Module 1 (20%)

Pharmacist Licensure Exam Review

Title: Pharmaceutical Chemistry (20%) – 100 items
First Day of the Board Exam – 8:00 am to 10:00 am

Components:
 General Chemistry
 Inorganic Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry
 Organic Chemistry
 Organic Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry
 Qualitative Chemistry
 Analytical Chemistry

* ACTUALLY, LAHAT NG CHEM NA ALAM MO, EH ANDITO SA MODULE 1

EXPECT that MODULE 1 is the hardest and the most CRUCIAL module

BUT… we’ll work together to make it ANSWERABLE 

 Physical science

 Study
of the COMPOSITION, STRUCTURE,
PROPERTIES and BEHAVIOR OF MATTER

 “THE CENTRAL SCIENCE”

 “the ABC of Pharmacy Practice”

 Anything that has mass and volume
 Made up of particles
 Exist in 4 fundamental states (S,L,G,P)

Note:
 Mass- refers to the amount of matter present
in the material.
 Weight= mass x pull of gravity
 SOLID LIQUID GAS
Shape definite indefinite indefinite

Volume definite definite indefinite

IFA strength strongest strong Weakest

Molecular motion vibration gliding CONSTANT

RANDOM
MOTION
 Basicunit of Matter
 Gk. “atomos” – indivisible

 Proton – (+) charge Found in the NUCLEUS…. Kaya

they are collectively called
 Neutron- No charge NUCLEONS…. xD

 Electron- (-) charge

GUYS TAKE NOTE that it is
1,836 times lighter than a
proton; thus, the weight
is negligible, okie? 
 Pure chemical substance

 Contains only 1 type of atom

 Currently, there are 118 elements

 Atomic number = # of protons = # of
electrons
 Mass number = # of protons + # of neutrons

Atomic Number: ________

Mass Number: _____

Protons: _____

Electrons: ____

Neutrons: ____

Charge: ____
 Isotope
– Same no. of protons (so same
element), but diff. no. of neutrons

 Isotone- same number of Neutrons

 Isobar- same mass number

 Dividing
line between solution and
homogenous mixture
True Solution

Homogenous mixture

Colloid

4 Properties of COLLOIDS: always remember (T-BAC) 

Tyndall effect
Brownian movement
Adsorption (ooooops…. hindi po Absorption)
Charged electrically
3 most Abundant Elements – O, Si, Al
 st1 produced artificially – Tc

 Rarest Element – At

 Liquid at room Temp – Hg / Br

Hi future RPhs, Please

REVIEW THE CHEMICAL
SYMBOLS in THE PTE 
 METALS NON-METALS
Good conductors of heat Poor conductors
and electricity
Form BASIC oxides Form ACIDIC oxides
Lustrous, Ductile, Malleable Dull & Brittle if Solid
High Density Low Density
High Melting point Low Melting point
Tends to lose e- Tends to accept e-

NOTE: Metallic Property – Capability of an element to lose an e-

@FutureRphs PLEASE TAKE NOTE #brotip

#brotip

1. Alamin kung sino ang METALS, NON-

METALS at METALLOIDS 
2. Knowing them would give you points
in Module 1 and Module 6
3. How to remember the Metalloids?

Mnemonic: Sige po,

sabi ni ATe Baby.
Silicon, Germanium, Polonium,
Sb (Antimony), Arsenic, Telurium, Boron
-Don’t forget it-
 Electronegativity – ability of an element to
attract electrons to itself

 Electron Affinity – energy gained by an atom

when an electron is added to it

 Ionization Energy / Ionization Potential –

amount of energy required to remove an
electron from a neutral atom
Intensive/Intrinsic vs. Extensive/Extrinsic

Physical Properties – observed or measured

without changing the identity of matter
Ex. MP,BP,Solubility,Ƿ, malleability, ductility

Chemical Properties – describe the change or the

reaction a substance undergoes
Ex. Flammability, reactivity, inertness
1. Law of Definite Proportions (Proust’s Law)
Same ratio
Elements Same Compound

2. Law of Multiple Proportions

Elements Diff. Compound

Diff. ratio

NOTE: the ratio must be a WHOLE NUMBER

1. Direct Union / Synthesis / Composition
Simple Subs Complex Subs
MgO + H2O Mg(OH)2

2. Decomposition / Analysis
Complex Subs Simple Subs

H2CO3 H2O + CO2

3. Single Replacement Reaction
A + BC  B + AC
4. Double Displacement Rxn / METATHESIS
AB + CD  AD + BC
Ex. Neutralization Reaction

5. Reduction-Oxidation Rxn (REDOX)

Review: GEROA and LEORA

- Separation of particles based on e- charge
 Let’s make ELECTROCHEM
simple 

e- e- e- e- e- e- e- e-
e-
e-
e-
e-
e-

ANODE CATHODE

-Oxidation -Reduction
-POSITIVE electrode -NEGATIVE electrode
 Democritus – “Atomos”
 Dalton – “Billiard Ball Model”
 Thomson – “Raisin Bread Model” / electron
 Rutherford – “Gold Foil Expt” / proton in the nucleus
 James Chadwick – Neutron
 Bohr – “Planetary Model”
 Schrodinger – “Quantum Mechanic Model” / 3D model
1. Principal Quantum Number (n)
- describes the MAIN ELECTRON SHELL
and the SIZE of the e- cloud
Value: 1,2,3,4….

2. Angular / Azimuthal Quantum Number (l)

- describes the SUBSHELL and the
SHAPE of the e- cloud
Value: 0 up to n-1
3. Magnetic Quantum Number (Ml)
-describes the ORBITAL or ORIENTATION in space
Values: -l , 0 , l

4. Spin (Ms or s)
Values: +1/2 or -1/2
n=3 n=4

l = 0, 1, 2 l=

Ml = -2, -1, 0, 1, 2 Ml =
1. Pauli’s Exclusion Principle
- No 2 e- can have the same set of quantum numbers

2. Aufbau’s Principle
- “Building up” Principle
- Electrons are placed first on the subshell with lowest
energy level

3. Hund’s Rule
- Electrons are spread singly before pairing up
 Make your own Mnemonics

 Givethe Electron Configuration of the

following:
Beryllium (At. No. 4)
Calcium (At. No. 20)
  Lavoisier – 1st to set up the table (33 elem)

 Dobereiner – Triads

 Newland – Law of Octaves

- 8 elements are grouped before another set
of 8 elements

 Meyer & Mendeleev – 1st Periodic Law; properties are

periodic functions of atomic wt.

 Moseley – first modern Periodic Table

NOTE: 118 elements, 18 groups/families, 7 periods or series

 Atomic Radius
 ½ the distance between 2 nuclei
 Right to left increases
 Top to bottom increases
 Electronegativity
 Ability to attract electrons
 Left to right increases
 Going up increases
 Ionization energy or potential
 Ability to remove an electron from a positively charged atom
 Left to right increases
 Going up increases
 Electron affinity
 Property to accept an electron
 Right to left increases
 Top to bottom increases
 - Forces that hold atoms together
- All elements try to achieve the configuration of the NOBLE GASES

* OCTET RULE – atoms become stable when the valence e- will

complement fully the valence shell

TYPES OF CHEMICAL BONDING:

1. Complete e- transfer (a.k.a. IONIC BOND)

- bond formed by a metal and a non-metal
- ELECTROSTATIC BOND

2. Sharing of e- (a.k.a. COVALENT BOND)

- 2 nonpolar (similar atoms)  equal e- sharing
- 2 polar (dissimilar atoms)  unequal e- sharing
1. Dipole-Dipole (Keesom Forces)

2. Dipole-Induced Dipole (Debye Forces)

3. London Forces (Dispersion) (Van der Waals)

4. H-bond (Hydrogen attached to a highly

electronegative atom)
 Conditions:

1 atm / 760 mmHg (torr)

 0 deg. Celsius / 273 K

NOTE: At STP, 1 mole of a substance occupies 22.4 L

You can forget your Birthday, BUT
NEVER EVER EVER EVER FORGET
Conditions at S.T.P. 
 BOYLE’S LAW —Volume is inversely proportional to pressure

 CHARLES’ LAW— Volume is directly proportional to temperature (Kelvin)

 AVOGADRO’S LAW —Volume is directly proportional to moles

 DALTON’S LAW OF PARTIAL PRESSURE

- States that the pressure exerted by a mixture of gases is the sum of the partial
pressures that each gas in the mixture exert individually
 IDEAL GAS LAW

 GRAHAM’S LAW —The rate of the effusion of two gases (and

diffusion) are inversely proportional to the square roots of
their densities providing the temperature and pressure are
the same for the two gases.
 DIFFUSION=gradual mixing of molecules of one gas with the molecules of
another gas by virtue of their kinetic properties
 EFFUSION=passage of a gas under pressure through a small opening
 Solute + Solvent
 Factors affecting solubility:
1. Nature of Solute and Solvent
2. Temperature: Temp = Solubility (MOST OF THE TIME)

EXCEPTIONS:
 Exothermic: Inc in Temp = Dec Solubility
 Solution of gas in liquid: Inc in Temp = Dec Solubility

REMEMBER that GAS and Ca(OH)2 are the most common

substances that dissolve in COLD TEMPERATURE

3. Pressure: Pressure = Solubility of gas in Liquid – (HENRY’S LAW)

 Thermodynamic System- part of the universe
isolated from the rest by a boundary

 “Surrounding” = Everything outside

TYPE OF SYSTEM ALLOWS EXCHANGE OF

Open (Non- Matter & Energy

conservative)
Closed (Conservative) Energy ONLY

Isolated (Adiabatic) No matter, No energy

 1st Law of Thermodynamics - Heat and work are forms of energy
transfer. Energy is invariably conserved, however the internal energy of a
closed system may change as heat is transferred into or out of the system
or work is done on or by the system.

 2nd Law of Thermodynamics - An isolated system, if not already in its

state of thermodynamic equilibrium, spontaneously evolves towards it.
Thermodynamic equilibrium has the greatest entropy among the states
accessible to the system.

 3rd Law of Thermodynamics - The entropy of a system approaches a

constant value as the temperature approaches zero. The entropy of a
system at absolute zero is typically zero, and in all cases is determined
only by the number of different ground states it has. Specifically, the
entropy of a pure crystalline substance at absolute zero temperature is
zero
 1st LAW 2nd LAW 3rd LAW

KEYWORD 1:
“Conservation of ENTROPY
Energy” KEYWORDS:
ENTROPY OF A
KEYWORD 2: PURE
“Energy of the GIBBS FREE ENERGY CRYSTALLINE IS
Universe is EQUAL TO ZERO
GFE- expendable amt of Energy
CONSTANT”
ΔG(-) = SPONTANEOUS
ΔG(+) = NON-SPONTANEOUS
ΔG(0) = Equilibrium
- It is a STATE at which the amount of Reactant and
Products present are CONSTANT

LE CHATELIER’S PRINCIPLE
- if a system is subjected to stress, the
system will adjust to relieve the stress

Stress:
 Concentration
 Pressure and Volume
 Temperature
 Catalyst – causes NO SHIFT in Equilibrium (PLS. REMEMBER )
 Electrolytes dissociates into ions

 Acids and Bases

Checkpoint: Can you FILL IN THE BLANKS? 

Theory Acid Base

Arrhenius

Bronsted-Lowry
Theory

Lewis Theory
 Neutral Salt = SA + SB
 Acidic Salt = SA + WB
 Basic Salt = WA + SB

Question: How would you know which is

a Strong Acid and a Strong Base?
 Naaalala nyo pa
ba? Or Huhulaan
nyo nalang sa exam
at isuko ang 3-4
points?
 Para
matandaan, i-recite pagkagising sa
umaga at bago matulog sa gabi :P

1.) Strong Bases : hydroxides of Group IA/IIA

2.) Strong Acid: H-CBNIPS
HCl HBr
HNO3 HI HClO4 H2SO4

Nitric Acid Perchloric Acid Sulfuric Acid

 Ka – acid dissociation constant
 Kb – base dissociation constant
 Ksp – solubility product constant
 pH=-log [H+]
 pH=7 neutral
 pH<7 acidic
 pH>7 basic
 Radioactivity: decomposition process of
unstable nuclei to more stable ones

 Radiation: energy and particles released

during the decomposition process
 4
α-radiation : α-particle : 2 He
 Mass number decrease by 4 & atomic number by 2

β- radiation : e- (Neutron  proton)

 Mass number stays THE SAME but
Atomic number INCREASES by 1

234 0 234
Ex. Th e + Pa
90 -1 91

γ – radiation : γ-rays are HIGH ENERGY PHOTONS

 no change in mass number and atomic number
 Non-SI : Curie (Ci) : 1Ci = 3.7 x 1010 decays/sec
 SI: Bequerel (Bq) : 1Bq = 1 decay/sec

 Unit of RADIATION DAMAGE:

 R.E.M.
 Unit of AMOUNT OF EXPOSURE to radiation:

 rad or gray

#brotip: memorize what is written above. It can SAVE YOU on the board exam. Swear 
 Inorganic Medicinal and
Pharmaceutical Chemistry
 Group IA: Alkali Metals  Pcol action:
 Most reactive metals  Depressant
 Valence=1  Diuretic

A. HYDROGEN  Non pcol action:

Aka: “inflammable air”  Heat exchanger in aircon
lightest element
Isotopes: IMPORTANT COMPOUNDS
 A. protium – most abundant  Lithium Bromide
 B. deuterium – heavy hydrogen  Depressant
 C. tritium- radioactive  Lithium Carbonate (Lithase ®)
B. LITHIUM  DOC for MANIA
 Aka: “Earth”
 Lightest metal
C. SODIUM
 Aka: “Natrium”  Sodium Carbonate
 Extracellular fluid Use: 1. Antacid
 Pcol action: fluid retention 2. Carbonating agent
 Sodium chloride
IMPORTANT COMPOUNDS  Aka: rock salt, table salt, soler salt
 Sodium Acetate Use: 1. electrolyte replenisher
 Diuretic 2. tonicity adjusting agent
 Urinary and systemic alkalizer 3. condiments
 Antacid 4. preservative
 Sodium bicarbonate
 Aka: “Baking soda”  Sodium citrate
 Systemic antacid 1. alkalizer
 Carbonating agent 2. buffer
 S/E: 3. diuretic
 systemic alkalosis
4. expectorant
 rebound hyperacidity
5. shorten the coagulation time
 Na Dihydrogen Phosphate
 Aka: fleet enema
 Uses: cathartic
 Sodium metabisulfite
 Water soluble anti-oxidant
Sodium Fluoride Sodium Hypochlorite
Use:Anticariogenic (2% Aka: Dakin’s solution,
solution) chlorox
Use: 1. Oxidizing agent
Sodium Hydroxide 2. Disinfectant
Aka: 1. Caustic soda 3. Bleaching agent
2. Sosa
3. Lye Sodium Iodide
Use: Saponifying agent Use: 1. expectorant
2. antifungal
Sodium Phosphite 3. iodine solubilizer
Use: Reducing agent
Sodium Lactate
Use: 1. antacid
2. diuretic
Sodium nitrate
Use: 1. Vasodilator
2. meat preservation
3. treatment in cyanide poisoning

Aka: chile salt peter

Sodium sulfate
Aka: Glauber’s salt
Use: cathartic

Sodium tartrate
Use: primary standard of KFR for water content determination

Sodium thiocyanate
Use: hypotensive agent

Sodium thiosulfate
Aka: hypochlor, photographer’s hypo
Use: 1. Treatment of cyanide poisoning with sodium nitrate
2. VS in iodometry and permanganometry
D. POTASSIUM Potassium bitartrate
Aka: cream of tartar, creamor
Aka: Kalium
Use: laxative
Most abundant and predominant Intracellular cation
Deficiency: hypokalemia
Potassium bromide
Pcol action:
1. diuretic Use: depressant
2. important in muscle contraction
Potassium Carbonate
IMPORTANT COMPOUNDS: Aka: potash, salt of peter, perlash
Potassium acetate 1. antacid
1. antacid 2. carbonating agent
2. diuretic 3. carbonate source

3. urinary and systemic alkalizer

Potassium chlorate

Potassium bicarbonate Use: oxidizing agent

1. systemic antacid Component in: toothpaste, gargle and
2. carbonating agent mouthwash
3. source of bicarbonate ion
Potassium chloride
Use: electrolyte replenisher
TAKE note: SLOW push*
Potassium citrate Potassium permanganate
1. diuretic Aka: mineral chameleon
2. expectorant 1. oxidizing agent
3. diaphoretic 2. VS in permanganometry

Potassium hydroxide Potassium dihydrogen phosphate

Aka: caustic potash, lye potash Use: cathartic
Use: saponifying agent (SOFT soap)
Potassium Sodium tartrate
Potassium Iodide Aka: 1. rochelle salt
1.expectorant 2. sal signette
2. antifungal Use: 1. cathartic
3. iodine solubilizer 2. sequestering agent

Potassium nitrate Potassium thiocyanate

Aka: salt peter, salitre, salt prunelle Use: hypotensive agent
Use: 1. diuretic/ meat preservative
K2Sx.K2S2O3
aka: sulfurated potash, liver of sulfur
 3. NH4Cl
E. NH4
Aka: muriate of hartshorn
Hypothetical alkali metal
Use: 1.expectorant
Pcol action:
2. diuretic
1. diuretic
3. urinary acidifier
2. buffer
3. expectorant (like Iodide)
4. HgNH2Cl
4. anti-cariogenic (like Fluoride)
Aka: white precipitate
Use: topical anti-infective
IMPORTANT COMPOUNDS:
1. NH4Br
5. NH4I
use: depressant/sedative
Use: 1. source of iodide
2. expectorant
2. (NH4)2CO3
3. antifungal
Aka: sal volatile, hartshorn
Use: 1. expectorant (ammonium)
6. NH4CH3COO
2. antacid (carboante)
Aka: spirit of mendererus
3. respiratory stimulant
Use: styptic
Can occur in free metal state
Complexes/ chelates

IMPORTANT COMPOUNDS
A. Cu 1.CuSO4.5H2O
Aka: Cuprum Aka: blue vitriol, blue stone
Only reddish metal Use: component of benedict’s,barfoed’s
and fehling’s ingredient
Component of hemocyanin and
cytochrome oxidase Antidote for PHOSPHORUS poisoning
2 important alloys: Ingredient of Bordeaux mixture
1. Brass: Cu + Zn
2. Bronze: Cu + Sn 2. [Cu3(AsO3)2.Cu(C2H3O2)2]
Pcol actions: Aka: Paris green
1. protein precipitant Use: insecticide
2. enhances physiological utilization
of iron 3. (Cu)3(C6H5O7)3
3. toxicity: Wilson’s Disease Use: astringent in 8% concentration
Antidote: Penicillamine
B. Ag B. Insoluble compounds
Aka: argentum, shining, bright 1.AgI
Pcol action: Oligodynamic property -poisonous
(germicidal action) -disinfectant
Toxicity: argyria
Antidote: NSS 2. Ag proteinate
a. Mild Ag Proteinate
IMPORTANT COMPOUNDS: Aka: ARGYROL
A. Soluble compounds Use: antiseptic for the eye
1.AgNO3 b. Strong Ag Proteinate
Aka: Lapiz infernulariz, lunar caustic, Aka: Protargol
Stronger germicide for ear
indelible ink, caustic pencil
and throat
Use:
1. treatment of warts
c. Colloidal Ag Proteinate
2. eye antiseptic for newborn babies of mother with Aka: Collargol
gonorrhea Use general germicide
2. Ag (NH3)2NO3
Aka: Howe’s solution
Use: 1. dental protective
2. desinsitizing agent
C. Au
Aka: Aurum. Shining dawn, King of all metals
Most malleable and ductile
Best conductor of electricity
Dissolved by:
1. aqua regia (3part HCl + 1 part HNO3)
2. Selenic acid

IMPORTANT COMPOUNDS
1.Aurothioglucose (IM)
-Treatment of Gout and R.A
2. Gold Na Thiomalate (IM)
-Treatment of Gout and R.A
3. Auranofin (PO)
-Treatment of Gout and R.A
A. Be
Never employed in medicine because
it is the most toxic metal
Fluorescent lamp
Pcol action:
Natural Sources:
1. As silicates: (talc, asbestos)
2. As CO3: (magnesite, dolomite)
3. As SO4: (keiserite)
1. Laxative
2. Depressant
3. Natural Ca-channel blocker

B. Mg Antidote: Ca Gluconate
Lightest of all structurally important
metal
Chlorophyll component
Compound of Grignard’s reagent
IMPORTANT COMPOUNDS: MgSO4
MgCO3 Aka: Epsom salt
Aka: Magnesia Use: 1. cathartic (PO)
1. Antacid 2. anticonvulsant (IM)
2. Laxative 3. Antidote for Ba toxicity

Mg(OH)2 Hydrated Mg Silicate

Aka: milk of magnesia, magnesia magma Aka: talc, soapstone, french chalk
Use: Antacid and Laxative Softest mineral
Uses: 1. Filtering agent

MgO 2. Clarifying agent

3. Dusting powder
Aka: calcined magnesia
1. laxative
2. antacid Mg3(C6H5O7)2
3. component of Universal antidote Magnesium Citrate
Aka: lemonada purgante, purgative lemon

2MgO . 3SiO2 .nH2O

Use: antacid
Advantage: prolonged antacid action
C. Ca
IMPORTANT COMPOUNDS
CaBr2
2nd most abundant cation in
Sedative/depressant
extracellular fluid
Vit D is needed for its maximum
absorption CaCO3
Aka: precipitated chalk, prepared chalk
Pcol action: 1. antacid
1. blood coagulation factor 2. ingredient of toothpaste, dentrifices
2. important muscle contraction
3. important release of neurotransmitter CaCl2
4. primary element of bones and teeth Aka: muriate of lime
Use: Ca replenisher
Deficiency state:
1. osteoporosis
Ca Gluconate
2. osteomalacia (adults)
Use: Ca supplement and replenisher
3. rickets (immature mammals)
4.hypocalcemia
Ca(OH)2
Aka: slaked lime, milk of lime, calcium hydrate
1. antacid
2. saponifying agent
Ca(C3H5O3)2 CaClO or CaOCl
Use: Ca supplement Aka: chlorinated lime,
chloride of lime
CaHPO4 . 2H2O Use: 1. disinfectant
Use: source of Ca and PO4 2. bleaching agent

CaO CaSO4 . 1/2H2O or 2H2O

Aka: lime, quicklime, calx Aka: plaster of paris, gypsum, terra
alba
1.component of
1. rodenticide
Bordeaux mixture
2. prep of surgical casts and dental
2. insecticide impressions

Ca3(PO4)2
Aka: bone ash
Use: antacid
D. Sr
Use: manufacture of flares
IMPORTANT COMPOUND:
1. SrCl2
Use: temperature de sensitizing
agent (SENSODYNE)
E. Ba
Aka: Heavy
Toxicity: Baritosis
Antidote: Epsom Salt
IMPORTANT COMPOUNDS
1.BaSO4
Use: radiopaque subs used for GIT
imaging
2. Ba(OH)2
Use: CO2 absorbent
F. Ra
Marie Curie
Radioactive element use for:
Cancer radiotherapy
Diagnostic purpose
Zinc
Present in insulin
Pcol action: 1. Astringent
2. Antiseptic
3. Antiperspirant
4. Protectant

Other uses: 1. container of batteries

2. protective coating of
galvanized iron

Deficiency: Parakeratosis
Antidote: NaHCO3
IMPORTANT COMPOUNDS:

ZnCl2
Aka: Burnett’s disinfectant fluid
1. disinfectant/antiseptic
2. dentin desensitizer
3. Corrosive
ZnS
Aka: white lotion, white sulfide
Use: parasiticide, topical protectant,
antiseptic

ZnO ZnSO4 . 7H2O

Aka: Zinc white, Lassar’s paste Aka: white vitriol
Use: antiseptic, astringent, topical 1. emetic
protectant 2. astringent
3. prep of white lotion
ZnO2
Use: antiseptic Hydrated Zinc Silicate
Aka: Natural calamine
Use: topical protectant

Zinc-eugenol cement – dental

protective
Cadmium
Pcol action: astringent
Other use: manufacture of stink bomb
Poisoning: itai-itai (ouch-ouch)
Antidote: BAL (British Anti-Lewesite) or (Dimercaprol)

IMPORTANT COMPOUND:
CdCl2
1. emetic
2. treatment of Tinea infection

CdS
Aka: yellow sulfide
Use: anti-seborrheic

CdSO4
Use: ophthalmic antiseptic
Mercury HgCl2
Aka: Quicksilver, messenger of Gods Aka: corrosive sublimate
1. diuretic Use: disinfectant
2. antiseptic
3. treatment of syphilis HgI
4. cathartic Use: treatment of syphilis
5. parasiticidal/fungicidal
HgI2
Industrial use: Use: stimulant of indolent ulcers
thermometer,
amalgams (dental cement) K2HgI4
Disease: Minamata 1. antiseptic
Antidote: EDTA 2. component of Mayer’s reagent

IMPORTANT COMPOUNDS: HgNH2Cl

Aka: white precipitate
Hg2Cl2 Use: topical antiseptic
Aka: calomel
1. cathartic HgO
2. local aniseptic Aka: yellow precipitate
Use: ophthalmic anti infective
A. Boron
Industrial use: in vulcanizing Na2B4O7 . 10H2O
rubber Aka: Borax, Na tetraborate,
Dobelle’s solution

IMPORTANT COMPOUNDS
Use:
1. antiseptic
H3BO3 2. eye wash
Aka: sal sativum 3. wet dressing for wounds
Toxicity: lobster appearance
1. buffer (ophthamic soln 2%)
2. antiseptic
3. Tonicity adjusting agent
B. Al
Alum
-Most abundant metal
[AlNH4(SO4)2 . 12H2O] – NH4 salt
-3rd most abundant element
[AlK(SO4)2 . 12H2O]- K salt
Used as astringent
Pcol uses:
1. astringent
2. aluminum foils used for Al(OH)3
burn patients Aka: amphojel, cremalin gel
1. antacid
IMPORTANT COMPOUNDS: 2. protectant
Disadvantage: constipation
AlCl3 . 6H2O
1. astringent AlPO4
2. antiseptic Aka: phosphagel
3. antiperspirant/deodorant Used as antacid, astringent, demulcent

Al2(CO3)3
Use: treatment of phosphatic calculci
Al2O3
C. Gallium
Aka: Alumina
Use: treatment of silicosis
- substitute for mercury in
manufacture of arc lamps
Aluminum Silicate
a. Kaolin
aka: china clay, native hydrated
aluminum silicate
use: adsorbent in diarrhea

b. Bentonite
aka: Soap clay, mineral soap, native
colloidal hydrated magnesium
silicate
use: suspending agent

c. Pumice
– volcanic origin and used as dental
abrasive
A. C
Manifestation:
A. crystalline – graphite, diamond
B. Amorphous – coal, anthracite

IMPORTANT COMPOUNDS
1. CO2
Use: treatment of acne, warts, corns, calluses, Eczema

2. CO3-2
Use: 1. antacid and for effervescent tablets

3. CO -210x greater affinity to hemoglobin than oxygen leading to

asphyxia then death

Treatment:
1. 100% O2
2. Artificial air ( He 80%, O2 20%)
3. Hyperbaric O2
B. Si - 2 nd most abundant element

IMPORTANT COMPOUNDS
1. SiO2
Toxicity: Silicosis

2. Glass: Na2CO3 + pure silica

3. Kaolin - adsorbent

4. Purified Siliceous Earth –absorbent

5. Bentonite – suspending agent

6. Talc – clarifying agent , dusting agent

7. Attapulgite
Aka: polymagma, diatabs, quintess
Use: adsorbent

8. Simethicone: polymeric dimethyl siloxane

Use: antiflatulent
C. Sn Sources of poisoning:
1. lead pipes
Aka: stannum
2. paints
Use: preparation of tin cans 3. batteries

IMPORTANT COMPOUNDS IMPORTANT COMPOUNDS

SnF2 – anticariogenic Pb(CH3COO)2
SnO2 Aka: sugar of lead
Use: germicide Use: astringent

D. Pb Pb2(CH3COO)
Aka: plumbum Aka: goulard’s extract
1. astringent Use: 1. astringent
2. protein precipitant 2. antiseptic
Poisoning:Plumbism
Antidote: EDTA PbO
Common name: LITHARGE
A. Ti
Aka: Titan, Sons of the earth
Use: powerful reducing agent

IMPORTANT COMPOUND:
1. TiO2
Opacifying agent ex: OCUSERT
UV Ray protectant – TiO2 reflects UV

B. Zr
Use: same with Al but banned due to granuloma formation
Former Official Compounds:
1. Oxide
2. CO3
Both used as antiperspirant and for athlete's foot
A. Nitrogen N2O
Aka: Laughing gas
Aka: Mephitic air, azote,
Use: inhalational anesthetic
without life
S/E: diffusion hypoxia
Most abundant gas in air:
Container: blue
71% N2, 29% O2
NO2
1. vasodilator
IMPORTANT COMPOUNDS:
2. for cyanide poisoning
N2 – very stable
Since stable, used as INERT Atmosphere
NO3-
for readily Use: preservative
oxidizable substance
Aromatic Ammonia spirit
LIQ N2 – used as Refrigerant Aka: Spirit of Hartshorn, spirit of
Container: BLACK sal volatile
Use: respiratory stimulant
B. P IMPORTANT COMPOUNDS:
Aka: Light carrier, St. Elmo’s fire
As2O3
2 forms:
Insecticide/ anti-leukemic
1. White: poisonous
2. Red: non-poisonus
AsI3
Use: primary standard in the
IMPORTANT COMPOUND:
preparation of ceric sulfate
PO4
Use: Antacid and Cathartic

C. As
Aka: Lewisite metal
Insecticide:
Copper Aceto Arsenate (Paris green)
Antidote: BAL
D. Sb E. Bi
Pcol use: Aka: Beautiful Meadow
1. expectorant Pcol action:
2. emetic 1. astringent
3. anti-helminthic 2. antiseptic
3. internal protective for ulcer
IMPORTANT COMPOUND:
SbKOC4H4O6 Cause: 1. dark stool
Aka: Tartar emetic, brown 2. blue-black gums
mixture
1. emetic Antidote: BAL/Dimercaprol
2. Tx of schistosomiasis
 Not affected by any body fluid, therefore
inert in our body
 Sheet form use in repair of bones, nerve and
tissue
 stimulant cathartic
A. O -

- depilatory agent
Aka: empyreal air,
- Anti dandruff
dephlogisticated air, “yne”
-Most abundant element
-Use: treatment of C. Se
hypoxia/asphyxia
Aka: Selena, moon
-Container: green
Essential trace element
Promotes absorption of Vit. E
B. S Use: antioxidant
Aka: brimstone, shubari,
enemy of copper IMPORTANT COMPOUND:
1. SeS2 (Selsun blue)
- Used in preparation of
use: anti-dandruff
scabicidal and keratolytic
ointment or lotion
A. Chromium B. Molybdenum
Essential trace element Essential trace element
Glucose tolerance factor Co-factor enzyme
Deficiency: hyperglycemia
IMPORTANT COMPOUND:
IMPORTANT COMPOUND: Molybdenum Oxide
K2Cr2O7 + FeSO4 – use: hematinic
Use: oxidizing agent Brand name: MOL-IRON

C. Uranium
-Discovered by Becquerel
-Radioactive element used for
manufacture of atomic bombs
-No pharmaceutical use
A. F B. Cl
Strongest oxidizing agent Aka: Dephlogisticated muriatic
Poisoning: fluorosis acid
Principal manifestation: Most abundant extracellular
anion
1. mottled enamel
Used as water disinfectant
2. abnormal bone growth
IMPORTANT COMPOUNDS:
IMPORTANT COMPOUNDS
1. Hypochlorite (Na, K)
1. NaF
Use: bleaching agent
Use: anti cariogenic
at 2% soln
2. HCl
Use: treatment of
2. SnF2 achlorhydria
Use: anti cariogenic
at 8% soln
C. Br D. I
- Dark reddish brown fuming -expectorant
liquid with suffocating odor -anti fungal

-action: sedative/ depressant -Deficiency: goiter

-Poisoning: bromism -Elemental Iodine preparation:

-Principal manifestation: 1. Strong Iodine soln aka:
1. skin eruption Lugol’s soln
2. psychosis 2. Iodine Tincture – disinfectant
3. weakness 3. Povidone-Iodine - BETADINE
4. headache
E. At
Antidote: NaCl and NH4Cl -Only metallic
-Only synthetic halogen
-Only radioactive halogen
A. Mn
Co-factor in:
1. protein synthesis
2. phosphorylation
3.fatty acid and cholesterol
synthesis
B. Tc
-1st element produced artificially
-Used in preparation of
radiopharmaceuticals

Poisoning: Parkinson -like

IMPORTANT COMPOUND:
1. KMnO4
Aka: mineral chameleon
Use: 1. oxidizing agent
2. antiseptic
A. He
-2nd lightest gas
-Toxicity (inhalation):
donald duck-like sound
-Container: brown
B. Ne
For advertising
D. Kr
Least abundant of all noble gas
Have inhalational anesthetic
activity
E. Xe
Investigational with
inhalational anesthetic activity

F. Rn
C. Ar
Aka: niton
Most abundant noble gas
Synthetic noble gas
Substitute for N2 in providing
inert atmosphere. Used for treatment of CA
(Cervical CA)
Present In proteins: IMPORTANT COMPOUNDS:
Hemoglobin FesO4
Transferrin Aka: green vitriol
Ferritin
Cytochrome oxidase
Use: hematinic
S/E: constipation
Enhance absorption of
 Vit. C Ferrous gluconate
 Copper Brand name: FERGON
adv: less irritating
Use: hematinic
Toxicity:
1. GIT distress Ferrous fumarate
2. cardiac collapse Brand name: TOLERON
Antidote: Deferroxamine
FeCO3
Aka: chalybeate pills, ferrunginous pills
Use: hematinic

FeCl3
Use: 1. astringent
2. styptic
3. detection of tannins
Please
MEMORIZE by
Fe4[Fe(CN)6]3 HEART 
I know you
Ferric ferrocyanide or prussian blue can!

Fe3[Fe(CN)6]2
Ferrous ferricyanide or turnbull’s blue
Cobalt
Essential in development of
erythrocyte and hemoglobin
Component of vit B12
Defeciency: megaloblastic anemia
IMPORTANT COMPOUNDS
CoCl2
Aka: lover’s ink, sympathetic ink
Use: desiccator indicator
Nickel
Aka: old nick’s copper
Fossil fuel
Osmium
Heaviest/ densest metal
IMPORTANT COMPOUNDS
1. Osmic acid
2. Osmium tetroxide
- Both used in staining microorganism
for microscopic study especially in
electron microscopy
Platinum & Palladium
Catalyst in finely divided steel
I’m sure that everyone who listened
attentively would pass the board
exam 

YES. REALLY. I AM SURE.