field intensity and the force? What determines the direction of the force in an
electric field?
  
Sol. F = qE . Direction of force is determined by direction of E and nature of charge.

14. Electric field in the given figure is directed along +x direction and given by E = 50x + 10, where E is in NC–1 and x
is in meter. Calculate, (i) the electric flux through the cube (ii) the net charge enclosed within the cube
y

10 cm
z
y

G B
C A2
F
Sol. (i) E2
A1 E1
A
x
O

E D
z

Here E = (50 x + 10)iˆ NC–1 is tangential to surfaces BCFG, CFED, ADEO and ABGO. So electric flux
through these surfaces is zero φBCFG = φCFED = φ ADEO = φ ABGO = 0 .

Electric field at surface OEFG, E1 = ⎡⎣(50 × 0) + 10 ⎦⎤ iˆ = 10iˆ N/C and area of OEFG

( )
A1 = (10 × 10 –2 )2 – iˆ m2 = –10 –2 iˆ m2

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Solutions of Assignment (Set-1) Electric Charges and Fields 23

  Nm2
φOEFG = E1·A1 = –10 –1 = –0.1 Nm2 C–1
C

Electric field at ABCD, E2 = ( 50 × 0.1 + 10 ) i NC–1

= 15iˆ NC –1

Area of ABCD, A2 = (10 × 10 –2 )2 iˆ m2 = 10 –2 iˆ m2
 
φABCD = E2 ·A2 = 15 × 10–2 Nm2C–1 = 0.15 Nm2C–1

Net flux through cube φ = φ ABCD + φOEFG + φBCFG + φCFED + φ ADEO + φ ABGO = (0.15 – 0.1)Nm2C–1

= 0.05 Nm2C–1 = 5 × 10–2 Nm2C–2


(ii) Q = ε0φ = 8.85 × 10–12 × 5 × 10–2 = 4.425 × 10–13 C
15. Define the term electric dipole moment, and derive an expression for electric field intensity due to a dipole
on its axial line.

p
–q +q
Sol.
2a
 
The dipole moment vector p of an electric dipole is defined as p = 2aq ; i.e., it a vector whose magnitude is
charge q times the separation 2a (between the pair of charges q, –q) and the direction is along the line from –q
to +q. Its unit is coulomb-metre.
Let us calculate electric field at the point P at a distance r from the centre of the dipole on the axial line of the
dipole on the side of the charge q as shown in figure.

E+q E–q 2a
P q p –q
r

 –q
E– q = pˆ , where p̂ is the unit vector along the dipole moment vector.
4πε0 (r + a )2

 q
E+ q = pˆ
4πε0 (r – a )2
  
The total field at P is E = E + q + E – q

q ⎡ 1 1 ⎤
= ⎢ 2
– ⎥ pˆ
4πε0 ⎣ (r – a) ( r + a )2 ⎦

q 4ar
= 4πε 2 2 2

0 (r – a )

 
2(2aq )rpˆ 2rp
∴ E= =
4πε0 (r 2 – a 2 )2 4πε0 (r 2 – a 2 )2

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24 Electric Charges and Fields Solutions of Assignment (Set-1)

16. An electric dipole with dipole moment 4 × 10–9 Cm is aligned at 30º with the direction of a uniform electric field
of magnitude 5 × 104 NC–1. Calculate the magnitude of the torque acting on dipole and also indicate its
direction.
Sol. τ = pEsinθ = 4 × 10–9 × 5 × 104 × sin30º
P
= 10–4 Nm
τ
  E
Direction is along p × E , i.e., normally into the plane of paper

17. Derive an expression for the magnitude of electric field intensity at any point along the equatorial line of a short
electric dipole. Give the direction of intensity at that point. For a short dipole what is the ratio of magnitude of
electric field intensities at two equidistant points from the centre of dipole, one along the axial line and another on
the equatorial line?

E +q
P E at P
E –q

r
Sol.
θ p
q –q
2a

The magnitudes of the electric fields due to the two charges +q and –q are given by

q q
E+q = and E – q = and they are equal.
(
4πε0 r + a 2 2
) (
4πε0 r 2 + a 2 )
The directions of E+q and E–q are as shown in the figure.
The components normal to the dipole axis cancel away. The components along the dipole axis add up.
 
The total electric field E at P is opposite to dipole moment vector p . So, we have

E = – ( E + q + E – q ) cos θ

⎛ ⎞
–2q a ⎜∵ cos θ = a ⎟
= · ⎜ ⎟
4πε0 (r 2 + a 2 ) 1

1

(r 2 + a 2 ) 2 ⎝ (r 2 + a 2 ) 2 ⎠

 
–2aq pˆ –p
= E= =
4πε0 (r 2 + a 2 )3/2 4πε0 (r 2 + a 2 )3/2

2p
For short dipole Ea =
4πε0 r 3

p
and Ee =
4πε0 r 3

Ea 2
∴ = = 2 :1
Ee 1

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Solutions of Assignment (Set-1) Electric Charges and Fields 25
18. (i) State Gauss’s law in electrostatics and express it mathematically. Using it derive an expression for electric
field at a point near a thin infinite plane sheet of electric charge.
(ii) Two plane sheets of charge having charge densities σ1 and σ2 are normal to each other. What will be the
magnitude of electric field at point O?
+
σ1
O

+
σ2

Sol. (i) It states that the electric flux through a closed surface S is equal to q where q is total charge enclosed
ε0
by S.
  q
Mathematically :
∫
S
E·ds =
ε0

Electric field due to a uniformly charged infinite plane sheet

z
y

x
1 2
E A E

surface
charge density σ
Fig. : Gaussian Surface for a Uniformly Charged Infinite Plane Sheet
Let σ be the uniform surface charge density of an infinite plane sheet. We take the x-axis normal to the given
plane. By symmetry, we assume that the electric field will not depend on y and z co-ordinates and its direction
at every point must be parallel to the x-direction.
We have taken the Gaussian surface as a cylinder (a rectangular parallolepiped will also do) of cross-sectional

area A as shown. As seen from the figure, only the two faces 1 and 2 will contribute to the flux (as θ between E

and A is zero on these faces). Electric field lines are parallel to other curved surface (θ = 90º) and they,
therefore, do not contribute to the total flux.
The unit vector normal to surface 1 is in –x direction while the unit vector normal to surface 2 is in the +x
 
direction. Therefore, flux E·ΔS through both the surfaces are equal and add up. Hence, the net flux through the
Gaussian surface is 2EA. Now the charge enclosed by the closed surface is σA. Therefore by Gauss’s law

σA
2EA =
ε0

σ
or, E =
2ε0
 σ
vectorially, E = nˆ
2ε0

where n̂ is a unit vector normal to the plane and going away from it.
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26 Electric Charges and Fields Solutions of Assignment (Set-1)

  
(ii) Field at O, E = E1 + E2 + σ1
E2= j
2ε0
σ1 ˆ σ2 ˆ σ1 E
= 2ε i + 2ε j
0 0
σ1
E1= i
Magnitude of electric field O 2ε0

+
σ2
E = E12 + E22

1
⇒ E= σ12 + σ22 .
2ε0 +

  

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