International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics

Volume 118 No. 18 2018, 2283-2293

ISSN: 1311-8080 (printed version); ISSN: 1314-3395 (on-line version)
url: http://www.ijpam.eu
Special Issue
ijpam.eu

INVESTIGATIONS ON THE EFFECT OF IONIC LIQUID (BMIMBF4) BASED METAL

WORKING FLUIDS APPLIED USING MINIMUM QUANTITY LUBRICATION SYSTEM ON
SURFACE ROUGHNESS

PANNEER R1*, PANNEERSELVAM T2, VARANASI VISWANATH KARTHIKEY 3

ABSTRACT
Metal Working Fluids (MWF) are the foremost source of health risks for machinists apart from being the cause of
environmental degradation which calls for research in the field of lubrication systems such as Minimum Quantity Lubrication
(MQL) machining with Green Cutting Fluids. Ionic Liquids (IL) are a new family of eco-friendly chemicals that have great
potential to be used as Metal Cutting Fluid in MQL machining. This work deals with the investigation on the effect of adding a
small quantity of an IL, 1-Butyl-3-Methylimidazolium Tetrafluoroborate (BMIMBF4) to a Metal Working Fluid (MWF)
formulation applied using MQL System on Surface Roughness (Ra) during machining of Carbon Steel AISI 1040. The effect
of such MWF formulations with IL on the roughness of the surfaces generated in turning process is investigated when the
MWFs are applied using Drop by Drop gravity based Mechanical Lubrication (DDL) System under orthogonal cutting
conditions. Roughness (Ra) values are measured, analyzed using statistical methods and the cutting conditions are optimized
for minimum Ra. It is observed that adding minute quantities of Ionic Liquid with MWFs resulted in improved Surface Finish
as compared to any other cutting environments. As this formulation contains Neem Oil, Water and a Green Chemical, it is
sustainable, renewable, biodegradable and eco-friendly. The usage and disposal of this MWF will not affect the marine/aquatic
system and ground water source. Moreover the fumes generated or the physical contact with the MWF will not subject the
machinists to any major health ailment.

Key words: 1-Butyl-3-Methylimidazolium Tetrafluoroborate (BMIMBF4); Drop by Drop Lubrication (DDL); Ionic Liquid
(IL); Metal Working Fluids (MWFs); Minimum Quantity Lubrication system (MQL) ; Titanium Nitride Coated Carbide Tool
(TiNCC); Uncoated Carbide Tool (UCC).

1. INTRODUCTION
As machining is a significant manufacturing process, need for attaining sustainability in machining is well recognized. The
major unsustainable issue in machining is the excessive use of conventional hydro carbon based Metal Working Fluids
(MWFs) which are typically applied in flood type application on the cutting part of the tool. These MWFs during machining
generate fumes and get spilled as micro level particles and suspend in the environment. The conventional MWFs are
environmentally dangerous as they affect the marine system and ground water on disposal after use. Human wellbeing related
problems associated with exposure to such MWFs are irritation of the eyes, nose, throat, skin, and lungs, and other severe
conditions such as; typhoid, asthma, dermatitis , acne, pneumonitis, and a variety of cancers (Kailas 2012). Pollutants produced
by the uncontrolled escalation of bacteria and the obnoxious odour also pose serious threat to living organisms. Therefore
conventional MWFs are major source of health hazards and environmental pollution which has to be replaced with
environment friendly MWFs. Vegetable oils with appropriate additives/Emulsions with vegetable emulsifiers can overcome
many of the problems of conventional MWFs. Ionic liquids (ILs) are the new innovative solution to this issue. ILs are a
possible family of environment friendly chemicals which can be used as additives to the Vegetable Oil based MWFs to
enhance the Heat Reduction, Friction Reduction, Lubricating Performance, Thermal Stability, Non-Flammability, Anti-Wear,
Extreme Pressure, Friction Modification, Corrosion Inhibition, Detergent Properties and Wettability. ILs have good flexibility
in molecular design and they are free from zinc, sulphur, and fluorine. They are mutually mixable with oils and emulsions
particularly with low viscosity oils and emulsions. ILs are principally salts with melting point less than 100°C and those ILs
with melting point less than 25°C are identified as Room Temperature ILs. They contain an inorganic or organic anion and a
large organic cation that is unsymmetrical and includes Nitrogen or Phosphorus. The big size difference between anion and

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cation, and the resulting unsymmetrical distribution of charge, reduce the crystal lattice energy and thus ILs have low melting
point. The amalgamation between large unsymmetrical cation and smaller anion controls the properties of ILs. The problems
associated with conventional MWFs and advantages of ILs motivated this research which uses a green cutting fluid with an IL
as additive with Gravity based Drop by Drop Lubrication (DDL) Method which uses only minimum quantity of the MWFs.
This research work, studies the effects of ILs as additives to a green oil and its emulsions applied in DDL mode, during turning
of carbon steel AISI 1040. In the Indian scenario, since most of the edible oils are economically not feasible for industrial
applications, there is a necessity to seek for other viable substitute (Joseph et al. 2007). A non-edible vegetable oil of Indian
origin, the Neem oil is selected which is generally not used for cooking but produced in large quantities (Jain & Suhane 2012)
in India, is selected as the base oil. The Ionic Liquid that is selected for this research work is 1-Butyl-3-Methylimidazolium
Tetrafluoroborate (BMIM.BF4) because it is established as a good lubricant in many earlier research works involving
lubrication of surfaces.

2. LITERATURE REVIEW
The need for accomplishing sustainability in machining is well established because it is the most significant secondary
manufacturing process (Lu et al. 2011). The foremost unsustainable issue in machining is the profligate and reckless use of
conventional MWFs which are mostly applied in flood type application directed towards the rake and flank surface of the
cutting tool (Weinert et al. 2004). The conventional hydro carbon based and synthetic MWFs are extremely toxic to
environment, unsustainable, non-renewable, and non-biodegradable and have limitations on ecological performance (Kailas
2012, Skerlos et al. 2008, Suda et al. 2004). In addition, when dumped on ground or a water body, they affect the
marine/aquatic system and ground water source (Kailas 2012, Vaibhav Koushik et al. 2012). Hydro-carbon based MWFs are
also limited and a progressively decreasing resource (Kuram et al. 2013). Synthetics based MWFs naturally incorporate a great
deal of detergency and as a result can lead to skin problems (Edwards & Jones 1977). The semi-synthetic MWFs should not be
employed because the chlorine levels are higher than those allowed by the standards (Bork et al. 2014). Synthetic Chemicals
also have limitations on ecological performance (Skerlos et al. 2008, Suda et al. 2004). Therefore Conventional Hydro Carbon
and Synthetic based MWFs are the major cause for health ailments for Machinists such as Respiratory Ailments, Lung Cancer
etc. (Bennet, 1983) and ecological pollution such as Pollution of Water Bodies and Soil (Soković & Mijanović 2001). In
addition the cleaning of MWFSs from machine, work piece and the surroundings increases the cost of machining and
consumes energy (Paulo 2013). Several review papers have already provided indications on the scope of vegetable based
MWFs effectively replacing the Hydro Carbon and Synthetic based MWFs and further research efforts are continuing (Osama
et al. 2017). At constant cutting conditions, vegetable based MWFs with additives improved the machining performance by
reducing surface roughness (Ra), tool flank wear, cutting and thrust forces and cutting tool temperature (Kumar et al. 2015).
The vegetable based MWFs do not contain any chlorine element in its composition, maintain their low-level foam volumes,
and do not exhibit any acidity level. Nitrosamines, which cause problems to component quality and to machinist health are not
present in the vegetable cutting fluids. Therefore the efficiency of the use of vegetable based MWFs is proven (Bork et al.
2014). Vegetable oils are potential Oils which can act as base fluids for eco- friendly MWFs because of their superior inbuilt
qualities like excellent lubricity, bio-degradability, superior flash and fire points, lesser toxicity and adjustable viscosity in
emulsions, viscosity-temperature characteristics and low volatility (Srivastava & Sahai 2013). Lubricity of vegetable oils is
ascribed to their capability to get absorbed to the metallic surfaces and to form a firm mono-layer, with the polar head which
adheres to the metallic surfaces and the hydrocarbon chains get oriented in near normal directions to the surface (Somers et al.

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2013a), Yakubu & Bello (2015) states that Neem oil is not only suitable for MWFs, but it is more effective than the soluble oil.
Srikant and Ramana (2015) have identified vegetable oil based emulsifier fluid which replaces both the mineral oil and
petroleum-based emulsifiers. It is established that it is possible to make vegetable oil–water emulsion systems with such
emulsifiers and different surface-active agents. These emulsions have excellent antirust properties (John et al. 2004). Vegetable
based MWFs have high Viscosity Index, and low evaporative losses. Overall, Vegetable oil-based MWFs exhibit several
excellent properties compared with mineral oils (Asadauskas 1996, Mobarak et al. 2014, Munoz et al. 2012, Usta el al. 2011,
Willing 2001). But the Vegetable based MWFs do have limitations with respect to stability and overall machining performance
(Lawal et al. 2012, Shashidhara & Jayaram 2010). Ionic liquids (ILs) are novel group of eco-friendly chemicals with the
possible application as lubricants (Libardi et al. 2013, Zhou et al. 2009). As lubricants, the synthetic ILs show outstanding
tribological performance and are better than any other lubricants, in terms of the friction reduction ability (Wang et al. 2004).
ILs are more thermally stable than hydrocarbon oils. They can uphold their stability up to 472°C whereas most oils decompose
at around 250°C (Mordukhovich et al. 2013). ILs as additives have many potential functions (Qu et al 2012). Most long alkyl
chains ILs are found to be mixable in vegetable oil. Since ILs consist of ions, they readily get adhered to the metal surfaces. X-
ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) analysis suggests that the ILs develop shielding tribolayers which get transferred to the
contact area and get adhered to the metal surfaces to form a low-shear coating which results in reduction of friction and wear
(Somers et al. 2013a, Somers et al. 2013b). Hence ILs have become possible MWF additives. ILs are investigated only as
lubricants in predictable tribological environments involving sliding and rolling friction at comparatively lesser contact
pressures and temperatures. Schwab et al. (2009) have attempted to use ILs as Lubricants in Metal Forming. In the first
reported research in Metal Cutting, Pham et al. (2014) have investigated the effect of ILs as MWF additives in micro-
machining of Aluminum Alloy Al 5052, with low cutting forces and low temperature. Surface evaluation has demonstrated
significant friction and wear reductions from adding a small quantity (e.g., 5 wt %) of IL into a base oil. Yu et al. (2012)
suggest that oil-mixable ILs have wide applications as lubricant additives. The presence of even a very little quantity of IL (1%
concentration by weight), as an additive with vegetable oil in MQL mode, significantly affects the tribology of the machining
process, as compared to dry cutting, conventional flood-cooled cutting, and machining with neat vegetable oil applied in MQL
mode (Dhar et al. 2006, Goindi et al. 2015). A research work where Guanidinium ILs have been employed as lubricants
established that ILs possess better anti-friction and anti-wear performance in wide temperature range (Huang et al. 2017).
Application of vegetable oils and ILs have resulted in positive outcomes in terms of reducing cutting temperature, cutting
forces, surface roughness and many other (Osama et al. 2017).
Use of Minimum Quantity Lubrication (MQL) with vegetable oil based MWF in machining is acceptable from the standpoint
of environment pollution because the machining is done with very little amount of oil many times less than the conventional
MWFs. This type of MQL application reduced cutting force by 17% which actually means a reduced amount of power
consumption which is significant in terms of sustainability (Ekinovic et al. 2015). In MQL, it is observed that there is a
reduction of about 10–30 % Cutting Temperature and 5-28% reduction in Cutting Forces (Rahim et al. 2015). The key to the
success of MQL is the MWF with advanced tribological properties (Shen 2008). MQL flow rate even at 15-20 ml/min
demonstrated better performance compared to dry machining (Boswell et al. 2017). In addition to selection of an appropriate
cutting environment with additives, method of application of MWFs, selection of Cutting Tools and Cutting Parameters also
influences the surface roughness. It is observed that Titanium Aluminium Nitride (AlTiN) coated tools demonstrated superior
performance in all aspects as compared to other coated tools and uncoated tools. Particularly built-up edge formation is

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considerably reduced in the case TiN coated tools (Ahmed et al. 2017). Further, surface finish can be significantly improved
by choosing cutting parameters appropriately (Yang & Tarng 1998). Surface roughness reduces with increase in cutting speed
and reduction in feed rate (Benardos & Vosniakos 2003, Khandey 2009, Kumar et al. 2012, Dureja et al. 2014, Rao et al. 2013)
but the depth of cut does not play a significant role on roughness (Venkatesan et al. 2014). Surface roughness is also influenced
by tool geometry in addition to the cutting environment (Dogra et al. 2011, Özel et al. 2005). Literature also illustrates that,
apart from optimizing a single output, multi-objective optimization has also been addressed using Taguchi and other methods
(Yang & Natarajan 2010, Varghese et al. 2017). Hence, this research work investigates the effects of ILs as additives to MWFs
on the surface roughness during turning of carbon steel. The major impact of the work is the replacement of Conventional
hydro-carbon/ synthetic based MWF with a MWF formulation consisting of Green Oil, IL as additive to enhance cutting
performance and Vegetable Emulsifier. The potential of such green formulations are not yet explored adequately in the field of
metal cutting. The other major contribution of this work is the optimization of cutting conditions for the suggested MWF with
IL which is also not attempted in any earlier research work.

3. METHODOLOGY
To investigate the effects of ILs as additives to Neem oil on Surface Roughness, turning operations are carried out on an all
geared lathe. The work piece material chosen is carbon steel - AISI 1040 grade with carbon percentage of 0.44%. The work
piece dimensions are Ø 32 mm x 140 mm long and turning is carried over a length of 120 mm. Titanium Nitride Coated
(TiNCC) and Uncoated Tungsten Carbide (UCC) inserts of Triangular Geometry with carbide grade P30 are used as cutting
tools. A new cutting edge is used for each experiment. The experiments are conducted under different formulations of MWFs
and cutting environments as shown in Table 1. DDL method is used for application of MWFs for reduced consumption. The IL
is mixed with Neem Oil or its emulsions using mechanical stirring. The cutting parameters viz., Speed and Feed shown in
Table 1 are selected based on the machine settings. The Depth of Cut is kept constant considering the fact that it does not
influence the Surface Roughness significantly. Experimental plan is developed based on the widely used Design of Experiment
method developed by Taguchi (Aggarwal & Singh 2005, Hamdan et al. 2012). For four factors with multiple levels, a L16
Orthogonal Array is obtained. 16 experiments are conducted based on the Array as shown in Table 2. The measurement of
surface roughness is performed with Mitutyo‘s Measuring Instrument using a cutoff value of 0.8 mm (average of 3 readings per
sample, with 5 mm evaluation length for each reading). The values of surface roughness measured are given in Table 2. The
Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) for S/N ratio and Means are established for Surface roughness (Ra) and are tabulated in Table
3 and 4.
Table 1. Cutting Parameters and Conditions

Parameter Values Parameter Values

Speed (rpm) 1) 455 2) 685 1. Dry
Feed Rate (mm/rev) 1) 0.292 2) 0.583 2. Compressed Air
Metal
Depth of Cut (mm) 0.5 (Constant) - 3. Neem Oil
Working
2) Titanium 4. Emulsion (Neem Oil & Water in 1: 10 ratio)
Fluid/
1) Uncoated Nitride 5. Neem Oil with 1% BMIMBF4
Cutting
Cutting Tool Carbide Tool - Coated 6. Emulsion with 1% BMIMBF4
Environment
UCC Carbide 7. Neem Oil with 2% BMIMBF4
Tool - TiNCC 8. Emulsion with 2% BMIMBF4
4. RESULTS, DISCUSSIONS AND ANALYSIS
The L16 Array, Surface Roughness values obtained for each trail and the average roughness values are shown in Table 2.

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Table 2. L16 Array and Surface Roughness

Speed Feed Roughness (Ra) Average
Job Cutting Environment Tool
(rpm) (mm/rev) 1 2 3 (Ra)
L1 MWF System - Dry 455 0.292 UCC 9.82 9.55 10.0 9.80
L2 MWF System - Dry 685 0.583 TiNCC 9.02 9.87 8.87 9.25
L3 MWF System - Compressed Air 455 0.292 UCC 8.82 9.58 8.22 8.87
L4 MWF System - Compressed Air 685 0.583 TiNCC 7.39 8.84 7.23 7.82
L5 MWF System - Neem Oil- Flood Cooling 455 0.292 TiNCC 5.27 3.84 3.82 4.31
L6 MWF System - Neem Oil- Flood Cooling 685 0.583 UCC 5.43 8.67 6.37 6.82
L7 MWF System - Emulsion- Flood Cooling 455 0.292 TiNCC 3.71 3.38 5.62 4.24
L8 MWF System - Emulsion- Flood Cooling 685 0.583 UCC 6.62 7.71 4.11 6.15
L9 MWF System - Neem Oil with 1% IL - MQL 455 0.583 UCC 4.75 6.75 5.96 5.82
L10 MWF System - Neem Oil with 1% IL - MQL 685 0.292 TiNCC 2.58 6.38 2.28 3.75
L11 MWF System - Emulsion with 1% IL - MQL 455 0.583 UCC 4.46 6.74 4.76 5.32
L12 MWF System - Emulsion with 1% IL - MQL 685 0.292 TiNCC 2.18 3.18 3.49 2.95
L13 MWF System - Neem Oil with 2% IL - MQL 455 0.583 TiNCC 3.80 4.86 4.46 4.37
L14 MWF System - Neem Oil with 2% IL - MQL 685 0.292 UCC 2.06 4.59 2.05 2.90
L15 MWF System - Emulsion with 2% IL - MQL 455 0.583 TiNCC 3.57 4.85 4.28 4.23
L16 MWF System - Emulsion with 2% IL - MQL 685 0.292 UCC 1.74 2.29 3.14 2.39

The Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) for Signal to Noise ratio and Means are established for Surface roughness (Ra) and are
tabulated in Table 3 and Table 4.
Table 3. Analysis of Variance for SN ratios
Source DF SeqSS AdjSS AdjMS F P
MWF 7 150.860 150.860 21.551 15.78 0.004
SPEED 1 6.309 6.309 6.309 4.62 0.084
FEED 1 28.972 28.972 28.972 21.22 0.006
TOOL 1 5.328 5.328 5.328 3.90 0.105
Residual Error 5 6.827 6.827 1.365
Total 15 198.296

Table 4. Analysis of Variance for Means

Source DF SeqSS AdjSS AdjMS F P
MWF 7 70.047 70.047 10.0068 29.26 0.001
SPEED 1 1.523 1.523 1.5232 4.45 0.089
FEED 1 7.000 7.000 7.0004 20.47 0.006
TOOL 1 3.195 3.195 3.1952 9.34 0.028
Residual Error 5 1.710 1.710 0.3420
Total 15 83.476

The sums of squares (SS) in the ANOVA Table for S/N Ratios and Means (Table 3 and 4) indicate the relative importance of
each factor. The Metal Working Fluids with biggest SS (150.86, 70.047) and Feed with the next higher SS (28.972, 7.000)
significantly influence the Surface Roughness. As per these tables, MWFs, Feed and Speed are also significant at a α-level of
0.10 because their p-values are less than 0.10 in both the Tables.
Table 5. Response Table for S/N ratio for Surface Roughness Table 6. Response Table for means for Surface Roughness
Level MWF Speed Feed Tool Level MWF Speed Feed Tool
1 -19.58 -14.99 -13.01 -14.93 1 9.527 5.871 4.901 6.009

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2 -14.82 -13.73 -15.70 -13.78 2 5.567 5.254 6.224 5.115

3 -14.40 3 5.192
4 -13.91 4 4.783
5 -12.11 5 4.135
6 -11.39 6 3.637
7 -10.21 7 3.312
8 -18.44 8 8.347
Delta 9.37 1.26 2.69 1.15 Delta 6.215 0.617 1.323 0.894
Rank 1 3 2 4 Rank 1 4 2 3

The response tables, Table 5 and 6 show the average of surface roughness characteristics for each level of the factors. The
tables include ranks based on Delta statistics which compare the relative magnitude of effects. The Metal Working Fluids with
rank 1 and Feed with Rank 2 have the greatest influence on both the S/N ratio and the Mean.

Legend:
Ar Compressed Air
Dr Dry
Em Emulsion
Em+1 Emulsion+ 1% IL
Em+2 Emulsion+ 2% IL
Oi Oil
Oi+1 Oil + 1% IL
Oi +2 Oil + 2% IL
TiNCC TiNCC Coated Tool
UCC Uncoated Tool

Figure 1 Main effects plot for S/N Ratios for Surface Roughness

Interval Plot of ROUGHNESS vs MWF

95% CI for the Mean
12

10

8
ROUGHNESS

0
Ar Dr Em Em+1 Em+2 Oi Oi+1 Oi+2
MWF
The pooled standard deviation was used to calculate the intervals.

Figure 2 Main effects plot for Means for Surface Roughness Figure 3 Interval of plot of Surface Roughness Vs MWFs

In this work, the aim is to achieve minimum surface roughness. Hence the factor levels that minimize the Mean and maximize
the S/N Ratio are considered as the optimum factors. We can observe from the main effects plot for S/N Ratios and Means
(Figure 1 and 2), Neem Oil Emulsion with 2% Ionic Liquid as MWF, Titanium Nitride Coated Carbide Tool, 685 rpm speed
and 0.292 mm/rev Feed shall result in best performance in terms of Surface Roughness. To study the effect of eight different

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types of MWFs and Environments on surface roughness, a one way ANOVA between surface roughness and MWFs is plotted
(Figure 3) with confidence level of 95%. From the plot it is established that the out of these, the Emulsion with 2% IL results in
lowest Surface Roughness Mean and hence it can be considered as the best substitute for conventional cutting fluids. Further,
in order to validate the finding based on Taguchi‘s S/N Ratio Plot and One way ANOVA Plot, experiments are conducted with
Titanium Nitride Coated Tool as the Tool with 685 rpm as Speed 0.292 mm/rev as Feed with 6 different MWFs, the results of
which are presented in Table 7. The Dry Environment and Compressed Air are excluded in the validation experiments
considering the fact that they have not positively contributed to Surface Roughness reduction.

Table 7. Surface Roughness

No MWF Roughness (Ra)

1 Neem Oil 6.12
2 Emulsion 4.81
3 Neem Oil+1%IL 3.69
4 Neem Oil+2%IL 3.36
5 Emulsion+1%IL 2.87
6 Emulsion+2%IL 2.34

Figure 4 Interval of plot of Surface Roughness Vs MWFs

The bar chart based on the surface roughness values obtained in validation experiments done with TiNCC Tool with 685 rpm
speed, 0.292 mm/rev as Feed and the above six different MWFs are shown in Figure 4. As it can be seen from Table 7 and
Figure 4, the MWF ‗Emulsion made with Neem Oil with Water in the ratio of 1: 10 mixed with Ionic Liquid (BMIMBF4- 2%
concentration by weight) results in the lowest surface roughness value (Ra).

5. CONCLUSIONS
From the analysis of average roughness of the surfaces generated in the turning process, it is observed that adding a very small
quantity of IL (1 to 2% concentration by weight), with an emulsion of vegetable oil or neat Vegetable Oil and applied in DDL
mode, significantly enhanced the surface finish, as compared to other MWFs. Therefore, Vegetable Oils/Emulsions with IL
additives can be considered as an Eco-Friendly MWF substitute for Hydrocarbon and Synthetic based MWFs. The optimal set
of process parameters for minimizing the Surface Roughness during machining of AISI 1040 grade plain carbon steel work
piece are: Cutting Speed: 685 rpm, Feed: 0.292 mm/rev, Depth of Cut: 0.5 mm, Tool: TiNCC, MWF: Neem Oil Emulsion with
IL- BMIM.BF4 (2% Concentration by weight). At the Optimum Cutting Conditions, use of Neem Oil with 1% and 2% IL and
it‘s emulsion with 1% and 2% IL reduces the Surface Roughness by 40% to 62% as compared to use of Pure Neem Oil, as
shown in Table 8. Similarly at the Optimum Cutting Conditions, use of Neem Oil with 1% and 2% IL and it‘s emulsion with
1% and 2% IL reduces the surface roughness by 23% to 51% as compared to use of pure Emulsion, as shown in Table 9.
Table 8. Surface Roughness Reduction as compared to Pure Neem Oil as MWF

MWF Neem Oil Neem Oil +1%IL Neem Oil +2%IL Emulsion+1%IL Emulsion+2%IL

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Roughness (Ra) 6.12 3.69 3.36 2.87 2.34

% Reduction - 40% 45% 53% 62%

Table 9. Surface Roughness Reduction as compared to Emulsion as MWF

MWF Emulsion Neem Oil +1%IL Neem Oil +2%IL Emulsion+1%IL Emulsion+2%IL
Roughness (Ra) 4.81 3.69 3.36 2.87 2.34
% Reduction - 23% 30% 40% 51%

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