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BANKING LAWS
GOVERNING LAW
Banking Institution are governed by the following
laws:
BAR QUESTION:
A. General banking laws
General Banking Law (R.A. No. JOINT ACCOUNT VS. PARTNERSHIP (2000)
8791) Distinguish joint account from partnership. (3%)
. New Central Bank Act (R.A.
No. 7653) SUGGESTED ANSWER
The following are the distinctions between joint
B.Special banking laws
account and partnership:
New Rural Banks Act (R.A. No. 7353)
Private Development Banks Act
(R.A. No. 4093) 1) A partnership has a firm name while a joint
Savings and Loan Association Act account has none and is conducted in the name of the
(R.A. No. 3779) ostensible partner.
. Thrift Banks Act (R.A. No. 7906) 2) WHILE A PARTNERSHIP HAS JURIDICAL
PERSONALITY AND MAY SUE OR BE SUED
C. Other laws affecting banks
Secrecy of Bank Deposits Law UNDER ITS FIRM NAME, A JOINT ACCOUNT
(R.A. No. 1405) HAS NO JURIDICAL PERSONALITY AND CAN
Unclaimed Balances Law (Act No. SUE OR BE SUED ONLY IN THE NAME OF THE
3936)
Philippine Deposit Insurance OSTENSIBLE PARTNER.
Corporation Act (R.A. No. 3591)
3) While a partnership has a common fund, a joint
account has none.
The general banking laws above mentioned 4) While in a partnership, all general partners have
are applicable to government banks like DBP
the right of management, in a joint account, the
and PNB.
The Al- Amanah Islamic Bank is subject to ostensible partner manages its business operations.
all banking and pertinent laws. 5) While liquidations of a partnership may, by
agreement, be entrusted to a partner or partners, in
(Bar Review Materials in Commercial Law, Jorge joint account liquidation thereof can only be done by
Miravite, 2002 ed.)
the ostensible partner.
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A. Authority to Register/Incorporate
Purpose: To promote and maintain a stable and 1. That all requirements of existing laws and
efficient banking and financial system that is globally regulations to engage in the business for which
competitive, dynamic and responsive to the demands of the applicant is proposed to be incorporated
a developing economy (Sec. 2). have been complied with;
Scope of Application: The GBL primarily governs 2. That the public interest and economic
universal banks and commercial banks. It suppletorily conditions, both general and local, justify the
governs thrift banks, rural banks and other banking authorization; and
institutions.
3. That the amount of the capital, the financing,
GENERAL CONCEPTS organization, direction and administration, as
well as the integrity and responsibility of the
BANKS organizers and administrators, reasonably
assure the safety of deposits and the public
Entities engaged in the lending of funds obtained in interest (Sec. 14).
the form of deposits (Sec. 2)
Organization of a Bank or Quasi-Bank
Entities duly authorized by the Monetary Board to Requirements:
engage in the business of regularly lending funds 1. The entity is a stock corporation;
obtained regularly from the public through the 2. Its funds are obtained from the public,
receipt of deposits of any kind. i.e. 20 or more persons; and
3. The minimum capital requirements
An investment company that performs function as prescribed by the Monetary Board are satisfied
such is NOT a bank. Thus an investment company (Sec. 8).
that is engage solely in investing, reinvesting or
trading in securities is not engage in banking. Note:
( Banas vs. Asia Pacific Finance Corp., Oct. 18, In Quasi banks, Deposit substitute are
2000). alternative forms of obtaining funds for the
public, other than deposit, through the
issuance, endorsement, or acceptance of debt
However, an investment company which loans out instrument for the borrowers own account, for
money of its customers, collects interest, and
the purpose of relending or purchasing of
charges a commission to both lender or borrower is
receivables and other obligations.in banking or
engage in banking (Republic vs. Security Credit
quasi-banking functions
and Acceptance Corp.)
QUASI-BANKS
A person or entity cannot engage in banking or
quasi-banking functions without a certificate of
Entities engaged in the borrowing of funds through authority from the BSP (Sec. 6).
the issuance, endorsement or assignment with
The determination of whether a person or entity is
recourse or acceptance of deposit substitutes (Sec.
performing banking or quasi-banking functions
95)
without BSP authority shall be decided by the
Monetary Board.
Entities authorized to perform universal or
commercial banking functions may also engage in NATURE OF BANKING BUSINESS
quasi-banking functions.
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EQUITY INVESTMENTS
POINT OF UNIVERSAL COMM’L BANK
DISTINCTION BANK
(Sec. 24-28) (Sec. 30-32)
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enterprises of net worth RISK–BASED CAPITAL
Equity investment 25% 25% The minimum ratio prescribed by the Monetary
in any one Board which the net worth of a bank must bear to
enterprise of net worth of net worth its total risk assets which may include contingent
accounts.
(Allied only)
However, the Monetary Board may require or
Equity investment suspend compliance with such ratio whenever
in financial allied necessary for a maximum period of one year;
enterprise: thrift 100% 100% PROVIDED that, such ratio shall be applied
bank, rural bank uniformly to banks of the same category (Sec. 34).
or any financial of equity of equity
allied enterprise Effect of non-compliance with the prescribed
(Sec. 25) minimum ratio:
Equity investment Shall not exceed Effects of non-compliance with the prescribed
in a single non- 35% of the total minimum ratio:
allied enterprise equity in that
1. Distribution of net profits may be limited or
enterprise nor
prohibited and MB may require that part or all of the
N/A net profits be used to increase the capital accounts
shall it exceed
of the bank until the minimum requirement has
35% of the voting
been met; or
stock in that
2. Acquisition of major assets and making of new
enterprise
investments may be restricted. EXCEPT:
purchases of evidence of indebtedness guaranteed
by the Government.
3. In case of a bank merger or consolidation, or when
Equity investment a bank is under rehabilitation under a program
in Quasi-Banks approved by BSP, the MB may temporarily relieve
40% 40%
the surviving bank, consolidated bank, or
constituent bank or corporations under
rehabilitation from full compliance with the required
capital ratio.
NET WORTH
The total of the unimpaired paid-in capital including FUNCTIONS OF BANKS
paid-in surplus, retained earnings and undivided profit,
net valuation reserves and other adjustments as may be
required by the Bangko Sentral (Sec. 24). BASIC FUNCTIONS:
1. Loan Function
2. Deposit Function
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Reasons:
a. In case of
default, creditor’s recourse is not limited to
corporate properties but extends to personal assets
of the surety;
Classification of Loans
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b. Surety
would be compelled to ensure that the loan would c. Corporation with inter-locking directors or
be used for the purpose intended. where 20% of the capital stock is owned by the
Note: While R.A. 8791 provides for the rates of 20% DOS and/or their spouses or relatives
and 10% respectively, the Bangko Sentral has not yet mentioned above, or wholly or majority owned
implemented such rates. The prevailing rates are 25% or controlled by any related entity or a group of
and 15% respectively. related entities in items (b), (d), and (e).
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b. Those secured by chattels and intangible properties ii. Contract of loan/mutuum with the
(such as patents, trademarks, trade names and depositor as creditor
copyrights) shall not exceed 75% of the appraised iii. Bank acquires ownership of the thing
value of the security (Sec. 38). deposited and the right to use and dispose
iv. Money deposited is commingled with
BAR QUESTION: the other money, constituting a common
fund.
BANKS; RESTRICTIONS ON LOAN
v. Not preferred credits (Central Bank
ACCOMMODATIONS (2006) vs. Morfe, 20 SCRA 507).
Pio is the president of Western Bank. His wife
applied for a loan with the said bank to finance an 2. As lessor-lessee
internet cafe. The loan officer told her that her a. Safety deposit boxes – the relation between a
bank renting out safety deposit boxes and its
application will not be approved because the grant of
customer with respect to the contents of the
loans to related interests of bank directors, box is that of a bailor and bailee – the bailment
officers, and stockholders is prohibited by the for hire and mutual benefit has been adopted in
General Banking Law. Explain whether the loan this jurisdiction. It cannot be considered as a
officer is correct. (5%) contract of lease because the full possession
and control of the safety deposit box is not
SUGGESTED ANSWER: given to the renters (Sia vs. CA, 222 SCRA 24
Section 36 of the General Banking Law of 2000 does [1993]).
not entirely prohibit directors or officers of the
bank, directly or indirectly, from borrowing from the 3. As trustee-trustor
a. Trust account
bank. In this case, Pio is the president of Western
Bank, which makes him an officer, director and 4. As bailee-bailor
stockholder of the said bank. The General Banking a. Deposit strictly for safekeeping and for specific
Law provides for additional restrictions to the bank purposes
before it can lend to its directors or officers. A
5. As agent-principal:
written approval of the majority vote of all the
a. Deposit of check for collection
directors of the bank, excluding the director b. Deposit for specific purpose
concerned, is required. Furthermore, such dealings c. Deposit for safekeeping
must be upon terms not less favorable to the bank Depositors:
than those offered to others (Section 1326, Central
Bank's "Manual of Regulations for Banks and Other 1. Minors :
a. at least seven years of age
Financial Intermediaries, cited in Ranioso v. CA, G.R.
b. able to read and write
No. 117416, December 8, 2000). A violation of this c. not disqualified by any incapacity
provision will cause his or her position to be declared d. it should only be savings or time deposits
vacant and the erring director or officer subjected
to the penal provisions of the New Central Bank Act.
Note: Parents may deposit for their minor children
or wards (Sec.1 PD No.734)
COLLATERALS
If the guardian shall give notice in
writing to any thrift bank not to make payments
1. Value of collaterals
of deposits, dividends, or interest to the minor
of whom he is the guardian, then such
The loan shall not exceed 75% of the appraised payment shall be made to the guardian. (Sec.
value of the real property plus 60% of the appraised 22, Thrift Banks Act of 1995)
value of the improvements or 75% of the appraised
value of the chattel ( Secs. 37 & 38, GBL ) Married Women are allowed to open
bank accounts without assistance of their
B. DEPOSIT FUNCTION husbands (RA No. 7192
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A bank other than a Banks are prohibited A bank other than a universal or commercial bank
universal bank or from issuing / accepting must seek approval of Monetary Board before
commercial bank withdrawal slips or other accepting or creating demand deposits. (Sec. 33)
CANNOT accept demand similar instruments to
deposit effect withdrawals Anonymous accounts are prohibited. ( R.A. No
without the passbooks 9160 as amended by RA 9194; BSP Circular No. 251,
except for bank July 21, 2000) exception: Foreign currency deposits
may be a “numbered account”. However, the law
authorized by the BSP requires that the necessary measures are undertaken
to adopt the no by the bank to record and establish the true identity of
passbook withdrawal the depositor.
system.
Joint account may be the subject of a survivorship
Temporary overdrawing A bank is negligent if it agreement whereby the co-depositor agree to permit
against current accounts allows the withdrawal either of them to withdraw the whole deposit during their
shall not be allowed without requiring the lifetime and transferring the balance to the survivor upon
the death of one of them ( Vitug vs, CA., March 29,
unless caused by normal presentation of a
1990)
bank charges and other passbook. (BPI v. CA)
fees incidental to
handling such accounts. Types of deposit accounts
(Handbook on Bank Deposits, A. Viray, 1998 ed.)
Drawings against
uncollected deposits 1. Individual
(uncleared checks) are
generally prohibited. 2. Joint
a. “And” account
Co-ownership
The signatures of both co-depositors are
required for withdrawals.
b. “And/or” account
Either one of the co-depositors may
deposit and withdraw from the account
NOW ACCOUNTS without the knowledge, consent and
TIME DEPOSITS signature of the other. And upon the death
(Negotiable Order of of one, the survivor may withdraw the
Withdrawal) entire balance on deposit.
Deposit substitutes
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The fiduciary nature of a bank-depositor c. it does not comply with the liquidity
relationship does not convert the contract between standards/ratios prescribed by the Bangko
the bank and its depositors from a simple loan to a Sentral for purposes of determining funds
trust agreement, whether express or implied. available for dividend declaration; or
Failure by the bank to pay the depositor is failure to
pay a simple loan and not a breach of trust. The law d. It has committed a major violation as may be
simply imposes on the bank a higher standard of determined by the Bangko Sentral (Sec. 57).
integrity and performance in complying with its
obligations under the contract of simple loan, 3. To conduct business in an unsafe or unsound
beyond those required of non-bank debtors, under manner (Sec. 56);
a similar contract of simple loan (CBTC vs. CA,
G.R. No. 138569, September 11, 2003). 4. Publication of capital stock (Sec. 62);
This fiduciary relationship means that the bank’s 5. Unauthorized advertisement or business
obligation to observe “high standards of integrity representation (Sec. 64); or
and performance” is deemed written into every
deposit agreement between a bank and its 6. To employ casual or non-regular personnel or too
depositor. The fiduciary nature of banking requires lengthy probationary personnel in the conduct of its
banks to assume a degree of diligence higher than business involving bank deposits (Sec. 55).
that of a good father of a family (CBTC vs. CA,
Ibid.). Rationale: To prevent violation of Bank Secrecy
Law.
Suspension of Payment on its
Deposit Liabilities B. ON DIRECTORS, OFFICERS, EMPLOYEES, OR
AGENTS OF BANKS:
In case a bank or quasi-bank notifies the Bangko
Sentral or publicly announces a bank holiday, or in any
manner suspends the payment of its deposit liabilities 1. Make false entries in any bank report or statement
continuously for more than 30 days, the Monetary Board or participate in any fraudulent transaction;
may summarily and without need for prior hearing close
such banking institution and place it under receivership 2. Without order of a court of component
of the Philippine Deposit Insurance Corporation (Sec. jurisdiction, disclose to any unauthorized
53). person any information relative to the funds or
properties in the custody of the bank belonging to
The depositary would be liable if in performing private individuals, corporations, or any other
its obligation it is found guilty of fraud, entity;
negligence; in the absence of any stipulation
prescribing the degree of diligence required, 3. Accept gifts or any other form of remuneration in
that of a good father of the family is to be connection with the approval of a loan or other
observed. Any stipulation exempting the credit accommodation from said bank;
depositary from any liability arising from loss
on account of fraud, negligence would be void 4. Overvalue or aid in overvaluing any security for
for being contrary to public policy (CA-Agro the purpose of influencing in any way the actions
Dev’t vs. CA, 219 SCRA 426, March 5, 1993). of the bank or any bank; or
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However, a bank may outsource, upon prior facts by personnel of the BSP shall constitute
approval of the Monetary Board the following fraud and shall be subject to administrative and
functions: criminal sanctions.
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in foro conscientiae
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insolvent or in imminent danger thereof or that its
The Monetary Board authorizes foreign banks to continuance in business will involve probable loss
operate through any of the following modes of to those transacting business with it (Sec. 78).
entry: S TOCKHOLDINGS OF F AMILY GROUPS OR
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continue to hold the property for its own use, it to conventional redemption or by estoppel if the
subject to (1) (Sec. 52). extension was unilaterally made.
RULES ON FORECLOSURE OF A
REAL ESTATE
MORTGAGE BY A DIRECTORS & OFFICERS
MORTGAGEE-BANK
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5. Accept and execute any trust for the holding, BANGKO SENTRAL NG PILIPINAS
management and administration of any estate, real (BSP)
or personal, and the rents, issues, and profits
thereof The state’s central monetary authority; it is the
6. Establish and manage common trust funds (Sec. government agency charged with the responsibility of
83) administering the monetary, banking and credit system
of the country and is granted the power of supervision
Prohibitions: and examination over bank and non-bank financial
1. No trust entity shall, for account of the trustor or the institutions performing quasi-banking functions,
beneficiary of the trust, purchase or acquire including savings and loan associations (Busuego vs.
property from, or sell, transfer, assign or lend
CA, 151 SCRA 376 [1987]).
money or property to, purchase debt from
instruments of, any of the departments, directors,
officers, stockholders or employees of the trust
entity, including relatives within the 1st degree of P RIMARY OBJECTIVES :
consanguinity or affinity, or the related interests, of
such directors, officers and stockholders, unless the 1. To maintain price stability conducive to a balanced
transaction is specifically authorized by the trustor and sustainable growth of the economy.
and the relationship of the trustee and the other
party involved in the transaction is fully disclosed to 2. To promote and maintain monetary stability and the
the trustor or beneficiary of the trust prior to the convertibility of the peso.
transaction (Sec. 80, GBL).
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quasi-banking functions, and similar institutions 2. at least 35 years of age, with the exception of the
(Sec. 3) Governor who should at least be 40 years of age,
M ONETARY B OARD :
1. must be natural-born citizens of the Philippines, S UPERVISION AND E XAMINATION OF B ANKS
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The BSP shall have supervision over, and exclusively for employees of the Bangko Sentral,
conduct periodic or special examinations of, and except as otherwise provided in this Act;
banking institutions and quasi-banks, including their
subsidiaries and affiliates engaged in allied 2. directly or indirectly requesting or receiving any
activities. gift, present or pecuniary or material benefit for
himself or another, from any institution subject to
supervision or examination by the Bangko Sentral;
Subsidiary – a corporation more than 50% of the
voting stock of which is owned by a bank or quasi-bank
3. revealing in any manner, except under orders
Affiliate – a corporation the voting stock of which, to the of the court, the Congress or any government office
extent of 50% or less, is owned by a bank or quasi-bank or agency authorized by law, information relating to
or which is related or linked to such institution or the condition or business of any institution;
intermediary through common stockholders or other
factors determined by the Monetary Board.
4. borrowing from any institution subject to
supervision or examination by the Bangko Sentral
shall be prohibited unless said borrowings are
NO RESTRAINING ORDER AGAINST BSP adequately secured, fully disclosed to the Monetary
Board. (Sec. 27)
No restraining order or injunction shall be issued by
the court enjoining the Bangko Sentral from examining
any institution subject to supervision or examination by
the Bangko Sentral, unless there is convincing proof CORPORATE POWERS OF THE BSP
that the action of the Bangko Sentral is plainly arbitrary
and made in bad faith and the petitioner or plaintiff files 1. To adopt, alter and use a corporate seal which shall
with the clerk or judge of the court in which the action is be judicially noticed
pending a bond executed in favor of the Bangko Sentral, 2. To enter into contracts
3. To lease, own, and sell property
in an amount to be fixed by the court.
4. To sue and be sued
5. To acquire and hold such assets and incur such
liabilities in connection with its operations or as are
essential to the proper conduct of operation
R EFUSAL TO M AKE R EPORTS OR P ERMIT 6. To compromise, condone, or release any claim of,
or settled liability to the BSP
E XAMINATION . 7. To do and perform such other necessary powers
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2. A determination by the MB that the bank cannot be 1. Notes and coins called in for replacement shall
rehabilitated. remain legal tender for a period of one year from
the date of call.
Procedure:
1. Receiver shall file ex parte, with the proper RTC, a
petition for assistance in the liquidation of the 2. After that period, they shall cease to be legal tender
institution pursuant to a liquidation plan adopted by during the following year or for such longer period
the PDIC for general application to all closed banks. as MB may determine.
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3. After the expiration of this latter period, the notes
and coins which have not been exchanged shall
cease to be a liability of BSP and shall be
demonetized (Sec. 57). PROHIBITIONS ON THE BSP
Checks representing demand deposits do not 1. It shall not acquire shares of any kind or accept
have legal tender power and their acceptance them as collateral, and shall not participate in the
in the payment of debts, both public and ownership or management of any enterprise, either
private, is at the option of the creditor. directly or indirectly; and
2. It shall not engage in development banking and
financing (Sec. 128).
However, a check which has been cleared and
credited to the account of the creditor shall be
equivalent to a delivery to the creditor of cash SECRECY OF BANK DEPOSITS
in an amount equal to the amount credited to LAW
his account (Sec. 60).
(R.A. No. 1405)
Purposes:
MONETARY STABILIZATION 1. To encourage people to deposit in banks
2. To discourage private hoarding so that banks may
lend such funds and assist in the economic
3 IMPORTANT TOOLS TO ACHIEVE PRICE development
STABILITY Coverage:
All deposits of whatever nature with banks or banking
1. Loans to Banks (Sec. 83) (Rediscounting) institutions in the Philippines, including investments in
a. If BSP wants to increase money supply, it bonds issued by the Government of the Philippines, its
opens the rediscount window by reducing political subdivisions and its instrumentalities.
interest on loans
b. If BSP wants to decrease money supply, it PROHIBITED ACTS:
closes the rediscount window or charges very
high interest rates for rediscounted notes 1. Examination and inquiry or looking into all deposits,
of whatever nature, with the banks in the
Philippines including investments in bonds issued
by the Government.
2. Open Market Operations (Sec. 90) 2. Any disclosure by any official or employee of any
a. If BSP wants to increase money supply, it buys bank to any unauthorized person of any information
government securities concerning the said deposits.
b. If BSP wants to decrease money supply, it
sells government securities GENERAL RULE: The deposits covered by law are
considered as of an absolutely confidential nature and
may not be examined, inquired or looked into by any
person, governmental bureau, or office.
3. Reserve Requirements (Sec. 94) - where a certain
percentage of the deposit is set aside and cannot EXCEPTIONS:
be lent out
A. F ROM R.A. N O . 1405
a. if the volume of money is high, BSP will raise
reserve requirement 1. Upon written permission of the depositor;
b. if the volume of money is low, reserve
requirement is reduced. 2. In cases of impeachment;
1. The required reserves of each bank shall be 4. In cases where the money deposited or invested is
proportional to the volume of its deposit the subject matter of the litigation; (Sec. 2)
liabilities.
2. Since the required reserves are imposed
primarily to control the volume of money, the
Bangko Sentral shall not pay interests thereon
(Sec. 94).
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REQUISITES FOR IN-CAMERA A waiver of the Bank Secrecy Law is also required
INSPECTION OF BANK DEPOSITS in case of loans secured by a hold-out or an assignment
of certificates of time deposits. (Section X315, Manual of
Regulations for Banks).
M ARQUEZ VS . D ESIERTO , G.R. N O . 135882,
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W HERE F UNDS D EPOSITED ARE S UBJECT OF Court declared as proper the production by subpoena
duces tecum of bank records of transactions by or in the
L ITIGATION names of the wife, children and friends of a special
agent of the Bureau of customs accused of having
Case Digest allegedly acquired property manifestly out of proportion
Onate v Hon Zeus Abrogar, 230 SCRA 181 to his salary and lawful income. The Court explained:
To sustain the petitioner’s theory, and restrict the
Facts: inquiry only to property held by or in the name of the
Sun Life brought a collection case to recover government official or employee, or his spouse and
the proceeds of a check it had issued, the insurance unmarried children, is unwarranted in the light of the
company wanted to determine how the defendant had provisions of the statutes in question, and would make
applied the proceeds of the check. The trial court available to persons in government who illegally acquire
allowed Sun Life to examine pertinent records of the property an easy and fool-proof means of evading
bank in which the check was deposited. investigation and prosecution; all they would have to do
would be to simply place the property in the possession
Ruling: or name of persons other than their spouse and
The Supreme Court held that the examination unmarried children. This is an absurdity that we will not
was authorized by Section 10 of Rule 57, on the ascribe to the lawmakers.
examination of a person whose property has been
attached and person indebted to him or controlling his
property. The Court struck down the argument that the Upon Order of the Ombudsman
examination would violate the Bank Secrecy Law, Although Section 8 of the law that created the
explaining that the examination fell within the exception Office of the Ombudsman expressly granted the
“in cases where the money deposited or invested is the Ombudsman the power to “administer oaths, issue
subject matter of litigation.” The Court added that the subpoena and subpoena duces tecum and take
examination of bank records was not a fishing testimony in any investigation or inquiry, including the
expedition, but rather a method by which Sun Life could power to examine and have access to bank accounts
trace the proceeds of the check that it paid to the and records,” the Supreme court held that the
petitioners. Ombudsman could not inquire into bank deposits until
there was a pending case in court involving the
deposits.(Marquez v. Desierto, 359 SCRA 772 (2001)
Although the Bank Secrecy Law did not include In China Banking Corporation v. Court of Appeals,
cases covered by the Anti-Graft Law among the (193 SCRA 452 (1991) the Supreme Court held that the
exceptions, the Supreme Court held that they should be garnishment of a bank deposit does not violate the Bank
included. The only conclusion possible is that Section 8 Secrecy Law. Said the court:
of the Anti-Graft Law is intended to amend Section 2 of “It is clear from the discussion of the
Republic Act No. 1405 by providing an additional conference committee report on x x x Republic Act.
exception to the rule against disclosure of band No. 1405, that the prohibition against examination of
deposits.” (PNB v. Gancayco, 15 SCRA 91 (1965). or inquiry into a bank deposit under Republic Act
This overturned an earlier case decided by the High No. 1405 does not preclude its being garnished to
Court where it held that a prosecution under the Anti- insure satisfaction of a judgment. Indeed, there is
Graft Law was not embraced within any of the no real inquiry in such a case, and if the existence
exceptions to the Bank Secrecy Law that would allow of the deposit is disclosed, the disclosure to evade
disclosure by a bank of information concerning a payment of their just debts, even if ordered by the
deposit. (Tatalon Bario Council v. Bank of PI, 7 SCRA Court, through the expedient of converting their
10 (1963). assets into cash and depositing the same in a
In another case, the Supreme Court expanded the bank.”(Phil. Commercial & International Bank v.
exception under the Anti-Graft Law, when it allowed an Court of Appeals, 93 SCRA 452 (1991).
examination not only of the accused’s deposits, but also
those of his spouse, ascendant, descendants and
relatives, and other persons as well. (Banco Filipino v. BAR QUESTION:
Hon. Fidel Purisima, 161 SCRA 576 (1988). Here, the Banks; Secrecy of Bank Deposits (2000)
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and organizational structure, s well as the authority bank deposits amounting to P100 Million.
and identification of all person purporting to act on Subsequently, he was charged in court for violation
their behalf.
of the Anti-Money Laundering Law.
2. Record Keeping- All
records of all transaction of covered institution shall 1. Can Rudy move to dismiss the case on the
be maintained and safely stored for 5 years from ground that he has no criminal record? (2.5%)
the dates of transaction. With respect to closed
accounts, the records on customer identification,
account files and business correspondence, shall
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
be preserved and safely stored for at least 5 years
from the dates when they were closed. No. Under the Anti-Money Laundering Law, Rudy
3. Reporting of Covered would be guilty of a "money laundering crime"
and Suspicious Transactions. – Covered committed when the proceeds of an "unlawful
institution shall report to the AMLC all covered and activity," like Jueteng operations, are made to
suspicious transactions within 5 working days from appear as having originated from legitimate sources.
the occurrence thereof, unless the Supervising
Authority prescribes a longer period not exceeding The money laundering crime is separate from the
10 working days. unlawful activity of being a Jueteng operator, and
requires no previous conviction for the unlawful
activity (See also Sec. 3, Anti-Money Laundering Act
J URISDICTION : of 2001).
All cases: RTC
Public officers and private persons in conspiracy
with them: Sandiganbayan 2. To raise funds for his defense, Rudy sold the
houses and lots to a friend. Can Luansing Realty,
Inc. be compelled to transfer to the buyer
ownership of the houses and lots? (2.5%)
Notes of hotjurist
in foro conscientiae
Page 25 of 28
Purposes:
4. Supposing the titles of the houses and lots are 1. To create a government-owned entity, the PDIC;
in possession of the Luansing Realty, Inc., is it 2. To insure the deposit liability of banks in an account
under obligation to deliver the titles to Rudy? up to P250,000 for every single depositor of each
(2.5%) bank irrespective of the number of accounts
therewith.
Notes of hotjurist
in foro conscientiae
Page 26 of 28
3. Specific risk insured against: Bank closure only. The net amount due to any depositor for deposits in
Thus, losses due to a bank robbery are not an insured bank, after deducting offsets, less any part
covered. thereof which is in excess of P250,000.
4. Amount of insurance: Maximum of P250,000.00 per Trust funds and safety deposit boxes are not
deposit (RA 9302) covered.
5. Condition precedent for entitlement to payment: After deducting offsets
Filing of claim within twenty-four months from
order of closure Consistent with the rulings in Gullas vs. PNB, 62 Phil.
519 and Republic vs. CA, G.R. No. 15012, July 22,
6. Manner of payment: 1975 recognizing the debtor-creditor relationship of the
a. Cash bank and the depositor, set-off takes place ipso jure with
b. Transferred deposit – A deposit in an insured respect to the depositor’s bank deposit and his matured
bank made available to a depositor by the loan with the bank.
PDIC as payment of the insured deposit of
such depositor in a closed bank and assumed Transferred deposits
by another insured bank. A deposit in an insured bank made available to a
depositor by the PDIC as payment of the insured
7. Effect of payment by the PDIC to the depositor of deposit of the depositor in a closed bank and assumed
his insured deposit: by another insured bank.
a. Discharges the PDIC from further liability
b. Subrogates the PDIC to all the rights of the
depositor against the closed bank to the extent
of such payment. SPECIAL RULES
Notes of hotjurist
in foro conscientiae
Page 27 of 28
2. Continued engagement in unsafe and unsound
banking practices
FOREIGN CURRENCY DEPOSIT
ACT
Sec. 9 of RA 6426 (‘An Act Instituting a Foreign
Currency Deposit System in the Philippines, (R.A. No. 6426)
and for Other Purposes") and Sec. 79 of
Central Bank (CB) Circular No. 1389, dated
August 13, 1993, mandate that foreign FOREIGN CURRENCY
currency deposits shall be insured under the PESO DEPOSIT
DEPOSIT
provisions of RA 3591, as amended. Under CB
Circular No. 1389, depositors are entitled to Governed by R.A. Governed by R.A. No.
receive payment in the same currency in which No. 1405 6426
the insured deposit is denominated.
4 exceptions + 1 exception + 1 provided
Note: The PDIC law is not applicable to Offshore
exceptions found in under AMLA (R.A. No.
Banking Units (P.D. No. 1034).
special laws 9160)
ELEMENTS OF UNCLAIMED
BALANCES
OTHER FEATURES:
1. There must be a claim or deposit of:
a. Money; 1. Authorized banks may adopt a numbered account
system for recording and servicing deposits in non-
b. Bullion; checking accounts
c. Security; or
d. other evidence of indebtedness. 2. Foreign currency deposits are exempt from taxes
2. The credit or deposit must be with a bank, except the interests
building and loan association, or trust corporation;
and
3. In the event a new enactment or regulation is issued
3. The credit or deposit is in favor of a person: decreasing the rights granted under the law, it shall
a. who is dead, or not apply to FCD’s already made or existing at the
time of the issuance of such new regulation or
b. who has not made further deposits or enactment.
withdrawals during the preceding 10 years or
more.
In a sui generis case, the SC allowed garnishment
of such deposits of a transient American tourist
Demand drafts cannot be escheated but arising out of a heinous crime committed against a
telegraphic notes can be escheated (Republic Filipino minor since to hold otherwise would result
vs. FNCB, 3 SCRA 851 [1961]). to injustice to a citizen perpetrated by a foreigner
(Salvacion, et al. vs. Central Bank et al., 278 SCRA
27).
Notes of hotjurist
in foro conscientiae
Page 28 of 28
However, the parties may agree that the obligation or Has there been substantial compliance of
transaction shall be settled in any other currency at the the aforesaid Act?
time of payment (Sec. 1).
If your answer to the foregoing question is in the
negative, what is the effect of the violation on the
TRUTH IN LENDING ACT contract?
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
The law assures full disclosure by requiring the lender
to give the borrower all the details regarding the a) There was no substantial compliance with
transaction. the Truth in Lending Act. The law provides that the
creditor must make a full disclosure of the credit
Under Sec. 4, any creditor shall furnish to each
person to whom credit is extended, prior to the lost. The statement that the total amount due
consummation of the transaction, a clear statement in includes the principal and the financial charges,
writing setting forth, to the extent applicable and in without specifying the amounts due on each portion
accordance with rules and regulation prescribed by thereof would be insufficient and unacceptable.
the Board the following informations:
b) A violation of the Truth in Lending Act will
not adversely affect the validity of the contract
1. The cash price or delivered price of the property or itself.
service required;
2. The amounts, if any to be credited as down payment c) It would allow Dana to refuse payment of
and/or trade-ins; financial charges or, if already paid, to recover the
same. Dana may also initiate criminal charges against
3. The difference between the amounts set forth under
clauses 1 and 2; the creditor.
BAR QUESTION:
Notes of hotjurist
in foro conscientiae