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Mangalore
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Coordinates: 12°50′23″N 74°47′24″E

Main page For other uses, see Mangalore (disambiguation).

Contents Not to be confused with Bangalore.
Featured content
Mangalore, officially known as Mangaluru, is the chief port city of the Indian state of Karnataka. It is located about 352 km (219 mi) west of the state capital
Current events Mangalore
Bangalore, between the Arabian Sea and the Western Ghats mountain range. It is the second major city in Karnataka state in all aspects after the capital city
Random article City Corporation
Donate to Wikipedia Bangalore. It is the only city in Karnataka to have all modes of transport—air, road, rail and sea—along with five other major cities in India. It is known as the
Wikipedia store Gateway of Karnataka. It is the largest city in the Tulu Nadu region of Karnataka. Mangalore is the second best business destination in Karnataka after Bangalore Mangaluru

and 13th best in India. The population of the urban agglomeration was 619,664 according to the provisional results of the 2011 national census of India.
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Mangalore developed as a port in the Arabian Sea during ancient times and became a major port of India. This port handles 75 per cent of India's coffee and
Help
About Wikipedia cashew exports. The port of Mangalore is among the 4 major ports of India that receive over 25 international Cruise ships every year. The port is used as a
Community portal staging point for sea traffic along the Malabar Coast. This coastal city was ruled by several major powers, including the Kadambas, Alupas, Vijayanagar Empire,
Recent changes Keladi Nayaks and the Portuguese. The city was a source of contention between the British and the Mysore rulers, Hyder Ali and Tipu Sultan. Eventually
Contact page annexed by the British in 1799, Mangalore remained part of the Madras Presidency until India's independence in 1947. The city was unified with the state of

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Mysore (now called Karnataka) in 1956.

What links here Mangalore is the largest city and administrative headquarters of the Dakshina Kannada district, and is one of the most multicultural and multi-linguistic non-metro
Related changes cities of India. It is also the largest city in the Coastal and Malnad regions of Karnataka, besides being a commercial, industrial, educational and healthcare hub
Upload file on the west coast of India. A port city, it has the second largest airport in Karnataka. The Mangalore city urban agglomeration extends from Ullal in the south to
Special pages
Surathkal in the north, covering a distance of over 30 km (19 mi). The city extends in the eastward direction up to Vamanjoor and Padil. The city's landscape is
Permanent link
characterised by rolling hills, coconut palms, freshwater streams and hard red-clay tiled-roof buildings. This coastal city has many skyscrapers of 30 and 40 plus
Page information
Wikidata item floors. India's first and only 3D Planetarium is situated in the port city of Mangalore. Mangalore is also included in the Smart Cities Mission list and one among the
Cite this page 100 smart cities to be developed in India. The city has an average elevation of 22 m (72 ft) above mean sea level. Mangalore has a tropical monsoon climate, and
is under the influence of the southwest monsoon.
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons Contents [hide]
Wikivoyage 1 Etymology
2 History
Print/export
2.1 Early and medieval history
Create a book 2.2 Foundation and early modern history
Download as PDF
2.3 Later modern and contemporary history
Printable version
3 Geography and climate
4 Economy Left to right: Town Hall, Our Lady of Rosary
Languages
Church, Yenepoya University, Kudroli
‫ا ﻟ ﻌ ﺮﺑ ﻴ ﺔ‬
5 Demographics Gokarnanatheshwara Temple, Infosys Kottara
Asturianu campus, Tannirbhavi Beach, Shiva statue,
6 Culture Forum Fiza Mall
‫ﺗ ﯚرﮐ ﺠﻪ‬ 7 Civic administration
8 Education
Bân-lâm-gú
9 Transport
9.1 Air
Boarisch
Català 9.2 Road
Cebuano 9.3 Rail Mangalore City Corporation
Čeština 9.4 Sea Nickname(s): Kudla (Tulu), Kodiyal (Konkani),
Deutsch 10 Sports Maikala (Beary)
Español 11 Media
Esperanto 12 Utility services
Euskara
13 Cuisine
‫ﻓﺎر ﺳ ﯽ‬
14 Tourism
Français
15 Sister cities
Galego
16 See also
17 Notes
/ Gõychi 18 References
Konknni
19 Further reading
20 External links

Bahasa Indonesia
Etymology
Íslenska Mangalore was named after the deity Mangaladevi, the presiding deity of the Mangaladevi temple[7] or a synonym of Tara Mangalore
Italiano Bhagvati of the Vajrayana Buddhist sect. [8] According to local legend, a princess from Malabar named Parimala[9] (also known as
‫ע ב רי ת‬
Pramila[10] or Premaladevi) renounced her kingdom and became a disciple of Matsyendranath, the founder of the Nath
tradition.[11] Having converted Premaladevi to the Nath sect, Matsyendranath renamed her Mangaladevi.[9][10] She arrived in the
Kapampangan
Latviešu area with Matsyendranath, but had to settle near Bolar in Mangalore as she fell ill on the way. [10] Eventually she died, and the
Lietuvių Mangaladevi temple was consecrated in her honour at Bolar by the local people after her death.[12][9] The city got its name from
Magyar the temple.[13]

One of the earliest references to the city's name was made in 715 CE by the Pandyan King Chettian, who called the city
Malagasy
Mangalapuram.[11] The city and the coastal region was a part of the Pandyan Kingdom.[11] According to K.V. Ramesh, President
of the Place Names Society of India, Mangaluru was first heard in 1345 CE during the Vijayanagar rule. [14][15] Many
Bahasa Melayu shilashasanas (stones) of Vijayanagar period refer the city as Mangalapura.[14] Even before that, during the Alupa dynasty
Nederlands period, it was referred to as Mangalapura (Mangala means 'auspicious').[14] The city is well known as Mangaluru in Kannada, a
Mangalore is named after reference to Mangaladevi (the suffix uru means town or city). [14] During the British rule from 1799, Mangalore (anglicised from
the Hindu goddess Mangalore
Mangaladevi. Mangaluru), stuck as the official appellation. [14] However, according to historian George M. Moraes, the word Mangalore is the

Norsk
Portuguese corruption of Mangaluru.[16]:2 The name of this town also appears in maps as early as the 1652 Sanson Map of
India.[17]
Oʻzbekcha/ўзбекча Mangalore's diverse communities have different names for the city in their languages. [18] In Tulu, the primary spoken language, the city is called Kudla, meaning
junction, since the city is situated at the confluence of the Netravati and Gurupura rivers.[19] In Konkani, Mangalore is referred to as Kodiyal, while in Malayalam,
‫ﭘ ﻨ ﺠ ﺎﺑ ﯽ‬
Polski
Mangalore is called Mangalapuram and the Beary name for the city is Maikala.[20]
Português
Română History
Русский
Main article: History of Mangalore
Scots
Simple English Early and medieval history
Српски / srpski
Mangalore's historical importance is highlighted by the many references to the city by foreign travellers. [21] During the first century CE, Pliny the Elder, a Roman
Srpskohrvatski /
српскохрватски historian, made references to a place called Nitrias, as a very undesirable place for disembarkation, on account of the pirates which frequent its vicinity, [22] while
Suomi Greek historian Ptolemy in the second century CE referred to a place called Nitra.[15] Ptolemy's and Pliny the Elder's references were probably made to the
Svenska Netravati River, which flows through Mangalore.[23] Cosmas Indicopleustes, a Greek monk, in his 6th century work Christian Topography mentions Malabar as
the chief seat of the pepper trade, and Mangarouth (port of Mangalore) as one of the five pepper marts which exported pepper. [24][25] Coordinates: 12°50′23″N 74°47′24″E
Mangalore is the heart of a distinct multilinguistic—cultural region: South Canara, the homeland of the Tulu-speaking people.[28] In the third century BCE, the Country India
town formed part of the Maurya Empire, ruled by the Buddhist emperor, Ashoka of Magadha.[29]:176 From the third century CE to sixth century CE, the Kadamba State Karnataka
Türkçe dynasty, whose capital was based in Banavasi in North Canara, ruled over the entire Canara region as independent rulers. [30] From the middle of the seventh District Dakshina Kannada
Українська Region Canara
century to the end of the 14th century, the South Canara region was ruled by its own native Alupa rulers.[31][32][15] The Alupas ruled over the region as feudatories
‫اردو‬ Taluk Mangalore
of major regional dynasties like the Chalukyas of Badami, Rashtrakutas of Manyakheta, Chalukyas of Kalyani, and Hoysalas of Dwarasamudra.[33]:17 During the Named for Mangaladevi
Tiếng Việt
Winaray
reign of the Alupa king Kavi Alupendra (1110–1160), the city was visited by the Tunisian Jewish merchant Abraham Ben Yiju, who travelled between the Middle Government
East and India during the 12th century.[34] The Moroccan traveller Ibn Battuta, who had visited the town in 1342, referred to it as Manjarur, and stated that the • Type Mayor–Council
• Body Mangalore City
Edit links town was situated on a large estuary, called the Estuary of the wolf, and was the greatest estuary in the country of Malabar. [35][36]:30 By 1345, the Vijayanagara Corporation
rulers brought the region under their control.[33]:17 During the Vijayanagara period (1345–1550), South Canara was divided into Mangalore and Barkur rajyas Area[2]
(provinces), and two governors were appointed to look after each of them from Mangalore and Barkur.[15][37] But many times only one governor ruled over both • City 184 km 2 (71 sq mi)
Corporation
Mangalore and Barkur rajyas, and when the authority passed into the hands of Keladi rulers (1550–1763), they had a governor at Barkur alone. [33]:19 In 1448,
Elevation 22 m (72 ft)
Abdur Razzaq, the Persian ambassador of Sultan Shah Rukh of Samarkand, visited Mangalore, en route to the Vijayanagara court.[38][36]:31 The Italian traveller,
[33]:20
Population (2011)
Ludovico di Varthema, who visited India in 1506 says that he witnessed nearly sixty ships laden with rice ready to sail in the port of Mangalore. • City 484,785[1]
Corporation
Foundation and early modern history • Metro 619,664[3]
Demonym(s) Mangalorean,
European influence in Mangalore can be traced back to 1498, when the Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama landed at St Mary's Islands near Mangalore.[39] In Maṅgaḷūrinavaru,
the 16th century, the Portuguese came to acquire substantial commercial interests in Canara. [40] Krishnadevaraya (1509–1529), the then ruler of the Vijaynagara Kudladhar, Maikalathanga,
Mangaluriga, Kodialcho,
empire maintained friendly relations with the Portuguese.[41] The Portuguese trade was gradually gathering momentum and they were striving to destroy the Arab
Koḍiyāḷgar
and Moplah trade along the coast.[33] In 1524, when Vasco da Gama heard that the Muslim merchants of Calicut had agents at Mangalore and Basrur, he
Languages
ordered the rivers to be blockaded.[33] In 1526, the Portuguese under the viceroyship of Lopo Vaz de Sampaio took possession of Mangalore.[42] The coastal • Administrative Kannada, English
trade passed out of Muslim hands into Portuguese hands.[33]:20 In 1550, the Vijayanagara ruler, Sadashiva Raya, entrusted the work of administering the coastal • Regional Tulu, Konkani, Beary,
Koraga, Havyaka Kannada
region of Canara to Sadashiv Nayaka of Keladi.[33] By 1554, he was able to establish political authority over South Canara. [43] The disintegration of the
Time zone UTC+5:30 (IST)
Vijaynagara Empire in 1565 gave the rulers of Keladi greater power in dealing with the coastal Canara region.[33]:27 They continued the Vijayanagara
administrative system.[33] The two provinces of Mangalore and Barkur continued to exist. [44][32] The governor of Mangalore also acted as the governor of the PIN 575001 to 575030[4]
Telephone code +91-(0824)
Keladi army in his province.[33]:30 The Italian traveller Pietro Della Valle visited here in 1623-1624. [45] In 1695, the town was torched by Arabs in retaliation to
Vehicle KA-19, KA-62
Portuguese restrictions on Arab trade. [46] registration

Hyder Ali, the de facto ruler of the Kingdom of Mysore, conquered Mangalore in 1763, [47] consequently bringing the city under his administration until 1767. Sex ratio 1016
Human 0.83[5]
Mangalore was ruled by the British East India Company from 1767 to 1783, [48] but was subsequently wrested from their control in 1783 by Hyder Ali's son, Tipu Development very high
Sultan; who renamed it Jalalabad.[49][50] The Second Anglo–Mysore War ended with the Treaty of Mangalore, signed between Tipu Sultan and the British East Index
Literacy 94.03%[6]
India Company on 11 March 1784.[51] After the defeat of Tipu at the Fourth Anglo–Mysore War, the city remained in control of the British, headquartering the
South Canara district under the Madras Presidency.[14][52][53] Website www.mangalorecity.mrc
.gov.in
According to the Scottish physician Francis Buchanan who visited Mangalore in 1801, Mangalore was a rich and prosperous port with flourishing trading
activity.[55] Rice was the grand article of export, and was exported to Muscat, Bombay, Goa and Malabar.[33] Supari or Betel-nut
was exported to Bombay, Surat and Kutch.[33] Pepper and Sandalwood were exported to Bombay.[33] Turmeric was exported to
Muscat, Kutch, Surat and Bombay, along with Cassia Cinnamon, Sugar, Iron, Saltpeter, Ginger, Coir and Timber.[15][55]

A pen and ink drawing of Mangalore
Fort made in 1783, after it had been
taken over by the British East India
Company
The British colonial government did not support industrialisation in the region, and local capital remained invested mostly in land
and money lending, which led to the later development of banking in the region.[56] With the arrival of European missionaries in
the early 19th century, the region saw the development of educational institutions and a modern industrial base, modelled on
European industries.[57] The opening of the Lutheran Swiss Basel Mission in 1834 was central to the industrialisation process. [58]
The Sultan Battery in Mangalore was
Printing press, cloth-weaving mills and factories manufacturing Mangalore tiles were set up by the missionaries. [28] When Canara built in 1784 by Tipu Sultan to defend
(part of the Madras Presidency until this time) was bifurcated into North Canara and South Canara in 1859, Mangalore was the city from British warships entering
transferred into South Canara and became its headquarters.[59]:5 South Canara remained under Madras Presidency, while North the Gurupura river.[26][27]

Canara was detached from Madras Presidency and transferred to Bombay Presidency in 1862.[59]:6

Later modern and contemporary history

The enactment of the Madras Town Improvement Act (1865) mandated the establishment of the Municipal council on 23 May 1866, which was
responsible for urban planning and providing civic amenities.[16]:178 The Italian Jesuits, who arrived in Mangalore in 1878, played an important
role in education, economy, health and social welfare of the city.[60] The linking of Mangalore in 1907 to the Southern Railway, and the
subsequent proliferation of motor vehicles in India, further increased trade and communication between the city and the rest of the country.[61] By
the early 20th century, Mangalore had become a major supplier of educated manpower to Bombay, Bangalore and the Middle East.[28]

The Light House Hill tower
in Light House Hill,
Hampankatta, served as a
watchtower for the British
Navy.[54]
As a result of the States Reorganisation Act (1956), Mangalore (part of the Madras Presidency until this time) was incorporated into the dominion
of the newly created Mysore State (now called Karnataka). [62][63]:415 Mangalore is the fourth largest city of Karnataka in terms of population, and
the eighth largest port of India, providing Karnataka with access to the Arabian Sea coastline.[28] Mangalore experienced significant growth in the
decades 1970–80, with the opening of New Mangalore Port in 1974 and commissioning of Mangalore Chemicals & Fertilizers Limited in
1976.[64][65]
Geography and climate St. Paul's Church was built
Mangalore is located at 12.87°N 74.88°E in the Dakshina Kannada district of Karnataka.[66] It has an average elevation of 22 m (72 ft) above by the British army in 1843.

mean sea level.[67] It is the administrative headquarters of the Dakshina Kannada district, the largest urban coastal centre of
Karnataka.[68] Mangalore is situated on the west coast of India, and is bounded by the Arabian Sea to its west and the Western Ghats to its east. [66] Mangalore city, as a
municipal entity, spans an area of 184 km2 (71.04 sq mi).[2] Mangalore experiences moderate to gusty winds during day time and gentle winds at night. [69] The topography
of the city is plain up to 30 km (18.64 mi) inside the coast, and changes to undulating hilly terrain sharply towards the east in Western Ghats.[70] The geology of the city is
characterised by hard laterite in hilly tracts and sandy soil along the seashore.[68] The Geological Survey of India has identified Mangalore as a moderately earthquake-
prone urban centre and categorised the city in the Seismic III Zone.[71]

The Netravati and Gurupura rivers rivers encircle the city, with the Gurupura flowing around the north and the Netravati flowing around the south of the city. [72] The rivers
Sunset at Panambur beach form an estuary at the south-western region of the city and subsequently flow into the Arabian sea.[73] Coconut trees, Palm trees and Ashoka trees comprise the primary
vegetation of the city.[72]

Under the Köppen climate classification, Mangalore has a tropical monsoon climate and is under the direct influence of the
Arabian Sea branch of the southwest monsoon.[74] It receives about 95 per cent of its total annual rainfall within a period of about
six months from May to October, while remaining extremely dry from December to March.[74] The average annual precipitation in
Mangalore is 3,796.9 millimetres (149 in). [75][76] Humidity is approximately 75 per cent on average, and peaks during June, July
and August.[77] The maximum average humidity is 93 per cent in July and average minimum humidity is 56 per cent in January. [77]

The driest and least humid months are from December to February. [78] During this period, temperatures during the day stay below
34 °C (93 °F) and drop to about 19 °C (66 °F) at night.[79] The lowest recorded temperature at Panambur is 15.6 °C (60 °F) on A schematic map showing the tourist
Sunset at Netravati Bridge
January 8, 1992, and at Bajpe it is 15.9 °C (61 °F) on November 19, 1974. [80] In Mangalore, the temperature has never touched places in Mangalore city.

40 °C (104 °F), according to the India Meteorological Department (IMD).[81] The highest ever recorded temperature in Mangalore
is 38.1 °C (101 °F) on March 13, 1985.[82][80] The summer gives way to the monsoon season, when the city experiences the highest precipitation among all urban centres in India, due to the influence of the
Western Ghats.[83] The rains subside in September, with the occasional rainfall in October.[84]

The highest rainfall recorded in a 24-hour period is 330.8 millimetres (13 in) on 22 June 2003. [80] In the year 1994, Mangalore received very heavy annual rainfall of 5,018.52 millimetres (198 in).[85]

Climate data for Mangalore, India

Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
36.3 37.8 38.1 36.6 36.7 34.4 35.5 32.2 34.6 35.0 35.6 35.6 38.1
Record high °C (°F)
(97.3) (100.0) (100.6) (97.9) (98.1) (93.9) (95.9) (90.0) (94.3) (95.0) (96.1) (96.1) (100.6)
32.8 33.0 33.5 34.0 33.3 29.7 28.2 28.4 29.5 30.9 32.3 32.8 31.5
Average high °C (°F)
(91.0) (91.4) (92.3) (93.2) (91.9) (85.5) (82.8) (83.1) (85.1) (87.6) (90.1) (91.0) (88.7)
20.8 21.8 23.6 25.0 25.1 23.4 22.9 23.0 23.1 23.1 22.4 21.2 22.9
Average low °C (°F)
(69.4) (71.2) (74.5) (77.0) (77.2) (74.1) (73.2) (73.4) (73.6) (73.6) (72.3) (70.2) (73.2)
16.1 17.3 18.8 19.7 20.4 20.5 19.8 19.4 20.2 19.1 15.9 16.1 15.9
Record low °C (°F)
(61.0) (63.1) (65.8) (67.5) (68.7) (68.9) (67.6) (66.9) (68.4) (66.4) (60.6) (61.0) (60.6)
1.1 0.2 2.9 24.4 183.2 1,027.2 1,200.4 787.3 292.1 190.8 70.9 16.4 3,796.9
Average rainfall mm (inches)
(0.04) (0.01) (0.11) (0.96) (7.21) (40.44) (47.26) (31.00) (11.50) (7.51) (2.79) (0.65) (149.48)
Average rainy days 0.2 0 0.3 1.6 7 23.5 27.4 24.9 13.7 9.1 3.6 0.6 111.9
Average relative humidity (%) 62 66 68 71 71 87 89 88 85 79 73 65 75
Mean monthly sunshine hours 313 296 299 292 276 119 94 133 178 226 271 292 2,789
Source #1: India Meteorological Department – Monthly mean maximum & minimum temperature and total rainfall [86]
Source #2: Weather-And-Climate (Humidity and Sunshine hours) [87][88]

Economy
Main article: Economy of Mangalore

Mangalore's economy comprises industrial, commercial, agricultural processing and port-related activities. [89] The New Mangalore Port is India's eighth largest port, in terms of cargo handling. [90] It handles 75
per cent of India's coffee exports and the bulk of its cashew nuts.[91] During 2000–01, Mangalore generated a revenue of ₹33.47 crore (US$4.84 million) to the state.[92] Imports through Mangalore harbour
include crude oil, edible oil, LPG and timber.[93] The city along with Tuticorin is also one of two points for import of wood to South India.[94]
The city's major petrochemical industries include BASF, Mangalore Refinery and Petrochemicals Ltd. (MRPL), Mangalore Chemicals and Fertilizers Ltd. (MCF), Kudremukh Iron Ore Company Ltd. (KIOCL),
Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Ltd. (HPCL), Bharat Petroleum Corporation Ltd. (BPCL), JBF Petrochemicals [95] and Total Oil India Limited.[96] The Oil and Natural
Gas Corporation (ONGC) plans to invest over ₹35,000 crore (US$5.06 billion) in a new 15 million-tonne refinery, petrochemical plant and power, as well as LNG
plants at the Mangalore Special Economic Zone.[97] Indian Strategic Petroleum Reserves Ltd, a special purpose vehicle under the Oil Industry Development Board,
has developed strategic crude oil reserves in Mangalore and two other places in India. [98][99] Out of the 5 million metric tonnes (MMT) storage, 1.5 MMT is stored at
Mangalore.[100] India has built 5.33 million tons of strategic crude oil storages at Mangalore, Padur (near Udupi) in Karnataka and at Visakhapatnam to ensure energy
security.[101][102][103] Bharati Shipyard Ltd (BSL) (now known as Bharati Defence and Infrastructure Limited) has established its ship building site near Tannirbavi in
Mangalore.[104]

The Infosys campus in Mangalore Major information technology (IT) and outsourcing companies like Infosys,[105][106] Cognizant Technology Solutions[107][108] and Endurance International Group [109][110]
have their branches at Mangalore.[91] Mphasis BPO has one of its branches at Mangalore. [111] Two I.T. parks, namely, (Export Promotion Industrial park (EPIP) at
Ganjimutt and Special Economic Zone (SEZ) near Mangalore University) have been constructed.[112] There is an IT Tech Park by the name Soorya Infratech park
situated in Mudipu.[113] Corporation Bank,[114] Canara Bank[115] and Vijaya Bank[116] were the three nationalised banks established in Mangalore during the first half of the 20th
century. Mangalore is the headquarters of Corporation Bank and Karnataka Bank.[117] The Mangalore Catholic Co-operative Bank (MCC Bank) Ltd, [118] Mangalore Cooperative
Town Bank Ltd[119] and SCDCC Bank [120] were the scheduled banks established in Mangalore.

The leaf spring industry has its presence in Mangalore, with Canara Workshops Ltd. and Lamina Suspension Products Ltd. in the city. [89] The Old Mangalore Port is a fishing port
located at Bunder in Mangalore, where a large number of mechanised boats anchor.[121] The traffic at this port was 122,000 tonnes during the years 2003–04. [122] Fishing is a
traditional occupation, and the products are exported to the surrounding regions.[123] Mangalorean firms have a major presence in the tile, beedi, coffee and cashew nut industry,
although the tile industry has declined due to concrete being preferred in modern construction.[91][89] The Albuquerque tile factory in Mangalore is one of India's oldest red roof tile
manufacturing factories.[124][125] The Ullal suburb of Mangalore produces hosiery and coir yarns, while beedi rolling is an important source of revenue to many in the city. [89]

A Mangalore tile Demographics

manufactured by J. H.
Morgan & Sons (Mangalore)
Mangalore is known as Kudla in Tulu, Kodial in Konkani, Maikāla in Beary, Mangaluru in Kannada and Mangalapuram in Malayalam.[18] As per the 2011 census of India.The city
has a population of 484,755, [1] and the metropolitan area a population of 619,664 [3] Male literacy rate was 96.49%, while the female literacy rate was 91.63%.[3] About 8.5%
population was under six years of age. [3] The Human Development Index (HDI) of Mangalore city is 0.83.[5] The death rate and Infant mortality rate were at 3.7% and 1.2%
respectively.[126] According to the 2011 census, 7726 people reside in slums in Mangalore city, which is 1.55% of the total
population.[127][128]

The regional languages spoken in Mangalore are Tulu, Konkani, Kannada and Beary.[129]

Hinduism is the largest religion in Mangalore, and Devadiga, Mogaveera, Billavas, Ganigas, Bunts, Vishwakarma, Kota Brahmins,
Shivalli Brahmins, Havyaka Brahmins, Sthanika Brahmins, Goud Saraswat Brahmins (GSBs), Chitpavan Brahmins and Daivadnyas
are the major communities among Hindus.[130] Christians form a sizeable section of Mangalorean society, with Mangalorean
Catholics accounting for the largest Christian community. [131] Protestants in Mangalore typically speak Kannada.[132] Anglo-Indians
were also part of the Mangalorean Christian Community.[133]
Prayer Hall of Zeenath Baksh Jama
Religions in Mangalore city
Mangalore has one of the highest percentage of Muslims as compared to other cities in Karnataka. [134] Most Muslims in Mangalore
Masjid, Bunder, Mangalore
are Bearys, who speak the Beary language.[135] Majority of them follow the Shafi'i school of Fiqh (Islamic Jurisprudence).[136]
Hindus (68.99%) Mangalore also has a small group of Urdu-speaking Dakhini Muslims.[137]
Muslims (17.40%) There is also a small community of Tuluva Jains, Gujaratis,[28] Tamils[138] and Marathis.[139]
Christians (13.15%)
Jains (0.21%) Culture
Not Stated (0.12%)
Main article: Culture of Mangalore
Sikh (0.08%)
Buddhist (0.05%) Many classical dance forms and folk art are practised in the city. Yakshagana, a night-long dance and drama performance, is held in
Other (0.00%) Mangalore,[140] while Pilivesha (literally, tiger dance), a folk dance unique to the city, is performed during Dasara and Krishna
Janmashtami.[141] Karadi Vesha (literally, bear dance) is another well known dance performed during Dasara.[142] Paddanas (Ballad-
Gokarnatheshwara Temple in Kudroli
like epics passed on through generations by word of mouth) are sung by a community of impersonators in Tulu and are usually
accompanied by the rhythmic drum beats.[142] The Bearys' unique traditions are reflected in such folk songs as Kolkai (sung during Kolata, a valour folk-dance during
which sticks used as props), Unjal Pat (traditional lullaby), Moilanji Pat and Oppune Pat (sung at weddings). [143] The Evkaristik Purshanv (Konkani: Eucharistic procession) is an
annual Catholic religious procession led on the first Sunday of each year.[142] The Shreemanti Bai Memorial Government Museum in Bejai is the only museum in Mangalore. [144]

Most of the popular Indian festivals are celebrated in the city, the most important being Dasara, Diwali, Christmas, Easter, Eid and Ganesh Chaturthi. Kodial Theru, also known as
Mangaluru Rathotsava (Mangalore Car Festival) is a festival unique to the Goud Saraswat Brahmin community, and is celebrated at the Sri Venkatramana Temple in
Mangalore.[145][146] The Mangalorean Catholics community's unique festivals include Monti Fest (Mother Mary's feast), which celebrates the Nativity feast and the blessing of new
harvests.[147] The Jain Milan, a committee comprising Jain families of Mangalore, organises the Jain food festival annually, [148] while festivals such as Mosaru Kudike, which is
part of Krishna Janmashtami festival, is celebrated by the whole community. [149][150] Aati, a festival worshiping Kalenja, a patron spirit of the city, occurs during the Aashaadha
month of Hindu calendar.[151] Festivals such as Karavali Utsav and Kudlotsava are highlighted by national and state-level performances in dance, drama and music. [152] Bhuta
Kola (spirit worship), is usually performed by the Tuluva community at night. [153] Nagaradhane (snake worship) is performed in the city in praise of Naga Devatha (the serpent
king), who is said to be the protector of all snakes.[154] An ancient ritual associated with the Hindu temples in rural areas—Kori Katta—[155][156] a religious and spiritual cockfight,
is held at the temples and also allowed if organised as part of religious or cultural events.[157]
Bhuta Kola

Civic administration
Main article: Mangalore City Corporation

The Mangalore City Corporation (MCC) is the municipal corporation in charge of the civic and infrastructural assets of the city, and it came into existence in the year
1980.[158] Mangalore has a city area of 184 km 2 (71.04 sq mi).[2] Municipal limits begin with Surathkal in the north, to Netravati river bridge in the south and western sea
shore to Vamanjoor in the east.[159] The MCC council comprises 60 elected representatives, called corporators, one from each of the 60 wards (localities) of the city. [160] A
corporator from the majority party is selected as a Mayor.[161] The headquarters of Mangalore City Corporation is at Lalbagh.[159]

Until the revision of Lok Sabha and the legislative constituencies by the Delimitation commission, Mangalore contributed two members to the Lok Sabha, one for the
southern part of the city which fell under the Mangalore Lok Sabha constituency, and another for the northern part of the city which fell under the Udupi Lok Sabha Yakshagana is one of the popular
constituency.[162] After the delimitation of parliamentary constituencies in 2008, Mangalore Lok Sabha constituency is replaced by Dakshina Kannada Lok Sabha dance forms in Mangalore
constituency, resulting in Mangalore contributing only one Member of Parliament (MP).[163][164] Additionally, Mangalore sends three members to the Karnataka Legislative
Assembly from Mangalore City South, Mangalore City North and Mangalore.[165] The Mangalore City Police Department is headed by a Commissioner of Police. [166]
Mangalore is also the headquarters of the Western Range Police, covering the western districts of Karnataka, which is headed by an Inspector General of Police
(IGP).[167]

Education
Main article: List of educational institutions in Mangalore
Mangalore City Corporation at
The pre-collegiate mediums of instruction in schools are predominantly English and Kannada, and the medium of instruction in educational institutions after matriculation Lalbagh
is English.[168] Schools and colleges in Mangalore are either government-run or run by private trusts and individuals.[169][170] The schools are affiliated with either the
Karnataka State Board, Indian Certificate of Secondary Education (ICSE), the Central Board for Secondary Education (CBSE) and the National Institute of Open
Schooling (NIOS) boards. [171][172][173]

The earliest schools established in Mangalore were the Basel Evangelical School (1838),[29] Milagres School (1848),[174] Rosario High School (1858),[175] St. Ann's High
School (1870)[176] and Canara High School (1891).[177]

Popular educational institutions in the city are National Institute of Technology

(Karnataka) in Surathkal is among the
Nitte University Karnataka
premier (Govt.)
institutes Polytechnic [181]
of India.
KS Hegde Medical Academy
A. J. Institute of Medical Science
Father Muller Medical College
Father Muller Homeopathic Medical College
Yenepoya Medical College
Srinivas Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre
National Institute of Technology (Karnataka)
St. Joseph Engineering College
P. A. College of Engineering
Canara Engineering College
Mangalore Institute of Technology & Engineering (MITE)
Bearys Institute of Technology
 Srinivas Institute of Technology
St. Aloysius College (1879)
St. Agnes College (1921)[178]
Canara College
S.D.M. College
St. Theresa’s School[179]
St. Gerosa High School
School of Social Work Roshni Nilaya
Sri Sathya Sai Loka Seva Trust Educational Institutions at Alike[180]

The Kasturba Medical College established in 1953, was India's first private medical college, and Manipal College Of Dental Sciences (MCODS) was established in the city in 1987. [182] A public library run by the
Corporation Bank, is located at Mannagudda in Mangalore. [183] Mangalore University was established on 10 September 1980. [184] It caters to the higher educational needs of Dakshina Kannada, Udupi and
Kodagu districts,[185] and is a National Assessment and Accreditation Council (NAAC) accredited four-star level institution. [186]

Transport
Main article: Transport in Mangalore

Air
Mangalore International Airport (IATA: IXE) is an international airport which is located near Bajpe / Kenjar, and is located about 13 kilometres (8 mi) north-east of the
Mangalore city centre.[187] It operates regular scheduled flights to major cities in India and the Middle East. [188][189] It is the second largest and second busiest airport in
the state of Karnataka.[190] The new terminals and runways at the airport accommodate both cargo and passenger requirements. [191] State-run government buses Vajra
Volvo ply between the city and the airport.[192]

Road
Main article: Mangalore City Bus routes

Five National Highways pass through Mangalore.[193] NH-66 (previously known as NH-17 [194]), which runs from Panvel (in Maharashtra) to Kanyakumari (in Tamil Nadu),
Airport Road in Mangalore
passes through Mangalore in a north–south direction and connects with Udupi, Bhatkal, Karwar, Goa, etc. in north and Kannur, Kochi, Thiruvananthapuram, etc. in the
south while NH-75 (previously known as NH-48) runs eastward to Bangalore and Vellore.[195] NH-169 (previously known as NH-13) runs north-east from Mangalore to
Shimoga.[196] NH-73, a 315-km long National Highway connects Mangalore to Tumkur.[197] NH-275 also connects Mangalore with Bangalore via Mysore. [198] National
Highways Authority of India (NHAI) is upgrading the national highways connecting New Mangalore Port to Surathkal on NH-66 and BC Road junction on NH-75.[199]
Under the port connectivity programme of the National Highways Development Project (NHDP), a 37.5-kilometre (23.3 mi) stretch of these highways will be upgraded
from two-lane to four-lane roads.[200]

Even though Mangalore's city bus service is dominated by private operators, with routes covering the full extent of the city and beyond, Karnataka State Road Transport
Corporation (KSRTC) is plying buses in multiple routes. [201] Two distinct sets of routes for the buses exist—city routes are covered by city buses, while intercity routes are
covered by service and express buses.[202] KSRTC operates long distance bus services from Mangalore to other parts of the state. [203] The other key players who run bus
services from Mangalore are the Dakshina Kannada Bus Operators Association (DKBOA) and the Canara Bus Operators Association (CBOA).[204] There are also KSRTC The Netravati railway bridge serves
JnNurm green colour city buses plying within the city limits. [205] These buses travel to different parts of the city and its suburbs. [206] as the gateway to Mangalore.

Cab providers like Ola Cabs and Uber also offer transport services in the city, and their services are extended to the Mangalore International Airport.[207][208]

Rail
Rail connectivity in Mangalore was established in 1907. [209] Mangalore was also the starting point of India's longest rail route. [61] The city has three railway stations
—Mangalore Central (at Hampankatta), Mangalore Junction (at Padil) and Surathkal railway station (at Surathkal). [210] A railway track, built through the Western Ghats,
connects Mangalore with Hassan. The broad gauge track connecting Mangalore to Bangalore via Hassan was opened to freight traffic in May 2006[211] and passenger
traffic in December 2007.[212] Mangalore is also connected to Chennai, Thiruvananthapuram, Kochi and Kollam through the Southern Railway and to Mumbai, Bhatkal,
Karwar, Surat, Ajmer and Margao via the Konkan Railway.[213][214]

Sea
The Mangalore Harbour has shipping, storage and logistical services, while the New Mangalore Port handles dry, bulk and fluid cargoes. [215] The New Mangalore Port is
Mangalore Central railway station
also equipped to handle petroleum oil lubricants, crude products and LPG containers.[216] It is also the station for the coast guard.[217] This artificial harbour is India's
eighth largest port, in terms of cargo handling, and is the only major port in Karnataka.[218][90] Foreigners can enter Mangalore through the New Mangalore Port with the
help of Electronic visa (e-visa).[219] Cruise ships from Europe, North America and UAE arrive at New Mangalore Port. [220][221][222]

Sports
Cricket

Cricket is a popular sport in the city. Mangala Stadium and B.R. Ambedkar Cricket Stadium (near NMPT) are Dakshina Kannada district's full-fledged cricket stadiums, situated in Mangalore. [223][224] The Sports
Authority of India (SAI) has also set up a sports training centre at the stadium. [225] Mangalore United is a Mangalore-based Karnataka Premier League (KPL) franchise owned by Fiza Developers. [226] Mangalore
Premier League (MPL) is a cricket tournament organized by the Karnataka Regional Cricket Academy. [227] The Central Maidan or Nehru Maidan in Mangalore is another important venue hosting domestic
tournaments and many inter-school and collegiate tournaments.[228] The Mangalore Sports Club (MSC) is a popular organisation in the city and has been elected as the institutional member for the Mangalore
Zone of the Karnataka State Cricket Association (KSCA).[229][230] Lokesh Rahul, commonly known as KL Rahul and Budhi Kunderan, a former Indian wicket keeper are from Mangalore.[231] Ravi Shastri, who
represented India for several years in international cricket as an all-rounder and captained the team, is of Mangalorean descent.[232]

Surfing

Mangalore hosted the first edition of Indian Open of Surfing in 2016.[233][234] Mantra Surf Club, located at Mulki has trained surfers to represent India at the International Surfing Association (ISA) World SUP and
Paddleboard Championship, held in Fiji.[235] The second edition of Indian Open of Surfing was also held in Mangalore. [236][237]

Football

Football is also quite popular in the city and is usually played in the maidans (grounds), with the Nehru Maidan being the most popular venue for domestic tournaments.[238] Dakshina Kannada District Football
Association (DKDFA), annually organizes the Independence Day Cup on the occasion of Independence Day at District Football Grounds adjacent to Nehru Maidan. [239] Various schools and colleges from across
Dakshina Kannada, Udupi and Kodagu districts participate and the matches are conducted under seven categories — higher primary school (boys and girls), high school (boys and girls), PUC boys, college boys,
PUC girls and college girls.[240]

Chess

Chess is also a popular indoor sport in the city. [241] Mangalore is the headquarters of South Kanara District Chess Association (SKDCA), which has hosted two All India Open Chess tournaments. [242][243][244]

Traditional sports

Traditional sports like Kambala (buffalo race), contested in water filled paddy fields,[245] and Korikatta (Cockfight) are very popular in the city. [246] The Kambala of Kadri is
a traditional sports event organized within the city limits.[247] A locality in Mangalore named Kadri Kambla, is named after this sport. [248] Plikula Kambala is yet another
Kambala event organized within the city.[249]

Kite festivals

International Kite festivals are organized in Panambur Beach which attract kite enthusiasts from countries like France, Germany, Netherlands, Australia and United
Kingdom.[250] The city's own group of kite enthusiasts — Team Mangalore — participates with kites named Kathakali, Yaksha, Gajaraja (King of Elephants), Bhoota Kola
(Spirit Worship), Pushpaka Vimana (Aeroplane with Flowers), Garuda and Vibhishana.[251] The Kambala race of Kadri is a
distinctive feature of Tuluva culture.
Others

Other sports such as tennis, squash, billiards, badminton, table tennis and golf are played in the numerous clubs and gymkhanas.[252] Pilikula Nisargadhama, an
integrated theme park, has a fully functional nine-hole golf course at Vamanjoor.[253][254] U S Mallya Indoor Stadium offers sporting facilities for badminton and basketball
in the city.[255]

Media
Mangaluru Samachara, the first ever newspaper in Kannada, was brought out by Rev. Hermann Friedrich Mögling of the Basel mission in 1843.[256][257] The first ever Mangalore Golf Course at Pilikula
Kannada to English dictionary was published in Mangalore by Ferdinand Kittel in 1894.[258] Major national English language newspapers such as Times of India, The
Hindu, The New Indian Express, Deccan Herald and Daijiworld[259][260] publish localised Mangalore editions.[261][262] The Madipu, Mogaveera, Samparka (Contact) and Saphala (Success) are well-known Tulu
periodicals in Mangalore. [263] Popular Konkani language periodicals published in the city are Raknno (Guardian), Konknni Dirvem (Konkani Treasure) and Kannik (Offering).[261] Beary periodicals like Jyothi
(Light) and Swatantra Bharata (Independent India) are also published from Mangalore. [261] Among Kannada newspapers, Udayavani (Morning Voice) by Manipal Press Ltd, Vijaya Karnataka (Victory of
Karnataka) and Vijayavani (Voice of Victory) [264] by VRL Group, Prajavani (Voice of the People), Kannada Prabha (Kannada Radiance), Varthabharathi (Indian News), Samyukta Karnataka (United Karnataka)
and Hosa Digantha (New Horizon) are popular. [261][265] Evening newspapers such as Karavali Ale (Waves from the Coast), Mangaluru Mitra (Friend of Mangalore), Sanjevani (Evening Voice) and Jayakirana
(Rays of Victory) are also published in the city.[266] The Konkani language newspaper Kodial Khabar is released fortnightly. [261] Malayalam newspapers such as Malayala Manorama (Malayalam Entertainer) and
 Madhyamam (Medium) publish localised Mangalore editions.[267]

The state run, nationally broadcast Doordarshan provides both national and localised television coverage.[268] Cable television also provides broadcast cable channels of
independently owned private networks.[269] Canara TV and V4 Digital infotech network (local Multi System Operator) transmits daily video news channels, Live events and
cultural programs happening in and around Mangalore through local channels.[270] Conditional access system (CAS) is available to all the television viewers in Mangalore city.[271]
Direct-to-Home (DTH) services are available in Mangalore via Dish TV, Tata Sky, Sun Direct DTH, Airtel digital TV, Reliance BIG TV and Videocon d2h.[272] All India Radio (AIR)
has a studio at Kadri (with frequency 100.3 MHz) that airs program during scheduled hours. [273] Mangalore's private FM stations include Radio Mirchi 98.3 FM, Big 92.7 FM[274]
and Red 93.5 FM.[275] Radio SARANG 107.8 is a community radio run by St. Aloysius College.[276] There are multiple local TV channels which telecast programmes, news in
Tulu, Konkani, Beary and Kannada.[277] Namma TV, V4 News and Spandana are some of the local TV channels. [278] Namma Kudla [279] and Posa Kural [280] are the Tulu channels
dedicated to Tulu programs.

Mangalore is home to the Tulu film industry, which releases one film per month on average. [281] Popular Tulu films include Kadala Mage (Son of the Sea) and Suddha (The
Cleansing Rites). [282] Tulu dramas, mostly played in the Town Hall at Hampankatta, are very popular.[182] In 2006, a Tulu film festival was organised in Mangalore. [283] Tulu
All India Radio's FM tower Cinemotsava 2015 was organized in January 2015. [284]
at Kadri

Utility services
Electricity in Mangalore is regulated by the Karnataka Power Transmission Corporation Limited (KPTCL) and distributed through
Mangalore Electricity Supply Company (MESCOM).[285][286][287] Major industries like Mangalore Refinery and Petrochemicals
(MRPL) and Mangalore Chemicals & Fertilizers (MCF) operate their own captive power plants.[288][289]

Potable water to the city is supplied from the vented dam, constructed across the Netravati River at Thumbe, 14 kilometres (9 mi)
from Mangalore.[290][291][292] The Karnataka Urban Development and Coastal Environment Management Project (KUDCEMP)
aims to improve safe water supply systems and reduce leakage and losses in the distribution system in Mangalore. [291] The
official garbage dumping ground of Mangalore is in Vamanjoor.[293] The city generates an average of 175 tons per day of waste,
The Kadri Park in Kadri which is handled by the health department of the Mangalore City Corporation.[294]
Seaside trees at Tannirbhavi Beach
Fixed Line telecom services are offered alongside GSM and Code division multiple access (CDMA) mobile services. [295]
Mangalore is the headquarters of the Dakshina Kannada Telecom District, the second largest telecom district in Karnataka.[296] Prominent broadband internet service
providers in the city include Tata indicom, Airtel and DataOne by BSNL.[297] Bharti Airtel, Vodafone India, Reliance Jio and Idea Cellular[298] have launched 4G LTE
service in the city.

Cuisine
Main article: Mangalorean cuisine

Mangalorean cuisine is largely influenced by South Indian cuisine, with several cuisines being unique to the diverse communities of the region. [299] Coconut and curry
leaves are common ingredients to most Mangalorean curry, as are ginger, garlic and chili. [300] Well-known Mangalorean dishes include Kori Rotti, Neer dosa, Pundi,
Geese wandering the Pilikula
Patrode, Golibaje, Mangalore Buns, Macaroon, etc. [301][302] Mangalorean Cuisine is also known for Fish and chicken dishes like Bangude Pulimunchi (spicy sour silver-
botanical garden around the lake
grey mackerels), Boothai Gasi (Sardine Semi-Gravy), Anjal fry, Mangalorean Chicken Sukka, Kori rotti, Chicken Ghee Roast, etc. [303][304] Since Mangalore is a Coastal
city, fish forms the staple diet of most people.[305][306] The Konkani Hindu community's specialties include Daali thoy, Bibbe-upkari (cashew based), Val val, Ambat,[307]
Avnas ambe sasam, Kadgi chakko, Paagila podi and Chane gashi.[308][309] Mangalorean Catholics' Sanna-Dukra Maas (Sanna—idli fluffed with toddy or yeast; Dukra Maas—
Pork), Pork Bafat, Sorpotel[310] and the Mutton Biryani of the Beary Muslims are well-known dishes.[311] Pickles such as Happala, Sandige and Puli munchi are unique to
Mangalore.[312][313] Shendi (toddy), a country liquor prepared from coconut flower sap, is popular. [142] Vegetarian cuisine in Mangalore, also known as Udupi cuisine, is known
throughout the state and region.[314]

Tourism
Main article: Tourist attractions in Mangalore

The city is called the Gateway of Karnataka [315] and lies between the Arabian Sea and the Western Ghats.[316] The various temples and buildings in Mangalore include the Neer dosa, a variant of
Mangaladevi Temple, Kadri Manjunatha temple, St Aloysius Chapel, the Rosario Cathedral, Milagres Church, Dargah of Hazrat Shareef ul Madni at Ullal and the Zeenath Baksh dosa and pundi (rice ball), are
Jumma Masjid in Bunder.[317][318] native to Mangalore.

The city is also known for beaches such as Panambur, Tannirbhavi, NITK beach, Sasihithlu beach, Someshwara beach, Ullal beach, Kotekar beach and Batapady
Dome of the Swami Vivekananda 3D
Planetarium in Mangalore
planetarium (Swami Vivekananda
beach.[319][320][321][322] Panambur and Thannirbhavi beaches attract tourists from across the country. [323] Panambur beach has
many facilities including food stalls, jet ski rides, boating and dolphin viewing,[324] besides trained beach lifeguards and patrol
vehicles to ensure the safety of the visitors.[325][326][327] Saavira Kambada Basadi is situated 34 km (21 mi) northeast of
Mangalore in the town of Moodabidri.[328] The Sultan Battery watch tower, built by Tipu Sultan, situated in Boloor, is on the banks
of Gurupura River where one can take the ferry ride by paying small amount across the river and reach Tannirbhavi Beach. [329]
Adyar waterfalls is at the outskirts at about 12 km (7.5 mi) from the city.[330]
The city has developed and maintains public parks such as Pilikula Nisargadhama,[331] Kadri Park at Kadri, Tagore Park[332] at
Light House Hill, Gandhi Park at Gandhinagar, [333] Tannirbavi Tree Park,[334] Arise Awake Park at Karangalpady[335] and Panambur beach
Corporation Bank Park at Nehru Maidan. Pilikula comprises the zoo, botanical garden, lake, water park (Manasa), [336]
Planetarium)[337] and a golf course (Pilikula Golf Course) [338] which is set in an area of 50 acres. [339][340][341][342]

Mangalore Dasara, a ten-day festival at Sri Gokarnatheswara temple attracts devotees from various states of India who visit Mangalore to witness Dasara.[343]
Mangaladevi Temple is another temple which attracts devotees from all over India during Navaratri.[344]

Sister cities
Mangalore is twinned with two Canadian cities:

Hamilton, Ontario (since 1968)[345]

Delta, British Columbia (since 2010)[346] Interior of the St. Aloysius Chapel

See also
Economy of Mangalore
List of tallest buildings in Mangalore
List of beaches near Mangalore
Dakshina Kannada
Mangalore International Airport
New Mangalore Port

Notes
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316. ^ "Mangalore - Karnataka India -mangalore-karnataka.com" . www.mangalore-karnataka.com. Retrieved 1 December 2016.
317. ^ "Sunday story: The Buddha towers in Karnataka's coast too" . Deccan Chronicle. 5 November 2017 . Retrieved 16 November 2017.
318. ^ "Etched in wood, Masjid is an oasis of peace" . The Hindu. 23 April 2014 . Retrieved 16 November 2017.
319. ^ "Ullal Beach | Mangalore Beach" . Karnataka.com. 2 December 2011 . Retrieved 1 December 2016.
320. ^ "Virgin Sasihithlu beach beckons tourists" . The Hindu. 16 November 2015 . Retrieved 3 December 2016.
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322. ^ "Construction of groyens in full swing at Batapady" . The Hindu. 28 May 2019 . Retrieved 14 July 2019.
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324. ^ "Mangalore: Dolphin Sighting Turns Panambur Beach More Adventurous" . Daijiworld. 20 April 2011 . Retrieved 3 December 2016.
325. ^ "Adventure sports hotting up along Mangalore coast" . The Times of India. 1 February 2013 . Retrieved 3 December 2016.
326. ^ "You can get sports gear on rent at Panambur beach" . The Times of India. 11 March 2017. Retrieved 14 July 2019.
327. ^ "Panambur Beach Lifeguards - The Unsung Heroes of Mangalore" . Daijiworld. 5 July 2012 . Retrieved 14 July 2019.
328. ^ "Saavira Kambada Basadi | Jain Temples in Karnataka | Moodabidri" . Karnataka.com. 31 January 2014 . Retrieved 1 December 2016.
329. ^ "Sultan Battery, Sultan Battery Mangalore, Sultan Battery History" . www.mangaluruonline.in. Mangaluru Online . Retrieved 1 December 2016.
330. ^ "Weekend getaway: Plan a day's outing to Adyar waterfalls" . Daijiworld. 17 September 2014 . Retrieved 1 December 2016.
331. ^ "About Place" . Pilikula Nisargadhama. Archived from the original on 13 June 2008. Retrieved 3 July 2008.
332. ^ "Beam and shine!" . Deccan Herald. 27 April 2019 . Retrieved 16 July 2019.
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335. ^ "Dharmendra Pradhan to dedicate Arise Awake Park to Namma Kudla today" . The Times of India. 25 March 2018. Retrieved 27 August 2018.
336. ^ "Mangaluru: River Roost Resorts - A perfect weekend getaway for all" . Daijiworld. 12 April 2017 . Retrieved 21 July 2019.
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338. ^ "Mangaluru: Pilikula golf course set for major facelift on par with international standards" . Daijiworld. 22 March 2018. Retrieved 21 July 2019.
339. ^ "Mangaluru: Sentosa-like island in Pilikula – Plan on" . Bangalore Mirror. 30 May 2017 . Retrieved 17 June 2017.

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Further reading
Bhat, P. Gururaja (1969). Antiquities of South Kanara . Prabhakara Press.
Hoiberg, Dale; Ramchandani, Indu (2000). "Mangalore". Students' Britannica India . Popular Prakashan. ISBN 0-85229-760-2. Retrieved 16 June 2008.
Venn, T. W. (1945). Mangalore. Mysore: Wesley Press.

External links
DC OFFICE, MANGALORE
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V· T · E Localities in Mangalore
Aikala · Attavar · Baikampady · Bolar · Deralakatte · Gurupura · Hampankatta · Hoige Bazaar · Jeppu · Kadri · Kaikamba · Kankanadi · Katipalla · Kinnigoli · Kodialbail · Koluvail · Konaje · Kotekar · Krishnapura · Kulai ·
Lalbagh · Muchur · Mukka · Mulki · Nanthoor · Pakshikere · Panambur · Pandeshwar · Pejavara · Punaroor · Shirthady · Surathkal · Talapady · Thokottu · Tonse · Uchil · Uchila · Ullal · Urwa · Vamanjoor

V· T · E Communities in Mangalore
Hinduism Bunts · Billavas · Mogaveeras · Shivalli Brahmins · Gaud Saraswat Brahmins · Saraswats · Kota brahmins · Havyaka Brahmins · Devadiga · Sthanika Brahmins

Christianity Mangalorean Catholics · Mangalorean Protestants

Islam Bearys · Konkani Muslims

Jainism Jain Bunt

V· T · E Portuguese overseas empire

North Africa

15th century 16th century

1415–1640 Ceuta 1505–1541 Santa Cruz do Cabo de Gué (Agadir)
1458–1550 Alcácer Ceguer (El Qsar es Seghir) 1506–1525 Mogador (Essaouira)
1471–1550 Arzila (Asilah) 1506–1525 Aguz (Souira Guedima)
1471–1662 Tangier 1506–1769 Mazagan (El Jadida)
1485–1550 Mazagan (El Jadida) 1513–1541 Azamor (Azemmour)
1487–16th Ouadane 1515–1541 São João da Mamora (Mehdya)
century 1577–1589 Arzila (Asilah)
 1488–1541 Safim (Safi)
1489 Graciosa

Sub-Saharan Africa

15th century 16th century 17th century

1455–1633 Anguim 1500–1630 Malindi 1645–1888 Ziguinchor
1462–1975 Cape Verde 1501–1975 Portuguese Mozambique 1680–1961 São João Baptista de Ajudá, Benin
1470–1975 São Tomé1 1502–1659 Saint Helena 1687–1974 Bissau4
1471–1975 Príncipe1 1503–1698 Zanzibar
18th century
1474–1778 Annobón 1505–1512 Quíloa (Kilwa)
1728–1729 Mombassa (Mombasa)
1478–1778 Fernando Poo (Bioko) 1506–1511 Socotra
1753–1975 Portuguese São Tomé and Príncipe
1482–1637 Elmina (São Jorge da Mina) 1557–1578 Accra
1482–1642 Portuguese Gold Coast 1575–1975 Portuguese Angola 19th century
1508–15472 Madagascar3 1588–1974 Cacheu4 1879–1974 Portuguese Guinea
1498–1540 Mascarene Islands 1593–1698 Mombassa (Mombasa) 1885–1974 Portuguese Congo5

1
Part of São Tomé and Príncipe from 1753.
2 Or 1600.
3
A factory (Anosy Region) and small temporary coastal bases.
4
Part of Portuguese Guinea from 1879.
5
Part of Portuguese Angola from the 1920s.

Middle East [Persian Gulf]

16th century 17th century

1506–1615 Gamru (Bandar Abbas) 1620–? Khor Fakkan
1507–1643 Sohar 1621?–? As Sib
1515–1622 Hormuz (Ormus) 1621–1622 Qeshm
1515–1648 Quriyat 1623–? Khasab
1515–? Qalhat 1623–? Libedia
1515–1650 Muscat 1624–? Kalba
1515?–? Barka 1624–? Madha
1515–1633? Julfar (Ras al-Khaimah) 1624–1648 Dibba Al-Hisn
1521–1602 Bahrain (Muharraq • Manama) 1624?–? Bandar-e Kong
1521–1529? Qatif
1521?–1551? Tarut Island
1550–1551 Qatif
1588–1648 Matrah

Indian subcontinent

15th century (Portuguese India) (Portuguese India)

• 1523–1662 Mylapore • 1579–1632 Hugli
1498–1545 Laccadive Islands
(Lakshadweep) • 1528–1666 Chittagong • 1598–1610 Masulipatnam (Machilipatnam)
(Porto Grande De Bengala)
1518–1521 Maldives
16th century • 1531–1571 Chaul
1518–1658 Portuguese Ceylon (Sri Lanka)
Portuguese India • 1531–1571 Chalé
1558–1573 Maldives
• 1500–1663 Cochim (Kochi) • 1534–1601 Salsette Island
• 1501–1663 Cannanore (Kannur) • 1534–1661 Bombay (Mumbai) 17th century
• 1502–1658 Quilon Portuguese India
• 1535 Ponnani
1659–1661 (Coulão / Kollam) • 1687–1749 Mylapore
• 1535–1739 Baçaím (Vasai-Virar)
• 1502–1661 Pallipuram (Cochin de Cima)
• 1536–1662 Cranganore (Kodungallur) 18th century
• 1507–1657 Negapatam (Nagapatnam)
• 1540–1612 Surat Portuguese India
• 1510–1961 Goa
• 1548–1658 Tuticorin (Thoothukudi)
• 1512– Calicut • 1779–1954 Dadra and Nagar Haveli
1525 (Kozhikode) • 1559–1961 Daman and Diu
1750 • 1568–1659 Mangalore
• 1518–1619 Portuguese Paliacate outpost (Pulicat)
• 1521–1740 Chaul

East Asia and Oceania

16th century 19th century

Portuguese Macau
1511–1641 Portuguese Malacca [Malaysia]
1512–1621 Maluku [Indonesia] • 1864–1999 Coloane

• 1522–1575 Ternate • 1851–1999 Taipa

• 1576–1605 Ambon • 1890–1999 Ilha Verde
• 1578–1650 Tidore 20th century
1512–1665 Makassar Portuguese Macau
1557–1999 Macau [China]
• 1938–1941 Lapa and Montanha (Hengqin)
1580–1586 Nagasaki [Japan]

17th century
1642–1975 Portuguese Timor (East Timor) 1

1
1975 is the year of East Timor's Declaration of Independence and subsequent invasion by Indonesia. In 2002, East Timor's independence was fully recognized.

North America & North Atlantic

15th century [Atlantic islands] 16th century [Canada]

1420 Madeira 1500–1579? Terra Nova (Newfoundland)
1432 Azores 1500–1579? Labrador
1516–1579? Nova Scotia

South America & Antilles

16th century 17th century 19th century

1500–1822 Brazil 1621–1751 Maranhão 1808–1822 Cisplatina (Uruguay)
• 1534– Captaincy Colonies of Brazil 1680–1777 Nova Colónia do Sacramento 1809–1817 Portuguese Guiana (Amapá)
1549 1822 Upper Peru (Bolivia)
18th century
• 1549– Brazil
1572 1751–1772 Grão-Pará and Maranhão

• 1572– Bahia 1772–1775 Grão-Pará and Rio Negro

1578 1772–1775 Maranhão and Piauí
• 1572– Rio de Janeiro
1578
• 1578– Brazil
1607

• 1621– Brazil
1815
1536–1620 Barbados

Armorial of Portuguese colonies · Evolution of the Portuguese Empire · Portuguese colonial architecture · Portuguese colonialism in Nusantara · Portuguese colonization of the Americas · Theory of the Portuguese discovery of Australia

V· T · E State of Karnataka
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History Kadamba dynasty · Kalyani Chalukyas · Keladi Nayakas · Shivappa Nayaka · Kittur Chennamma · Kingdom of Mysore · Mayurasharma · Pattadakal · Pulakeshin II · Rashtrakuta dynasty · Sringeri · Srirangapatna ·
Tipu Sultan · Unification of Karnataka · Vijayanagara Empire · Vijayanagara · Vishnuvardhana · Veera Ballala II · Vikramaditya II · Vikramaditya VI · Western Ganga dynasty
Geography Cities and towns · Districts · Rivers · Dams and reservoirs · Taluks · Villages · Highest point · Bayalu Seeme · Malenadu · Karavali · Western Ghats
Bharata Natyam · Buta Kola · Bidriware · Channapatna toys · Chitrakala Parishat · Gaarudi Gombe · Ilkal saree · Kamsale · Kannada · Karnatik music · Kasuti · Khedda · Mysore Dasara · Togalu Gombeyaata ·
Culture
Udupi cuisine · Veeragase · Yakshagana · Mysore musicians
Literature Kannada (Milestones · Epics · Medieval · Rashtrakuta · Western Ganga · Western Chalukya · Hoysala · Vijayanagara · Vachana · Haridasa · Mysore · Play · Modern) · Kannada Sahitya Parishat · Kannada Sahitya Sammelana · Karnataka

Asaga · Gunavarma I · Adikavi Pampa · Sri Ponna · Ranna · Devar Dasimayya · Basava · Akka Mahadevi · Allama Prabhu · Siddharama · Harihara · Raghavanka · Rudrabhatta · Janna · Kumara Vyasa · Chamarasa ·
Noted poets Nijaguna Shivayogi · Ratnakaravarni · Purandara Dasa · Kanaka Dasa · Vijaya Dasa · Gopala Dasa · Jagannatha Dasa · Lakshmisa · Sarvajna · Shishunala Sharif · Krishnaraja Wadiyar III · D. R. Bendre ·
Gopalakrishna Adiga · K. S. Narasimhaswamy · M. Govinda Pai · Kuvempu · D. V. Gundappa · G. S. Shivarudrappa
 People and society Karnataka ethnic groups · List of people from Karnataka

Tourism Beaches · Dams · Forts · National parks · Hindu temples · Jain temples · Waterfalls

Awards Karnataka Ratna · Pampa Award · Nrupatunga Award · Basava Puraskara · Rajyotsava Prashasti · Jakanachari Award · Varnashilpi Venkatappa Award · Kempegowda Award

Media Cinema · Newspapers · Magazines · Television · Radio

Authority control GND: 4361430-9 · LCCN: n82150505 · VIAF: 141921575 · WorldCat Identities (via VIAF): 141921575

Categories: Mangalore Former Portuguese colonies Indian Ocean Populated coastal places in India Port cities in India Cities and towns in Dakshina Kannada district Cities in Karnataka

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