CHAPTER 14

Quick Quizzes

1. (c). Temperature. Although the speed of a wave is equal to the product of its wavelength
and frequency, neither one determines the speed of the wave. For example, if the sound
from a musical instrument increases in frequency, the wavelength decreases so that
v = λ f remains constant. The amplitude of a sound wave determines the size of the
oscillations of air molecules, but does not affect the speed of the wave through the air.
2. (a) 10 dB. If we call the intensity of each violin I, the total intensity when all the violins are
playing is I + 9I = 10 I . Therefore the addition of the nine violins increases the intensity of
the sound over that of one violin by a factor of 10. From Equation 14.7 we see that an
increase in intensity by a factor of 10 increases the sound level by 10 dB.
(b) 13 dB. The intensity is now increased by a factor of 20 over that of a single violin.
3. (c). The distance between you and the buzzer is increasing. Therefore, the intensity at your
location is decreasing. As the buzzer falls, it moves away from you with increasing speed.
This causes the detected frequency to decrease.
4. (b). The speed of sound increases in the warmer air, while the speed of the sound source
(the plane) remains constant. Therefore, the ratio of the speed of the source to that of
sound (i.e., the Mach number) decreases.

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Problem Solutions

14.1 Since v light >> v sound , we ignore the time required for the lightning flash to reach the
observer in comparison to the transit time for the sound. Then,

d ≈ ( 343 m s ) ( 16.2 s ) = 5.56 × 103 m = 5.56 km

14.2 The speed of sound in seawater at 25°C is 1530 m s . Therefore, the time for the sound to
reach the sea floor and return is

2 d 2 ( 150 m )
t= = = 0.196 s
v 1530 m s

14.3 The speed of the sound wave is v = λ f = ( 0.50 m )( 700 Hz ) = 3.5 × 102 m s . Thus, from
v = ( 331 m s ) T 273 K , the temperature of the air is

2 2
⎛ v ⎞ ⎛ 3.5 × 102 m s ⎞
T = ( 273 K ) ⎜ ⎟ = ( 273 K ) ⎜ ⎟ = 305 K = 32°C
⎝ 331 m s ⎠ ⎝ 331 m s ⎠

14.4 At T = 27°C = 300 K , the speed of sound in air is

T 300 K
v = ( 331 m s ) = ( 331 m s ) = 347 m s
273 K 273 K

v 347 m s
The wavelength of the 20 Hz sound is λ = = = 17 m , and that of the 20 000 H z
f 20 Hz
347 m s
is λ = = 1.7 × 10−2 m=1.7 cm . Thus, range of wavelengths of audible sounds at
20 000 Hz
27°C is 1.7 cm to 17 m .

B 2.80 × 1010 N m
14.5 v= = = 1.43 × 103 m s = 1.43 km s
ρ 13 600 kg m 3

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14.6 The speed of sound at T = 10.0°C = 283 K is A P

T 283 K 22.0°
v a = ( 331 m s ) = ( 331 m s ) = 337 m s

500 m
273 K 273 K

When the plane is at point P, the sound reaching the observer at O

originated at point A and has traveled distance
O

OP 500 m
OA = = = 539 m
cos ( 22.0°) cos ( 22.0° )

OA 539 m
The transit time for this sound was t = = = 1.60 s . In this time interval, the
vs 337 m s
plane traveled distance

A P = OP tan ( 22.0° ) = ( 500 m ) tan ( 22.0° ) = 202 m ,

AP 202 m
so the speed of the plane is v p = = = 126 m s
t 1.60 s

14.7 From Table 14.1, the speed of sound in the saltwater is v w = 1530 m s . At
T = 20°C = 293 K , the speed of the sound in air is

T 293 K
v a = ( 331 m s ) = ( 331 m s ) = 343 m s
273 K 273 K

d
If d is the width of the inlet, the transit time for the sound in the water is t w = , and
vw
d
that for the sound in the air is t a = t w + 4.50 s= .
va

d d ⎛ v v ⎞
Thus, = + 4.50 s , or d = ( 4.50 s ) ⎜ w a ⎟
va vw ⎝ vw − va ⎠

⎡ ( 1530 m s )( 343 m s ) ⎤
d = ( 4.50 s ) ⎢ ⎥ = 1.99 × 10 m = 1.99 km
3

⎣ ( 1530 − 343 ) m s ⎦

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14.8 It is easiest to solve part (b) first: P P′

–2h
(b) The distance the sound traveled to the plane is
h
⎛ h⎞
2
⎛ 5⎞
′
OP = h + ⎜ ⎟ = h ⎜
2
⎟
⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠

Since the sound traveled this distance in a time of t = 2.00 s at a O

speed of 343 m s , we find

⎛ 5⎞
OP′ = h ⎜ ⎟ = ( 343 m s )( 2.00 s ) = 686 m , giving h = 614 m
⎝ 2 ⎠

(a) The plane traveled distance PP′ = h 2 = 307 m in 2.00 s.

PP′ 307 m
Thus, v plane = = = 153 m s
t 2.00 s

14.9 The decibel level β = 10log ( I I0 ) , where I 0 = 1.00 × 10−12 W m 2 .

(a) If β = 100 , then log ( I I0 ) = 10 giving I = 1010 I 0 = 1.00 × 10−2 W m 2 .

(b) If all three toadfish sound at the same time, the total intensity of the sound
produced is I ′ = 3I = 3.00 × 10−2 W m 2 , and the decibel level is

⎛ 3.00 × 10−2 W m 2 ⎞
β ′ = 10log ⎜ −12 ⎟
⎝ 1.00 × 10 W m2 ⎠

= 10log ⎣⎡( 3.00 ) ( 1010 ) ⎦⎤ = 10 ⎡⎣ log ( 3.00 ) + 10 ⎤⎦ = 105

14.10 The sound power incident on the eardrum is ℘ = IA where I is the intensity of the sound
and A = 5.0 × 10−5 m 2 is the area of the eardrum.

(a) At the threshold of hearing, I = 1.0 × 10−12 W m 2 , and

℘ = ( 1.0 × 10−12 W m 2 )( 5.0 × 10−5 m 2 ) = 5.0 × 10−17 W

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(b) At the threshold of pain, I = 1.0 W m 2 , and

℘ = ( 1.0 W m 2 )( 5.0 × 10−5 m 2 ) = 5.0 × 10−5 W

14.11 The intensity required for a sound level of 10 dB is found from β = 10log ( I I0 ) as

I = I0 10 β 10
= ( 1.0 × 10−12 W m 2 ) 101 = 1.0 × 10−11 W m 2

℘
Assuming spherical wavefronts, the intensity is I = , where ℘ is the power emitted
4π r 2
and r is the distance from the source. Thus,

℘ 0.050 W
r= = = 2.0 × 10 4 m = 20 km
4π I 4π ( 1.0 × 10−11 W m 2 )

14.12 Starting with β = 10log ( I I0 ) , the intensity associated with sound level β is found to be
I = I0 10 β 10 . For the full orchestra, β = 85 dB , so

I Full Orchestra = ( 1.0 × 10−12 W m 2 ) 108.5 = 3.2 × 10−4 W m 2

For a single violin, β = 70 dB , and

I violin = ( 1.0 × 10−12 W m 2 ) 107.0 = 1.0 × 10−5 W m 2

I Full Orchestra 3.2 × 10−4 W m 2

Thus, = = 32 , or I Full Orchestra = 32 I violin
Iviolin 1.0 × 10−5 W m 2

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14.13 From β = 10log ( I I0 ) , the intensity for sound level β is I = I0 10 β 10 .

The intensity of sound produced by one machine (β = 80 dB) is

I1 = I0 ( 108.0 )

The intensity needed to reach β = 90 dB is I = I0 ( 109.0 ) . Thus, the total number of

machines the factory can accommodate without exceeding 90 dB is

I I0 ( 10 )
9.0

N= = = 10
I1 I0 ( 108.0 )

Since the factory already contains one of these machines, you can add
9 ad d itional machines without going over the limit.

14.14 (a) The intensity of the sound generated by the orchestra (β = 80 dB) is
IOrch = I0 10 β 10 = I0 ( 108.0 ) , and that produced by the crying baby (β = 75 dB) is
Ib = I0 ( 107.5 ) . Thus, the total intensity of the sound engulfing you is

I = IOrch + Ib = I0 ( 108.0 + 107.5 )

= ( 1.0 × 10−12 W m 2 )( 1.32 × 108 ) = 1.32 × 10−4 W m 2

(b) The combined sound level is

β = 10log ( I I0 ) = 10log ( 1.32 × 108 ) = 81.2 d B

14.15 With no amplification, the sound level is

⎛ I ⎞ ⎛ 1.0 × 10−10 W m 2 ⎞
β = 10log ⎜ ⎟ = 10log ⎜ −12 2 ⎟
= 10log ( 102 ) = 20 dB .
⎝ I0 ⎠ ⎝ 1.0 × 10 W m ⎠

The level of the sound output by the hearing aid is β ′ = β + 30 d B = 50 dB , so the

intensity of the sound delivered to the eardrum is

I = I0 10 β = ( 1.0 × 10−12 W m 2 ) 105.0 = 1.0 × 10−7 W m 2

′ 10

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℘ 100 W
14.16 (a) I= = = 7.96 × 10−2 W m 2
4π r 4π ( 10.0 m )
2 2

⎛ I ⎞ ⎛ 7.96 × 10−2 W m 2 ⎞
(b) β = 10log ⎜ ⎟ = 10log ⎜ −12 ⎟
⎝ I0 ⎠ ⎝ 1.00 × 10 W m2 ⎠

= 10log ( 7.96 × 1010 ) = 109 d B

(c) At the threshold of pain (β = 120 dB), the intensity is I = 1.00 W m 2 . Thus, from
I =℘ 4π r 2 , the distance from the speaker is

℘ 100 W
r= = = 2.82 m
4π I 4π ( 1.00 W m 2 )

14.17 (a) The intensity of sound at 10 km from the horn (where β = 50 dB) is

I = I 0 10 β 10
= ( 1.0 × 10−12 W m 2 ) 105.0 = 1.0 × 10−7 W m 2

Thus, from I =℘ 4π r 2 , the power emitted by the source is

℘= 4π r 2 I = 4π ( 10 × 103 m ) ( 1.0 × 10−7 W m 2 ) = 1.3 × 102 W .

2

(b) At r = 50 m , the intensity of the sound will be

℘ 1.3 × 102 W
I= = = 4.0 × 10−3 W m 2 ,
4π r 4π ( 50 m )
2 2

and the sound level is

⎛ I ⎞ ⎛ 4.0 × 10−3 W m 2 ⎞
β = 10log ⎜ ⎟ = 10log ⎜ −12 2 ⎟
= 10log ( 4.0 × 109 ) = 96 d B
⎝ 0⎠
I ⎝ 1.0 × 10 W m ⎠

℘ (℘ 4π )
14.18 The intensity at distance r from the source is I = = .
4π r 2
r2

I A rB2 ( 100 m ) + ( 100 m )

2 2
Source
(a) = = = 2
I B rA2 (100 m )2
rA = 100 m

rC
rB

B
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I A rC2 ( 100 m ) + ( 200 m )

2 2

(b) = = = 5
IC rA2 ( 100 m )2

14.19 The sound level for intensity I is β = 10log ( I I0 ) . Therefore,

⎛ I2 ⎞ ⎛ I1 ⎞ ⎛ I2 I0 ⎞ ⎛ I2 ⎞
β 2 − β 1 = 10log ⎜ ⎟ − 10log ⎜ ⎟ = 10log ⎜ ⎟ = 10log ⎜ ⎟ .
⎝ I0 ⎠ ⎝ I0 ⎠ ⎝ I1 I 0 ⎠ ⎝ I1 ⎠

℘ (℘ 4π )
Since I = = , the ratio of intensities is
4π r 2
r2

I 2 ⎛ ℘ 4π ⎞ ⎛ r12 ⎞ r12
=⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟= 2
I1 ⎝ r22 ⎠ ⎝ ℘ 4π ⎠ r2

2
⎛ r2 ⎞ ⎛r ⎞ ⎛r ⎞
Thus, β 2 − β 1 = 10log ⎜ 12 ⎟ = 10log ⎜ 1 ⎟ = 20log ⎜ 1 ⎟
⎝ r2 ⎠ ⎝ r2 ⎠ ⎝ r2 ⎠

14.20 With a stationary source ( v s = 0 ) and the observer moving away from the source at
30.0 m s , the observed frequency is

⎛ v + vo ⎞ ⎡ 345 m s + ( −30.0 m s ) ⎤
f′= f ⎜ ⎟ = ( 1000 Hz ) ⎢ ⎥ = 913 H z
⎝ v − vs ⎠ ⎣ 345 m s − 0 ⎦

14.21 When a stationary observer ( v o = 0 ) hears a moving source, the observed frequency is
⎛ v + vo ⎞ ⎛ v ⎞
f′= f ⎜ ⎟= f⎜ ⎟.
⎝ v − vs ⎠ ⎝ v − vs ⎠

(a) When the train is approaching, v s = + 40.0 m s and

⎛ 345 m s ⎞
′
f approach = ( 320 Hz ) ⎜ ⎟ = 362 Hz
⎝ 345 m s − 40.0 m s ⎠

After the train passes and is receding, v s = − 40.0 m s and

⎡ 345 m s ⎤
′ = ( 320 Hz ) ⎢
frecede ⎥ = 287 Hz .
⎢⎣ 345 m s − ( − 40.0 m s ) ⎥⎦

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Thus, the frequency shift that occurs as the train passes is

′ − f approach
∆f = frecede ′ = −75.2 Hz , or it is a 75.2 H z d rop

(b) As the train approaches, the observed wavelength is

v 345 m s
λ= = = 0.953 m
′
f approach 362 Hz

14.22 Since the observer hears a reduced frequency, the source and observer are getting
farther apart. Hence, the bicyclist is behind the car .

With the bicyclist (observer) behind the car (source) and both moving in the same
direction, the observer moves toward the source ( v o > 0 ) while the source moves away
from the observer ( v s < 0 ) . Thus, v o = + v bicyclist = + v car 3 and v s = − v car where v car is the
speed of the car.

⎛ v + vo ⎞ ⎡ v + v car 3 ⎤ ⎛ v + v car 3 ⎞
The observed frequency is f ′ = f ⎜ ⎟= f⎢ ⎥= f⎜ ⎟,
⎝ v − vs ⎠ ⎣ v − ( −v car ) ⎦ ⎝ v + v car ⎠

⎛ 345 m s + v car 3 ⎞
giving 415 Hz = ( 440 Hz ) ⎜ ⎟ and v car = 32.1 m s
⎝ 345 m s + v car ⎠

⎛ v + vo ⎞
14.23 Both source and observer are in motion, so f ′ = f ⎜ ⎟ . Since each train moves toward
⎝ v − vs ⎠
the other, v o > 0 and v s > 0 . The speed of the source (train 2) is

km ⎛ 1000 m ⎞⎛ 1 h ⎞
v s = 90.0 ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ = 25.0 m s
h ⎝ 1 km ⎠⎝ 3600 s ⎠

and that of the observer (train 1) is v o = 130 km h = 36.1 m s . Thus, the observed
frequency is

⎛ 345 m s + 36.1 m s ⎞
f ′ = ( 500 Hz ) ⎜ ⎟ = 595 H z
⎝ 345 m s − 25.0 m s ⎠

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14.24 It is useful to consider this echo in two steps. First, consider the wall to be a stationary
observer ( v o = 0 ) with the source (the bat) approaching at v s = v bat . The frequency of the
⎛ v ⎞
wave reflecting from the wall is f ′ = f ⎜ ⎟ . Next, consider the wall as a stationary
⎝ v − v bat ⎠
source ( v s = 0 ) of the reflected wave and the bat to be the approaching observer
⎛ v + v bat ⎞
( v o = + v bat ) of this wave. The frequency detected by the bat will be f ′′ = f ′ ⎜ ⎟.
⎝ v ⎠

Combining gives the frequency of the echo detected by the bat as

⎡ ⎛ v ⎞ ⎤ ⎛ v + v bat ⎞ ⎛ v + v bat ⎞ ⎛ 345 + 5.0 ⎞ 41 kH z

f ′′ = ⎢ f ⎜ ⎟⎥ ⎜ ⎟= f⎜ ⎟ = ( 40 kH z ) ⎜ ⎟=
⎢⎣ ⎝ v − v bat ⎠ ⎥⎦ ⎝ v ⎠ ⎝ v − v bat ⎠ ⎝ 345 − 5.0 ⎠

14.25 With the train approaching at speed v t , the observed frequency is

⎛ 345 m s + 0 ⎞ ⎛ 345 m s ⎞
442 Hz = f ⎜ ⎟= f⎜ ⎟ (1)
⎝ 345 m s − v t ⎠ ⎝ 345 m s − v t ⎠

As the train recedes, the observed frequency is

⎡ 345 m s + 0 ⎤ ⎛ 345 m s ⎞
441 Hz = f ⎢ ⎥= f⎜ ⎟ (2)
⎣ 345 m s − ( −v t ) ⎦ ⎝ 345 m s + v t ⎠

442 345 m s + v t
Dividing equation (1) by (2) gives = ,
441 345 m s − v t

and solving for the speed of the train yields v t = 0.391 m s

⎛ 115 min ⎞
14.26 (a) ω = 2π f = 2π ⎜ ⎟ = 12.0 rad s
⎝ 60.0 s min ⎠

and for harmonic motion,

v max = ω A = ( 12.0 rad s ) ( 1.80 × 10−3 m ) = 0.0217 m s

(b) The heart wall is a moving observer and the detector a stationary source, so

⎛ v + v max ⎞ ⎛ 1500 + 0.0217 ⎞ 2 000 029 Hz

f′= f ⎜ ⎟ = ( 2 000 000 Hz ) ⎜ ⎟=
⎝ v ⎠ ⎝ 1500 ⎠

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(c) Now, the heart wall is a moving source and the detector a stationary observer.

⎛ v ⎞ ⎛ 1500 ⎞ 2 000 058 H z

f ′′ = f ′ ⎜ ⎟ = ( 2 000 029 Hz ) ⎜ ⎟=
⎝ v − v max ⎠ ⎝ 1500 − 0.0217 ⎠

⎛ v ⎞
14.27 For a source receding from a stationary source, f ′ = f ⎜ ⎟ . Thus, the speed the falling
⎝ v + vs ⎠
tuning fork must reach is

⎛ f ⎞ ⎛ 512 Hz ⎞
v s = v ⎜ − 1 ⎟ = ( 340 m s ) ⎜ − 1 ⎟ = 18.9 m s .
⎝ f ′ ⎠ ⎝ 485 Hz ⎠

The distance it has fallen from rest before reaching this speed is

v 2 − 0 ( 18.9 m s ) − 0
2

∆y 1 = s = = 18.3 m .
2 ay 2 ( 9.80 m s 2 )

The time required for the 485 Hz sound to reach the observer is

∆y 1 18.3 m
t= = = 0.0538 s .
v 340 m s

During this time the fork falls an additional distance

∆y 2 = v s t + ay t 2 = ( 18.9 m s ) ( 0.0538 s ) + ( 9.80 m s 2 ) ( 0.0538 s ) = 1.03 m

1 1 2

2 2

The total distance fallen before the 485 Hz sound reaches the observer is

∆y = ∆y 1 + ∆y 2 = 18.3 m+1.03 m= 19.3 m

14.28 (b) The half angle of the shock wave is given by

sin θ = v sound v source = 1 3

Thus, θ = 19.47° . In Figure P14.28(b), we have

h 20 000 m
x= = = 56.6 × 103 m = 56.6 km
tan θ tan19.47°

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(a) The time required for the plane to travel the distance found above is

x 56.6 × 103 m
t= = = 57.1 s
v plane 3 ( 330 m s )

14.29 The half-angle of the cone of the shock wave is θ where

⎛ v sound ⎞ −1 ⎛ 1 ⎞
θ = sin −1 ⎜ ⎟ = sin ⎜ ⎟ = 42°
vplane
⎝ v source ⎠ ⎝ 1.5 ⎠ θ

φ
As shown in the sketch, the angle between the direction of vshock
propagation of the shock wave and the direction of the plane’s
velocity is

φ = 90° − θ = 90° − 42° = 48°

14.30 The wavelength of the sound produced by the speaker is

v 345 m s
λ= = = 0.863 m
f 400 Hz

(a) If destructive interference is now occurring, one can increase the path length by
λ 2 = 0.431 m to produce constructive interference. This is done by sliding the U-
tube out a distance of 0.431 m 2 = 0.216 m .

(b) With destructive interference currently taking place, one can increase the path
length by a full wavelength λ = 0.863 m to produce destructive interference again.

14.31 At point D, the distance of the ship from point A is A

800 m
B

d1 = d22 + ( 800 m ) = ( 600 m )2 + ( 800 m )2 = 1000 m

2

d1 d2

Since destructive interference occurs for the first time when

the ship reaches D, it is necessary that d1 − d2 = λ 2 , or
D

λ = 2 ( d1 − d2 ) = 2 ( 1000 m − 600 m ) = 800 m

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14.32 The wavelength of the sound produced by the speakers is

v 345 m s
λ= = = 0.690 m
f 500 Hz

(a) To produce destructive interference, the speaker should be moved back a distance
λ
of d = = 0.345 m .
2

(b) The speakers will now be separated by a full wavelength and

constructive interference will again occur.

14.33 The wavelength of the sound is

Speaker 2
v 345 m s
λ= = = 0.500 m .
f 690 Hz d1
0.700 m
(a) At the first relative maximum
(constructive interference),
Speaker 1 Observer
d1 = d2 + λ = d2 + 0.500 m d2

Using the Pythagorean theorem,

( d2 + 0.500 m ) = d22 + ( 0.700 m ) , giving d2 = 0.240 m

2 2

(b) At the first relative minimum (destructive interference),

d1 = d2 + λ 2 = d2 + 0.250 m

Therefore, the Pythagorean theorem yields

( d2 + 0.250 m ) = d22 + ( 0.700 m ) , or d2 = 0.855 m

2 2

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14.34 In the fundamental mode of vibration, the wavelength of waves in the wire is

λ = 2 L = 2 ( 0.7000 m ) = 1.400 m

If the wire is to vibrate at f = 261.6 Hz , the speed of the waves must be

v = λ f = ( 1.400 m )( 261.6 Hz ) = 366.2 m s

m 4.300 × 10-3 kg
With µ = = = 6.143 × 10-3 kg m , the required tension is given by
L 0.7000 m
v = F µ as

F = v 2 µ = ( 366.2 m s ) ( 6.143 × 10-3 kg m ) = 824.0 N

2

14.35 In the third harmonic, the string forms a standing wave of three loops, each of length
λ 8.00 m
= = 2.67 m . The wavelength of the wave is then λ = 5.33 m .
2 3

(a) The nodes in this string fixed at each end will occur at distances of
0, 2.67 m, 5.33 m, and 8.00 m from the end. Antinodes occur halfway between each

pair of adjacent nodes, or at 1.33 m , 4.00 m, and 6.67 m from the end.

m 40.0 × 10-3 kg
(b) The linear density is µ = = = 5.00 × 10-3 kg m
L 8.00 m

F 49.0 N
and the wave speed is v = = = 99.0 m s
µ 5.00 × 10-3 kg m

v 99.0 m s
Thus, the frequency is f = = = 18.6 Hz
λ 5.33 m

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14.36 The mass per unit length of the wire is

m 0.300 × 10-3 kg
µ= = = 4.29 × 10-4 kg m ,
L 70.0 × 10-2 m

and the speed of transverse waves is

F 600 N
v= = = 1.18 × 103 m s
µ 4.29 × 10-4 kg m

The fundamental or first harmonic of the wire has a wavelength of λ1 = 2L = 1.40 m , and
v 1.18 × 103 m s
frequency f1 = = = 845 H z .
λ1 1.40 m

The frequency of the second harmonic is f2 = 2 f1 = 1.69 × 103 Hz and that of the third
harmonic is f3 = 3 f1 = 2.54 × 103 Hz .

14.37 The facing speakers produce a standing wave in the space between them, with the
spacing between nodes being

λ 1 ⎛ v ⎞ 343 m s
dNN = = ⎜ ⎟= = 0.214 m .
2 2 ⎝ f ⎠ 2 ( 800 Hz )

If the speakers vibrate in phase, the point halfway between them is an

1.25 m
antinode of pressure, at = 0.625 m from either speaker.
2

0.214 m
Then there is a node at 0.625 m − = 0.518 m ,
2

a node at 0.518 m − 0.214 m = 0.303 m ,

a node at 0.303 m − 0.214 m = 0.0891 m ,

a node at 0.518 m + 0.214 m = 0.732 m ,

a node at 0.732 m + 0.214 m = 0.947 m , and

a node at 0.947 m + 0.214 m = 1.16 m from one speaker.

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14.38 (a) Since the distance between nodes is λ 2 , the wavelength is

λ1 = 2L = 2 ( 0.700 m ) = 1.40 m

The frequency is f1 = 220 Hz , so the speed of transverse waves in the string is

v = λ1 f1 = ( 1.40 m )( 220 Hz ) = 308 m s

m 1.20 × 10-3 kg
The linear density is µ = = = 1.71 × 10-3 kg m , and v = F µ gives
L 0.700 m
the tension as

F = v 2 µ = ( 308 m s ) ( 1.71 × 10-3 kg m ) = 163 N

2

(b) The frequency of the third harmonic is f3 = 3 f1 = 660 H z .

14.39 (a) From the sketch at the right, notice that when d

5.0 m − d
d = 2.0 m , L = = 1.5 m , L
2
θ
F F
θ = sin −1 ⎛⎜
d/ 2 ⎞
and ⎟ = 42° mg
⎝ L ⎠

Then evaluating the net vertical force on the lowest bit of string,

ΣFy = 2F cos θ − mg = 0 gives the tension in the string as

mg (12 kg ) ( 9.80 m s 2 )
F= = = 79 N
2cos θ 2cos ( 42° )

(b) The speed of transverse waves in the string is

F 79 N
v= = = 2.8 × 102 m s
µ 0.0010 kg m

2d 4.0 m
For the pattern shown, 3 ( λ 2 ) = d , so λ = = .
3 3

v 3 ( 2.8 × 102 m s )
Thus, the frequency is f = = = 2.1 × 102 Hz
λ 4.0 m

454
 C H A P T E R 1 4

λ
(a) For a standing wave of 6 loops, 6 ⎛⎜ ⎞⎟ = L , or λ = =
L 2.0 m
14.40
⎝2⎠ 3 3

The speed of the waves in the string is then

⎛ 2.0 m ⎞
v =λf =⎜ ⎟ ( 150 Hz ) = 1.0 × 10 m s
2

⎝ 3 ⎠

Since the tension in the string is F = mg = ( 5.0 kg ) ( 9.80 m s 2 ) = 49 N ,

F 49 N
v = F µ gives µ = = = 4.9 × 10−3 kg m
(1.0 × 10 m )
2 2
v 2

(b) If m = 45 kg , then F = ( 45 kg ) ( 9.80 m s 2 ) = 4.4 × 102 N , and

4.4 × 102 N
v= −3
= 3.0 × 102 m s
4.9 × 10 kg m

v 3.0 × 102 m s
Thus, λ = = = 2.0 m
f 150 Hz

L 2.0 m
and the number of loops is n = = = 2
λ 2 1.0 m

(c) If m = 10 kg , the tension is F = ( 10 kg ) ( 9.80 m s 2 ) = 98 N , and

98 N
v= = 1.4 × 102 m s
4.9 × 10−3 kg m

v 1.4 × 102 m s
Then, λ = = = 0.94 m
f 150 Hz

L 2.0 m
and n = = is not an integer,
λ 2 0.47 m

so no standing wave will form .

455
 C H A P T E R 1 4

14.41 The speed of transverse waves in the string is

F 50.000 N
v= = = 70.711 m s
µ 1.000 0 × 10−2 kg m

The fundamental wavelength is λ1 = 2 L = 1.200 0 m and its frequency is

v 70.711 m s
f1 = = = 58.926 Hz
λ1 1.200 0 m

The harmonic frequencies are then

fn = nf1 = n ( 58.926 Hz ) , with n being an integer

The largest one under 20 000 H z is f339 = 19 976 Hz = 19.976 kH z

14.42 The distance between adjacent nodes is one-quarter of the circumference.

λ 20.0 cm
dNN = dAA = = = 5.00 cm
2 4

so λ = 10.0 cm=0.100 m ,

v 900 m s
and f= = = 9.00 × 103 Hz = 9.00 kH z
λ 0.100 m

The singer must match this frequency quite precisely for some interval of time to feed
enough energy into the glass to crack it.

14.43 Assuming an air temperature of T = 37°C = 310 K , the speed of sound inside the pipe is

T 310 K
v = ( 331 m s ) = ( 331 m s ) = 353 m s
273 K 273 K

In the fundamental resonant mode, the wavelength of sound waves in a pipe closed at
one end is λ = 4L . Thus, for the whooping crane

λ = 4 ( 5.0 ft ) = 2.0 × 101 ft

f=
v
=
( 353 m s ) ⎛ 3.281 ft ⎞
and ⎜ ⎟ = 58 H z
λ 2.0 × 101 ft ⎝ 1 m ⎠

456
 C H A P T E R 1 4

14.44 (a) In the fundamental resonant mode of a pipe open at both ends, the distance
between antinodes is dAA = λ 2 = L .

Thus, λ = 2 L = 2 ( 0.320 m ) = 0.640 m

v 340 m s
and f= = = 531 H z
λ 0.640 m

λ 1 ⎛ v ⎞ 1 ⎛ 340 m s ⎞
(b) dAA = = ⎜ ⎟= ⎜ ⎟ = 0.0425 m = 4.25 cm
2 2 ⎝ f ⎠ 2 ⎝ 4 000 Hz ⎠

14.45 Hearing would be best at the fundamental resonance, so λ = 4L = 4 ( 2.8 cm )

v 340 m s ⎛ 100 cm ⎞
and f= = ⎜ ⎟ = 3.0 × 10 Hz = 3.0 kH z
3

λ 4 ( 2.8 cm ) ⎝ 1 m ⎠

14.46 For a closed box, the resonant frequencies will have nodes at both sides, so the permitted
nλ nv
wavelengths will be L = = , ( n = 1, 2, 3, . . .) .
2 2f

nv
Thus, fn = . With L = 0.860 m and L′ = 2.10 m , the resonant frequencies are:
2L

fn = n ( 206 Hz ) for L = 0.860 m for each n from 1 to 9

and fn = n ( 84.5 Hz ) for L′ = 2.10 m for each n from 2 to 23

14.47 (a) The speed of sound is 331 m s at 0 °C, so the fundamental wavelength of the pipe
open at both ends is

v v 331 m s
λ1 = 2 L = giving L = = = 0.552 m
f1 2 f1 2 ( 300 Hz )

T 303 K
(b) At T = 30 °C = 303 K , v = ( 331 m s ) = ( 331 m s ) = 349 m s
273 K 273 K

v v 349 m s
and f1 = = = = 316 H z
λ1 2 L 2 ( 0.552 m )

457
 C H A P T E R 1 4

14.48 For a pipe open at both ends, the frequency of the nth harmonic is, fn = n ( v 2 L ) . Thus,
the difference between two successive resonant frequencies is

⎛ v ⎞ ⎛ v ⎞ v
∆f = fn +1 − fn = ( n + 1) ⎜ ⎟ − n⎜ ⎟=
⎝ 2L ⎠ ⎝ 2L ⎠ 2L

In this case, L = 2.00 m and ∆f = 492 Hz − 410 Hz = 82 Hz . Thus, the speed of sound in
the pipe is

v = 2 L ( ∆f ) = 2 ( 2.00 m )( 82 Hz ) = 3.3 × 102 m s

14.49 Since the lengths, and hence the wavelengths of the first harmonics, of the strings are
identical, the ratio of their fundamental frequencies is

f1′ v ′ λ1 v ′ v′
= = , or f1′ = f1 ⎛⎜ ⎞⎟ .
f1 v λ1 v ⎝v⎠

Thus, the beat frequency heard when the two strings are sounded simultaneously is
fbeat = f1 − f1′ = f1 ( 1 − v ′ v ) .

From v = F µ , the speeds of transverse waves in the two strings are

200 N 196 N v′ 196 N

v= and v ′ = , so = = 0.980 .
µ µ v 200 N

( )
Therefore, fbeat = ( 523 Hz ) 1 − 0.980 = 5.26 H z

14.50 By shortening her string, the second violinist increases its fundamental frequency. Thus,
f1′ = f1 + fbeat = ( 196 + 2.00 ) Hz = 198Hz .

Since the tension and the linear density are both identical for the two strings, the speed
of transverse waves, v = F µ , has the same value for both strings.

Thus, λ1′ f1′ = λ1 f1 , or λ1′ = λ1 ( f1 f1′) . Since the fundamental wavelength of a string fixed at
both ends is λ = 2L , this yields

⎛f ⎞ ⎛ 196 ⎞ 29.7 cm
L′ = L ⎜ 1 ⎟ = ( 30.0 cm ) ⎜ ⎟=
⎝ f1′ ⎠ ⎝ 198 ⎠

458
 C H A P T E R 1 4

14.51 If the second train is moving toward the stationary observer, the Doppler effect gives
⎛ v ⎞
f′= f ⎜ ⎟> f .
⎝ v − vs ⎠

Therefore, f ′ = f + fbeat = 180 Hz + 2 Hz = 182 Hz , and the speed of the train is

⎛ f ⎞ ⎛ 180 ⎞ 3.79 m s tow ard the station

v s = v ⎜ 1 − ⎟ = ( 345 m s ) ⎜ 1 − ⎟=
⎝ f′⎠ ⎝ 182 ⎠

If the second train is moving away from the stationary observer,

⎛ v ⎞
f′= f ⎜ ⎟ < f , giving f ′ = f − fbeat = 180 Hz − 2 Hz = 178 Hz .
⎝ v + vs ⎠

Thus,

⎛ f ⎞ ⎛ 180 ⎞ 3.88 m s aw ay from the station

v s = v ⎜ − 1 ⎟ = ( 345 m s ) ⎜ − 1⎟ =
⎝ f′ ⎠ ⎝ 178 ⎠

14.52 The temperatures of the air in the two pipes are T1 = 27°C = 300 K and T2 = 32°C = 305 K .
The speed of sound in them is

T 300 K
v 1 = ( 331 m s ) = ( 331 m s ) = 347 m s and, similarly,
273 K 273 K

v 2 = 350 m s .

Since the pipes have the same length, the fundamental wavelength, λ = 4L , is the same
for them. Thus, from f = v λ , the ratio of their fundamental frequencies is seen to be
f2 f1 = v 2 v1 , which gives

⎛v ⎞ ⎛ 350 m s ⎞
f2 = f1 ⎜ 2 ⎟ = ( 480 Hz ) ⎜ ⎟ = 484 Hz
⎝ v1 ⎠ ⎝ 347 m s ⎠

and fbeat = f2 − f1 = ( 484 − 480 ) Hz= 4 Hz

459
 C H A P T E R 1 4

14.53 (a) First consider the wall a stationary observer receiving sound from an approaching
⎛ v ⎞
source. The frequency received by the wall is f ′ = f ⎜ ⎟.
⎝ v − vs ⎠

Now consider the wall as a stationary source emitting sound to an observer

approaching at speed v s . The frequency of the wave heard by the observer is

⎛ v + vs ⎞ ⎛ v ⎞⎛ v + vs ⎞ ⎛ v + vs ⎞
f ′′ = f ′ ⎜ ⎟= f⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟= f⎜ ⎟.
⎝ v ⎠ ⎝ v − vs ⎠ ⎝ v ⎠ ⎝ v − vs ⎠

Thus, the beat frequency between the tuning fork and its echo is

v + vs 2vs 2 ( 1.33 )
fbeat = f ′′ − f = f −1 = f = ( 256 Hz ) = 1.98 Hz
v − vs v − vs 345 − 1.33

(b) When the student moves away from the wall, v s changes sign so the beat frequency
heard is

2 ( −v s ) 2 f vs v fbeat
fbeat = f = , giving v s =
v − ( −v s ) v + vs 2 f − fbeat

The receding speed needed to observe a beat frequency of 5.00 Hz is

vs =
( 345 m s ) 5.00
= 3.40 m s
2 ( 256 ) − 5.00

14.54 The extra sensitivity of the ear at 3000 Hz appears as downward dimples on the curves
in Figure 14.28 of the textbook.

At T = 37°C = 310 K , the speed of sound in air is

v = ( 331 m s ) = ( 331 m s )
T 310 K
= 353 m s .
273 K 273 K

v 353 m s
Thus, the wavelength of 3000 Hz sound is λ = = = 0.118 m
f 3000 Hz

For the fundamental resonant mode in a pipe closed at one end, the length required is
λ 0.118 m
L= = = 0.0294 m = 2.94 cm
4 4

460
 C H A P T E R 1 4

14.55 At normal body temperature of T = 37°C = 310 K , the speed of sound in air is

T 310 K
v = ( 331 m s ) = ( 331 m s ) = 353 m s
273 K 273 K

and the wavelength of 20 000 H z sound is

v 353 m s
λ= = = 1.76 × 10−2 m
f 20 000 Hz

Thus, the diameter of the eardrum is 1.76 cm

14.56 When the source and the observer have the same velocity, neither moves toward the
other and neither moves away from the other. Thus, there is no shift in frequency due to
the Doppler effect and the frequency observed by the driver of the leading car will be
f ′ = f = 300 H z .

14.57 This situation is very similar to the fundamental resonance of an organ pipe that is open
at both ends. The wavelength of the standing waves in the crystal is λ = 2 t , where t is
the thickness of the crystal, and the frequency is

v 3.70 × 103 m s
f= = = 2.62 × 105 Hz = 262 kH z
λ 2 ( 7.05 × 10 m )
-3

461
 C H A P T E R 1 4

14.58 The distance from the balcony to the man's head is

∆y = 20.0 m − 1.75 m=18.3 m

18.3 m
The time for a warning to travel this distance is t1 = = 0.0529 s , so the total time
345 m s
needed to receive the warning and react is t1′ = t1 + 0.300 s = 0.353 s .

The time for the pot to fall this distance, starting from rest, is

2 ( ∆y ) 2 ( 18.3 m )
t2 = = = 1.93 s
ay 9.80 m s 2

Thus, the latest the warning should be sent is at

t = t 2 − t1′ = 1.93 s − 0.353 s = 1.58 s

into the fall. In this time interval, the pot has fallen

g t = ( 9.80 m s 2 ) ( 1.58 s ) = 12.2 m

1 2 1
∆y =
2

2 2

and is h = 20.0 m − 12.2 m= 7.8 m above the sidewalk.

14.59 On the weekend, there are one-fourth as many cars passing per minute as on a week
day. Thus, the intensity, I 2 , of the sound on the weekend is one-fourth that, I1 , on a
week day. The difference in the decibel levels is therefore:

⎛I ⎞ ⎛I ⎞ ⎛I ⎞
β1 − β 2 = 10log ⎜ 1 ⎟ − 10log ⎜ 2 ⎟ = 10log ⎜ 1 ⎟ = 10log (4)=6 dB ,
⎝ Io ⎠ ⎝ Io ⎠ ⎝ I2 ⎠

so, β 2 = β1 − 6 dB = 70 dB − 6 dB = 64 d B

462
 C H A P T E R 1 4

14.60 The length of the air column when the first resonance is heard is L1 = λa 4 , where λa is
the wavelength of the sound in air. Thus, λa = 4L1 = 4 ( 0.340 m ) = 1.36 m .

The frequency of the sound wave, and hence the vibrating wire producing the sound, is
v 340 m s
f = sound = =250 Hz .
λa 1.36 m

When the wire vibrates in its third harmonic, its length is Lw = ( 3 2 ) λw where λw is the
wavelength of the waves traveling in the wire.

2 Lw 2 ( 1.20 m )
Therefore, λw = = = 0.800 m , and the speed of transverse waves in the
3 3
wire is v w = λw f = ( 0.800 m )( 250 Hz ) = 200 m s .

14.61 The maximum speed of the oscillating block and speaker is

k 20.0 N m
v max = Aω = A = ( 0.500 m ) = 1.00 m s
m 5.00 kg

When the speaker (sound source) moves toward the stationary observer, the maximum
frequency heard is

⎛ v ⎞ ⎛ 345 m s ⎞
′ = f⎜
fmax ⎟ = ( 440 Hz ) ⎜ ⎟ = 441 H z
⎝ v − v max ⎠ ⎝ 345 m s − 1.00 m s ⎠

When the speaker moves away from the stationary observer, the minimum frequency
heard is

⎛ v ⎞ ⎛ 345 m s ⎞
′ = f⎜
fmin ⎟ = ( 440 Hz ) ⎜ ⎟ = 439 H z
⎝ v + v max ⎠ ⎝ 345 m s + 1.00 m s ⎠

463
 C H A P T E R 1 4

14.62 (a) At T = 20°C = 293 K , the speed of sound in air is

T 293 K
v = ( 331 m s ) = ( 331 m s ) = 343 m s
273 K 273 K

The first harmonic or fundamental of the flute (a pipe open at both ends) is given by
v 343 m s
λ1 = 2L = = = 1.31 m . Therefore, the length of the flute is
f1 261.6 Hz

λ1 1.31 m
L= = = 0.655 m ,
2 2

(b) In the colder room, the length of the flute and hence its fundamental wavelength is
essentially unchanged (i.e., λ1′ = λ1 = 1.31 m ). However, the speed of sound and thus
the frequency of the fundamental will be lowered. At this lower temperature, the
frequency must be

f1′ = f1 − fbeat = 261.6 Hz − 3.00 Hz=258.6 Hz

The speed of sound in this room is

v ′ = λ1′ f1′ = ( 1.31 m )( 258.6 Hz ) = 339 m s

From v = ( 331 m s ) T 273 K , the temperature in the colder room is given by

2 2
⎛ v ⎞ ⎛ 339 m s ⎞
T = ( 273 K ) ⎜ ⎟ = ( 273 K ) ⎜ ⎟ = 286 K = 13.0°C
⎝ 331 m s ⎠ ⎝ 331 m s ⎠

464
 C H A P T E R 1 4

14.63 The frequency heard from the first train (moving toward the stationary observer at
v 1 = 30.0 m s ) is

⎛ v ⎞ ⎛ 345 m s ⎞
f1′ = f ⎜ ⎟ = ( 300 Hz ) ⎜ ⎟ = 328.6 Hz
⎝ v − v1 ⎠ ⎝ 345 m s − 30.0 m s ⎠

Thus, the frequency heard from the second (and faster approaching train) must be

f2′ = f1′ + fbeat = 328.6 Hz + 3.0 Hz=331.6 Hz .

⎛ v ⎞
Then, from f2′ = f ⎜ ⎟ , the speed of the approaching second train must be
⎝ v − v2 ⎠

⎛ f ⎞ ⎛ 300 Hz ⎞
v 2 = v ⎜ 1 − ⎟ = ( 345 m s ) ⎜ 1 − ⎟ = 32.9 m s
⎝ f2′ ⎠ ⎝ 331.6 Hz ⎠

14.64 (a) The wavelength of the original note is

v 345 m s
λ= = = 0.233 m
f 1.480 × 103 Hz

(b) The wavelength of the transposed note is

v 345 m s
λ′ = = = 0.247 m ,
f ′ 1.397 × 103 Hz

and the increment of change is

∆λ = λ ′ − λ = ( 0.247 − 0.233) m=0.014 m= 14 mm

465
 C H A P T E R 1 4

14.65 The frequency heard from the stationary speaker the student is approaching is

⎛ v + vo ⎞ ⎛ 345 m s + 1.50 m s ⎞
f1′ = f ⎜ ⎟ = ( 456 Hz ) ⎜ ⎟ = 458 Hz
⎝ v ⎠ ⎝ 345 m s ⎠

The frequency heard from the stationary speaker the student moves away from is

⎛ v + vo ⎞ ⎛ 345 m s − 1.50 m s ⎞
f2′ = f ⎜ ⎟ = ( 456 Hz ) ⎜ ⎟ = 454 Hz
⎝ v ⎠ ⎝ 345 m s ⎠

Thus, the observed beat frequency is

fbeat = f1′ − f2′ = ( 458 − 454 ) Hz = 4 Hz

14.66 (a) The wavelength of the sound generated by the speakers is

v 344 m s
λ= = = 16.0 m
f 21.5 Hz

At point A, the distance from the observer to one speaker exceeds the distance to
the other speaker by

∆ = d1 − d2 = 9.00 m − 1.00 m = 8.00 m

Observe that this path difference is ∆ = λ 2 . Thus, waves arriving at point A from
the two speakers meet out of phase and undergo d estructive interference .

466
 C H A P T E R 1 4

(b) The coordinates of points on the path should be so the path difference

∆ = d1 − d2 = ( x + 5.00 m )2 + y 2 − ( x − 5.00 m )2 + y 2

will always equal λ 2 .

Thus, we write ( x + 5.00 m )2 + y 2 = ( x − 5.00 m )2 + y 2 + 8.00 m .

Square both sides of this equation and simplify to find

5x
− ( 4.00 m ) = ( x − 5.00 m )2 + y 2
4

Again, square both sides and simplify to obtain 9x 2 − 16y 2 = 144 m 2 ,

x2 y2
or − = 1.00 m 2 This is the equation of a hyperbola.
16 9

14.67 The speeds of the two types of waves in the rod are

Y Y Y ( A ⋅ L) F F F⋅ L
v long = = = and v trans = = =
ρ mV m µ mL m

Y ( A ⋅ L) ⎛ F⋅ L ⎞
Thus, if v long = 8 v trans , we have = 64 ⎜ ⎟ , or the required tension is
m ⎝ m ⎠

( 6.80 × 10 N m 2 ) ⎡⎢π ( 0.200 × 10−2 m ) ⎤⎥

10 2
Y ⋅A ⎣ ⎦ = 1.34 × 104 N
F= =
64 64

14.68 The speed of transverse waves in the wire is

F F⋅ L ( 400 N )( 0.750 m )
v= = = = 365 m s
µ m 2.25 × 10−3 kg

When the wire vibrates in its third harmonic, λ = 2L 3 = 0.500 m , so the frequency of the
vibrating wire and the sound produced by the wire is

v 365 m s
f= = = 730 Hz
λ 0.500 m

467
 C H A P T E R 1 4

Since both the wire and the wall are stationary, the frequency of the wave reflected from
the wall matches that of the waves emitted by the wire. Thus, as the student approaches
the wall at speed v o , he approaches one stationary source and recedes from another
stationary source, both emitting frequency f = 730 Hz . The two frequencies that will be
observed are

⎛ v + vo ⎞ ⎛ v − vo ⎞
f1′ = f ⎜ ⎟ and f2′ = f⎜ ⎟.
⎝ v ⎠ ⎝ v ⎠

⎛ v + vo − (v − vo ) ⎞ 2 f vo
The beat frequency is fbeat = f1′ − f2′ = f ⎜ ⎟= ,
⎝ v ⎠ v

⎛f ⎞ ⎡ 8.30 Hz ⎤
so v o = ⎜ beat ⎟ v = ⎢ ⎥ ( 340 m s ) = 1.93 m s
⎝ 2f ⎠ ⎣ 2 ( 730 Hz ) ⎦

14.69 The speed of the trailing ship (the source) is

⎛ 0.278 m s ⎞
v s = ( 64.0 km h ) ⎜ ⎟ = 17.8 m s ,
⎝ 1 km h ⎠

and that of the leading ship (observer) is

⎛ 0.278 m s ⎞
v o = ( 45.0 km h ) ⎜ ⎟ = 12.5 m s
⎝ 1 km h ⎠

The trailing ship (source) moves toward the leading ship (observer), so v s > 0 . The
observer is moving away from the source, so v o < 0 . The observed frequency is therefore

⎛ v + vo ⎞ ⎛ 1520 m s − 12.5 m s ⎞
f′= f ⎜ ⎟ = ( 1200 Hz ) ⎜ ⎟ = 1204 Hz
⎝ v − vs ⎠ ⎝ 1520 m s − 17.8 m s ⎠

468
 C H A P T E R 1 4

14.70 (a) If the source and the observer are moving away from each fS
vS
other along the same line, the relevant angles as defined θS
in the sketch at the right are θ s = 180° and θ o = 180° .

⎛ v + v o cos θ o ⎞ θO
Thus, f′=⎜ fO
⎜ v − v cos θ ⎟⎟
f vO
⎝ s s ⎠

⎛ v − vo ⎞
becomes f ′ = ⎜
⎜ v + v ⎟⎟
f
⎝ s ⎠

which is the same as Equation 14.11 in the text when both v o and v s are negative
(i.e., when source and observer move away from each other).

(b) When the train is 40.0 m to the left of the crossing and the car is 30.0 m from the tracks,
θ s = tan −1 ⎛⎜
30.0 m ⎞
⎟ = tan ( 0.750 ) = 36.9° . Then, with v o = 0 , the observed frequency
−1

⎝ 40.0 m ⎠
is

⎛ v ⎞ ⎛ 343 m s ⎞
f′=⎜ ⎟ f = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ( 500 Hz ) = 531 H z
⎝ v − v s cos θ s ⎠ ⎝ 343 m s − ( 25.0 m s ) cos 36.9° ⎠

469
 C H A P T E R 1 4

Answers to Even Numbered Conceptual Questions

2. The resonant frequency depends on the length of the pipe. Thus, changing the length of
the pipe will cause different frequencies to be emphasized in the resulting sound.
4. Air flowing fast by a rim of the pipe creates a "shshshsh" sound called edgetone noise, a
mixture of all frequencies, as the air turbulently switches between flowing on one side of
the edge and the other. The air column inside the pipe finds one or more of its resonance
frequencies in the noise. The air column starts vibrating with large amplitude in a
standing vibration mode and radiates this sound into the surrounding air.
6. The distance around the opening of the bell must be an integral multiple of the
wavelength. Actually, the circumference being equal to the wavelength would describe
the bell moving from side to side without bending, which it can do without producing any
sound. A tuned bell is cast and shaped so that some of these vibrations will have their
frequencies constitute higher harmonics of a musical note, the strike tone. This tuning is
lost if a crack develops in the bell. The sides of the crack vibrate as antinodes. Energy of
vibration may be rapidly lost into thermal energy at the end of the crack, so the bell may
not ring for so long a time.
8. The speed of light is so high that the arrival of the flash is practically simultaneous with
the lightning discharge. Thus, the delay between the flash and the arrival of the sound of
thunder is the time sound takes to travel the distance separating the lightning from you.
By counting the seconds between the flash and thunder and knowing the approximate
speed of sound in air, you have a rough measure of the distance to the lightning bolt.
10. Refer to Table 14.2 to see that a rock concert has an intensity level of about 120 dB, the
turning of a page in a textbook about 30 dB, a normal conversation is about 50 dB,
background noise at a church is about 30 dB. This leaves a cheering crowd at a football
game to be about 60 dB.
12. Imagine yourself at a concert hall listening to an orchestra. If the speed of sound depended
on frequency, the sound from the high frequency instruments might reach you sooner
than the sound from the lower frequency bass instruments. The notes are supposed to be
played at precise instants of time, so if they arrived out of sequence, the music would turn
to a jumble of noise.
14. A beam of radio waves of known frequency is sent toward a speeding car, which reflects
the beam back to a detector in the police car. The amount the returning frequency has been
shifted depends on the velocity of the oncoming car.
16. Consider the level of fluid in the bottle to be adjusted so that the air column above it
v
resonates at the first harmonic. This is given by f = . This equation indicates that as the
4L
length L of the column increases (fluid level decreases), the resonant frequency decreases.

470
 C H A P T E R 1 4

18. Walking makes the person's hand vibrate a little. If the frequency of this motion equals the
natural frequency of coffee sloshing from side to side in a cup, then a large-amplitude
vibration of the coffee will build up in resonance. To get off resonance and back to the
normal case of a small-amplitude disturbance producing a small-amplitude result, the
person can walk faster, walk slower, vary his speed, or get a larger or smaller cup.
Alternatively, even at resonance, he can reduce the amplitude by adding damping, as by
stirring high-fiber quick cooking oat meal into the hot coffee.
20. A vibrating string is not able to set very much air into motion when vibrated alone. Thus it
will not be very loud. If it is placed on the instrument, however, the string's vibration sets
the sounding board of the guitar into vibration. A vibrating piece of wood is able to move
a lot of air, and the note is louder.

471
 C H A P T E R 1 4

Answers to Even Numbered Problems

2. 0.196 s

4. 1.7 cm to 17 m

6. 126 m s

8. (a) 153 m s (b) 614 m

10. (a) 5.0 × 10-17 W (b) 5.0 × 10-5 W

12. I Full Orchestra = 32 I violin

14. (a) 1.32 × 10-4 W m 2 (b) 81.2 dB

16. (a) 7.96 × 10-2 W m 2 (b) 109 dB (c) 2.82 m

IA IA
18. (a) =2 (b) =5
IB IC

20. 913 Hz

22. 32.1 m s , behind the car

24. 41 kHz

26. (a) 0.0217 m s (b) 2 000 029 H z (c) 2 000 058 H z

28. (a) 57.1 s (b) 56.6 km

30. (a) 0.431 m (b) 0.863 m

32. (a) 0.345 m (b) constructive interference

34. 824.0 N

36. 845 Hz, 1.69 × 103 Hz , and 2.54 × 103 Hz

38. (a) 163 N (b) 660 Hz

40. (a) 4.9 × 10−3 kg m (b) 2 (c) no standing wave will form

42. 9.00 kHz

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44. (a) 531 Hz (b) 4.25 cm

46. n ( 206 Hz ) for n = 1 to 9 and

n ( 84.5 Hz ) for n = 2 to 23

48. 3.3 × 102 m s

50. 29.7 cm

52. 4 Hz

54. 2.94 cm

56. 300 Hz. There must be relative motion between the source and the observer for a Doppler
shift to occur.

58. 7.8 m

60. 200 m s

62. (a) 0.655 m (b) 13.0°C

64. (a) 0.233 m (b) 14 mm

66. (a) a path difference of λ 2 produces destructive interference

x2 y2
(b) Along a hyperbola given by − = 1.00 m 2
16 9

68. 1.93 m s

70. 531 Hz

473
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