A REPORT

On

CE 8513
SURVEY CAMP
Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement
For the award of the degree of

Bachelor of Engineering
In

CIVIL ENGINEERING
By

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

EASWARI ENGINEERING COLLEGE

(Affiliated to Anna University, Chennai)

Bharathi Salai, Ramapuram,
Chennai – 600 089.

October 2019

A REPORT
i
 On

CE 8513
SURVEY CAMP
Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement
For the award of the degree of

Bachelor of Engineering
In

CIVIL ENGINEERING
By

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

EASWARI ENGINEERING COLLEGE

(Affiliated to Anna University, Chennai)

Bharathi Salai, Ramapuram,
Chennai – 600 089.

October 2019

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

ii
The authors wish to record their thanks to Dr.R.S.KUMAR Principal, Easwari Engineering
College, Chennai, for providing all required facilities for the survey camp.

The authors express their sincere thanks and gratitude to Dr.S.LAVANYA PRABHA,
Professor and Head, Department of Civil Engineering. Easwari Engineering College,
Chennai, for her useful, technical and logistical suggestions during the camp work.

The authors are thankful to Mr.LENIN DHAL & Mr.R.DINESH KUMAR, Assistant
Professor, Department Of Civil Engineering, for their valuable guidance and suggestions
during the course of survey camp.

The authors also express their sincere thanks to all the teaching and non-teaching staff
members and co-students of Department Of Civil Engineering, for their assistance.

The authors express their heartfelt gratitude to their parents and their classmates for their
support, constant encouragement and timely help.

-Authors

iii
 ABSTRACT

CE8513 – Survey camp is the part of university curriculum which aims to

impart practical knowledge to students on their theoretical concepts which can
be stimulated in the field. The camp mainly focuses on helping students practice
concepts of Triangulation, Chain surveying, Astronomical surveying, contouring
and levelling. All these concepts were made as different experiments and
observations were educated.

In the process of camp work students also learn how to operate different
surveying instruments, to do on-field adjustments, to observe values and
perform calculations using different formulae. Any thumb rules if necessary
were also applied or certain concepts.

Period of ten days were spent on the camp work which enabled a detailed
on-field exposure to the students. In-course of the camp work, students also
learnt how to work as a team to successfully complete an assignment. After
completing the observations, computations were done using various analytical
methods and few types of soft wares.

This survey camp proves to be an opportunity for students to embrace

their knowledge in actual field of work. A detailed report on the camp work is to
be prepared by the students in a scholarly manner which could act as a source of
reference in future.

iv
 CONTENT

EXP NO DATE EXPERIMENT NAME PAGE NO

1 TRAVERSING USING TOTAL STATION 25

2 RADIAL CONTOURING 28

3 GRID CONTOURING 43

4 FIELD WORK L.S & C.S 48

5 OFFSET OF BUILDINGS 62

6 SINGLE PLANE METHOD 64

7 DOUBLE PLANE METHOD 69

8 CURVE SETTING BY DEFLECTION ANGLE 75

9 TRAVERSING USING GPS 81

10 DETERMINATION OF AZIMUTH OF THE SUN 83

LIST OF TABLES

v
 PAGE NO
Table 5 SINGLE PLANE METHOD
Table 6 DOUBLE PLANE METHOD
Table 7 LONGITUDINAL AND CROSS SECTIONAL LEVELLING
Table 8 GRID CONTOURING
Table 9 TOTAL STATION
Table 10 AZIMUTH

LIST OF FIGURES
PAGE NO
Figure 3 SINGLE PLANE METHOD
Figure 4 DOUBLE PLANE METHOD

LIST OF GRAPHS

Graph 1
Graph 2 LONGITUDINAL AND CROSS SECTION LEVELLING
Graph 3
Graph 4 GRID CONTOURING

vi
 INTRODUCTION

SURVEYING
Surveying is the science and art of determining the relative positions of various points
above on or below the surface of the earth by means of direct or indirect measurements of
distance, direction and elevation.
It requires basic knowledge of mathematics, physics, and to some extent, astronomy.

LEVELLING

It is a branch of surveying the object of which is

 To determine elevations of points with respect to a given or assumed
datum
 To establish points at a given elevation or at different elevations with
respect to a given or assumed datum.

OBJECTS OF SURVEYING

1. To take measurements to determine the relative positions of existing features on or near the
ground.
2. To layout or mark the position of proposed structures on the ground.
3. To determine areas, volumes and other related quantities.

PRINCIPLES OF SURVEYING

 Location of a point by measurement from two points of reference

 Working from whole to part
Surveying is primarily divided into two types:

7
PLANE SURVEYING
 It is used for relatively small areas.
 The curved line on earth’s surface is considered as straight.
 The directions of plumb lines and various points are assumed to be parallel to one
another.
 The spherical angles are considered as plane angles.
 The standard of accuracy is lower than of geodetic Surveying.

GEODETIC SURVEY
 It is used for large areas.
 It is used for establishing precise points of reference control points.
 The surface of the earth is considered as curved.
 The direction of plumb lines at various points is different. The earth’s mean sea level is
perpendicular to direction of gravity.
 The standard of accuracy is very high.

FUNCTIONAL CLASSIFICATION OF SURVEYING

Based on the purpose for they are conducted, survey may be classified into the following
types:

8
CLASSIFICATION BASED ON INSTRUMENTS USED.

Chain surveying: it is the simplest of surveying in which only linear measurements are
taken with the help of chain or tape. Angular measurements are not taken.
Compass surveying: In compass surveying the horizontal angles are measured with the
help of a magnetic compass, in addition to the linear measurements with chain or tape.
Levelling: This is a type of survey in which a levelling instrument is used for
determination of relative elevation of various points in a vertical plane.
Plane table survey: In plane table surveys a map is prepared in the field while viewing
the terrain after determining the directions of various and taking their measurements are made
with chain or type.
Theodolite survey: Theodolite is a very special instrument used for determining distance
and elevation
Tachometric survey: Tachometer is a special instrument used for determining distance
and elevation. It is a Theodolite fitted with stadia diaphragm.
Photogrammetric survey: Photogrammetry is science of taking measurements with help
of photographs. These surveys are generally used for topographic mapping of large areas.

9
SCOPE OF CAMP WORK:
Scope of camp work is to ensure that students can simulate concepts of
Chain Surveying, levelling, triangulation, trigonometric levelling and other traversing methods
as field work.
METHODS OF TRAVERSING
Depending upon the types of instruments used for measurements of angles, the method of
traversing is classified as follows:
Chain traverse: In a chain traverse, the directions of the traverse lines are fixed by taking
suitable ties near the traverse stations. A chain traverse is not very accurate and is rarely used in
practice.
Plane table survey: A plane table can be used for plotting a traverse directly in the field.
Stadia traverse: In stadia traverse the length of the traverse lines, the angles between
traverse lines and elevation of traverse stations are measured with tachometer.
Theodolite survey: In a Theodolite traverse, the angles are measured with Theodolite. This
is the most accurate method of traversing.

TYPES OF TRAVERSE
The traverse may be classified as follows:
1. Closed traverse
2. Open traverse
CLOSED TRAVERSE:
A closed traverse starts from one station and closes on the same station whose location
is already known. The closed traverse is also called as link traverse or connecting traverse.

OPEN TRAVERSE:
An open traverse starts from one station and closes at another station whose location is
neither known nor located. An open traverse is generally done for a long strip of area.

CHAIN TRAVERSE:
In chain traverse the directions of the traverse lines are determined by taking suitable ties
at each of the traverse sections. Generally these measurements are taken at each station for fixing

10
the directions of the lines. For example in a chain traverse ABCDE, at station a directions of line
AB and AE are fixed by taking measurements Aa1, Aa2 and a1a2. Knowing these three
measurements the small triangle aa1a2 can be plotted and the directions of line AB and AE
determined as extension of Aa2 and Aa1. Likewise the directions of all other lines are
determined.
If there is no suitable space for internal ties due to some obstructions, external ties such
as Aa4, Aa3 and a4a3 and can be measured. The length of external ties is measured on BA and
EA. The directions of these lines are also determined after plotting the triangle Aa3a4 and
extending the lines a4A anda3A respectively.
Chain traverse is not used for accurate works. This method of direction by ties is not
accurate. Moreover the method fixing the direction is from part to whole; a small line is plotted
and later extended. This is against the basic principle of surveying working from whole to part. A
chain traverse is only used when angle measurements are not available and chain surveying
cannot be used because of obstruction.
As said earlier chain survey is not accurate and long and vast areas are used they aren’t
suitable, therefore the other types of traversing like Theodolite, etc., Therefore the chain traverse
is the oldest one in the field of surveying. The popularity has diminished considerably since the
modern methods of traversing.
Chain survey requires only linear measurements, and is therefore relatively easier and can
be done relatively less qualified persons. Check lines are required in chain surveying. Offset also
is a necessary feature in chain traversing and there are few advantages. The disadvantages prevail
over the advantage in chain traversing.

PLANE TABLE TRAVERSING INTERSECTION METHOD

In intersection method, a point fixed on the paper by drawing rays from two plane table
stations to the point and determining the point intersection of two rays. The following procedure
is adopted:
1. Select two instrument station points in the centre of area to be covered.
2. The line joining two-instrument point is measured and is called the baseline.
3. Let the instrument is represented by A and B.
4. Set the instrument over the station A and level it.

11
5. Pivot the alidade on the point A and sight the point and draw the rays toward each point.
Measure the distance between instruments stations at all the points: scale off the distance to
locate all points.
6. Shift the plane table to the station B and level it and centre it.
7. Orient the plane table at B by backlighting on A. When oriented clamps the plane table.
8. Pivot the table on point B and sight all the point and draw rays.
9. The intersection rays drawn from A and B when joint gives the required traverse.
10. Then using respective FORMULA the area is calculated.

PRACTICAL HINTS FOR GOOD WORKS

 To reduce glare buff paper should be used.
 Set up the table at a level slightly lower than your elbow height.
 The blade of alidade should be frequently cleaned to remove graphite.
 Drawing board should be on edges to avoid warping.
 In a plane station the traverse line should be measured in both forward and backward
directions.
 Avoid smudging always use hard pencil.
 Do not waste time in accurate centring in all cases.
 When using telescopic alidade, always read distance first
And vertical angles next.
STADIA TRAVERSE
A stadia traverse is similar to a Theodolite traverse, but in this case the traverse lines are
measured indirectly by tachometric methods and not directly with tapes. The stadia Traverse is
not as accurate as a Theodolite traverse. The length of lines and elevations are determined by
using various methods. As each station is sighted twice once in the forward direction and other in
the backward direction. Two values of distances and elevations are obtained. Take the average
values if discrepancy is within permissible limits. The following procedure is adopted:
1. Set up the instrument over a point in the traverse, centre it and level it up.
2. Set the vernier C and D to zero when the alidade bubble is central.
3. Determine the elevations of the instrumental axis by taking the back sight
on the BM.

12
 4. Locate the details around station B; hold the stadia rod at the point whose position is
required to be located. Measure the vertical angle, the stadia hair readings corresponding to the
three hairs and the bearing.
5. Keep the stadia rod at T and take the back sight on the backward station.
6. Shift the instrument to the next station and level it.
7. Take a back sight on stadia rod held at P. Measure the vertical angles, stadia readings and
bearings.
8. Continue the work till the last station is reached.
COMPUTATION OF AREAS:
In surveying the areas means the area of tract of land as projected upon a horizontal plane
and not the actual area of the tract. For steep tract the actual area is much more than in the
projected area. The area of the land is computed from its plan.
The methods selected for computation of the area depend upon the shape of the tract and
the accuracy required. When the plane is enclosed by straight boundaries it can be subdivided
into simple geometric shapes such as triangles, trapezoids, rectangles etc. The areas of these
figures can be determined from the dimensions given in the plane using the appropriate formula.
If the boundaries are irregular these are replaced by short straight boundaries and the area is
determined using approximate methods.
UNITS:
In SI unit = s the area is square meters, the hectares are square kilometres.
1 hectare =100000sqm.
1 square kilometre = 100 hectare
TRIANGULATION METHOD
If the tract has strike boundaries, can be easily divided into number of triangles. The area
of each triangle is computed using the following FORMULA:
1. When all sides of a triangle are known:
A = √{s(s-a) (s-b) (s-c)}
Where: s = (a+b+c)/2
a+b+c are lengths of the three sides.
2. If the two sides and the included angle are known the area is given by
A= (a b sin c)/2

13
 Or
A= (b c sin a)/2
Or
A= (ca sin b)/2
3. If the length of the base and the perpendicular are known, area is given
By:
A= (base * perpendicular)/2
SUN/STAR OBSERVATION TO DETERMINE AZIMUTH
An azimuth is the horizontal angle a celestial body makes with pole. The détermination of
azimuth , or the direction of the Meridian at a Survey station consists in obtaining the azimuth or
true bearing of any line from the station,so that the azimuths of all the survey lines meeting there
may be derived.

REFERENCE MARK
To determine the azimuth of a star or other celestial bodies, it is frequently necessary to
have a reference mark (R.M) or reference object (R.O). The reference mark may be a
triangulation station or it may consist of a lantern or an electric light placed in a box or behind a
screen, through which a small circular hole is cut to admit the light to the observer.

METHODS TO DETERMINE AZIMUTH

 By observations on star at equal altitudes.
 By observations on a circumpolar star at elongation.
 By hour angle of star or the sun.
 By observation of Polaris.
 By ex-meridian observations on sun or star.

AZIMUTH BY HOUR ANGLE OF THE STAR OR THE SUN

In this method, the azimuth of a star or sun is determined by observing
the hour angle when it is on or near its prime vertical. In the field, the angle between the star and
the R.M is measured, and the chronometer time at the instant of observation is observed very
accurately. The altitude of the star is not necessary in this method and hence there is no effect of
the errors of refraction.

14
The field work is carried out in the following:
(i) set up the theodolite over the station point and level it accurately
(ii) Select a suitable star as near the prime vertical as possible
(iii) Bisect the R.M with both the plates clamped to zero, and with
the vertical circle to the left
(iv) Unclamp the upper clamp; rotate the telescope in the azimuth
the sight the star. When the star is exactly at the intersection of the cross-wires, give the
signal to the chronometer observer to observe the chronometer time very accurately.
Take the reading of the horizontal circle.
(v)Repeat the observations with face right

The mean of the above readings will give the chronometer time and the angle between
the star and the R.M
From the observed mean time of the chronometer, the local sidereal time can be easily
calculated by the method discussed earlier. The hour angle of the star can be computed from the
expression

L.S.T = R.A + Hour angle

The R.A of the star can be known from the star almanac
Thus, the hour angle of the star (or the sun) is known from the observed chronometer
time. In case the chronometer is fast or slow, its correction should be known beforehand, and the
same should be applied to the observed time before hour angle is calculated
Knowing the hour angle, the declination and the latitude of the place, the azimuth can
be calculated by the solution of the astronomical triangle.

If M is the position of the star at the instant of observation when its hour angle is H
Zp = Co-latitude = (90º - θ) = c (known)

Mp = Co-declination = (90º -δ) = p (known)

<ZPM = hour angle = H (known)

15
 The value of the azimuth (A) can be calculated from the following expression:

Tan A = tan H .cos B .cosec (B- θ)

Where B= tan -1 (tan δ sec H)
Knowing the azimuth of the star, the azimuth of the survey line can be known.
The above method, though simple and straight forward, is not very much used since
separate observations for determining the chronometer error is required. However, if the
chronometer error is known, the method is much better than the ex-meridian altitudes, however,
if the star is observed near its prime vertical, the errors of time have very little effect on the
result.
While computing the value of H from the chronometer time, a linear relationship
between the chronometer timings and the motion of the star in the azimuth was assumed.
However for more precise work, a correction for the curvature of the path of the star must be
applied to the mean of the face left and face right observations. The correction (∆A) in seconds
to be applied to the azimuth is given by ∆A = + 1/8 sinA cos θ sec2 α (cos α sin δ – 2 cos A cos θ
)X (∆t) 2 x sin 1’’
Where ∆t = difference in time, expressed in seconds of arc, between the face right and face left
observation.
The correction is evidently zero at culmination.

TRILATERATION AND USE OF GPS

Working of GPS
Trilateration Basics
When people talk about "a GPS," they usually mean a GPS receiver. The Global Positioning
System (GPS) is actually a constellation of 27 Earth-orbiting satellites (24 in operation and three
extras in case one fails). The U.S. military developed
and implemented this satellite network as a military navigation system, but soon opened it up to
everybody else. Each of these 3,000- to 4,000-pound solar-powered satellites circles the globe at
about 12,000 miles (19,300km), making two complete rotations every day.
The orbits are arranged so that at anytime, anywhere on Earth, there are at least four satellites
"visible" in the sky. A GPS receiver's job is to locate four or more of these satellites, figure out

16
the distance to each, and use this information to deduce its own location. This operation is based
on a simple mathematical principle called trilateration. Trilateration in three-dimensional space
can be a little tricky, so we'll start with an explanation of simple two-dimensional.

2-DTrilateration

Imagine you are somewhere in the United States and you are TOTALLY lost – for whatever
reason, you have absolutely no clue where you are. You find a friendly local and ask, "Where am
I?" He says, "You are 625 miles from Boise, Idaho." This is a nice, hard fact, but it is not
particularly useful by itself. You could be anywhere on a circle around Boise that has a radius of
625 miles.

You ask somebody else where you are, and she says, "You are 690 miles from Minneapolis,
Minnesota." Now you're getting somewhere. If you combine this information with the Boise
information, you have two circles that intersect. You now know that you must be at one of these
two intersection points, if you are 625 miles from Boise and 690 miles from
Minneapolis.
If a third person tells you that you are 615 miles from Tucson, Arizona, you can eliminate
one of the possibilities, because the third circle will only intersect with one of these points. You
now know exactly where you are -- Denver, Colorado. This same concept works in three-
dimensional space, as well, but you're dealing with spheres instead of circles. In the next section,
we'll look at this type of trilateration.

17
3-D Trilateration

Fundamentally, three-dimensional trilateration isn't much different from two-dimensional

trilateration, but it's a little trickier to visualize. Imagine the radii from the examples in the last
section going off in all directions. So instead of a series of circles, you get a series of spheres. If
you know you are 10 miles from satellite A in the sky, you could be anywhere on the surface of a
huge, imaginary sphere with a 10-mile radius. If you also know you are 15 miles from satellite B,
you can overlap the first sphere with another, larger sphere. The spheres intersect in a perfect
circle. If you know the distance to a third satellite, you get a third
sphere, which intersects with this circle at two points. The Earth itself can act as a fourth sphere
-- only one of the two possible points will actually be on the
surface of the planet, so you can eliminate the one in space. Receivers generally look to four or
more satellites, however, to improve accuracy and provide precise altitude information. In order
to make this simple calculation, then, the GPS receiver has to know two things: the location of at
least three satellites above you and the distance between you and each of those satellites.
The GPS receiver figures both of these things out by analyzing high frequency, low-power radio
signals from the GPS satellites. Better units have multiple receivers, so they can pick up signals
from several satellites
simultaneously.
Radio waves are electromagnetic energy, which means they travel at the speed of light
(about 186,000 miles per second, 300,000 km per second in a vacuum). The receiver can figure
out how far the signal has travelled by timing how long it took the signal to arrive. In the next
section, we'll see how the receiver and satellite work together to make this measurement.

18
Measuring Distance
In the last section, we saw that a GPS receiver calculates the distance to GPS satellites by
timing a signal's journey from satellite to receiver. As it turns out, this is a fairly elaborate
process. At a particular time (let's say midnight), the satellite begins transmitting a long, digital
pattern called a pseudo-random code. The receiver begins running the same digital pattern also
exactly at midnight. When the satellite's signal reaches the receiver, its transmission of the
pattern will lag a bit behind the receiver's playing of the pattern. The length of the delay is equal
to the signal's travel time. The receiver multiplies this time by the speed of
light to determine how far the signal travelled. Assuming the signal travelled in a straight line,
this is the distance from receiver to satellite. In order to make this measurement, the receiver and
satellite both need clocks that can be synchronized down to the nanosecond. To make a satellite
positioning system using only synchronized clocks, you would need to have atomic clocks not
only on all the satellites, but also in the receiver itself. But atomic clocks cost somewhere
between $50,000 and $100,000, which makes them a just a bit too expensive for everyday
consumer use. The Global Positioning System has a clever, effective solution to this problem.
Every satellite contains an expensive atomic clock, but the receiver itself uses an ordinary quartz
clock, which it constantly resets. In a nutshell, the receiver looks at incoming signals from four
or more satellites and gauges its own inaccuracy. In other words, there is only one value for the
"current time" that the receiver can use. The correct time value
will cause all of the signals that the receiver is receiving to align at a single point in space. That
time value is the time value held by the atomic clocks in all of the satellites. So the receiver sets
its clock to that time value, and it then has the same time value that all the atomic clocks in all of
the satellites have. The GPS
receiver gets atomic clock accuracy "for free".
Accuracy of GPS
Depending on the exact time of day and the number of GPS satellites available, a position
generated from an uncorrected GPS receiver may be 40 feet from truth, although most positions
are within 15 feet. There are several reasons for this range of values, mostly stemming from GPS
signal delays in the ionosphere. A process known as differential correction with DGPS receivers
can correct for many of these errors. Differential GPS (DGPS) positions are much more accurate
than regular GPS positions—DGPS accuracy is usually less than 1 ft. For high-accuracy

19
requirements, RTK or Omni STAR HP can provide < 1 inch and < 2 inch pass-to-pass accuracy
respectively.
Differential GPS
When you measure the distance to four located satellites, you can draw four spheres that
all intersect at one point. Three spheres will intersect even if your numbers are way off, but four
spheres will not intersect at one point if you've measured incorrectly. Since the receiver makes all
its distance measurements using its own built-in clock, the distances will all be proportionally
incorrect.
The receiver can easily calculate the necessary adjustment that will cause the four spheres to
intersect at one point. Based on this, it resets its clock to be in sync with the satellite's atomic
clock. The receiver does this constantly whenever it's on, which means it is nearly as accurate as
the expensive atomic clocks in the
satellites. In order for the distance information to be of any use, the receiver also has to know
where the satellites actually are. This isn't particularly difficult because the satellites travel in
very high and predictable orbits. The GPS receiver simply stores an almanac that tells it where
every satellite should be at any given time.
Things like the pull of the moon and the sun do change the satellites' orbits very slightly,
but the Department of Defence constantly monitors their exact positions and transmits any
adjustments to all GPS receivers as part of the satellites' signals. This system works pretty well,
but inaccuracies do pop up. For one thing, this method assumes the radio signals will make their
way through the atmosphere at a consistent speed (the speed of light). In fact, the Earth's
atmosphere slows the electromagnetic energy down somewhat, particularly as it goes through the
ionosphere and troposphere. The delay varies depending on where you are on Earth, which
means it's difficult to accurately factor this into the distance calculations. Problems can also
occur when radio signals bounce off large objects, such as skyscrapers, giving a receiver the
impression that a satellite is farther away than it actually is. On top of all that, satellites
sometimes just send out bad almanac data, misreporting their own position.
Differential GPS (DGPS) helps correct these errors. The basic idea is to gauge GPS
inaccuracy at a stationary receiver station with a known location. Since the DGPS hardware at
the station already knows its own position, it can easily calculate its receiver's inaccuracy. The
station then broadcasts a radio signal to all DGPS-equipped receivers in the area, providing

20
signal correction information for that area. In general, access to this correction information
makes DGPS receivers much more accurate than ordinary receivers.

WAAS/EGNOS
The Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS) was created by the Federal Aviation
Administration (FAA) to augment GPS with additional signals for increasing the reliability,
integrity, accuracy and availability of GPS for aviation users the United States. WAAS consists
of a network of ground reference stations and a number of geo-stationary satellites broadcasting
a signal in the GPS band. The WAAS signal contains information including differential
corrections and GPS satellite health status. EGNOS is the European equivalent of the WAAS
network. The WAAS/EGNOS network is a FREE service that provides sub-meter real-time
corrections.
Note Regarding WAAS and EGNOS:
The WAAS system was declared fully operational early in 2004 and is extremely reliable.
However, EGNOS is still currently (and independently) under development, and is not
considered fully operational yet. When the EGNOS system is considered operational, it will
provide positioning to commercial and private aircraft to within several meters. The AgGPS
receivers can provide general positions derived from EGNOS during testing periods. Positions
created from these messages may occasionally be erroneous due to tests being performed;
therefore under no circumstances must they be used for safety
critical operations. Users should use caution when operating GPS receivers in EGNOS mode.
Omni STAR VBS/HP
Omni STAR is a worldwide L-Band differential service provider that consists of a
number of geo-stationary satellites and a network of ground reference stations around the globe.
Omni STAR offers two levels of
Differential GPS: Omni STAR VBS and Omni STAR HP. Omni STAR VBS provide less than
12-inch pass to pass accuracy with a 2-sigma (95%) confidence. The new Omni STAR HP
service will usually have a 2- sigma (95%) pass-to-pass accuracy of less than 2 inches. Both
Omni STAR services operate in real-time, and without the need for local base stations or
telemetry links. Omni STAR provides their services for a paid fee.

21
RTK:
When in Real Time Kinematic (RTK) mode, positions are computed using robust
processing techniques tailored to provide highly accurate solutions. This highly precise technique
requires an RTK base station, which transmits real-time positional carrier phase data over a radio
data-link to the AgGPS 252 multifunction receiver (rover) in the field. The AgGPS 252 receiver
then computes its position and the result is sub-inch overall guidance and positioning at the
rover.
Using the Data
In the last couple of sections, we saw that the most essential function of a GPS receiver is to pick
up the transmissions of at least four satellites and combine the information in those transmissions
with information in an electronic almanac, all in order to figure out the receiver's position on
Earth. Once the receiver makes this calculation, it can tell you the latitude, longitude and altitude
(or some similar
measurement) of its current position. To make the navigation user-friendly, most receivers plug
this raw data into map files stored in memory. You can use maps stored in the receiver's memory,
connect the receiver to a computer that can hold more detailed maps in its memory, or simply
buy a detailed map of your area and find your way using the receiver's latitude and longitude
readouts. Some receivers let you download detailed maps into memory or supply detailed maps
with plug-in map cartridges. A standard GPS receiver will not only place you on a map at any
particular location, but will also trace your path across a map as you move. If you leave your
receiver on, it can stay in constant communication with
GPS satellites to see how your location is changing. With this information and its built-in clock,
the receiver can give you several pieces of valuable information:
· How far you've travelled (odometer)
· How long you've been travelling
· Your current speed (speedometer)
· Your average speed
· A "bread crumb" trail showing you exactly where you have travelled on the map
· The estimated time of arrival at your destination if you maintain your current speed

22
Agricultural applications of GPS
GPS is fast becoming a standard utility in the agricultural world. Some examples of other
uses of GPS are:
• Yield monitoring
• Field mapping and scouting
• Soil sampling
• Aerial guidance
• High-accuracy automated steering
• Variable-rate application and as-applied mapping

23
 RECONNAISSANCE SURVEY

AIM
To conduct a reconnaissance Survey of the place and select the ideal places for
conducting various experiments.

LOCATION
The camp was first started at Easwari Engineering College with the reconnaissance survey on
the first day. The reconnaissance survey was started at about 9.30 AM on 29/05/2019. We went
through the following places:
 In and around Easwari engineering college campus.
 Bus parking area and SRM campus.
We observed that the above places were best suited for the following experiments:

S.NO. EXPERIMENT PLACE

1 Traversing using total station Open air theatre

2 radial contouring Open air theatre, Near canteen
3 grid contouring SRM campus, Ramapuram
4 field work L.S & C.S SRM campus, Ramapuram
5 offset of buildings SRM campus, Ramapuram
6 single plane method Q at building top

7 double plane method Q at building top

8 curve setting by deflection angle Open air theatre

9 traversing using gps Easwari Engineering College campus

10 determination of azimuth of the sun Open air theatre

24
EX NO: 1 TRAVERSING USING TOTAL STATION
DATE :
INTRODUCTION:
Total Station Is An Electronic/Optical Instrument Mainly Applied In Construction And Civil
Engineering Field. Angles, Distances, Co Ordinates And Many Advanced Measurements Are
Accomplished By Using Trigonometry And Triangulation. Downloading And Uploading Data
Are Available.
AIM:
To determine the included angle and independent coordinates from the field by total station
traversing.

INSTRUMENTS REQUIRED:
Total Station
Prism
Stand
Prism Stand
FORMULA USED:

AB = √BC² + AC²– 2 * AC * BC * Cos ACB

For calculating area of each triangle
S= (a + b + c)
2
Area,

Δ= √(s (s – a) (s – b) (s – c))

PROCEDURE

1. Select The Suitable Station Point Such That All The Points Of The Polygon Is Visible
Clearly.
2. Place The Total Station And Level It And Centre Point Of The Station Is Noted.
3. Take The Reference Point And Set The Co-Ordination (0, 0, And 0).

25
 4. Place The Prism On The First Point And Focus It And Measure It For Getting Co-
Ordinates Of That Point.
5. Similarly, Get The Co-Ordinates Of Different Points Of The Polygon.
6. Finally, Place The Prism At The First Point And Measure It For Complete Closed
Polygon.
7. Go To Graphical View And See The Polygon.
8. Go To Calculation → 2d → Area And Get Area Of The Polygon.

TABLE 1: TABULATION

CALCULATION:

26
RESULT:

Thus the given area in measured as m2 by using a total station.

EX NO: 2 RADIAL CONTOURING
DATE :

27
AIM:
To plot the contour map of the given hill station by the method of radial contouring.

INSTRUMENTS REQUIRED:
o Theodolite with tripod
o Ranging rods
o Leveling staffs
o Chain
o Pegs
o arrows

PROCEDURE:

1. Set the instrument at the station point O, and do all the temporary adjustments.
2. Hold the levelling staff at the B.M and noted the staff readings.
3. Set the vernier A & B to 0°00'00" bisected the station point A 1,in between O-A1 took 5 staff
readings three hair readings at 5m intervals.
4. Set the vernier A & B to 45° and marked the station point B 1-B6 and repeated the above
procedure with 45° interval upto 360°.
5. The unknown distance between the reduced level points should be calculated by the
formulae.

28
RESULT:
Thus the plot the contour map of the given hill surface by the method of radial contouring.
EXP NO : 3 GRID CONTOURING

29
DATE:

AIM:
To study the concept of contour surveying and to plot the contour lines of the given area
by grid contouring method.

INSTRUMENTS USED:
 Theodolite with tripod
 Magnetic compass with stand
 Leveling staff
 Ranging rods
 Chain
 Arrows

LOCATION OF THE SITE:

Ground near the hill

FORMULA USED:
RL of the instrument axis = 100 + B.S.

PROCEDURE:

1. Base line of the given area is marked along the longitudinal direction at midway.
2. Grids of size 100m X 30m are marked on both sides of base line by running parallel and
perpendicular survey lines.
3. Now the instrument is set at a convenient point in such a way that maximum number of
points could be covered.
4. Preliminary adjustment are made for perfect leveling of the instrument.
5. Height of instrument is noted by using leveling staff reading taken on the standard bench
mark.
6. The leveling staff is kept at every point of the grid and corresponding readings are noted.

30
7. When other stations are not visible, the instrument is shifted and the above procedures (3 to
6) are repeated.
8. Using the observations the reduced level of all the points of grids is determined.
9. Then the contour lines of the spillway profile has been plotted on graph sheet at same
convenient contour intervals.

OBSERVATION & TABULATION:

TABLE 8: GRID CONTOURING
SL NO STATION POINT BS IS FS HI RL REMARKS
1 A1 BENCH MARK
2 A2
3 A3
4 A4
5 A5
6 A6
7 A7
8 A8
9 A9
10 A10
11 A11
12 A12
13 A13
14 A14
15 A15
16 A16
17 A17
18 A18
19 A19
20 A20
21 A21
22 A22
23 A23
24 A24
25 A25
26 A26
27 A27
28 A28
29 A29
30 A30
31 A31

31
32 A32
33 A33
34 A34
35 A35
36 A36
37 A37
38 A38
39 A39
40 A40
41 A41
42 A42
43 A43
44 A44
45 A45
46 A46
47 A47
48 A48
49 A49
50 A50
51 A51
52 A52
53 A53
54 A54
55 A55
56 A56
57 A57
58 A58
59 A59
60 A60
61 A61
62 A62
63 A63
64 A64
65 A65
66 A66
67 A67
68 A68
69 A69
70 A70
71 A71
72 A72
73 A73

32
 74 A74
75 A75
76 A76
77 A77
78 A78
79 A79
80 A80
81 A81
82 A82
83 A83
84 A84
85 A85
86 A86
87 A87
88 A88
89 A89
90 A90
91 A91
92 A92
93 A93
94 A94
95 A95
96 A96
97 A97
98 A98
99 A99
100 A100
101 A101 END POINT

ARTHEMATIC CHECK:
B.S. - F.S. = LAST R.L – FIRST R.L

33
RESULT:

The reduced levels of ground are determined and contour lines are plotted.

EXP NO: 4 LONGITUDINAL AND CROSS SECTIONING

DATE: SURVEY ALONG A ROAD

34
 AIM:
To determine the elevation of points at an interval of 10m along the center line and cross
sections on either side of center line.

INSTRUMENTS REQUIRED:
 Leveling instrument with stand
 Leveling staff
 Chain
 Metallic tape
 Pegs and Arrows

FORMULA USED:
Arithmetic check:
B.S. - F.S. = LAST R.L – FIRST R.L.

PROCEDURE:

1. The instrument is set at an appropriate location at the beginning of the given road and the
instrument is leveled accurately by temporary adjustment.
2. The width of the road is found and the center line of the road is marked with chain.
3. The leveling staff is held at the temporary bench mark and at every required point along the
longitudinal direction. The level readings is noted accurately.
4. The levels of cross section is taken along the width of the road, perpendicular to longitudinal
profile at an interval of 20m and the readings are recorded.
5. From the readings, reduced level of all points is determined and the cross sections are plotted
on the graph using origin pro software.

TABLE 7: PROFILE LEVELLING (L.S &C.S)

CHAINAGE Fall
B.S I.S F.S Rise RL STATION REMARKS
(m)

35
15

36
20

25

30

35

37
40

45

50

38
55

60

65

70

39
75

80

85

90

40
95

100

105

110

41
115

120

125

130

42
135

140

145

43
150

155

160

165

44
170

175

180

185

45
190

195

200

205

46
210

ARITHMETIC CHECK:
B.S. - F.S. = LAST R.L – FIRST R.L

47
GRAPH:
Graphs from the tabulated readings are plotted using the origin
EXP NO:5 SETTING OUT OF BUILDINGS
DATE:

AIM
To select the centre line of a building foundation by using centre line method.

INSTRUMENTS REQUIRED:
 Tape
 Chain

48
  Lime powder
 Pegs

PROCEDURE:
1. Prepare a centre line sketch of a building.
2. Remove any vegetation in the construction sites.
3. Set out the base line with reference to any given surface point.
4. Made each centre line of the walls point A & B from the base line.
5. As the end marked A,B,C disturbed excavation sketch are fixed at L,M.N away for end
marks and mark and tie a string line.
6. Marked the centre line for all other walls AB,BC by dropping perpendicular.
7. For every wall drained the pegs a little away for end work and tie a string accuracy.
8. Measured the diagonal and checked with their corresponding lengths.
9. Marked the width of foundation from the centre line and fix the corner pegs are their covers
the chord in stretched and line was spread along the chords.
10. Now the trench plan being marked on the ground.

49
RESULT:
Thus the set out the centre line of a building foundation by using centre line method.

EXP NO: 6 SINGLE PLANE METHOD

DATE:

AIM:
To determine the horizontal distance “D” of an object whose base is inaccessible and also
calculate the elevation of the object using theodolite.

INSTRUMENTS REQUIRED:

50
  Theodolite with tripod
 Ranging rod
 Leveling staff
 Tape & Arrows

FORMULAE USED:
D = (b + s cot α2) tan α2
tan α1 – tan α2
V = D tan 2
Elevation = RL + V + h
Where,
b = Horizontal distance between A and B
s = h1-h2
h = Height of instrument station
α = Vertical angle

PROCEDURE:
1. Theodolite is setup over the station “A” and Leveled accurately with respect to the altitude
level.
2. The telescope is kept horizontal (C & D vernier reads zero degree) and the staff reading is
taken on the BM (h1)
3. The telescope is turned towards the top of the object “Q”. Q is bisected accurately and both
the plates are clamped. Both verniers C and D are read and the vertical angle QA’Q’ = 1 is
determined.
4. The face is changed and the staff reading is taken on the BM (h 1) by keeping the telescope
horizontal.
5. Again the angle QA’Q’ is observed with face right by repeating the same procedure
6. The mean angle (face left & face right) 1 of the angle QA’Q’ is found.
7. The second station “B” is marked on the ground in the same vertical plane”ABQ”
8. To locate the station point ‘B’ in the line QAB the object Q is sighted, both lower and upper
clamps are clamped. Now the telescope clamp is released, the telescope is transitted from Q.

51
 Then face left to face right position is set. By looking through the telescope the station ‘B’ is
marked by aligning a ranging rod to be bisected which is on the extension of the line QA ‘B’
is located from A to B at a known distance (d).
9. The distance ‘d” between A and B is measured accurately by using tape.
10. The instrument is shifted to the station “B” and the temporary adjustment is done. The staff
reading on the B.M should be h2 when the C&D vernier reads 0°(face left)
11. The point “Q” is sighted and the vertical angle QB’B” is measured. The mean value of the
verniers C and D is taken. The face is changed and the angle 2 is taken and then the average
angle of “2” is found. The BM is taken as h2 by keeping the telescope horizontal.

TABLE 5: SINGLE PLANE METHOD

52
Inst at Sight to Height Face Vertical angle Average
Remarks
verticaland staff reading
of inst angle
axis C D Mean

° ‘ “ ‘ “ ° ‘ “ ° ‘ “

A C Left R.L of A=100 Top of temple flag

53
Right

B O Left

Right
CALCULATION:

54
RESULT:

EXP NO: 7 DOUBLE PLANE METHOD

DATE:

AIM:
To calculate the elevation of object by Double plane method when the base is
inaccessible using theodolite

INSTRUMENTS REQUIRED:

55
  Theodolite with stand
 Ranging rod
 Levelling staff
 Pegs

FORMULA USED:
b – distance between the points P and R
Use sine rule to find D1 & D2
b
D1= x Sin2
sin (1−2)

b
D2= x Sin1
sin (1−2)

V1 = D1tan1
V2 = D2tan2
RL of Q = RL of BM + staff reading on the BM +V1
RL of Q = RL of BM + staff reading on the BM +V2

PROCEDURE:
11. P & R be the two instrument stations , not in the same vertical plane as that of object Q as
shown in figure , Stations R & Q lies in one plane and P & Q lies in the another plane.
12. The instrument is set over “P” and the temporary adjustment was done.
13. Staff reading h1 is taken on B.M with the line of sight is horizontal.
14. Top of the object “Q” is sighted and the vertical angle “1” is measured.
15. Station R is located at a known distance of D from P.

56
16. Vernier –A is set to read zero degree. station R is sighted using lower clamp and lower
tangent.
17. Upper clamp is released and given clockwise rotation and the top of the station Q is
sighted .Both the vernier ‘A’ and ‘B’ is read. The angle RPQ as 1 is noted.
18. The instrument is shifted to ‘R’ and leveled . Telescope is kept horizontal (C & D vernier
reads 0°) and the staff reading is read on the B.M as h2.
19. The top of the object ‘Q’ is sighted by releasing the telescope clamp and the vertical angle
“2” is measured. A vernier reads zero degree when we are sighting the object Q: for sighting
the object Q, lower clamp and lower tangent is used.
20. The upper clamp is released and telescope is made to swing clock wise and P is sighted, and
the angle QRP as 2 is measured from both the vernier ‘A’ & ‘B’

TABLE 6 : DOUBLE PLANE METHOD

57
 ‘
Inst at Sight to Height Face Vertical angle Average
Remarks
verticaland staff reading
of inst angle
axis C D Mean

° ‘ “ ‘ “ ° ‘ “ ° ‘ “

Q P tower Left R.L of A=100 Top of temple flag

58
Right

Q P tower Left

Right
CALCULATION:

59
RESULT:

60
EXP NO: 8 CURVE SETTING BY DEFLECTION ANGLE
DATE:

AIM:
To set out the curves by rankines method of deflection angle or single theodolite method.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. Theodolite with tripod
2. Ranging rods
3. Lime powder
4. Chain
5. Tape

PROCEDURE:
1. Set the theodolite at the point of curve T1 with bottom plates clamped to zero direct
the theodolite to bisect the point of intersection .The line of sight is thus in the sight is
in the direction of near tangent.
2. Release the vernier plate and set angle on the vernier ,the line of sight in thus directed
along chord T1A.
3. With zero end of the tape pointed at T1 and an arrow held at a distance T1A=C along
its line of the tape around T1 fill the arrow is bisected by the cross hairs thus the first
point A is fixed.
4. Second deflection angle is set on the vernier so that the sight is directed along T1B.
5. With the zero end of the tape pinned at A and arrow held at distance AB=C along is
swing to the tape around it and the arrow is bisected by the cross hair thus fixing the
point B.
6. Repeated the steps four and five.
7. Set the second deflection angle on the vernier so that the sight is directed along T1B.
8. Then with the zero end of the tape pinned at A 1 and an arrow held at distance AB=C
along it swing the tape around A till the arrow is bisected by the cross hair thus fixing
the point B.
9. The last point so located must coincide with the point of tangency fixe3d
independently by measurement from the point of intersection. If the discrepancy is
small last few pegs may now be adjusted if its more the whole curve should be reset.

61
10. In case of the left hand curve each on the calculated value of the deflection angle
should be subtracted from 360°.The angles do obtained arc to set on the vernier of
theodolite for setting out the curve.

62
RESULT:
Thus the set out curve by the Rankines methods of deflection angle.

EXP NO: 9 TRAVERSING USING GPS

DATE:

63
AIM:

o We wanted to determine if one or more of the available models of sportsman and sub
meter grade GPS units could be used to determine the acreage of a area to an accuracy
equivalent to one gained by doing a conventional compass & chaining perimeter traverse
of the same area.
o The difficulty in doing a perimeter traverse, with even a sub-meter mapping grade GPS
unit, has always been overcoming the error introduced to the satellite data from
“multipath” signal obstructions caused by overhanging canopy.
o We wanted to determine if GPS data, collected at distant off-set points around the
perimeter of unit, could be processed by GIS software to allow us to calculate an accurate
acreage for the unit of land. 2. We wanted to determine and compare the accuracy of a
sportsman grade GPS unit to a mapping grade GPS for determining point locations at
both open off set points and points under light to moderate canopies.

EQUIPMENT USED:

o Hand held GPS

PROCEDURE:

EXP NO: 10 DETERMINATION OF AZIMUTH OF THE SUN

DATE:

64
AIM:
To determine the aimuth and the altitude of the celestial object.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
6. Theodolite with tripod
7. Ranging rods

FORMULA USED:
 Latitude horizontal azimuth (LHA) =GMT + L

Where,
GMT = Greenwich Mean Time,
L = longitude of station

 Azimuth“Z”=

Where,
F = latitude of the station
L = declination of the celestial body
PROCEDURE:
11. Set the theodolite instrument at a point “O” on the bund of the dam.
12. Sight the reference point (ranging rod) by keeping the horizontal angle zero.
13. Once the reference point is sighted, loose the upper clamp and sight the celestial body
the ‘SUN’
14. Fixedthe celestial object at the first quadrant and then note down the horizontal and
vertical angles and note down the corresponding chronological time.
15. The same procedure is repeated again by sighting the celestial object (sun) in the
other quadrants of the theodolite and the all corresponding reading are noted down.
16. The latitudes “F” and longitude “L” of the corresponding station “O” is found.
Using the above formula the azimuth of the SUN and surveyor line is calculated.

TABLE 10: DETERMINATION OF AZIMUTH OF THE SUN AND SURVEYOR LINE

65
I
SI
N
G VERTICAL ANGLES CHR
S HORIZONTAL ANGLES
H ONO
T REMAR
T LOGI
. KS
T CAL
A
O TIME
T Vern. A Vern. B MEAN Vern. C Vern. D MEAN

O D

66
 FIGURE 5 : DETERMINATION OF AZIMUTH OF THE SUN AND SURVEYOR LINE
CALCULATION
Latitude of the station (F) = 12˚11’0’’
Longitude of the station (L) =76˚50’46’’
Time of observation = 7h 00m 00s
Then GMT= UT-R (excess)
=7h 00m 00s – 6h 30m 00s
= 0h 30m 00s
Latitude horizontal azimuth (LHA) = GMT + L
= 0h 30m 00s + 79˚50’46’’
= 80˚ 20’ 46’’
360˚— 80˚ 20’ 46’’
=279˚ 39’ 14’’
From the star almanac declination of the sun:
S = 2˚ 15’ 30’’ + 3’ 54’’

67
 = N2˚ 19’ 24’’

Z=

= 89˚48’44.18’’
Therefore the azimuth of the sun:

= 360˚ - 89˚48’44.18’’

= 270˚ 11’15.82’’
From the observation of the vertical angle, the apparent altitude of the sun is = (a’)
Where, a’ = mean vertical angles from observation.
Parallax correction = +8.8’’

=0˚ 0’ 8.8’’×cos (5˚ 0’ 7.5’’)

=0˚ 0’ 8.77’’

Semi dia. Correction =

= +16’’, (from star almanac)

Mean refraction error (r0) = 139’’
As a temperature and pressure during observation was 19˚c and 969 millibar, the factor of the
refraction correction (f) = 0.95
The refraction correction = - 139’’×0.95
= — 0˚2’12.05’’
Altitude of the sun = a’ + r/2 + parallax correction - refraction correction

= 5˚ 0’ 7.5’’ + 0˚ 16’ 0’’ + 0˚ 0’ 8.77’’ – 0˚ 2’ 12’’

= 5 ˚ 14’ 4.27’’
Thus the horizontal angle of the sun:

68
 = (observed horizontal mean angle of the sun) — (semi diameter
Correction)
= 47˚43’47.5’’ – (0˚0’16’’×5˚14’4.27’’)
= 47 ˚42’23.75’’
Therefore the horizontal angle (H.A) between the sun and the reference point (ranging rod) is
= 47 ˚42’23.75’’
The azimuth of the surveyor line forming the station and reference point or reference object is
= Horizontal angle — azimuth of the sun
= 47˚42’23.75’’- 89˚48’44.18’’
= - 42˚6’20.43’’
=360˚ - 42˚6’20.43’’
= 317˚53’39.57

RESULT:
The azimuth of the sun and the line of joining surveyor station and reference object are
determined.

The azimuth of the sun = 270˚ 11’15.82’’

69
 The altitude of the sun = 5 ˚ 14’ 4.27’’
The azimuth of the surveyor line = 317˚53’39.57’’

CONCLUSION:
CE8513: Survey Camp has been completed successfully. This survey report is
truly based on our knowledge gained from the camp organized for the partial fulfilment of the
requirement for the Bachelor’s Degree in Civil Engineering, as per our syllabus. This report
comprises of the ten experiments carried out during the camp. This surveying camp has been
able to impart us the great opportunity to consolidate and review the practical and theoretical
knowledge on surveying, which we gained in second year. This survey camp promoted us in
developing the ideas of the Major and Minor traversing, RL transformation, Topographical Map
preparation, Leveling,Traversing,Total station,Gps, etc.
We have been able to achieve the true objectives of survey and upgrade the
knowledge as handling of the instrument, working procedure, problem solving and field booking
precisely. This survey camp gave us the practical knowledge of overcoming the technical
difficulties and developing a skill in tackling it. It encouraged us to cope with the team members,
as the surveying involved all the members equally during the field procedures, calculations and
plotting and report preparations.
In this way the survey camp was really fruitful and it enhanced to enrich our
confidence to carryout engineering survey on required accuracy in near future.
We once again thank the College Management, Principal, our HOD, all our
teaching and non-teaching staffs for their encouragement and support.

70
REFERENCES:

1. SURVEYING VOLUME-I
- Dr B.C. Punmia, Ashok Kumar Jain, Arun Kumar Jain
2. SURVEYING VOLUME-II
- Dr B.C. Punmia, Ashok Kumar Jain, Arun Kumar Jain
3. HIGHER SURVEYING
- A.M. Chandra
4. http://en.wikipedia.org
5. http://www.engineeringcivil.com

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