SMART CITIES AS BUSINESS HUBS

Dr. K M Soni, Chief Engineer, WZ-I, CPWD, Mumbai

As per the Ministry of Urban Development report, it is estimated that at present

31% i.e. 377 million people are living in urban areas of the country. In the next 15 years,
this will increase by another 157 million and by 2050 another 500 million, when more
than half of the country’s population will be living in urban areas. Since more than 70% of
urban people live in 468 cities or towns with more than one lakh population, cities need to
be developed in a planned way, catering the requirements of the future hence concept of
smart cities has been brought by the government. The government has already announced
developing 100 smart cities. It is estimated that 7 lakh crore would be required for
developing 100 smart cities in next 20 years but considering inflation rate in the country,
the figure may further go up.
“Smart” word has been traditionally used for the persons who are well dressed,
fashionable, stylish, elegant, neat, and spruced up. The persons of rural background or
even of small towns normally do not fit in this definition. The persons of metropolitan
cities are therefore considered smarter than those of villages, towns and small cities. Smart
persons consider themselves advanced compared to others and have a capacity of spend
and showcase more compared to others. Similarly smart cities are more advanced
compared to other cities.
Though there is no standard definition of smart city, it is defined as a city that has
sustainable development and high quality of life by way of economy, mobility,
environment, housing, utilities and governance using information and communication
technology. In the national conclave of states and union territories on smart cities held on
12.09.2014, smart city was defined as, “A smart city is one that makes urban life
comfortable and improves living standards through good governance, efficient health care
services and education, 24 x 7 power and water supply, efficient transport, high quality
sanitation, employment to the needy and robust cyber connectivity and benefits all
irrespective of income, age and gender” as also mentioned in the draft concept note
prepared by the Ministry of Urban Development, Government of India.
A city has its own character of growth. It is supposed to develop according to
Master Plan but in actual there are variations particularly in a developing country like
India due to high population growth and varied economic conditions of the people. Once
city has developed, it tries to switch over to “electronic city”. This stage provides for
broadband connections to the public and many services are linked to e-governance. We, in
India are still to achieve this stage in many small cities, particularly switching over to e-
governance and transparent system. After attaining the stage of “electronic city”, a city
progresses to “mobile city” in which mobile services are introduced with 3G, 4G or
improved services. Life becomes mobilised life and learning also starts with mobilised
services. After this stage, city moves to “Smart City” having 24x7 services, internet of
things, and smart infrastructure with smart services connected through internet and remote
controlled. India may not be ready to switch over to this stage hence we need to define
“Smart City” in Indian context.
FEATURES OF A SMART CITY
The features of a smart city include promoting mixed land use in area based
developments, housing and inclusiveness, creating walk able localities to reduce
congestion, air pollution and resource depletion, boost local economy, promote
interactions and ensure security, preserving and developing open spaces like parks,
playgrounds, and recreational spaces, promoting a variety of transport options i.e. Transit
Oriented Development (TOD), public transport, making governance citizen friendly and
cost effective. This is proposed to be achieved through increasingly relying on online
services to bring accountability and transparency, especially using mobiles to reduce cost
of services and providing services without having to go to municipal offices, forming e-
groups to listen to people and obtain feedback and use online monitoring of programs and
activities with the aid of cyber tour of worksites, giving an identity to the city based on its
main economic activity, such as local cuisine, health, education, arts and craft, culture,
sports goods, furniture, hosiery, textile, dairy, etc and applying “Smart Solutions” to
infrastructure and services in area based development in order to make them better.

SMART CITY CONCEPT IN INDIA

Government of India announced the proposal of smart cities in India in the budget
of 2014-15 and now has already declared 98 smart cities and 2 are likely to be declared
soon, one each from J & K and UP. These cities include 24 capital cities, 24 business and
industrial centres, 18 cultural and tourism influenced areas, 5 port cities and 3 education
and health care hubs. These cities will be developed from the following approach;
• Retrofitting
• Redevelopment
• Greenfield development
• Mix development
• Pan features with smart solutions
Retrofitting will be introduced in an existing built-up area. In this approach, an
area consisting of more than 500 acres will be identified by the city in consultation with
citizens. Depending on the existing level of infrastructure services in the identified area
and the vision of the residents, the cities will prepare a strategy to become smart. Since
existing structures are largely to remain intact in this model, it is expected that more
intensive infrastructure service levels and a large number of smart applications will be
provided into the retrofitted smart city.
Redevelopment will be a replacement of the existing built-up environment and is
proposed to create new layout with enhanced infrastructure using mixed land use and
increased density. Redevelopment envisages in an area of more than 50 acres except in
hilly area, identified by Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) in consultation with citizens. For
instance, a new layout plan of the identified area will be prepared with mixed land use,
higher FSI and ground coverage for example Saifee Burhani upliftment project in Mumbai
(The Bhendi Bazaar Project) and East Kidwai Nagar, New Delhi.
Greenfield development is proposed to be introduced in a previously vacant area of
more than 250 acres except in case of hilly area using innovative planning, plan financing
and plan implementation tools such as land pooling/ land reconstitution with provision for
affordable housing, especially for the poor. Greenfield developments are required around
cities in order to address the needs of the expanding population like the Gujarat
International Finance Tec-City (GIFT) in Gujarat. Unlike retrofitting and redevelopment,
green field developments could be located either within the limits of the ULB or within the
limits of the local Urban Development Authority (UDA).
 Pan-city development proposes application of selected “Smart Solutions” to the
existing city-wide infrastructure. Application of smart solutions will involve the use of
technology, information and data to make infrastructure and services better. For example,
applying smart solutions in the transport sector like intelligent traffic management system
and reducing average commute time or cost of citizens will have positive effects on
productivity and quality of life of citizens. Another example can be waste water recycling
and smart metering which can make a huge contribution to better water management in the
city.
Funding of Smart Cities
Government of India will be providing grant of Rs 48000 crore for 100 cities in
five years and similar grant will be shared by state governments. Thus a city will get about
Rs 100 crore each year for five years from Government of India. GIFT is estimated to cost
Rs 70000 crore, hence 1000 crore is not even 2% and as such, states have to arrange large
amount which is going to be a difficult task. Balance funds may be mobilized by States/
ULBs from their own resources or from collection of user fees, beneficiary charges and
impact fees, land monetization, debt, loans, etc., additional resources transferred due to
acceptance of the recommendations of the Fourteenth Finance Commission (FFC),
innovative finance mechanisms such as municipal bonds with credit rating of ULBs,
pooled finance mechanism, Tax Increment Financing (TIF), other Central Government
schemes like Swachh Bharat Mission, AMRUT, National Heritage City Development and
Augmentation Yojana (HRIDAY), leverage borrowings from financial institutions,
including bilateral and multilateral institutions, both domestic and external sources, by
access to the National Investment and Infrastructure Fund (NIIF) announced in 2015
Budget or through private sector through PPPs.

COMPONENTS OF SMART CITIES

Smart cities will include the following components;
i. Smart economy
ii. Smart mobility
iii. Smart environment
iv. Smart housing
v. Smart utilities
vi. Smart governance and
vii. Smart people

Smart economy refers to productivity, entrepreneurship, trade, economic

conditions, employment opportunities, international embedment, innovative spirit and
ability to transform. Thus smart economy may require lowering of taxes, green collared
jobs, and no polluting industries. Every city would need the place to work for its residents
with place of work near to their residences. Thus there will be a need to develop
industries, commercial organisations, and business establishments for the economy boost
of that area. Commercial and business establishment would only be successful in case the
residents and visitors have high capacity to spend. Industry whether manufacturing or
service would therefore be main source of income generation. Service industry largely
requires only physical infrastructure in terms of buildings but manufacturing industry
requires considerable infrastructure. Manufacturing industries are also the source of
pollution and from the definition of smart city; such industries may not be viable in smart
cities. Therefore pressure would be on the border of smart cities which also cannot be left
unplanned for others than smart people. If manufacturing industries are planned within
smart cities, large investment and workforce would also be required and such workforce
would not be able to sustain the cost of living in the smart cities, hence borders of such
cities may develop as a place of living for workforce. Another model may be that
manufacturing industries are planned separately a little away from smart cities
simultaneously. Thus, “Make in India” mission needs to be integrated with “Smart City”
concept.
Smart mobility includes convenient and safe multimodal travel, speed,
accessibility, traffic management, circulation network and efficient use of land. Smart
mobility of people and freight is again interlinked to economic growth, environment
sustainability and enhancement of quality of life for people. Thus smart mobility means
uninterrupted, convenient and environmentally sustainable transport system. As such one
would not have three wheelers, ordinary buses and taxis, or cycle rickshaws. Air-
conditioned buses, luxurious taxis, metro, mono rails etc may be the modes of transport.
Thus the cost of smart transportation will automatically be very high and unaffordable to
many. Since smart cities are to sustain the environment, the vehicles of other cities and
states may be denied entry to such cities including buses, three wheelers and even private
cars. Such conditions though existing in some smart cities in the world may trigger social
and political issues in India.
Smart environment includes physical environment, human environment, working
environment, atmospheric environment, governing environment and computing
environment using information and communication technologies. At central level also, a
decision is to be taken regarding planning and governance of smart cities from the
beginning after taking state governments into confidence. If the developers are to submit
concept plans and drawings and take various NOCs from existing local bodies, it may take
considerable time to get clearance as the local bodies may not be geared up for such
development. Therefore, local bye laws are to be framed incorporating master plan, zonal
development plans, land use, type of construction, traffic plan, and services suiting to the
requirements.
Smart housing has a wide but different concept for different persons. Broadly this
includes savings of natural resources, functional efficiency, comfort and cultural bindings.
Green buildings are thus part of the smart housing and needs to be designed suiting to
Indian requirements rather than copying the concept of glass buildings of western
countries suiting to their requirements for energy efficiency and economy. Also, one of the
major issues is to take a decision of constructing residential units as mentioned earlier. At
the first instance, it appears that the country needs houses to accommodate large urban
population projected as 157 million people in urban areas. Even if as an average 5 persons
are considered occupying a house, country would need about 30 million units in the
country in next 15 years. Thus considering that two third of the population will get
accommodated in existing cities as the development cannot be stopped in those cities, 10
million houses will still be required and these 10 million should therefore be planned in
smart cities for next 15 years but there is a large inventory of vacant houses already
available. As per the census data, total number of census houses in 2011, 24.7 million
houses were vacant out of 330.8 million census houses at all India level. This means that
7.5% houses were vacant at all India level both from rural and urban sectors. At the
national level, maximum utilization of occupied houses was for residential purposes as
79.9 percent while 19.7 percent utilisation was for non-residential. Thus vacant inventory
of 2011 can even was enough to cater two third requirements of housing for next 15 years.
Another interesting figure was that in comparison to census of 2001, an increase of 32.8
percent in absolute number of houses in India has been recorded which includes an
increase of 31.2 percent in occupied houses and of 56 percent in vacant houses. Therefore,
vacant inventory has already increased at an alarming rate, indicating overall supply was
more than the demand in the country. Now let us examine the scenario of urban India
only. As per the census 2011 in urban India, though there is an absolute increase of 53.9
percent in the number of houses when compared with census 2001, increase in occupied
houses is 52.1 percent and in vacant houses 72 percent. Total number of vacant census
houses was found to be 11.09 million against total census houses of 110.14 million. Thus
inventory of vacant houses in urban area was 10.1% at national level with similar trend
almost in all the states. From these figures also, there may be no requirement of urban
housing for next fifteen years. For yet an analysis, Secretary (UD) in a conference
mentioned during 2013-14 housing shortage of 25 million units (projected during 13-14)
in the country, while 11 million homes were vacant as per the census figures of 2011. The
total housing shortage in the country was projected as 18.78 million in the beginning of
the 12th Five Year Plan (2012-17). It was clearly brought out that more than 90 per cent of
shortage exists for the EWS/LIG section of society. If more than 90% shortage is for
weaker sections, a decision is to be taken whether houses for rich or “smart people” in
smart cities should be planned even though there is no need for those people. But they
only have purchasing capacity, hence no developer can sustain without planning the
houses for smart and rich people. According to another report of the Ministry, the shortage
of housing units in urban areas was 18.7 million (same as mentioned earlier) while over 11
million houses were lying vacant, according to a technical group constituted by the
Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation (HUPA). If 80 per cent of these
vacant houses are made available in the market during 2012-17, the need to build
additional houses will come down by over 88 lakh units (Indian express Sep 27 2012).
Thus if there is a liquidity crunch, this has the potential to create a sharp fall in housing
prices, with destabilising consequences for the rest of the economy, as happened in the US
in 2008” (Hindustan times Sep 23, 2012). Therefore it has to be examined whether India
need residential units in smart cities at all and if by chance liquidity crunch happens in the
country, what would be its implications in smart cities and other parts of the country in
real estate sector.
Smart utilities include various services including water supply, sewerage and
drainage, electricity, education, health, safety, security, insurance, telephone, Wi-Fi,
business and funeral facilities. Challenge will be to design and execute smart utilities in
existing cities and even in new cities as there will be large compulsions of the social
system of the country.
Smart governance is about the decision making and management of the public
services with efficiency, community leadership, continuous improvement, innovation, and
efficient technological services. As per Hon’ble Minister of Urban Development smart
governance includes smart leadership that is bold, initiative bearing, willing and able to
take hard decisions like raising, if required and recovering cost of services, implement
reforms in governance, prevent unauthorized construction besides removing
encroachments and take on mafia. This issue is very critical as the decision makers are the
same and their mind set cannot be changed overnight. The issue is also likely to become a
political agenda. It has to be decided whether these cities will have different local bodies
or existing corporation laws would be applicable to these smart cities also. It is therefore
essential that central government and state governments first decide the governing laws
and building byelaws.
 Smart people are those, able to question, pay the cost of services, prevent fellow
citizens from violating rules and demand their due and are alert. Thus people living in
smart cities are well educated, aware of their rights, and very importantly able to pay the
cost of services. Such services would include operation and maintenance services also. At
present also, service or society charges in many places are even beyond payment capacity
of a middle class person. Considering the facilities being planned in smart cities, society
charges would even be more, affordable only to rich people. Even if some flats are
reserved for some sections of the societies, they may migrate to other cities being unable
to afford the cost of living and service charges. Therefore, it is to be ensured that smart
cities are developed for all sections of society.

FACTORS ON WHICH SMART CITIES DEPEND

The factors on which smart cities depend are said to be;

i. Physical infrastructure
ii. Social infrastructure
iii. Economic infrastructure
iv. Institutional infrastructure
Physical infrastructure includes housing, transport, energy, utility services, solid
waste management system which needs to be designed in an integrated and efficient way
through use of information technology and smart technology.
Social infrastructure includes education, healthcare, sports, community services,
and recreation services. India has a complex social network of various religions, castes,
cultures, traditions and faiths hence developing social infrastructure is a challenge. Many
organisations and politicians may raise the issue of reservations for local farmers (whose
land is acquired), economically and socially backward classes, schedule caste and tribes,
minorities, and disabled in allotment of houses, commercial units and even in governance.
Even community services, funeral services are to be developed separately. Such allotment
at subsidized rates would lead to hike in the cost of infrastructure developed for others so
financial and economic viability would have to be worked out.
Economic infrastructure being backbone of smart cities needs to generate
employment opportunities, business activities and income generation activities through
industries, commercial centres, IT parks, trade and exhibition centres, and financial hubs
etc. Even these economical centres may not generate income until business is generated
particularly from international customers. Therefore “customers” and stakeholders are to
be identified. For example, business activities or commercial centres if are only for the
people of that particular city, it would not generate required income until and unless it gets
business from outside. Every smart city if has large IT parks, we would have 100 such
large parks in hundred cities over already existing IT parks. Therefore, a study needs to be
made whether the country needs those many IT parks. Similarly today, exhibition centres
may be few and as such those exhibition centres are getting business but if one hundred
more exhibition centres come, whether they would get required business. Then there are
already existing business hubs for example Firozabad for glass industry and Moradabad
for brass industry and it is neither desired nor feasible to shift them to some other cities
and thus inclusive growth is essential. Thus there is a need to integrate “Make in India”
with “Smart cities” campaign.
 Institutional infrastructure includes infrastructure for various institutions like
healthcare, education, administration and management including governance. Again this
issue is complex and needs to be planned carefully. For example, today a large number ofo
engineering, dental, medical, and management institutes are existing and probably further
may not be required so creating more facilities would mean either new remaining
unoccupied or existing not being utilized. Institutional infrastructure would depend upon
major usage being planned in each smart city.
Purpose of Smart Cities
For every scheme first and foremost requirement is to finalise the purpose of any
scheme. The purpose of a smart city may be residential, r commercial
ommercial, business
development, global embedment
mbedment, tourism, employment generation or all of them. But all
the purposes should not be included in all the cities and are to be assessed as per the local
requirements. There is a need of “inclusive development” approach integrating existing
cities, towns
owns and rural areas. Emphasis is to be given on minimum migration with
integration of existing facilities of adjoining areas.

Source: www.indiatvnews.com Source: www.rediff.com

ediff.com
Source: http://defenceforumindia.com/ Source: www.aajkatajakhabar.com

ISSUES RELATED TO SMART CITIES

Smart cities need to consider few issues for proper planning. These issues may
include planning issues for type of buildings required, approval from local bodies,
availability of infrastructure to mitigate disasters like fire, earthquake, cyclones, land
acquisition, funds requirement, existing vacant inventory and possible vacant inventory
after construction of such 100 smart cities, usage of assets created, social issues like
allocation of houses, offices and shops to weaker sections of society and farmers, cost of
operation and maintenance, administrative and political issues derived from all such issues
etc. Also safety issues would be required to be followed from earthquake, wind, cyclone,
fire and human safety considerations and making the local bodies equipped to fight fire
and other disasters in emergent conditions. Some other issues which need to be addressed
are;
Capital Cost and Maintenance Cost in Proposed Smart Cities
The cost of smart cities is likely to be very high even if land is provided at
subsidized rates to the developers though difficult in today’s circumstances, tax
concessions are extended and the norms of higher FAR/FSI are adopted. As seen in GIFT
city, even after highly subsidized rates of the land and tax benefits to developers, co-
developers and unit owners, cost of construction including development appears to be
around Rs 88600 per sqm and is very high as the estimated cost of the GIFT project is Rs
70000 crore for a built up area of 79,00,000 sqm. Acquiring land at lower rates from the
farmers may also trigger administrative and political issues.
The services of smart cities will be IT controlled and of high standards, as such the
operation and maintenance costs will be high. People living in smart cities are supposed to
pay the cost of services. In posh colonies of Mumbai, such charges are very high.
According to the report published in Mumbai Mirror on April 12, 2013, “Some of
Mumbai’s ultra plush residential societies charge monthly maintenance fees that go up to
Rs 1 lakh per flat, more than many in the city can afford to pay as rent. And the residents
of these high-rises - pampered with bubble pools, spas, 24-hour housekeeping, in-house
restaurants, mini-theatres and other modern amenities - aren't complaining, proof that no
cost of living is too high in the city.” It was further reported in 2013 that flat maintenance
charges are Rs 17000 in Goregaon west and varying from Rs 29900 to 100000 per month
in Mahalaxmi (Rs 9 to 13 per sqft). Mumbai at present does not have those facilities that
are being talked about smart cities and thus considering the facilities being planned in
smart cities, society charges may be more than these charges. Therefore, an analysis is to
be made for operation, maintenance and other charges to make them affordable for a
common man in the smart cities.
Industrial Development
Smart cities would also need developing manufacturing and service industries to
generate economic and financial resources of earning, both for citizens and the
government. These industries are to be located near existing manufacturing hubs and
centres. Thus “Make in India” needs to be integrated with such cities.
Industries both in manufacturing and service sectors would be main source of
income generation. Service industry largely requires only physical infrastructure in terms
of buildings but manufacturing industry requires considerable infrastructure.
Manufacturing industries may be the source of pollution and from the definition of “Smart
city”; such industries may not be viable in smart cities. Therefore, pressure would be on
the border of smart cities for locating the industries as well habitats for the workers. But
entry of the smart cities cannot be left for pollution for “other than smart people”. Thus
one may plan “Smart city” model with only service industries. If manufacturing industries
are planned within smart cities, large workforce would also be required and such
workforce would not be able to sustain the cost of living in the smart cities, hence borders
of such cities may develop as a place of living for workforce. Another model may be that
manufacturing industries are planned separately a little away from smart cities
simultaneously.
Smart Transport
Smart transport system means uninterrupted, convenient and environmentally
sustainable and efficient transport system. Thus from the present concept, one would not
have three wheelers, ordinary buses, taxis, and cycle rickshaws. Air-conditioned buses,
luxurious taxis, metro, and mono rails may be the modes of transport including private
vehicles. Thus the cost of smart transport system will be high and unaffordable to many.
Since smart cities are to sustain the environment, the vehicles of other cities and states
may be denied entry to smart cities including buses, taxis and even private cars. Such
conditions though existing in some smart cities in the world may trigger social and
political issues in India.
Smart Business Hubs
Smart cities are needed to be developed as business and commercial centres to
attract domestic and foreign visitors for tourism and business to have all round growth of
the local areas. Think, if we have 100 smart cities scattered all over India which have
business centres for local population of those states, hotels, apartments for short duration
stay and restaurants for the visitors and offices and exhibition cum sale centres for local
business entrepreneurs, farmers, businessmen and industrialists, all would be benefitted.
For example, a smart city near Jalandhar may be a woollen hub, Kurukshetra as basmati
rice hub, Saharanpur as wooden craft hub, Varanasi as spiritual hub, Hardwar as Ayurved
hub, Pune, Hyderabad and Bangalore as IT hub, Surat as Diamond hub, Dispur as Bamboo
craft hub, Moradabad as brass hub, Bhagalpur and Mysore as silk hub, Ujjain as spiritual
and Ved vidyapeeth city, Thiruanantpuram as naturopathy hub and so on. New smart cities
near such cities can be developed in small packet of land and would require limited
facilities for housing, offices, and governance etc. Since, these can be allocated to
individuals, cooperatives and companies, or even can be run by private entrepreneurs on
rental basis like exhibition centres, government can also reserve some space for
economically weaker sections of the society. The investment required would be limited
and also skyscrapers would not be required as the buildings can be planned with local
architecture suiting to the climate of the area. Such cities can be planned with smart
transport and smart connectivity with various existing modes of transports like railways,
roads and air. Even such smart cities can be provided air services including helicopter
services.
Inclusive Growth
Inclusive growth needs to be planned with existing cities, towns, rural areas and
existing infrastructure and services so that majority of infrastructure including housing and
retail marketing demand is satisfied with already existing infrastructure or with minor
development. This will also reduce migration to smart cities and urban areas and provide
infrastructure for towns and rural areas to get developed in urban areas.
Sustainable Employment based Development
Development of smart cities will require large number of workforce both unskilled
and skilled. In the country, such workforce is not available. Also at present, unskilled
force is the migratory workforce from the rural areas who are doing both agricultural and
construction works. In case large unskilled workforce is engaged in construction, there
may be large shortage in getting workforce in agriculture sector. Then the cost of farming
may go up and thus farmers may ask for higher rates of food grains and the rates of food
grains may go up. Also, the skilled force engaged in construction would need sustainable
employment after completion of smart cities though employment generation for white
collared jobs i.e. for professionally qualified youths is likely to be more.
Type of Infrastructure
There is a need to define smart cities and decide for the infrastructure to be
developed in each smart city. These cities can be categorised as say; Type - A, Type - B
and Type - C smart cities. For example; Type - C cities may require development of
physical, social, economical and institutional, Type - B only physical, economical and
institutional and Type – A, only economical infrastructure. Further housing and office
requirements can also be worked out in each type of city. A feasibility study therefore is
required to be made for each city, with the existing physical, social, economical and
institutional infrastructure. Thus main issues related to smart cities may be;
i. To decide for requirements of different smart cities (physical, social,
economic, and institutional) and categorising them as Type - A, B, C, D
cities.
ii. To decide for prospective consumers.
iii. To decide on public housing schemes.
iv. To decide for local economic development (industrial development).
v. To decide for local bye laws and governing principles.

CONCLUSIONS
“Smart city” concept is new to the country. Planning a city requires in depth
feasibility study based on business, industrial, commercial, social, economic,
infrastructure and citizen’s requirements, including environmental considerations. Thus, a
master plan has to be developed for each smart city. Availability of existing infrastructure
in cities, towns and rural areas needs to be considered for inclusive growth.
Cost of living in smart cities is likely to be very high considering operation and
maintenance cost of services and thus feasibility study is to be made for creating houses
for all sections of the society if required. Demand of houses is to be examined considering
existing vacant inventory of the houses in the country.
Concept of “Smart city” should be converted into “Smart Business Hub” for local
entrepreneurs and citizens so that buyers can directly make purchase from the producers
and manufacturers.

REFERENCES
http://indiansmartcities.in/
http://censusmp.nic.in/
http://www.rediff.com/business/report
http://smartcities.gov.in/
Soni, K M (2015), “Smart Cities for India”. Preliminary Journal of Indian Buildings
Congress, XXII (1) pp 8-15.