EE6712 COMPREHENSION LABORATORY

SUBMITTED BY

ABILASH K(821616105301)

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

SEMBODAI RUKMANI VARATHARAJAN ENGINEERING COLLEGE

SEMBODAI -614809

OCTOBER-2019
 SEMBODAI RUKMANI VARATHARAJAN

ENGINEERING COLLEGE
SEMBODAI -614809, VEDARANYAM TK, NAGAPATTINAM DT

This is to certify that Bonafide Report of work done by selvan ABILASH K in the
EE6712 COMPREHENSION Practical class of this institution during the year
2019 – 2020.

Internal
Register no: 821616105301 Assessment
mark

Lab in-charge Head of the Department

Mr.UMA SATHYA Mr.S.SURESH , M.TECH.,
Assistant Professor/EEE Department of Electrical and
Electronics Engineering

Examination held on ……………………….

Internal Examiner Principal

 TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER TITLE PAGE

NO NO

1 RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES 1

1.1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.2 TYPES OF RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES 1
1.3HYDRO ENERGY 2
1.3.1 Advantages 2
1.3.2 Disadvantages 3
1.4 WIND ENERGY 3
1.4.1 Advantages 4
1.4.2 Disadvantages 4
1.5 SOLAR ENERGY 4
1.5.1 Different types of solar collector 5
1.5.2 Advantages 5
1.5.3 Disadvantages 5
1.6 GEOTHERMAL ENERGY 5
1.6.1 Advantages 6
1.6.2 Disadvantages 6
1.7 BIOMASS 7
1.7.1 Advantages 8
1.7.2 Disadvantages 8
1.8 TIDAL ENERGY 8
1.8.1 Advantages 9
1.8.2 Disadvantages 9
2 SINGLE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR 10
2.1 INTRODUCTION 10
2.2 CONSTRUCTION 10
2.2.1 Stator 11
2.2.2 Rotor 11
2.3 TYPES OF SINGLE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR 12
2.3.1 Capacitor start induction motor 12
2.3.2 Capacitor start capacitor run induction motor 13
2.3.3 Split phase induction motor 14
2.3.4 Permanent split capacitor motor 15
2.3.5 Shaded pole induction motor 16
 2.4 PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION OF INDUCTION 16
MOTOR
2.5 EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF SINGLE PHASE 17
INDUCTION MOTOR
2.6 ADVANTAGES OF SINGLE PHASE INDUCTION 18
MOTOR
2.7 DISADVANTAGES OF SINGLE PHASE 18
INDUCTION MOTOR
2.8 APPLICATIONS OF SINGLE PHASE INDUCTION 18
MOTOR
3 DC CABLES 19
3.1 INTRODUCTION 19
3.2 LAYING OF UNDER GRUND CABLES 19
3.3 TYPES OF CABLES 20
3.4 CROSS-LINKED POLYETHYLENE (XLPE 21
INSULATIO)
3.5 PAPER INSULATED CABLE 22
3.5.1 Belted 22
3.5.2 Screened 22
3.5.3 Construction of belted/PILCA cables 23
3.6 HIGH TENSION CABLES 24
3.7 PVC POWER CABLE 24
3.8 CO-EXISTING UNDER GROUND UTILITIES 25
3.9 CABLE LAYING AND INSTALLATION 26
3.10 METHODS OF CABLE LAYING 26
3.11 UNDER GROUND CABLE TESTING 26
3.11.1 Murrey Loop Test 27
3.11.2 Varley Loop Test 27
3.12 ADVANTAGES OF UNDER GROUND POWER 27
CABLE SYSTEM
3.13 DISADVANTAGES OF UNDER GROUND 28
POWER CABLE SYSTEM
4 PLANNING 29
4.1 DEFINITION 29
4.2 INTRODUCTION 29
4.3 IMPORTANCE OF PLANNING 30
4.3.1 Planning provides directions 30
4.3.2 Planning reduces the risks of uncertainty 30
4.3.3 Planning reduces overlapping and wasteful 31
Activities
 4.3.4 Planning promotes innovative ideas 31
4.3.5 Planning facilitates decision making 31
4.3.6 Planning establishes standards for controlling 31
4.4 FEATURES OF PLANNING 32
4.4.1 Planning focuses on achieving objectives 32
4.4.2 Planning is a primary function of management 32
4.4.3 Planning is pervasive 33
4.4.4 Planning is continuous 33
4.4.5 Planning is futuristic 33
4.4.6 Planning involves decision making 33
4.4.7 Planning is a mental exercise 34
4.5 LIMITATIONS OF PLANNING 34
4.5.1 Planning leads to rigidity 34
4.5.2 Planning may not work in a dynamic 35
environment
4.5.3 Planning reduces creativity 35
4.5.4 Planning involves huge costs 35
4.5.5 Planning does not guarantee success 36
4.6 PLANNING PROCESS 36
4.6.1 Setting objectives 36
4.6.2 Developing premises 37
4.6.3 Identifying alternative courses of action 37
4.6.4 Evaluating alternative course 37
4.6.5 Selecting an alternative 38
4.6.6 Implementing the plan 38
4.6.7 Follow-up action 38
4.7 TYPES OF PLANS 39
4.7.1 Single-use and standing plans 39
4.7.2 Single-use plan 39
4.7.3 Standing plan 39
4.8 OTHER TYPES OF PLANS 40
4.8.1 Objectives 40
4.8.2 Strategy 40
4.8.3 Policy 40
4.8.4 Procedure 40
4.8.5 Rule 41
4.8.6 Programme 41
4.8.7 Budget 41
4.8.8 Method 41
5 OVER VOLTAGE 42
5.1 NATURAL CAUSES OF OVER VOLTAGES 42
5.2 TYPES OF OVER VOLTAGE 42
5.2.1 External over voltage 42
5.2.2 Internal over voltage 42
5.3 LIGHTNING OVER VOLTAGES 42
5.4 THE LIGHTNING DISCHARGE 43
5.5 LIGHTNING PHENOMENON 44
5.4.1 Lightning voltage surges 44
5.6 EFFECT OF LIGHTNING 45
5.7 CLOUD AND THE ASSOCIATED PHENOMENON 45
5.7.1 Wilson’s Theory of charge separation 46
5.7.2 Simpson’s and Scarse Theory 47
5.8 MECHANISM OF LIGHTNING STROKE 48
5.9 OVER VOLTAGES DUE TO SWITCHING 50
SURGES
5.10 TEMPORARY OVER VOLTAGES 50
6 ANALOG COMMUNICATION 52
6.1 INTRODUCTION 52
6.2 LINE COMMUNICATION 52
6.3 RADIO COMMUNICATION 52
6.4 COMMUNICATION SYSTEM 53
6.4.1 Transmitter 53
6.4.2 Receiver 53
6.4.3 Channel 53
6.5 MODULATION AND DEMODULATION 54
6.5.1 Modulation 54
6.5.2 Demodulation 54
6.5.3 Need for modulation 54
6.6 TYPES OF MODULATION 55
6.6.1 Continuous wave modulation(CW) 55
6.6.2 Pulse modulation 55
6.6.3 Amplitude modulation(AM) 56
6.7 AMPLITUDE MODULATION(AM) 56
6.7.1 Advantages of Amplitude modulation 56
6.7.2 Disadvantages of Amplitude modulation 56
6.7.3 Application of Amplitude modulation 56
 LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE TITLE PAGE

NO NO
1.1 Hydroelectric energy generation 2
1.2 Wind turbine 3
1.3 Solar plant 4
1.4 Geothermal energy 6
1.5 Biomass generation 7
1.6 Tidal energy 9
2.1 Single phase induction motor 10
2.2 Stator 11
2.3 Squirrel cage rotor 12
2.4 Capacitor start induction motor 13
2.5 Capacitor start capacitor run induction motor 14
2.6 Split phase induction motor 15
2.7 Permanent split capacitor induction motor 15
2.8 Shaded pole induction motor 16
2.9 Equivalent circuit of single phase induction motor 17
3.1 Parts of a cable 20
3.2 XLPE cable 21
3.3 Belted cable 22
3.4 Screened cable 23
3.5 PILCA cable 23
3.6 Cross section of an HT cable 24
3.7 LT PVC power cable 25
5.1 Over voltage due to lightning 43
5.2 Lightning discharge 44
5.3 Mechanism of lightning stroke 49
6.1 Block diagram of communication system 53
6.2 Block diagram of Modulator and Demodulator 54
6.3 Types of modulation 55