Gr 11 – Definitions - MECHANICS

Scalar: A physical quantity having magnitude and a unit but not direction.

Vector: A physical quantity having magnitude, a unit and direction.

Resultant: Vector sum of two or more vectors i.e. a single vector having the same effect as two or more vectors together.

Force: Pull or push action

Non-contact force: Act over a distance. (gravitational, magnetic, electrostratic)

Contact force: Forces that exist between objects that are in contact with each other.

Force diagram: Diagram that shows the object (as a block) with all forces acting on it. Forces are represented by arrows that touch the
block, placed where the force is exerted. The direction of the arrow indicates the direction of the force and its length indicate its
magnitude. Must be annotated / key for the labels added.

Free body diagram: Diagram that shows the object as a dot with all the forces acting on it represented as arrows pointing away from the
dot. The length of the arrow indicates the magnitude of the force. Must be annotated / key for the labels added.

Normal force: The force or the component of a force which a surface exerts on an object with which it is in contact, and which is
perpendicular to the surface.

Coefficient of friction: The proportionality constant of the relationship f  FN. (A value that represents the relationship between the
frictional force and the normal force.)

Frictional force: The force that opposes the motion of an object and which acts parallel to the surface. (Know that a frictional force is
proportional to the normal force, is independent of the area of contact, is independent of the velocity of motion.)

Static frictional force: The force that opposes the tendency of motion of a stationary object relative to a surface.

Kinetic frictional force: The force that opposes the motion of a moving object relative to a surface.

Static equilibrium: An object is in static equilibrium if it is at rest. There are either no forces acting on the object or the forces are
balanced.

Dynamic equilibrium: When an object moves at a constant or uniform velocity, therefore has no acceleration. The forces acting on the
object are balanced.

Resultant / net force: The net force acting on an object is the vector sum of all the forces acting on the object. It is one force that has the
same effect as all the forces acting simultaneously on the object.

Newton’s First Law of Motion: A body will remain in its state of rest or motion at constant velocity in a straight line unless a non-zero
resultant/net force acts on it.

Inertia: The resistance of an object to any change in its state of motion. The mass of an object is a quantitative measure of its inertia.

Newton’s Second law of Motion: When a resultant/net force acts on an object, the object will accelerate in the direction of the force at an
acceleration directly proportional to the force and inversely proportional to the mass of the object.

Newton’s Third Law of Motion: When object A exerts a force on object B, the object B simultaneously exerts a force of equal magnitude in
the opposite direction on object A.

Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation: Each particle in the universe attracts every other particle with a gravitational force that is directly
proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between their centres.

Weight: Gravitational force (in newton) exerted by the Earth on an object.

Mass: Amount of matter in a body measures in kilogram.

Weightlessness: The sensation experienced when all contact forces are removed i.e. no external object touch one’s body.

Free fall: Only force acting on a body is the force of gravity that is a non-contact force.