Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
1 PREAMBLE 4
2 REFERENCES 4
3 TERMINOLOGY 4
5.8 Flanges 11
6 VENT WORK 18
6.1 Velocity 18
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Sr. No. Description Page No.
7 THICKNESS OF DUCTS 26
8 DESIGN OF BENDS 27
9 DESIGN OF ELBOWS 30
10 DESIGN OF REDUCERS 31
11 FLANGE CONNECTION 35
13 DUCT EXPANSION 42
15 DAMPERS 52
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Sr. No. Description Page No.
16.3 Branches 56
18 FLOW MEASUREMENT 61
18.3 Venturimeter 62
Appendix 1: Page 65
Annexure 2: Page 71
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DUCT & VENT ENGINEERING
1. PREAMBLE
Duct is a broad classification of ductwork used in industry for many diverse applications. For
the purpose of this document a duct is defined as metal shell conveying air or gases at high/
ambient temperature. This air or gas may be corrosive and may contain particulate with
varying degree of abrasiveness.
Selection of stiffeners
2. REFRENCES
The basis for design has been taken from Holderbank Engineering, Canada (HEC) standards,
Holtec's Standards and from previous projects which have been running successfully.
3. TERMINOLOGY
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The important duct parts are defined below:
Part Description
Stiffener This is used for providing stiffness/rigidity to the ducts and to prevent
collapsing/deflection of the duct.
Fixed Support Structure rigidly fixed to the duct to take various loads of the duct.
Guide Support It is the support which allows the axial movement of the duct and at the
same time transmits the load of the duct to the other structures.
Compensator Compensators are the metallic or non-metallic members used in a duct
to take the thermal expansion and to isolate the vibrations.
Damper A mechanical device used to control the flow of gases. It is of two type
(1) Louver Type (2) Butterfly Type
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4. INPUT DATA REQUIRED FOR DUCT DESIGN
4. Area of application
5. Dust Content
6. Type of Gas
Round duct is preferred for industrial ventilation, air pollution control and dust collecting
systems due to following reasons:
• Circular duct is naturally stiff, therefore requires less stiffening members for the same
cross section
• During erection, more flexibility is available in rotating the ducts for alignment.
Despite advantages of the round configuration there are applications for industrial ventilation
and air pollution control systems where the rectangular duct must be considered.
Exception: Consideration should be given to the physical installation i.e., a short duct
between two rectangular flanges need not to be changed in cross section.
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5.2 Duct Angle
It is also imperative that the duct is installed at the correct angle to prevent accumulation of
dust in the ducts carrying duct laden gases.
Typical values of Angle of Inclinations for Ducts and Vents are given below in Table 1.
Exception: If due to some constraints, the ducts are horizontal or sloped less than 450 ,then
the velocity should be taken in the range of 28m/s in order to prevent dust settling in the duct
and causing possible blockage of the system.
The gas velocity for various inclinations and applications is tabulated as Table 2.
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TABLE 2 : GAS VELOCIY IN DUCTS (IN M/SEC)
Dust Application Inclination
Preheater
• Downcomer 22 20
• To Raw Mill 22 20
• To Coal Mill 22 20
Coal Mill
• Coal Mill to Bag house/ESP 25 22
• Bag house /ESP to exhaust fan 25 22
• Exhaust fan to chimney 25 22
• Smoke gas fan to coal mill 25 22
• Coal mill recirculation 25 22
Cement Mill
Cement Mill to Bag House/ESP 25 22
• Bag House/ESP to Exhaust Fan 25 22
VENT
• Raw Meal 18 15
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Dust Application Inclination
STACK
• Stack 10-16
Exception: Short ducts are usually sized according to Flanges of connecting equipment (from
cyclone etc.) even if the velocity of the gas is somewhat on higher or lower side.
For designing the duct diameter, selection of correct gas velocity is very important. For dust
laden gases, Gas velocity should be selected in such a manner that it should always be more
than the critical gas velocity.
It is important to take the volume floe rate at actual operating conditions considering
temperature and altitude. If it is given at NTP, then adjustment has to be made for
temperature and pressure at plant altitude. Pressure at altitude “h” is found out by the
following equation
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5.5 Compensation for bends and reducers
After routing of the gas duct has been established , it is important to check back through the
system to ensure that the pressure drop has not been considerably increased due to the
addition of bends, reducers etc.
For General Applications (For use in cement plants): Weld able quality structural steel IS:
2062
For change in cross section the pressure drop can be calculated by adding the equivalent
length in the graph after calculating the value of ξ.
2. Identify various bends, reducers, venturi i.e. any change in the cross-section of the duct
including any bend etc.
4. Read α form the graph 1 from y-axis. The Gas Flow in cum/hour is on the x-axis. Read
the value from the graph for rolled sheet.
D= Duct diameter in mm
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7. Read value of Pressure loss per meter from graph 2.
8. Multiply per pressure loss with Lt to get the total pressure loss.
5.8 Flanges
In the process and vent ducts no intermediate flanges are to be provided between equipment
to equipment unless it is required for maintenance purposes.
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6.0 Vent work
6.1 Velocity
Good ductwork design is to size the duct cross-sectional area for a velocity of 15-18 m/sec.
⇒ Belt Conveyor
The distance between material feed chute and deducting hood should be minimum 1.5 times
belt width in conveying direction and 0.75 times belt width behind the feed chute.
⇒ Bag filter
Duct velocity between Bag filter AND Fan should not exceed 15m/sec.
Duct velocity between Bag filter fan to atmosphere should not exceed 10 m/sec.
Frequently encountered ductwork problems are poorly designed branch entries, elbows and
size variations that hamper airflow and/or cause acceleration wear. Care should be taken to
ensure proper selection as per duct engineering manual.
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6.5 Volumetric Flow Rate
Based on Volumetric Flow rate and selection velocity, duct diameter can be calculated based
on the table given in next page.
⇒ For duct size from 100 to 300, pipes are to be used and the diameter mentioned in the
table is in NB.
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DUCT DIA & X-SECTION FOR DIFFERENT VELOCITY AND VOLUMES
DIA 21m/s 20m/s 19m/s 18m/s 17m/s 16m/s 15m/s 14m/s 13m/s 12m/s 11m/s 10m/s
GAS Volume m3/min (preferred range is 15-18m/sec expect for clinker. For clinker & dry fly ash
Mm
preferred range is 12-16m/sec.
900 48095 45804 43514 41224 38934 36644 34353 32063 29773 27483 25192 22902
1000 59376 56549 53721 50894 48066 45239 42412 39584 36757 33929 31102 28274
1060 66715 63538 60361 57184 54007 50830 47654 44477 41300 38123 34946 31769
1120 74481 70935 67388 63841 60294 56748 53201 49654 46108 42561 39014 35467
1180 82675 78738 74801 70865 66928 62991 59054 55117 51180 47243 43306 39369
1250 92775 88357 83939 79522 75104 70686 66268 61850 57432 53014 48597 44179
The true volume that the ventilation system is required to handle must be determined first.
Therefore, it has to be determined how much vent air is required at each dust point.
Recommended standard volumetric requirements for transfer are given.
Before starting preparing drawing, draw a flow diagram depicting vent volume, of each vent
process, as per recommendation. Write vent volume at each rise points and total vent volume
before entering bag filter.
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DEDUSTING AIR QUANTITIES
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6.6 Pickup Points
The hood design at pickup points should provide ventilation of the duct points while
minimizing the amount of product introduced in to the duSt collection system. Improperly
designed hoods tend to increase the grain loading to the bag filter. Recommended standard
design practices for hood design are:
VERTICAL
VERTICAL
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Sheet thickness of suction hoods: 3 to 4 mm
Intake velocity at hoods according to above table: V1 = 1.4 m/sec
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7.0 THICKNESS OD DUCT
Up to 300 mm diameter pipes are to be used. For venting work medium duty pipes are
recommended
For fabrication of ducts! Vents above 300 mm diameter, the minimum plate thickness should
be 6 mm. However depending upon the negative pressure and the type of material used the
thickness of the duct is tabulated as below:
Duct Diameter
Plate Thickness (In mm)
(in mm)
Raw Coal Mill (To take Pre-heater Cement Mill Cement Mill
Mill care of explosion) & GCT (Tube Mill) (VRM)
355 - 560 - 5 6 - -
630 - 800 - 6 6 - -
900 - 1,180 8 8 6 6 6
1,250 - 1,700 8 10 6 6 6
12 ( Exception ESP
1,800 - 2,000 8 to EP Fan = 10 6 6 8
mm)
2000 & above 8 - 6 6 10
Fly ash Handling: For Fly ash handling, duct thickness on one size higher should be used. Say
instead of 6 mm to 8mm otherwise liner is to be provided with 6 mm thick plate.
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8.0 DESIGN OF BENDS
Bends should have a minimum mean radius as indicated below:
Description R=
Bend 1:
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Bend 2:
This bend is applicable up to diameter of 500 mm only. For diameter above 50 mm use self
cleaning Elbow only.
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Bend 3:
These bends serve to prevent dust accumulation with subsequent dust slides. These can be used
for de-dusting pipes as well as for process pipes.
For all plane faces which are exposed to pressure (under pressure), specify bracing irons when
preparing shop drawings for these bends.
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9.0 DESIGN OF ELBOWS
The differentiation between Bend and Elbow is defined as follows:
• Use elbow only for vents
Elbow 1:
Elbow 2:
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10.0 DESIGN OF REDUCERS
Reducer 1
Due to pressure and flow conditions top angle should be between 300 to 600. However, no
general rule in this respect can be given and the angle is not shown in the drawing.
S = {( ( D – d ) / 2 ) 2 + L 2 } 1/2
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Reducer 2
Due to pressure and flow conditions top angle should be between 300 to 600. However,
no general rule in this respect can be given and the angle is not shown in the drawing.
Weight = [ { ( ( B – b ) / 2 ) 2 + L 2 } 1 / 2 * ( A + a ) + { ( ( A – a ) / 2 ) 2 + L 2 } 1 / 2 * ( B
+ b)] * t * 8 * 10– 6 excluding the weight of flanges.
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Reducer 3
Due to pressure and flow conditions top angle should be between 300 to 600. However, no
general rule in this respect can be given and the angle is not shown in the drawing.
Weight = [ { ( ( B – d ) / 2 ) 2 + L 2 } 1 / 2 * B + { ( ( A – d ) / 2 ) 2 + L 2 } 1 / 2 * A ) * t *
8 * 10- 6 + { ( ( d / D ) 2 + L 2 ) 1 / 2 * 3.14 * d} * t * 8 * 10- 6
Excluding the weight of flanges.
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Reducer 4
Use for square duct joining circular bag filter fan inlet.
Reducer on the pressure and suction side of the fan should have as small a top angle as
possible.
Weight = [ { ( ( D – a ) / 2 ) 2 + L 2 } 1 / 2 * a + { ( ( D – b ) / 2 ) 2 + L 2 } 1 / 2 * b ) * t * 8
* 10 -6 + { ( ( d / D ) 2 + L 2 ) 1/2 * 3.14 * d} * t * 8 * 10-6
Excluding the weight of flanges.
Condition: D ≥ 4 (a*b)
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11.0 FLANGE CONNECTION
Standard flange details are given below:
D
(Pipe No. of
Sn. OD) A B C Holes E F H J
1 125 127 3 171 6 10 207 12
2 150 152 3 197 6 10 232 12
3 180 182 3 222 6 10 262 12
4 205 207 3 248 6 10 287 12
5 230 232 3 273 6 10 312 12
6 255 257 6 298 8 10 337 L 40*40*4 12
7 280 282 6 324 8 10 362 L 50*50*5 12
8 305 307 6 349 8 10 387 L 50*50*5 12
9 330 333 6 387 8 12 433 L 50*50*5 14
10 355 358 6 413 12 12 458 L 50*50*5 14
11 380 383 6 438 12 12 483 L 50*50*5 14
12 405 408 6 464 12 12 508 L 50*50*5 14
13 430 433 6 489 12 12 533 L 50*50*5 14
14 455 458 6 514 12 12 558 L 50*50*5 14
15 480 483 6 540 12 12 583 L 50*50*5 14
16 510 513 6 565 12 12 613 L 50*50*5 14
17 535 539 6 591 16 12 639 L 50*50*5 14
18 560 564 6 616 16 12 664 L 50*50*5 14
19 585 589 6 641 16 12 689 L 50*50*5 14
20 610 614 6 667 16 12 714 L 50*50*5 14
21 635 639 6 692 16 12 739 L 50*50*5 14
22 660 664 6 718 16 12 764 L 50*50*5 14
23 685 689 6 743 16 12 789 L 50*50*5 14
24 710 714 6 768 20 12 814 L 50*50*5 14
25 735 739 6 794 20 12 839 L 50*50*5 14
26 760 764 6 819 20 12 864 L 50*50*5 14
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12.0 STIFFENER DESIGN (POSITION & SPACING)
Ducts having a large diameter and a thin wall thickness may "Collapse" if subjected to external
over pressure (Internal under pressure).
On account of under pressure, if any, in the round ducts it will be necessary, to prevent
collapse, to brace the pipes with flat irons or suitable equivalent section.
The dimensions and mutual distance of which is determined on the basis of the monogram
enclosed in the following pages.
Based on Swedish "Tryckkarisnormer, 1973", a calculation basis has been developed which is
described below:
List of symbols:
α = t/T
β=b/t
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Formulae and calculation method
To examine whether a given pipe possesses the required resistance to “collapse” calculate
Now enter in the Annex 1, with 100 T/D on X – axis and up to the intersection with the line
concerned for p x K (interpolate, if required). Based on this intersection point the maximum
permissible value of L/D is higher than that calculated, there is no risk of “collapse”
Determine the distance b/w the rings so that L/D becomes smaller than that read off above.
Now the necessary moment of inertia of the bracing rib can be determined by means of
formulae:
I > = 6 * 10 ^ -8 * p * k * L * d ^ 3
Estimate d
Now enter in Annex.2 with I/T^4 as abscissa and up to the intersection of the line for the
selected value of α.
β can now be read off on the axis of ordinates and the rib width is found as
b= β *T.
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Calculation for Stiffeners for Ducts
P under- pressure (bar), ( 1 bar= 10^4 mm WG) 665
T wall thickness(mm) 6
D diameter of pipe(mm) 2800
L length of pipe or distance between 2 bracing rings(mm) 6000
I moment of inertia of bracing ring including part of the
casing(mm4)
d diameter, measured to center of gravity line for bracing ring
(mm)
K constant taking account of the E- module variation with 1.16
temperature F
K(1500 C)= 1.05 ; K ( 3500 C)= 1.16
t wall thickness of bracing ring(mm) 12
b width of bracing ring(mm) 80
α t/T
β b/t
L/D 2.14
100*T/D 0.21
P*k 00.077
Check from Graph 1 L/D should be less than graph value 3
Tested for Acceptability of L OK
1>=6*10^-8*p*k*L*d^3 662376
I/T^4 512
Log natural 6.24
α = t/T 2
β=b/t 13.333
b= β *T. 73.5
SELECTED STIFFNER 80*12
(STIFFENER SPACING( FACTOR OF SAFETY=2.5) 2400s
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12.2 Rectangular Ducts
For Cement Plants rectangular ducts are not used often .The main areas are in Raw Mill and
Cooler. For this purpose the stiffeners have been standardized as follows:
All planes faces exceeding 1m² must be braced by means of flat irons or suitable equivalent
members so as to prevent collapses and vibrations.
Rectangular ducts do not possess the same strength in cross section or in length as circular
ducting. Great care must be taken to ensure that the duct is adequately stiffened to suit any
given application.
If the duct is refractory lined then the additional weight has to be considered when determining
plate thickness as stiffeners.
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13.0 DUCT EXPANSION
Due to high temperatures of the gases, expansion of the duct will occur, Expansion joints are
used to absorb the expansion of the ducts.
∆L = L0 X ∆t X 0.000012
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Lo = original length of duct (mm)
Basis of Selection:
1. For ∆l upto 150-200 mm, use one no. Non-metallic expansion joint or 2 nos. metallic
expansion joint.
3. If ∆l more than 200 mm provide additional intermediate Fixed and Guide supports.
4. Locate expansion joints to get maximum axial movement and minimum lateral movement.
Expansion joints are also used to avoid transmission of vibration and should be installed at the
inlet and outlet of large fans to avoid vibrations of fan housing being transmitted to the duct.
2. Rugged construction
5. For high lateral movements generally two nos. expansion joints are installed adjacent to
each other.
7. Dust gets inside the metallic convolutes and offers resistance to the system. In such cases
thermal movements cannot be accommodated. This can result in increase of
reactionary/spring force exerted by the expansion joint.
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Features of Non-Metallic Expansion Joints:
3. Can accommodate higher lateral thermal movements in all planes like axial, lateral,
transverse, and radial. Also it can accommodate torsional movements, misalignments at
site, lateral shifts etc.
4. Suitable for vibrations in fan inlets/outlets and being fabric & flexible in nature, does not
transfer vibrations to adjacent equipments. Hence, no loss of efficiency or life.
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CALCULATION OF EXPANSION JOINTS FOR DUCTS
H Duct Length (mm) 8400
V Duct Length (mm) 4000
Included Angle between ducts degree 135
X Angle of inclination degree 45
T1 Initial temperature 10
T2 Max. Temperature duct required to withstand 350
Coff. Of Linear Expansion mm/deg. C 0.000012
AXIAL EXPANSION
Expansion in horizontal direction for H 34.27
Expansion in horizontal direction for V 11.54
Total 45.81
ADD FORMISALIGNMENT 10.00
TOTAL CALCUALTED AXIAL EXPANSION 55.81
THUS, AXIAL EXPANSION = 55.81
Type of joint
Enter 1 for Metallic. 2 for Non-Metallic 1.00
No. of Expansion Joints 1
LATERAL EXPANSION
Expansion in vertical direction due to H 11.54
Expansion in vertical direction due to V 0.00
Total 11.54
ADD FORMISALIGNMENT 10.00
TOTAL CALCUALTED LATERAL EXPANSION 21.54
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14.0 DUCT SUPPORTS AND HANGERS
Designing hangers or brackets for supporting a duct requires consideration of two important
factors.
1) The additional stress of the support forces when combined with the working stress of the
duct must not increase the stress in the duct above the allowable limit.
2) The support should not restrain the stressed duct so it becomes too rigid to flex under
normal changes in working pressure, temperature & loads.
Many types of stresses are involved in any supporting structure. The more common types are
the following:
1) The internal pressure of the gas in the duct, along with the weight of the duct cause
tangentially and longitudinal tensile stresses in the duct.
2) Any radial force acting on a section of the duct causes bending stresses in the ring of the
duct as well as axial tensile stresses both of which act tangentially to the circumference of
the duct.
3) The radial force also causes radial shear stresses in the duct, and longitudinal shear stresses,
both adjacent to the hanger.
After proper analysis of the forces involved, the various stresses must be combines to
determine the maximum normal stress (tensile or compressive) and maximum shear stress.
Other loads and forces which also have to be taken into consideration are those caused by the
elements i.e. snow load and wind load and the seismic conditions (earthquake factor) determine
by the location of the plant also the increase weight of the duct due to dust “build-up” and the
addition of insulation.
The civil engineer needs to know all the conditions before designing a support. Its is therefore
the responsibility of the Mechanical Designer to first propose a routing for the duct, taking into
the consideration for the best possible location for the supports, i.e. utilizing buildings, etc. and
avoiding high towers if possible. After the routing has been established and location of the
supports determined, it should be discussed with Civil Engineer before continuing.
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14.1 Loads on Supports
Loads to be taken into consideration when calculating the forces on a support are indicated
below:
Weight of dust (assume a 100 mm thick accumulation of duct on the entire inside surface
of the duct). Where short ducts , sloping less than 30 degrees Celsius from the horizontal
cannot be avoided, a dust load is to be assumed corresponding to the duct being half full of
dust over its entire length.
Weight of insulation
• Weight of stiffeners: Where calculations are cumbersome, approx. 10% of duct shell
weight can be taken as stiffener weight.
• Eccentric Load distribution: In most drawings, the calculated load from above is less than
the load considered. The main reason is the non-linear distribution of the load between the
two or more supports
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14.2 Types and location of supports
When selecting the location and type of support, expansion of the duct due to high gas
temperature must be taken into consideration.
If the ducting is not flexible, use expansion joints to compensate form movement of the duct.
Each duct section separated by expansion joints shall have only one fixed support, the other
supports must permit movement of the duct.
NOT RECOMMENDED
The above two types of saddle sliding supports are not recommended because they create high
frictional forces, paint is scraped of due to movement, thereby causing corrosion.
RECOMMENDED
The above types of hinged support are recommended as the best way in which to support a duct
and also permit the duct to move in the direction of the expansion.
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RECOMMENDED
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14.4 Fixed Support
Fixed support can be as simple as a welded saddle type support or as complex as a structure
dictate what type of support should be used. A few of the more common ways are indicated
below.
BRACKET TYPE A
BRACKET TYPE B
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BRACKET TYPE C: FOR CLEANING ELBOW
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15.0 Dampers
All gas ducting calls for dampers to be installed in one form or another i.e. shut off or
regulating. They will generally be butterfly or louver types with Motorized to manual
operation.
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Butterfly valve
It can be seen from above that opposed blade louver dampers are preferred for regulating
because of the almost linear flow characteristics.
The type of damper used depends very much on what the term “Shut off” means for any
particulars system .For instance if the damper are required to “Shut off” a duct run, there by
allowing gases to be passed through another system, then standard butterfly damper could be
used.
If the damper is required to “Shut off” a duct run and permit maintenance to be carried out
while the system is still running then the safety of the damper. The dampers therefore are
usually the guillotine or disc valve type and can be very big and heavy and can require a
support system just for the damper itself.
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15.3 Location of Damper
The general location of the dampers will be found from the flow sheet provided by the process
technology department. Care should be taken in the determining the final locations in the duct
system with particular attention being given to providing access for operating and maintenance
personnel, and the avoidance of dust “build up” on the damper when it is in the closed position.
The installation of the damper is also important, i.e. that the blades face the right direction
when partially opened and do not cause turbulence in the gas flow.
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16.0 DO’ & DON’TS OF GOOD DUCT DESIGN
The design of gas ducting should be so that the gases can be transported through the system
without causing turbulence or excessive friction in the system, and also that there will be no
excessive dust “build up”.
This means that the principles for industrial ventilation should be used. Theses can be found in
many handbooks; however a few of the more important ones are shown below:
Curves in having a minimum inside radius equal less than as defined earlier should be provided
with the vanes to distribute the gas flow equally.
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16.2 Transition Pieces
Transition pieces from round to rectangular or small to large diameter should be long enough
to avoid turbulence.
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16.3 Branches
To be avoided
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16.4 Fan inlet
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16.5 Fan outlet
Fan dust laden gases avoid an arrangement where there is the possibility of accumulated dust
falling back on rotor of the fan.
The gas flow for case 1 is not so good as for 2 but there is less chance of dust falling on the
rotor.
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16.6 Exhaust Stacks
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16.7 Access Doors
All doors should have bolted access doors so that every section of the duct can be inspected
and cleaned.
A door must be installed close to each damper for inspection and on all points where dust
accumulation is expected.
Note: It is to be understood, that when detailing the duct runs, some of the straight lengths
should have a cutting allowance (say 150mm) and some of the flanges should be supplied loose
for filed welding. This obviously is to permit the erector a little latitude when installing the
system.
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17.0 PROVISION FOR INSTRUMENTATION
• Mill to cyclones
Ducts for
• De-dusting equipment to fan and stack need to have temperature and volume indications.
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18.2 Orifice Plate: Used for small dia. Ducts and short duct length : 1.0 to 1.5m dia.
18.3 Venturimeter: Used for large duct dia. & long ducting
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18.4 Flow Measurement Calculation
Q = Flow of Gases
C = Flow Coff.
Press. Difference in mm WG
g = 9.81 m/sec2
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Ducting : Analysis Statement : Typical Prj.
Raw Mill Complex
3 Design Aspect
3.1 Duct diameter 2,800 mm 2,800 mm (Main duct)
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Appendix 1
For general application, the selection of bracing can be done with the following graphs also:
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Bracing for Pipelines
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Bracing for Pipelines
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Bracing for Pipelines
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Bracing for Pipelines
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Bracing for Pipelines
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