Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t
Article history: Vacuum Insulation Panels (VIPs) are super-insulating products that can be used for different applications.
Received 23 November 2017 When they are used for building thermal insulation, they have to maintain a very high thermal perfor-
Revised 26 July 2018
mance in long-term. The initial thermal conductivity of VIPs is around 4 mW.m−1 .K−1 . This very low
Accepted 5 August 2018
value will increase in time, depending on the nanoporous property of the core material and on the bar-
Available online 18 August 2018
rier envelope efficiency which prevents the increase of moisture and internal pressure. To estimate the
Keywords: long-term thermal performance of VIPs, modelling is required. Simulations have shown the very great im-
Vacuum insulation panels portance of the core material characteristics, and the external temperature and humidity conditions. That
Core material behaviour is why it is necessary to study the VIPs behaviour with realistic solicitations in service life for each VIP
Building insulation configuration. This paper proposes a methodology for determining the long-term thermal performance
Modelling of VIPs when they are installed in envelope components for various building thermal insulation appli-
Real solicitations
cations. All the methodology including the climate conditions, the building modelling and the insulation
systems, is described. Severity criteria and performance indicators are proposed in order to estimate the
thermal efficiency of VIPs in various applications and climates.
© 2018 Published by Elsevier B.V.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2018.08.006
0378-7788/© 2018 Published by Elsevier B.V.
2 A. Batard et al. / Energy & Buildings 178 (2018) 1–10
Table 1
Material thermal properties (SI units).
Material λ ρ Cp
Fig. 4. Calculation of the temperature changes over 1 year for air (inside and out-
side) and wall surface (inside and outside), case of a North-oriented IWI in Nancy.
Fig. 3. Sectional drawings of the four studied insulation systems (in mm).
Table 2
Simulations of the 4 insulation systems in each climate condition to calculate the
solicitations at the walls’ surface.
Fig. 5. Calculation of the temperature changes over 1 year for air (inside and out-
side) and wall surface (inside and outside), case of a flat roof in Nice.
4. Simulations results
The Fig. 4 shows the hourly internal and external air tempera-
tures evolution, and the temperatures evolution at the walls’ inter-
nal and external surface, for the North-oriented IWI in Nancy.
The Fig. 5 shows the same temperature evolutions but for the
flat roof in Nice.
It can be observed that the temperature at the internal walls’
surface (orange) is very similar to the internal air temperature
(black). In contrast, the temperature at the walls’ external surface
(light blue) strongly differs to the external air temperature (green).
For North-oriented IWI, this difference is significant only in spring
and summer while it is very significant for all the year for the flat
roof in Nice. For this configuration, the temperature at the walls’
external surface exceeds 60 °C during spring and summer days.
with EWI. All the cases are summarized in Table 2. The results pre- The temperature peaks can reach very high values up to 80 °C
sented in this part are focused on two cases: IWI for the main in summer whereas the external air temperature doesn’t exceed
façade oriented facing the North in Nancy, and flat roof in Nice. 35 °C. The impact of radiation exchanges strongly depends on the
They are supposed to be the most favourable and unfavourable absorption coefficients, on the climate, on the orientation, on the
cases. insulation application and on the systems. In contrast, the tem-
A. Batard et al. / Energy & Buildings 178 (2018) 1–10 5
Fig. 8. Relative humidities evolution over 1 year, at the VIPs’ internal and external
surfaces, for IWI in the North in Nancy.
Fig. 6. Temperatures evolution over 1 year, at the walls’ internal and external sur-
faces and at the VIPs’ internal and external surfaces, for IWI in the North in Nancy.
Fig. 9. Relative humidities evolution over 1 year, at the VIPs’ internal and external
surfaces, for flat roof in Nice.
Fig. 7. Temperatures evolution over 1 year, at the walls’ internal and external sur-
faces and at the VIPs’ internal and external surfaces, for flat roof in Nice.
4.2. Temperature and humidity conditions at the VIPs’ surfaces Fig. 10. Water vapour partial pressure evolution over 1 year, at the VIPs’ internal
and external surfaces, for IWI in the North in Nancy.
Fig. 12. Thermal conductivity evolution over 50 years of VIPs installed in North- Fig. 15. Thermal conductivity evolution over 50 years of VIPs installed in North-
oriented IWI in Nancy and Nice, with core material C2. oriented IWI and flat roof in Nancy, with core material C2.
Fig. 13. Thermal conductivity evolution over 50 years of VIPs installed in flat roof
in Nancy and Nice, with core material C2.
Fig. 16. Temperatures evolution over 1 year, at the VIPs’ external surface, for North-
oriented IWI and flat roof in Nice.
Fig. 17. Temperatures evolution over 1 year, at the VIPs’ external surface, for North-
oriented IWI and flat roof in Nancy.
Fig. 20. Diagram “temperature / water vapour partial pressure” of all solicitations
submitted to VIPs over 1 year, for IWI in the North in Nancy and for flat roof in
Nice.
Table 3
Severity index values for the floor, IWI and flat roof applications in Nancy and Nice.
Fig. 21. Cumulative percentage of hours where VIPs are submitted to temperatures
below a certain value.
count the impact of the panel constitution. It has been seen in the
previous part, that a same climatic solicitation does not involve the
same thermal conductivity evolution for various VIP configurations.
Especially, the nature of the core material is a major factor to be
considered. In this part, it is just attempted to define a severity
index which would only be dependent on the hygro-thermal so-
licitation of the VIPs as it has been done by Yrieix et al. [6]. First,
a reference solicitation set at 23 °C / 50% RH (pv, 0 = 1404 Pa) is
defined (Eq. (3)).
wv,0 = wv,app,0 pv,0 (3)
The calculated index takes into account the temperature which in-
fluences the barrier permeance and at the same time the external
vapour pressure. The actual vapour flow entering into the panel
can be estimated by the Eq. (4).
Fig. 22. Cumulative percentage of hours where VIPs are submitted to water vapour
partial pressures below a certain value. wv (T , pv ) = wv,app (T ) pv (4)
Thermo-activation of the permeance can be represented by the Ar-
Figs. 21 and 22 show the cumulative percentage of hours over 1 rhenius’s law and calculated as a function of the reference perme-
year, where VIPs are submitted to temperatures and vapour pres- ance at 23 °C (Eq. (5)).
sure below a certain value. This representation can be useful to Q
( T1 − T1 )
determine the number of hours when VIPs are submitted to high
wv (T ) = wv,app,0 e− R 0 (5)
temperatures or humidities, but doesn’t take into account the cou- The activation energy of water vapour apparent permeance is
pling effect of the two solicitations. The continuous curves corre- around 50.5 kJ [20]. The severity index is then calculated as pro-
spond to the flat roof in Nice and the dotted curves to the IWI in posed below by the comparison of the actual vapour flow with the
Nancy. The red curves represent the solicitations at the VIPs’ inter- flow appearing in reference conditions (Eq. (8)).
nal surface, and the blue curves at the VIPs’ external surface.
1 tb
wv,app (T , pv )
For flat roof in Nice, VIPs are submitted to temperatures higher SI = dt (6)
than 30 °C and to vapour pressure higher than 1800 Pa during
tb − ta ta wv,app,0
about 40% of percent of the year. For IWI in Nancy, VIPs are sub-
mitted to temperatures higher than 30 °C during less than 10% of 1 tb
wv,app (T ) pv
= dt (7)
percent of the year, and to water vapour partial pressure higher tb − ta ta wv,app,0 pv,0
than 1800 Pa during less than 20% of percent of the year.
As shown in literature [5,8,12,28,29], the ageing process mostly 1 tb Q
− R ( T1 − T1 ) pv,ext − pv,int
depends on the water vapour flow which enter into the panel = e 0 dt (8)
tb − ta ta pv,0 − pv,int,0
than the dry air flow. High temperatures and external vapour pres-
sures would induce higher water vapour permeances. In addition, Then all internal vapour pressures are neglected all over the pro-
Rosseland’s effect tends to increases the radiative conductivity. It cess (pv, int ≈ pv, int, 0 ≈ 0).
is needed to have an approach which takes into account the tem- tb
Q
− R ( T1 − T1 )
perature which influences the barrier permeance and at the same 1 pv,ext e 0
SI = dt (9)
time the external vapour pressure. That is why a global method- tb − ta ta pv ,0
ology for estimating the severity of a given panel configuration is When the SI is less than 1, the solicitations are considered as mod-
defined in the next part of this paper. erated and less severe than standard conditions. Higher SI values
indicate more severe solicitations. The severity index values for the
5.1. Severity index floor, IWI and flat roof applications in Nancy and Nice are pre-
sented in Table 3.
The aim of the severity index is to determine the severity of For all applications, except for the flat roof in Nice, the severity
solicitations applied to one panel. This index doesn’t take into ac- index is higher at the internal surface than at the external one.
A. Batard et al. / Energy & Buildings 178 (2018) 1–10 9
Table 4 Table 5
Performance indicators from the mean thermal conductivity of VIPs calculated at Performance indicators from the mean thermal conductivity of VIPs calculated only
different time: 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 years. during the heating period, at different time: 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 years.
In order to evaluate the thermal performance of VIPs, it is nec- From an application to another, average thermal conductivity can
essary to determine indicators with which we can compare differ- change by 0.4 mW.m−1 .K−1 at most; from a climate to another, by
ent VIPs installed in different applications and climates. Two types 0.7 mW.m−1 .K−1 ; and from a silica to another, by 1.6 mW.m−1 .K−1 .
of performance indicators are proposed. The first one is the mean In addition, severity index of 1.10 seems to be the threshold be-
thermal conductivity for different periods of time: 10, 20, 30, 40 yond which the thermal performance is more degraded for all sil-
and 50 years (Table 4). The second type of indicators is the same ica. The mean thermal conductivities λ calculated only over the
than the previous one, but calculated only during the heating pe- heating period lead to the same conclusions. Their values are just
riod which here is supposed to correspond to the autumn and win- a little bit lower (difference lower than 0.3 mW.m−1 .K−1 ).
ter seasons (Table 5). Whatever the chosen performance indicator, VIPs with core ma-
Fig. 23 shows the relation between the severity indices and the terial C1 have the best long-term thermal performance, and VIPs
mean thermal conductivity over 50 years. with core material C3 have the worst one. Nevertheless, in short-
It can be observed that the mean thermal conductivity λ term (during the first 10 years) and for moderated solicitations,
over 50 years doesn’t depend that much on the applications, VIPs with core material C3 have a slightly lower mean thermal
but depends more on the climate and even more on the silica. conductivity. The influence of the solicitations on the thermal con-
10 A. Batard et al. / Energy & Buildings 178 (2018) 1–10
ductivity evolution is very dependent on the core material. Then [3] B. Morel, Vieillissement Thermohydrique de Silices Nanométriques, Université
the severity index proposed in this paper can’t be used alone to François-Rabelais de Tours, 2008 Ph.D. thesis.
[4] B. Morel, Modifications of a pyrogenic silica exposed to moist air, in: 8th In-
predict the long-term VIPs thermal performance. ternational Vacuum Insulation Symposium - IVIS, Würzburg, Germany, 2007,
pp. 1–18.
6. Conclusion and outlooks [5] B. Morel, L. Autissier, D. Autissier, D. Lemordant, B. Yrieix, D. Quenard, Py-
rogenic silica ageing under humid atmosphere, Powder Technol. 190 (1–2)
(2009) 225–229, doi:10.1016/j.powtec.2008.04.049.
The methodology presented in this paper allows the calculation [6] B. Yrieix, B. Morel, E. Pons, Vip service life assessment: interactions between
of the long-term thermal performance of VIPs when they are in- barrier laminates and core material, and significance of silica core ageing, En-
ergy Build. 85 (2014) 1–26, doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2014.07.035.
stalled in various insulation applications and climates. The results
[7] A. Batard, T. Duforestel, L. Flandin, B. Yrieix, Modelling of long-term hy-
have shown that temperatures and humidities at the both (inter- gro-thermal behaviour of vacuum insulation panels, Energy Build. (2018).
nal and external) VIPs’ surfaces can differ considerably according [8] A. Batard, Modélisation du comportement thermique à long terme des Pan-
neaux Isolants sous Vide (PIV), Université Savoie Mont Blanc, 2017 Ph.D. thesis.
to applications and climates. A severity index, which takes into ac-
[9] H. Schwab, U. Heinemann, A. Beck, H.-P. Ebert, J. Fricke, Prediction of ser-
count both temperature and humidity conditions, has been pro- vice life for vacuum insulation panels with fumed silica kernel and foil
posed. This index cannot be used alone to predict the long-term cover, J. Therm. Envelope Build. Sci. 28 (4) (2005) 357–374, doi:10.1177/
thermal performance of VIPs, but can characterize the actual sever- 1097196305051894.
[10] M.J. Tenpierik, H. Cauberg, Simplified analytical models for service life predic-
ity of a given application. tion of a vacuum insulation panel, 8th International Vacuum Insulation Sym-
Two types of performance indicators are proposed to calcu- posium - IVIS, Würzburg, Germany, 2007.
late the mean thermal performance of VIPs over different periods [11] S. Brunner, H. Simmler, Service life prediction for vacuum insulation panels
(vip), in: CISBAT 2003 Conference, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland, 2003.
of time. The mean thermal conductivity calculated only over the [12] E. Wegger, B. Jelle, E. Sveipe, S. Grynning, R. Baetens, J.V. Thue, Effect of age-
heating period is slightly lower but not that different to the con- ing on service life of vacuum insulation panels, Building Enclosure Science &
ductivity calculated over the entire year. After all, the long-term Technology (BEST 2 – 2010) (2010) 6–7.
[13] H. Simmler, S. Brunner, Vacuum insulation panels for building application: ba-
performance mainly depends on the VIP core material. VIPs with a sic properties, aging mechanisms and service life, Energy Build. 37 (11 Spec.
hydrophobic core material have a better long-term thermal perfor- Iss.) (2005) 1122–1131, doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2005.06.015.
mance than those with hydrophilic core material. The mean ther- [14] M. Erb, U. Heinemann, H. Schwab, H. Simmler, S. Brunner, K. Ghazi, R. Bundi,
K. Kumaran, P. Mukhopadhyaya, D. Quénard, H. Sallée, K. Noller, E.K.-N. and-
mal conductivity over 50 years of VIPs installed in building insula-
Cornelia Stramm, M. Tenpierik, H. Cauberg, A. Binz, G. Steinke, A. Moosmann,
tion applications is between 4.8 and 7.2 mW.m−1 .K−1 . Vacuum Insulation - Panel Properties and Building Applications - Summary,
Finally, the realistic solicitations calculated at the VIPs’ surfaces Technical Report December 2005, HiPTI - High Performance Thermal Insula-
tion - IEA/ECBCS Annex 39, 2005.
are rather moderated and less severe than the solicitations com-
[15] G. Plessis, A. Kaemmerlen, A. Lindsay, Buildsyspro: a modelica library for mod-
monly used during short-term accelerated ageing tests. These so- elling buildings and energy systems, in: Modelica Conference, 2014.
licitations lead to mean thermal conductivities which depend on [16] CSTB, Méthode de Calcul Th-BCE 2012, Technical Report, 2012.
the VIPs configurations, climates and insulation applications, and [17] J. Lamoulie, C. Pompeo, G. Garnier, Etude Hygrothermique de l’Influence de
Plusieurs Paramètres dans des Parois à Ossatures Bois, Technical Report, CSTB,
the worst values are around 7 mW.m−1 .K−1 . Today, this value is 2012.
generally considered as the mean thermal conductivity whatever [18] EDF, I. Rupp, C. Peniguel, Syrthès, version 4.3, 2015.
the VIPs, whereas VIPs with hydrophobic silica have the best mean [19] S. Brunner, B. Yrieix, E. Pons, Evaluation of vips after mild artificial aging dur-
ing 10 years: focus on the core behavior, 12th International Vacuum Insulation
thermal conductivities (between 5 and 5.6 mW.m−1 .K−1 ). Symposium - IVIS, Nanjing (China), 2015.
All the results presented in this paper are based on a dynamic [20] E. Pons, B. Yrieix, L. Heymans, F. Dubelley, E. Planes, Permeation of water vapor
VIP model which take into account the ageing process of the core through high performance laminates for vips and physical characterization of
sorption and diffusion phenomena, Energy Build. 85 (2015) 604–616, doi:10.
material, but not that of the envelope. The permeances have been 1016/j.enbuild.2014.08.032.
considered only dependent on the temperature but they are not [21] B. Flaconneche, J. Martin, M.H. Klopffer, Permeability, diffusion and solubility
degraded. But as shown by several authors [30], the envelope is of gases in polyethylene, polyamide 11 and poly (vinylidene fluoride), Oil Gas
Sci. Technol. 56 (3) (2001) 261–278, doi:10.2516/ogst:2001023.
ageing depending on the solicitations. In addition, actual hygro-
[22] M. Bouquerel, T. Duforestel, D. Baillis, G. Rusaouen, Mass transfer modeling in
thermal software used to model walls generally don’t take into gas barrier envelopes for vacuum insulation panels: a review, Energy Build. 55
account the water vapour sorption isotherm variations, and this (2012) 903–920, doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2012.09.004.
[23] Arrêté du 28 décembre 2012 relatif aux caractéristiques thermiques et aux ex-
tends to limit the vapour pressure variation. The modelling tools
igences de performance énergétique des bâtiments nouveaux et des parties
could be modified in order to improve the results. nouvelles de bâtiments autres que ceux concernés par l’article 2 du décret du
26 octobre 2010 relatif aux caractéristiques thermiques et à la performance
Acknowledgements énergétique des constructions(2012).
[24] S. Brunner, H. Simmler, In situ performance assessment of vacuum insulation
panels in a flat roof construction, Vacuum 82 (7) (20 08) 70 0–707, doi:10.1016/
The authors gratefully acknowledge the collaborators of the j.vacuum.2007.10.016.
project EMMA-PIV (no. ANR 12-VBDU-0 0 04-01) that includes this [25] S. Brunner, K.G. Wakili, Hints for an additional aging factor regarding the ther-
mal performance of vacuum insulation panels with pyrogenic silica core, Vac-
research, and also the National Research Agency (ANR) for his fi- uum 100 (2014) 4–6, doi:10.1016/j.vacuum.2013.07.033.
nancial support. This work is performed within the framework of [26] C. Bardos, F. Golse, B. Perthame, The rosseland approximation for the radiative
the Centre of Excellence of Multifunctional Architectured Materials transfer equations, Commun. Pure Appl. Math. 40 (6) (1987) 691–721, doi:10.
10 02/cpa.316040 0603.
“CEMAM” no. ANR-10-LABX-44-01. [27] C. Dogbe, The radiative transfer equations: diffusion approximation under ac-
cretiveness and compactness assumptions, Comput. Math. Appl. 42 (6) (2001)
References 783–791, doi:10.1016/S0898-1221(01)00198-5.
[28] E. Wegger, B.P. Jelle, E. Sveipe, S. Grynning, A. Gustavsen, J.V. Thue, Acceler-
[1] M. Erb, H. Simmler, S. Brunner, U. Heinemann, H. Schwab, K. Kumaran, ated ageing of vacuum insulation panels (vips), in: Renewable Energy Research
P. Mukhopadhyaya, D. Quénard, H. Sallée, K. Noller, E. Kücükpinar-Niarchos, Conference 2010, Trondheim, Norway, 2010.
C. Stramm, M.T.H. Cauberg, Vacuum Insulation Panels - Study on VIP-compo- [29] A. Batard, E. Planes, T. Duforestel, L. Flandin, B. Yrieix, Water vapour perme-
nents and Panels for Service Life - Prediction of VIP in Building Applications ation through high barrier materials: numerical simulation and comparison to
(Subtask A), Technical Report September 2005, HiPTI - High Performance Ther- experiments, J. Mater. Sci. (2018).
mal Insulation - IEA/ECBCS Annex 39, 2005. [30] G. Garnier, S. Marouani, B. Yrieix, C. Pompeo, M. Chauvois, L. Flandin,
[2] H. Schwab, U. Heinemann, A. Beck, H.-P. Ebert, J. Fricke, Permeation of different Y. Brechet, Interest and durability of multilayers: from model films to complex
gases through foils used as envelopes for vacuum insulation panels, J. Therm. films, Polym. Adv. Technol. 22 (6) (2011) 847–856, doi:10.1002/pat.1587.
Envelope Build. Sci. 28 (4) (2005) 293–317, doi:10.1177/1097196305051791.