Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
Example: 0 THE
For the world's oldest marathon man, (0) _________ final finishing line is approaching.
Two months short (1) _________ his 102nd birthday, Fauja Singh has decided to call
(2) _________ a day. He will hang up his racing shoes after completing the 10km race to be held in conjunction with
the annual Hong Kong Marathon.
The great-great grandfather, who comes from the Indian state of Punjab, but lives in Ilford, first took up competitive
running at the age of 89. Recently (3) _________ , he has admitted that age (4) _________ well be catching up with
him.
He said that racing is getting very tough for him and he feels he must retire on
(5) _________ high. However, he also expressed fears that when he stops running, people will (6) _________ longer
love him. He believes that old age makes you become
(7) _________ a child and you want attention. Singh might be worried, but attention has certainly never been
something he has lacked. Indeed, the turbaned Sikh has been used in high-profile advertising campaigns.
Singh intends to keep running for at (8) _________ four hours a day. He still wants to inspire the masses and
maintain his personal health.
Example: 0 DETECTION
Echolocation
they are able to locate obstacles with remarkable (1) _________ . ACCURATE
form mental maps of their (2) _________ . When the sound waves hit SURROUND
an object, energy is reflected back to the ear to enable a blind person
to decode its size, (3) _________ of structure and distance. The image DEEP
Scientific (5) _________ has shown that the process is similar to what EVIDENT
happens with vision in normal- (6) _________ people, who rely on SIGHT
(7) _________ believe that the same parts of the brain used in visual SCIENCE
processing are also being deployed by blind people using this technique.
The World Access for the Blind organization is trying to spread the
How does a self-confessed rookie get ready for the London Triathlon? Sign up for a training camp in
Greece, says Edmund Vallance
A ‘Good for you’, said a close friend, sinking his gnashers into a juicy burger, when I told him I was going
to Greece to train for a triathlon. I wasn’t feeling hugely confident about my own fitness. I enjoyed
swimming, but tended to avoid running whenever possible. And I hadn’t owned a bike since the eighties
when they were called ‘racers’ rather than road bikes.
So why sign up to train under the searing Mediterranean sun? Firstly, the race I would be taking part in
– a sprint triathlon – was one of the shortest: a 750 metre swim, 20km bike ride and 5km run. And as a
complete rookie, the prospect of some professional guidance courtesy of Neilson’s triathlon training camps
offered reassurance and comfort, with the bonus of some balmy Grecian weather. Guests receive
professional one-on-one coaching in swimming, running and cycling at Neilson’s Retreat Beach Club in
Sivota, and finish the week with a bona fide race: The Sivota International Sprint Triathlon.
B Open to all abilities, the retreats can serve as a complete introduction to triathlon fitness, or get you
race-fit for your next ironman. The camp caters for small groups of adults. Classes take place outside – in
the pool, by the beach, or on the coastal roads surrounding the hotel. Sivota is the official training camp of
the London and Blenheim triathlons – I’d signed up for the former and was treating the week as a dry run
for the London race. The deal was done; I was ready to face the challenges of the week ahead.
Day one started promisingly, with a 9am lie-in. However, it wasn’t long before I was wondering what I’d
signed up for. I hadn’t competed in a sport for 20 years – what had I been thinking? Still, at breakfast, I
could at least feel justified in loading up on carbs.
C A 1.5km morning swim in the emerald sea put me in better spirits. Our camp was small, which meant
that everyone received plenty of attention from the expert coaches. We were scheduled for a three-hour
bike ride to a mountaintop village, so I gulped down some lunch and prepared myself. Freewheeling down
a winding coastal road, I really started to enjoy myself. Our coach demonstrated how properly to negotiate
a turn. By jutting out my knee and swapping my weight from one leg to the other, I found I could
manoeuvre around the bends without wobbling.
That evening, I caught up with some fellow tri-campers over some food. Fifty-two-year-old Michael told
me he raced about once a month over the summer, and had signed up for the camp to kick-start his
training. ‘As long as you can swim a few lengths, ride a bike without stabilizers, and jog without falling
over, you can do a triathlon.’
D Day two started with a 2.4km swim. We set off with the training director and camp founder, a nine-
times UK champion, so when he suggested ways of improving my technique, I listened carefully. By
following his instructions, I found that I moved more quickly through the water.
I was almost smug, until Rich cruised past me like a turbo-charged dolphin.
After the swim, he explained the benefits of triathlon and the background of the camp. ‘You don’t need to
do heaps of training in any one discipline; you can switch around. So you’re much less likely to get
injured. We’re open to every level: beginners, veterans – we get the full spectrum.’
Eventually, when it was all over I felt fantastic. I won't tell you my race time. Let’s just say that it wasn’t
particularly noteworthy. In any case, I’ll be attempting to beat it at the London Triathlon in July. And
who knows, maybe in a year or two, I’ll be up for the challenge of the ironman.
Example: 0 BEEN
Its ability to sell a house has long (0) _________ an old wives’ tale, but now scientists believe the smell of freshly
baked bread (1) _________ people display greater kindness towards strangers. Researchers have found that people
(2) _________ be more likely to help passers-by if the aroma was in (3) _________ nostrils.
The scientists wanted to test the long-held view that behaviour could perhaps be altered (4) _________
smell. They recruited eight volunteers and asked half to stand outside a bakery and half to stand outside a clothes
shop. The participants rummaged (5) _________ their bags before dropping a glove in front of a stranger. The
researchers, observing from around 60ft away, found that 77 per cent stopped to help recover the lost item where the
smell of fresh bread was strong, while only 52 per cent (6) _________ so outside the clothes shop.
They said that their results, published in the Journal of Social Psychology, ‘show that, in fact, spontaneous help is
offered (7) _________ in areas where pleasant ambient smells are spread. This experiment confirms the effect
ambient food odours have
(8) _________ altruistic behaviour.’
HADN’T
I __________________________ until 3am, because I was too tired to do the exam well.
The gap can be filled with the words ‘wish I hadn’t stayed up’, so you write:
Example: 0 WISH I HADN’T STAYED UP
2 It was impossible not to laugh when the lecturer started talking about the wrong slide.
HELP
I __________________________ when the lecturer started talking about the wrong slide.
3 After all the work I’ve put in, it’s hard not to feel annoyed about Anna getting the
promotion.
GRUDGE
Considering all the work I’ve put in, it’s hard __________________________ for getting the promotion.
4 I can’t believe how quickly you have reached the top position in the company.
RANKS
It’s incredible how fast you __________________________ of the company.
5 John never hesitates when it comes to helping less experienced members of staff.
WILLINGNESS
John always __________________________ less experienced members of staff.
A Such plans aren’t something older generations understand, though. When I told my dad, I think he just
couldn’t understand why I wanted to do it at this time of my life. He’s worked in the same office for his entire career
and couldn’t understand the concept of this break.
B Working in the City had been full-on, constantly being on call and seeing more of Heathrow than home.
The time had come to jack it all in. Now life for them consists of growing vegetables, skiing in winter or swimming
every day in the summer.
C There is also a question mark about successful repatriation. If a post is found, how to overcome the daily
grind of self-doubt, to tolerate the early mornings and put up with the old drudgery once more?
D Fear – and yes, OK, a tinge of weariness – was the catalyst. I worried that I was wasting the best years of
my life blinking at a computer screen. And that when eventually I did pack up work, I would have hours to kill but
only aching, weary joints to strike a feeble blow.
E And what was it all for? I got halfway up the ladder and realized I’m afraid of heights – or to be precise,
professional responsibility and the attendant drudgery. At this point I went through a good few sleepless nights
considering a lifestyle change. However, I was determined to relish temporary freedom.
F Not everyone goes along with this and many will think us foolhardy, as did some of our friends and
family, not to mention bosses. But I’ve discovered we’re not the only ones who’ve chosen to live like pensioners,
decades before our time. Having been in France for six months, we’ve met others like ourselves and received news
of friends back home who’ve likewise ditched high-powered positions.
G Our friends joke about this saying we are a ‘bit young to be living like pensioners’, but we counter that by
telling them the daily grind seems a generation away.
In tests, strangers getting to know one another not only exchanged smiles, they almost always (2) _____ the
particular smile type. But they responded much more quickly to their partners’ genuine smiles than their polite
smiles, suggesting that they were anticipating the genuine smiles.
Data from electrical sensors on participants’ faces revealed that they (3) _____ smile-related muscles when they
expected a genuine smile to appear but showed no (4) _____ activity when expecting polite smiles.
No two interactions are the same, (5) _____ people still manage to smoothly coordinate their speech and nonverbal
behaviours with those of another person. Polite smiles typically occur when sociocultural norms dictate that smiling
is (6) _____ . Genuine smiles, on the other hand, occur spontaneously, and are indicated by engagement of (7)
_____ muscles around the eye.
It is hoped that the study could help those who find social interactions (8) _____ .
Example: 0 INVOLUNTARY
Tourette’s syndrome
people in the UK, manifests itself with (0) _________ ‘tics’. These can be VOLUNTEER
(1) _________ is that sufferers simply shout out swear words – this is CONCEIVE
sometimes treated with medication, however this can have (3) _________ DESIRE
(6) _________ support is vital for children with TS. Although it doesn’t EDUCATE
affect intelligence, it can be (7) _________ . For example: being told not DISRUPT
compulsion to do it. Try not touching any part of your body for the next
‘Fathoming out Ron’s technique is still a challenge,’ Deblonde says of his documentary. It’s far from a step-by-step
instruction manual, he cautions. It’s a film about time spent, about the smell and feel of a workshop, about some kind of
metamorphosis through remarkable endeavour. ‘You see him giving his all, working on a piece of clay and suddenly this
person appears. Somehow, out of his hands, he manages to create an object – alive.’
2 In paragraph two, what does the writer say about Ron Mueck’s sculptures?
A They are all impressive due to their enormous scale.
B Their size gives them a totally abstract quality.
C They are made using a special technique which adds air to the clay.
D They depict people in a remarkably realistic manner.
4 In paragraph four, what does the writer say about Mueck’s process?
A Sometimes the clay is completely destroyed and Mueck has to begin again.
B The initial stages are painstaking because attention to detail is crucial.
C The clay and resin are mixed together to give the sculpture a realistic form.
D It is only possible to see any lifelike quality when the sculpture is completed.
Example: 0 IN
New software from Lambda Labs based (0) _________ San Francisco raises the prospect of never forgetting a face
(1) _________ .
The software enables a camera to detect faces and then identify them via a screen which sits above the user’s right
eye and is visible (2) _________ to them. However, the company has come up (3) _________ pressure from
American senators to answer questions the wearable computer raises over privacy.
The first version of the software allows users to take photographs and tag them with information on who is in them.
Comparisons can then be (4) _________ between subsequent photos and those previously uploaded. Future
versions may (5) _________ allow real-time recognition of faces.
The company already makes software that allows the recognition of faces in digital photographs, and claims it is in
use by 1000 developers (6) _________ work generates 5 million attempts at recognition per month.
They emphasize that the product is not yet fit (7) _________ public consumption, and limit its uses to internet
searches and finding directions. They argue that the software will remove the barriers (8) _________ social
interactions currently formed by mobile phones.
Reading and Use of English
Part 4 Key word transformation
For questions 1–6, complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence,
using the word given. Do not change the word given. You must use between three and six words,
including the word given. Here is an example (0).
0 I’m definitely not going to invite my ex-boss to the party.
WAY
There __________________________________ my ex-boss to the party.
The gap can be filled with the words ‘is no way I’m inviting’, so you write:
Example: 0 IS NO WAY I’M INVITING
5 You should take advantage of all the sports facilities while you’re at university.
MOST
I recommend __________________________________ all the sports facilities while
you’re at university.
6 Many people have criticized the large number of cuts to the budget.
DEAL
The government cuts have come up __________________________________ criticism.
3-…
In October 2010, a hand-picked selection of 722 emoji characters were finally cemented into Unicode across sets
such as ‘Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs’, ‘Emoticons’ and ‘Transport and Map Symbols’. As far as
computers were concerned, this effectively put emoji on a par with the Roman alphabet. A pig now has the code of
U+1F437; any device that recognizes Unicode 6.0 and has an emoji font installed will display a pig, if someone is
kind enough to send you one. As well as this image you’ll find hand gestures, clothing, meteorological symbols,
trains, planes and automobiles – a set of symbols that was thrashed out at great length by committees.
4-…
You won’t find much racial diversity among the human characters, either – much to the chagrin of American singer
Miley Cyrus, who called for an ‘Emoji Ethnicity Update’ on Twitter, while cultural commentators thought:
‘Actually, she has a point’.
5-…
They provide the potential to bridge language barriers and now the utopian idea of a pictorial language that can be
understood by everyone has been taken a step further with iConji, a system that features over 1200 symbols and
allows construction of simple sentences. But that inevitably involves the establishment of a lowest common
denominator, of simplifying language to get the message across.
6-…
‘Ghost balloon’ may have had no intrinsic meaning, but it created an instant association with the person who sent it
to me and came to mean something specific. It certainly stimulated the creative side of my brain, ‘I am wrestling
with the etiquette of 21st-century communication.’ And I don’t know about you, but that’s something I need to
express pretty much every day. Ghost balloon.
A Only in Japan, perhaps, would these catch on quite so fast. ‘[In conversation] we tend to imply things
instead of explicitly expressing them,’ says Japanese author Motoko Tamamuro, ‘so reading the situation and
sensing the mood are very important. We take extra care to consider other people’s feelings when writing
correspondence, and that’s why emoji became so useful in email and text – to introduce more feeling into a
brevitized form of communication.’
B As a whole though, emoji are still unmistakably Japanese; there isn’t one for cheese, but you will find one
for bento box, there’s no Easter egg, but there is a Kadomatsu, the Japanese pine decoration associated with New
Year.
C They are just unnecessary pictures that add precious little meaning to written communication. Or at least
that’s probably what the vast majority of people over the age of 25 think of emoji, but this set of glyphs is now
sweeping the Western world. We’re embracing emoji ranging from the angry face to the tomato to the hospital to
the ghost, and indeed the balloon.
D One emoji aficionado says the apps on modern iPhones and Android phones allow us to engage a part of
our brain which uses symbolic and visual thinking. He believes this is why they have gained so much popularity –
they rake in well over $3m each month.
E However, emoji is different, it is more about embellishment and added context; it’s about in-jokes,
playfulness, of emphasizing praise or cushioning the impact of criticism, of provoking thought and exercising the
imagination.
F But if you’re not satisfied with the variety of emoji at your disposal, a huge industry exists to embellish and
enhance your messages with whatever pictures you like. Line, the dominant message app in Japan with over 100
million users, allows in-app purchases of extra emoji. Meanwhile, other apps have moved into the realm of
‘stickers’: sets of images, a little larger than emoji, that people can buy and send to each other in order to convey
emotions that some would say words simply can’t express.
G With this additional party they were able to achieve standard handling of computer text, and move
towards their aim of guaranteeing that symbols display properly across devices worldwide.
IS
The gap can be filled with the words ‘my daughter does is listen’, so you write:
Example: 0 MY DAUGHTER DOES IS LISTEN
5 If you don’t get a guide, you will probably have a lot of difficulty.
RUNNING
There’s a fair ______________________ difficulty if you don’t find a guide.
B
The odd incident has been reported, but on the whole the general profile of guests has proved to be pleasantly
surprising. In fact some have even been referred to as ‘culture vultures’. This is something which can really be cashed in
on, but first funds must be invested in training up local guides, improving their language skills and making sure they can
give adequate explanations of the local rituals and monuments. With regard to the aesthetics, there have been no major
gripes. Having said that, the issue of the sewage system still needs to be addressed. During the peak season the coves
become distinctly murky. This is where the complex must delve into its pockets and inject more back into the
community. In the long run they will lose out if they fail to do so, their main selling point being the diving centre. A
gesture also needs to be made with respect to supplies. There are more than enough crops on the island to meet the
demand and trade of this sort would go a long way towards nurturing relations.
C
The overall effect is not entirely to my liking, but I have seen far worse. Being tucked away in the hillside means it is not
overly obtrusive. Corners were certainly not cut when it came to the finishing touches, the surroundings are positively
lush and the cascades add to the atmosphere. That said, it is still somewhat gaudy. With regards to the clientele, I am
more than willing to turn a blind eye to the occasional cultural faux pas, but what I simply cannot put up with is the
incessant din from dusk to dawn, not to mention the damage done to the urban furniture. There are far too many
loopholes in the system as it stands, consequently most of the troublemakers simply slip through the net and live it up at
the expense of the locals’ shut eyes. I understand that luring them down to the clubs at the port stimulates the
economy, but this needs to be weighed up against the costs.
D
On first reading about the complex in the newspapers, many residents had visions of a complete monstrosity. However,
the manner in which it blends in is quite remarkable and the carvings on the façade are definitely noteworthy. What I,
along with many others, do take a dim view of though is the constant stream of vans thundering up from the docks and
then along the lanes. There is no excuse when everything needed is right here on the doorstep. Waste disposal needs to
be dealt with too. A good few mutterings have been heard about the nasty odours wafting up from under the
boardwalk. With regard to the visitors themselves, they are a fairly nondescript bunch. As long as they have sun and
sand they tend to maintain a low profile.
Which writer
has a different opinion from the other writers regarding the architecture? 1
Example: 0 IN
An intrepid Australian bird-spotter has captured the best evidence (0) ______ a century of a live ‘night parrot’, a rare
creature that ranks (1) ______ the world's most enigmatic avian species.
Most of (2) ______ is known about the species has been gleaned (3) ______ 25 specimens, largely captured during
the 1870s. These are now scattered across the world's museums. This rare species appears to have dwindled (4)
______ numbers due to grazing and feral animals. Consequently, an aura of myth and intrigue has grown up around
it.
Mr Young has refused to divulge the exact nesting site. Not (5) ______ the experts have been let in on the secret.
And the recordings of its song have (6) ______ to be handed over. Having invested enormous (7) ______ of time in
tracking the secretive bird, he is now seeking private funding to continue his surveillance. When presenting his
findings, he said he would (8) ______ go to jail than tell anyone where he found it.
What he doesn’t want to see is hundreds of people searching for the birds with night lights.
Desertification
A combination of (0) _________ and deforestation is turning the GRAZE
being raised by projects such as The Great Green Wall of Africa, a 4800-mile
Funding for this (2) _________ project took considerable time and AMBITION
careful planning. Acacia trees form part of the wall; these are rich in gum
confectionary. Demand for this gum is currently (4) _________ supply. STRIP
Consequently, prices are rising and the trees are becoming more and more
(5) _________ standing than felled. VALUE
The experts openly (6) _________ the threat of climate change but KNOWLEDGE
The progress of the Green Wall is being monitored (7) _________ by EAGER
Picture a little boy, so fascinated by the exotic kiwis and the star fruit his market-trader dad brought home from the
Southampton docks that they sat in the fridge, just gazed at, until they rotted and had to be scrapped. Then picture a
superstar chef who won’t use anything that’s grown more than a stone’s throw from his Cumbria headquarters; a man who
has made such humble fare as potatoes, onions and rhubarb into superstars, too. Simon Rogan laughs at the memory. As
well he might, because today his restaurant empire has made him fêted, Michelin-starred and TV-famous.
The boy who would dream of becoming a professional footballer, who only took cookery because he fancied the teacher,
Mrs Humphries, is riding high. Most significantly, after years of battling, he has earned the love and respect of his adopted
hometown of Cartmel and created there a kind of ‘Roganville’, where he really is top dog. Rogan’s journey encompassed
stints with numerous top chefs, but when he started L’Enclume, the first restaurant of his own, he’d been away from the
stove for a spell. What had happened? As is oft said about chefs, Rogan had had a few false starts. As a teenager, he
parlayed a school-leaver’s job in a Greek restaurant – ‘I was in charge of chips straight away,’ he boasts, displaying his
life-long commitment to potatoes – into an apprenticeship in a nearby country-house hotel, while training part-time at
catering college.
Despite being ‘terrible’ compared to the other students because, Rogan says, ‘I only knew about chips and kebabs, and
they were classically trained,’ he gritted his teeth, picked up everything going and came through with flying colours.
Soon, hoping to support his own young family in Southampton, Rogan was trying to juggle home and work.
Unfortunately though, the long hours took their toll and Rogan’s marriage ended in divorce and he entered a lengthy
period of bad luck. He passed through a series of restaurants which failed through no fault of his own. Then, feeling he
was wasting his time working for others, he finally decided he’d be better off going it alone. Since then (temp jobs
excepted) he has done just that. Everything in Rogan’s empire is owned by him and his partner Penny Tapsell.
When you arrive in Cartmel, with its majestic priory and pretty grey-stone shops and houses, it feels designed around
L’Enclume. But if the village is proud now of its Michelin-starred jewel, it wasn’t always that way. When he took on the
old forge, he says, ‘everyone was waiting to see us fall flat on our faces’. Not least, perhaps, Rogan’s partner Penny.
By 2000, the pair were living in Littlehampton, looking for a space to open a restaurant somewhere between Brighton and
the New Forest. Eternal southerner Rogan wanted to be near his extended family but nothing was working when, he
recalls, ‘I got a call from a recruitment consultant friend. He’d been contacted by the owners of a space in Cartmel and
they were looking for a chef.’ Rogan’s first response – ‘Where’s that? Scotland? No way!’ – was quickly tempered after
an early morning drive north. ‘I instantly fell in love with the building and their vision. Obviously, it was an amazing
place, and despite being covered in scaffolding, it had some good points,’ though, he concedes, being on the south coast
wasn’t one of them. He signed that day, but Penny stayed in Littlehampton for three long months, waiting to be convinced
that it would work.
L’Enclume opened in 2002 and the food was not unlike what they’re doing now, although perhaps somewhat more
classical. Despite a distinct lull during the week, at weekends it buzzed thanks to well-heeled visitors from London and
the south-east. That’s the thing about a restaurant surrounded by meadows for miles, there’s a lack of passing trade. Rogan
says it was a massive hindrance in the beginning, although now they’re full, the fact that they’re off the beaten track is
everything.
L’Enclume soon started winning acclaim. But then, disaster struck. Rogan thought what
they were doing was great, but they were getting criticized. ‘I was despondent and I fell out of love with it all,’ says
Rogan. The chef had been influenced by technology, and what was happening in cutting-edge restaurants abroad. Luckily
though, his mentors came to the rescue. ‘They told me to concentrate on what I was good at, and use what was around me.
And I took that on board.’
Rogan bought the run-down farm that had been supplying L’Enclume with its produce and decided to keep his menu
British, and eliminate anything foreign.
The rest, you might say, is history. The restaurant won its first Michelin star in 2008 and Rogan went on to create a colony
of restaurants.
Example: 0 COME
An expensive nap
It was every bank manager’s nightmare (0) ________ true: a German bank employee fell asleep at his computer
terminal while making (1) ________ was supposed to be a minor money transfer and inadvertently drained €222m
from an account (2) ________ even realizing it.
The hapless employee appeared (3) ________ members of an industrial tribunal today to explain his actions. He told
the tribunal that he had intended to transfer a small quantity
of money from an account but ‘momentarily fell asleep’ and ended (4) ________ transferring €222,222,222.22.
He said the error occurred because he dozed (5) ________ with his finger on the ‘2’ key of his computer keyboard.
Not (6) ________ a few hours later was the mistake spotted and rectified by bank staff.
A colleague responsible for overseeing the bank’s outgoing payments was subsequently sacked for allowing the error
to slip (7) ________ the net unnoticed. Yesterday’s case was brought because she claimed that she had (8) ________
unfairly dismissed. The tribunal found in her favour and said she should be reinstated. The employee who fell asleep
was merely admonished.
The gap can be filled with the words ‘so much the’, so you write:
Example: 0 SO MUCH THE
1 A bogus insurance salesman persuaded the elderly lady to pay him a large sum of
money.
TAKEN
The elderly lady ______________________ a bogus insurance salesman and ended up
losing a large sum of money.
2 What he told us was a complete pack of lies.
GRAIN
I don’t think ______________________ in what he told us.